BASKETBALL

Basketball is a sport played by two teams of

five
players on a rectangular court. The objective
is
to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches
(46 cm) in diameter and 10 feet (3.0 m) high mounted to
a backboard at each end. Basketball is one of the world's most
popular and widely viewed sports.
A team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket
during regular play. A field goal scores two points for the shooting
team if a player is touching or closer to the basket than the threepoint line, and three points
(known
commonly as a 3
pointer or three) if the player is
behind
the three-point line. The team
with the
most points at the end of the
game
wins, but additional time
(overtime) may be issued when
the game
ends with a draw. The ball can
be
advanced on the court by bouncing it while walking or running or
throwing it to a team mate. It is a violation to move without dribbling
the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume
dribbling. Violations are called "fouls". A personal foul is penalized,
and a free throw is usually awarded to an offensive player if he is
fouled while shooting the ball.. A technical foul gives the opposing
team a free throw, and the opposing team also retains possession of
the ball.
As well as many techniques for shooting, passing, dribbling and
rebounding, basketball has specialized player positions and offensive
and defensive structures (player positioning). Typically, the tallest
members of a team will play "center", "power forward" or "small
forward" positions, while shorter players or those who possess the
best ball handling skills and speed play "point guard" or "shooting
guard".

 HISTORY
In early December 1891, Canadian American Dr. James Naismith, a
physical education professor and instructor at the International Young
Men's Christian Association Training School[3] (YMCA)
(today, Springfield College)
in Springfield, Massachusetts,
USA), was
trying to keep his gym class
active on a
rainy day. He sought a
vigorous
indoor game to keep his
students
occupied and at proper levels
of fitness
during the long New
England winters. Basketball
was
originally played with a soccer ball. The first balls made specifically
for basketball were brown, and it was only in the late 1950s that Tony
Hinkle, searching for a ball that would be more visible to players and
spectators alike, introduced the orange ball that is now in common
use. Dribbling was not part of the original game except for the
"bounce pass" to teammates. Passing the ball was the primary means
of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by
the asymmetric shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a major
part of the game around the 1950s, as manufacturing improved the
ball shape.

PROFESIONAL
BASKETBALL
Teams abounded throughout the 1920s. There were hundreds of
men's professional basketball teams in towns and cities all over the
United States, and little organization of the professional game.
Players jumped from team to team and teams played in armories and
smoky dance halls. Leagues came and went. Barnstorming squads
such as the Original Celtics and two all-African American teams,
the New York Renaissance Five ("Reins") and the (still

existing) Harlem Globetrotters played up to two hundred games a

year on their national tours.
In 1946, the Basketball Association of America (BAA) was formed. The
first game was played in Toronto,
Ontario,
Canada between the Toronto
Huskies and New York
Knickerbockers on November 1,
1946.
Three seasons later, in 1949, the
BAA
merged with the National
Basketball League to form
the National Basketball
Association (NBA). By the 1950s,
basketball had become a major college sport

INTEARNATIONAL BASKETBALL
The International Basketball Federation was formed in 1932 by eight
founding nations: Argentina, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy, Latvia,
Portugal, Romania and Switzerland. At this time, the organization
only oversaw amateur players. Its acronym, derived from the
French Fdration Internationale de Basketball Amateur, was thus
"FIBA". Men's Basketball was first included at the Berlin 1936
Summer Olympics, although a demonstration tournament was held in
1904. The United States defeated Canada in the first final, played
outdoors. This competition has usually been dominated by the United
States, whose team has won all but three titles, the first loss in a
controversial final game in Munich in 1972 against the Soviet Union.
In 1950 the first FIBA World Championship for men was held in
Argentina. Three years later, the first FIBA World Championship for
Women was held in Chile. Women's basketball was added to the
Olympics in 1976, which were held in Montreal, Canada with teams
such as the Soviet Union, Brazil and Australia rivaling
the American squads.

Women's basketball

Women's basketball began in 1892 at Smith College when Senda

Berenson, a physical education teacher, modified Naismith's rules for
women. Shortly after she was hired at Smith, she went to Naismith to
learn more about the game.[18] Fascinated by the new sport and the
values it could teach, she organized the first womens collegiate
basketball game on March
21, 1893,
when her Smith freshmen
and
sophomores played against
one
another. However, the first
women's
interinstitutional game was
played in
1892 between the
University of
California and Miss Head's
School.
Berenson's rules were first
published in
1899, and two years later she became the editor of A.G. Spaldings
first Women's Basketball Guide. Berenson's freshmen played the
sophomore class in the first women's intercollegiate basketball game
at Smith College, March 21, 1893.[21] The same year, Mount
Holyoke and Sophie Newcomb College (coached by Clara Gregory
Baer) women began playing basketball. By 1895, the game had
spread to colleges across the country, including Wellesley, Vassar,
and Bryn Mawr. The first intercollegiate women's game was on April
4, 1896.

The Rules
Basketball is a team sport. Two teams of five players each try to score
by shooting a ball through a hoop elevated 10 feet above the ground.
The game is played on a rectangular floor called the court, and there
is a hoop at each end. The court is divided into two main sections by
the mid-court line. If the offensive team puts the ball into play behind
the mid-court line, it has ten seconds to get the ball over the midcourt line. If it doesn't, then the defense gets the ball. Once the
offensive team gets the ball over the mid-court line, it can no longer
have possession of the ball in the area in back of the line. If it does,
the defense is awarded the ball.
The ball is moved down the court toward the basket by passing or
dribbling. The team with the ball is called the offense. The team
without the ball is called the defense. They try to steal the ball,
contest shots, steal and deflect passes, and garner rebounds.

When a team makes a basket, they score two points and the ball goes
to the other team. If a basket, or field goal, is made outside of the
three-point arc, then that basket is worth three points. A free throw is
worth one point. Free throws are awarded to a team according to
some formats involving the number of fouls committed in a half
and/or the type of foul committed. Fouling a shooter always results in
two or three free throws being awarded the shooter, depending upon
where he was when he shot.
If he was
beyond the three-point line,
then he
gets three shots. Other types
of fouls do
not result in free throws
being
awarded until a certain
number
have accumulated during a
half. Once
that number is reached, then
the player
who was fouled is awarded a
'1-and-1'
opportunity. If he makes his
first free
throw, he gets to attempt a
second. If
he misses the first shot, the
ball is live
on the rebound.
Each game is divided into
sections.
All levels have two halves.
Each team
is assigned a basket or goal
to defend.
This means that the other basket is their scoring basket. At halftime,
the teams switch goals. The game begins with one player from either
team at center court. A referee will toss the ball up between the two.
The player that gets his hands on the ball will tip it to a teammate.
This is called a tip-off. In addition to stealing the ball from an
opposing player, there are other ways for a team to get the ball.

Fouls and Violations

FOULS
Personal fouls: Personal fouls include any type of illegal
physical contact.

Hitting

Pushing

Slapping

Holding
Illegal pick/screen -- when an
player is moving. When an
player sticks out a limb and
physical contact with a
in an attempt to block the path
defender.

offensive
offensive
makes
defender
of the

Personal foul penalties: If a player is shooting while a being

fouled, then he gets two free throws if his shot doesn't go in, but only
one free throw if his shot does go in.

Three free throws are awarded if the player is fouled while

shooting for a three-point goal and they miss their shot. If a player is
fouled while shooting a three-point shot and makes it anyway, he is
awarded one free throw. Thus, he could score four points on the play.

Inbounds. If fouled while not shooting, the ball is given to the

team the foul was committed upon. They get the ball at the nearest
side or baseline, out of bounds, and have 5 seconds to pass the ball
onto the court.

One & one. If the team committing the foul has seven or more
fouls in the game, then the player who was fouled is awarded one
free throw. If he makes his first shot, then he is awarded another free
throw.

Ten or more fouls. If the team committing the foul has ten or
more fouls, then the fouled player receives two free throws.
Charging. An offensive foul that is committed when a player pushes
or runs over a defensive player. The ball is given to the team that the
foul was committed upon.
Blocking. Blocking is illegal personal contact resulting from a
defender not establishing position in time to prevent an opponent's
drive to the basket.
Flagrant foul. Violent contact with an opponent. This includes

hitting, kicking, and punching. This type of foul results in free throws
plus the offense retaining possession of the ball after the free throws.
Intentional foul. When a player makes physical contact with
another player with no reasonable effort to steal the ball. It is a
judgment call for the officials.
Technical foul. Technical foul. A player or a coach can commit this
type of foul. It does not involve player contact or the ball but is
instead about the 'manners' of the game. Foul language, obscenity,
obscene gestures, and even arguing can be considered a technical
foul, as can technical details regarding filling in the scorebook
improperly or dunking during warm-ups.
VIOLATIONS
Walking/Traveling. Taking more than 'a step and a half' without
dribbling the ball is traveling. Moving your pivot foot once you've
stopped dribbling is traveling.
Carrying/palming. When a player dribbles the ball with his hand too
far to the side of or, sometimes, even under the ball.
Double Dribble. Dribbling the ball with both hands on the ball at the
same time or picking up the dribble and then dribbling again is a
double dribble.
Held ball. Occasionally, two or more opposing players will gain
possession of the ball at the same time. In order to avoid a prolonged
and/or violent tussle, the referee stops the action and awards the ball
to one team or the other on a rotating basis.
Goaltending. If a defensive player interferes with a shot while it's on
the way down toward the basket, while it's on the way up toward the
basket after having touched the backboard, or while it's in the
cylinder above the rim, it's goaltending and the shot counts. If
committed by an offensive player, it's a violation and the ball is
awarded to the opposing team for a throw-in.

Backcourt violation. Once the offense has brought the ball across
the mid-court line, they cannot go back across the line during
possession. If they do, the ball is awarded to the other team to pass
inbounds.
Time restrictions. A player passing the ball inbounds has five
seconds to pass the ball. If he does not, then the ball is awarded to
the other team. Other time restrictions
include the rule that a player cannot
have the ball for more than five seconds
when being closely guarded and, in some
states and levels, shot-clock restrictions
requiring a team to attempt a shot within
a given time frame.

Player Positions
Center. Centers are generally your tallest players. They generally are
positioned near the basket.
Offensive -- The center's goal is to get open for a pass and to shoot.
They are also responsible for blocking defenders, known as picking or
screening, to open other players up for driving to the basket for a
goal. Centers are expected to get some offensive rebounds and putbacks.
Defensive -- On defense, the center's main responsibility is to keep
opponents from shooting by blocking shots and passes in the key
area. They also are expected to get a lot of rebounds because they're
taller.
Forward. Your next tallest players will most likely be your forwards.
While a forward may be called upon to play under the hoop, they may
also be required to operate in the wings and corner areas.
Offensive -- Forwards are responsible to get free for a pass, take
outside shots, drive for goals, and rebound.
Defensive -- Responsibilities include preventing drives to the goal and
rebounding.

Guard. These are potentially your shortest players and they should
be really good at dribbling fast, seeing the court, and passing. It is
their job to bring the ball down the court and set up offensive plays.
Offensive -- Dribbling, passing, and setting up offensive plays are a
guard's main responsibilities. They also need to be able to drive to
the basket and to shoot from the perimeter.
Defensive -- On defense, a guard is responsible for stealing passes,
contesting shots, preventing drives to the hoop, and for boxing out.

Yoga asana
Ardha chakrasana
This posture resembles half wheel in final position, so its
called Ardha chakrasan, or half wheel posture
BENEFITS:

1. Its a good counter pose for padahastasan.

2. Good posture to maintain

flexibility of the spine.

the

3. Its helpful to increase the

capacity.

lungs

4. People who cannot do full wheel posture or chakrasana can get the
same benefit of that posture by practice of this asana.

GOMUKHASANA
In Sanskrit gomukha means cows face. This posture resembles the
face of a contented cow, so this posture called as Gomukhasana.

BENEFITS:

1. Gomukhasana is very
posture to remove the
the spine, neck and

good
stiffness of
shoulders.

2. This posture very

induce relaxation.

good to

3. This posture helps to ease away tension, so found useful in treating

stress-originated diseases like hypertension, diabetes and sexual
disorders.

4. Gomukhasana helps develop chest and to increase depth of

breathing.

Roli Parashar would like to

express gratitude to all those who
gave me the opportunity to
complete this project.
I want to thank Morning Star
School to allow commencing this
subject. I further more thank my
PHYSICAL EDUCATION teacher who
conferred this and encouraged to
go ahead with my projects . I am
also thankful of my family and
friends for their help and co-

operation incompletion of this

project.