Your Lab Name

Manual Urinalysis Microscopic Exam

Author: Penny Stevens

Document Number:
Effective (or Post) Date:

Document Origin
US Army Hospital Heidelberg, Germany

Pro 68-0.1
9 June 2008

Company:

N/A

SMILE Approved by:

Heidi

SMILE Comments: This document is provided as an example only. It must be revised to accurately reflect
your labs specific processes and/or specific protocol requirements. Users are directed to countercheck
facts when considering their use in other applications. If you have any questions contact SMILE.

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Effective Date: Date

U. URINALYSIS
U.02. MANUAL URINALYSIS MICROSCOPIC EXAM
U.2.1.

PRINCIPLE:
1. Routine Urinalysis consists of both physical and chemical analyses to assist physicians
in the diagnosis and treatment of renal and urinary tract diseases and in the detection
of metabolic or systemic disease processes not directly related to the kidney.
2. The microscopic examination of the centrifuged urine sediment includes the study of
formed elements, such as WBCs, RBCs, casts and crystals.
3. The macroscopic examination of urine includes physical appearance, such as color,
character and clarity. See U.1 Manual Urinalysis Dipstick SOP for macroscopic
testing and reporting procedures.
4. A qualitative chemical analysis of the urine is performed by using a multi-parameter
test strip that measure pH, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrite,
blood, leukocyte esterase, and specific gravity. The test strips are dipped in the urine
and read visually according to the color comparison chart printed on the side of the
container at prescribed time intervals. See U.1 Manual Urinalysis Dipstick SOP for
qualitative testing and reporting procedures.

U.2.2. PURPOSE - The microscopic examination of urine sediment.

U.2.3. SPECIMENS
1. Use fresh well-mixed urine collected by clean-catch method into a sterile container.
2. The specimen should be unpreserved and uncentrifuged.
3. All urine specimens should reach the laboratory within one (1) hour after collection
and be properly labeled.
4. Urine specimens should be tested within two (2) hours after collection. If urine
cannot be tested within two (2) hours, it may be stored for up to four (4) hours at 2
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to 8C. (The specimen must be brought to room temperature before testing.)
5. The following urine samples are not satisfactory for testing:
5.1. Specimens received over two hours after collection.
5.2. Mislabeled samples.
5.3. Improperly collected samples. For example, urine samples with preservatives,
specimens collected in non-sterile containers, or specimens collected in
containers with soap or detergent residues will not be accepted.
5.4. QNS (Quantity Not Sufficient) - The recommended minimum volume is 12 mLs.
The required minimum volume for microscopic examination is 0.50 mL. In the
event that less than <0.50 mL is received, perform testing on uncentrifuged urine
and comment as noted in section U.2.7.
5.5. In the event that an unacceptable sample is received, another sample must be
requested. Document all action taken in the LIS.
U.2.4. EQUIPMENT & REAGENTS
1. Equipment:
1.1
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
1.7.

Kova System - Kova slides, pipettes & tubes

Centrifuge with timer
Microscope with 10x and 40x objectives
Lens paper or lint free tissues
Log sheets
Laboratory markers and pens
Clean gauze (4 x 4)

2. Reagents - None
U.2.5. CALIBRATION: Not applicable
U.2.6. QUALITY CONTROL:
1. Control Materials and Procedural Notes:
1.1. A Run in urinalysis is defined as all patient testing performed in a 24-hour period.
Quality Control must be performed under the following conditions.
1.1.1. Every morning prior to testing patient specimens.
1.1.2. Whenever test results appear questionable.
1.2. A Normal and Abnormal Kova Control will be performed at least once every
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run.(see above)
1.3. Reconstitute new Kova controls with 60 mL Reagent Grade water according
to manufacturers instructions.
1.3.1. After reconstitution, separate controls into 2 mL aliquots using
disposable transfer pipettes and plastic test tubes. Cap tightly!
1.3.2. Label each plastic test tube with Normal or Abnormal Kova Control,
lot number, expiration date, reconstitution date, and initials of tech who
reconstitutes controls.
1.3.3. Sample aliquots will be stored frozen at -20C. The sample aliquots are
stable at this temperature for up to four (4) months.
1.3.4. Only one freeze/thaw cycle is permitted. Aliquots must be at room
temperature before testing. Do not use a warming block to thaw.
1.3.5. Sample aliquots are stable for one hour at 15-20C or 24 hours at 2-8C.
1.4. Perform the Kova controls in the same manner as patient samples. See section
U.2.7 for the patient testing procedure. Record the results on the Urinalysis
Quality Control Worksheets. See appendix 3 & 4.
1.5. All results must fall into the expected ranges, which are obtained from the
manufacturers insert for each control and recorded on the top of the Urinalysis
Quality Control Worksheets.
1.6. If all results are within expected ranges, proceed with patient testing.
1.7. If QC results are outside of expected ranges for controls:
1.7.1. Re-examine the specimen using a different field of view.
1.7.2. Adjust the coarse/fine focus as needed to improve the view and repeat
testing.
1.7.3. Check for signs of contamination in the controls.
1.7.4. Repeat the procedure with freshly reconstituted Kova controls.
1.7.5. If the results are still out of range after performing the above steps, notify
the next higher supervisor immediately. Corrective action must be taken
and QC must be in range before patient testing can be performed.
1.7.7. Record all QC values (both in and out of range) and corrective actions
on the Quality Control Worksheets, appendix 3 & 4.
1.8. Parallel Testing: All new quality control lots or separate shipments of current
lots will be tested against the current lots for performance verification before
performing patient testing. See the Parallel Testing form, Appendix 5. Results
are considered acceptable if they are within their lot number quality control
limits.
U.2.7. PROCEDURE
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1. Remove the specimens/controls from the refrigerator or freezer, as applicable, and
allow them come to room temperature for at least 30 minutes before mixing.
2. Positively identify the specimens using the patient name and date of birth.
3. Log the sample on the testing worksheet using the LIS generated patient label,
appendix 6.
4. Add the LIS generated label to the sample cup (not the sample lid). Any discrepancy
must be investigated before processing the specimen.
5. Mix patient urine sample by swirling. Mix control aliquots by inverting several times
to ensure homogeneity of the contents.
6. If a macroscopic examination & urine chemistry testing is ordered refer to U.01.1
Manual Urinalysis Dipstick Testing SOP for testing and reporting procedures. The
microscopic examination is performed after dipstick testing unless the provider
requests otherwise.
7. If Clintest, Acetest or Ictotest is required as listed below or requested by the provider,
perform testing on uncentrifuged urine prior to performing the microscopic exam.
Refer to individual confirmatory test SOPs as listed in the references.
8. The Clinitest confirmatory test is required for all pediatric urine samples with
patients age 2 years old or younger, regardless of whether it was requested or not.
See Clinitest SOP U06.1.
9. Backup tests and/or microscopic examination must be performed on urine that
tests positive for the following:
Positive Result

Backup Test

Microscopic Exam

Blood

N/A

Yes

Nitrite

N/A

Yes

Ketones

Acetest

No

Glucose

Clinitest

No

Bilirubin

Ictotest

No

Protein

3% Sulfosalicylic Acid

Yes

Leukocyte Esterase

N/A

Yes

10. Confirmatory tests are not required for TRACE results on PROTEIN or KETONES.
11. Microscopic examinations are required on the following specimens regardless of the
reagent strip results:
11.1. Urine with cloudy or hazy appearance.
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11.2.
11.3.
11.4.
11.5.

Microscopic examination requested by the patients physician.

Urine specimens received from Pediatric Clinic.
Catheterized and Suprapubic aspiration samples.
Urine specimens received from Physical Exam Clinic.

12. Pour 12-mLs of specimen into a sterile Kova tube and label the tube with the LIS
specimen label. If the total specimen volume is 0.50 mL or less, do not pour the
sample into a Kova tube. Perform testing from the specimen cup as indicated in the
following steps.
13. Testing
13.1. Volumes greater than 0.50 mL
13.1.1. Perform Dipstick, Clinitest, Acetest, or Ictotest as required or
requested.
13.1.2. Cap the Kova sample and centrifuge at 1500 rpm for 5 minutes.
13.1.3. Remove the sample from the centrifuge and discard the cap.
13.1.4. If 3% SSA testing is required or requested, perform testing on the
supernatant according to the U.10.1. 3% SSA SOP.
13.1.5. Decant and discard the supernatant while retaining the sediment pellet
in the conical portion of the Kova tube. There will be a small volume
of fluid retained above the sediment. The total volume retained in the
Kova system tube after decanting the supernatant should be
approximately 0.5 mL.
13.1.6. Use a Kova disposable pipette to resuspend the sediment pellet.
13.1.7. Proceed with testing in step 13.3.
13.2. Volumes less than 0.50 mL - swirl the sample in the specimen cup to mix well.
13.3. Use a Kova pipette to aspirate sample from the well mixed specimen.
13.4. Place one (1) drop of the sediment on the Kova slide so that the urine sediment
is drawn under the preformed Kova cover slip.
13.5. Place the Kova slide under the microscope with the low power objective (10X
lens) and observe the sediment for the presence of casts. Observe at least ten
(10) fields and take the average number of casts seen for each type.
13.6. Switch to high power objective (40X lens) to observe the sediment for the
presence of epithelial cells, WBCs, RBCs, bacteria, crystals, yeast, trichomonas,
mucus, and spermatozoa.
13.7. Scan approximately 8-10 fields and take the average per field for each type of
sediment.
13.8. QNS specimens - report the following canned comments as applicable:
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13.8.1. If the volume was <12 mL but > 0.5 mL, enter [12ML] Minimum specimen volume is 12 mL. Urine sediment results
may be falsely decreased due to a submitted sample volume less
than 12 mLs.
13.8.2. If the volume was <0.5 mL, enter [UNSPUN] - Testing performed
on uncentrifuged urine due to a submitted volume less than 0.5
mL. Minimum required specimen volume is 12 mL. Urine
sediment results may be falsely decreased.
13.9. Review the results and enter data on the manual microscopic patient result form
(appendix IV). See section U.2.8 for Expected and Critical Results - Abnormal
results will be flagged.
13.10.
Enter all results in the LIS. Do not certify any results until all urinalysis
testing ordered on the patient sample is complete.
13.11.Urine samples are retained at 2-10C for 24 hours in the Hematology
refrigerator.
U.2.8. EXPECTED / CRITICAL RESULTS & REPORTABLE RANGE:
1. The following bolded analytes require a result entry during the microscopic results
even if they are not seen during the microscopic exam. Report none or 0-1 or 0-2 as
indicated. All other analytes are optional entry if seen during the microscopic exam.
Analyte

Expected results for:

ALL AGES

HYALINE CASTS

0-1

Granular Cast

None

Cellular Cast (RBC, WBC, etc)

None

Waxy Cast

None

0-1, 1-3, 3-5, 5-10, 10-25, 25-50, or

greater than (>) 50/ LPF. Quantify
each cast type separately

EPITHELIAL CELLS

0-2

0-2, 2-5, 5-10, 10-25, 25-50, or

greater than (>) 50/ HPF

LEUKOCYTES (WHITE
BLOOD CELLS)

0-2

0-2, 2-5, 5-10, 10-25, 25-50, or

greater than (>) 50/ HPF

RED BLOOD CELLS

0-2

0-2, 2-5, 5-10, 10-25, 25-50, or

greater than (>) 50/ HPF

BACTERIA

None - Few

None, Few, Trace, Moderate or Many

MUCUS

None - Light

Light, Moderate or Heavy

Crystals

None

Spermatozoa
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Reportable Range:

Males only: Few

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Few, Moderate or Many for each

crystal type.
Few, Moderate, or Many.
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Urinalysis
U.2. Manual Urinalysis Microscopic Exam
Yeast

None

Light, Moderate or Many. Report any

budding yeast or hyphea seen using
comments as noted below.

Trichomonas

None

Few, Moderate or Many. May only be

reported if motile.

2. If budding yeast or hyphea are present, add the following canned comments:
2.1. [Budding] - Budding yeast present.
2.2. [Hyphea] - Hyphae present.
3. The presence of sperm in the urine of a female child under 16 years old is a critical
value. Supervisor confirmation is required before reporting any suspected sperm to
the physician. The physician must be notified in accordance with critical value
procedures before sperm is reported in the LIS. The urine must be retained at 2-10C
until the patients physician and laboratory director authorizes disposal. In no instance
will the urine be destroyed until duly authorized.
4. If a urine dipstick is performed, compare the results obtained on the microscopic with
the multi-parameter reagent strip with the following facts in mind:
4.1.

Urine with RBCs seen on the microscopic exam should have a positive occult
blood on the reagent strip.

4.2.

Urine with casts should have elevated specific gravity and positive protein.

4.3.

Urine with crystals should have elevated specific gravity.

4.4.

Urine with positive nitrite should have bacteria on the microscopic.

5. CRITICAL VALUES:
5.1. When the following values are encountered after a urinalysis testing,
immediately notify the physician or senior ward/clinic nurse of the values
encountered.
Analyte

Critical Results: All ages unless

otherwise noted

Waxy Casts

Any

Red Blood Cell Cast

Any

Cystine Crystals

Any

Tyrosine Crystals

Any

Leucine Crystals

Any

Sperm
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U.2. Manual Urinalysis Microscopic Exam
5.2.

Critical values must be reported in accordance with the laboratory critical value
policy.
5.2.1. All critical microscopic sediment must be verified by the laboratory
supervisor before reporting to the physician/nurse and before certifying
results in the LIS.
5.2.2. All results must be read back by the physician/nurse and the
notification & read back documented in the LIS.
5.2.3. The pathologist must also be notified within 2 hours and will
determine if a pathologist review is required.

U.2.9. PROCEDURAL NOTES:

1. NORMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE URINE: The yellow color of the urine
is due largely to the pigment urochrome and small amounts of urobilin and uroerythrin.
Normal urine is essentially clear, and the presence of particulate matter in
uncentrifuged urine needs to be explained microscopically. Normal urine has a faint,
aromatic odor of undetermined source.
2. Microscopic Sediment:
2.1. RBCs: Normally 0-2 RBCs/HPF may be seen in urine from males and nonmenstruating females. Increased numbers may indicate renal hematuria.
2.2. WBCs: Normally 0-5 WBCs/HPF may be seen in urine of normal males with
slightly higher ranges in females. Increased numbers may indicate renal disease
or acute infection.
2.3. Epithelial cells: A few epithelial cells are normal and indicate normal sloughing
off of aging cells. Increased numbers may indicate renal disease, urinary tract
infection, or poor technique in specimen collection.
2.4. Casts: 0-1 hyaline cast/LPF is found in normal urine. Increased numbers or
more advanced types indicate proteinuria.
2.5. Bacteria: A few bacteria are normally seen due to poor technique in collection
of the specimen. Increased numbers may indicate kidney, bladder, or urinary
tract infection.
2.6. Crystals: The following crystals may be seen in normal or abnormal urine as
noted below. Use urine pH and solubility information (appendix 7) to aid in
identification, as needed. Also use appropriate image and literature resources to
assist with identification.
Normal
Acidic Urine
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Alkaline Urine
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Abnormal
Acidic Urine

Alkaline Urine
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Urinalysis
U.2. Manual Urinalysis Microscopic Exam
Amorphous Urates

Amorphous
Phosphates

Cystine

None

Uric Acid

Triple Phosphates

Tyrosine

Calcium Oxalate

Ammonium Biurates

Leucine

Calcium Phosphates

Sulfonamide
(Sulfadiazine)

Calcium Carbonates

2.7. Mucus: Light mucus is normally found in urine and can sometimes be confused
with hyaline casts.
2.8. Spermatozoa: A few are normally found in urine from normal males. Increased
numbers are found in prostatic disease.
2.9. Trichomonas: Normally not found in urine.
abnormal and may indicate infection.

Presence of trichomonas is

5.10. Yeast: 0-1/HPF or few per high power field are normal in females. Increased
numbers indicates infection.
5.11. Casts are classified according to their matrix, inclusions, pigments and cells
present.
5.11.1. Cast matrices:
5.11.1.1. Hyaline casts: Are translucent cylindrical structures composed
of mucoprotein. Increased numbers are seen with renal diseases
and transiently with exercise, fever, congestive heart failure, and
diuretic therapy.
5.11.1.2. Waxy casts: These differ from hyaline casts in that they are
easily visualized because of their high refractive index. Waxy
casts are homogeneously smooth in appearance. Their margins
are sharp, their ends are blunt, and cracks or convolutions are
frequently seen along the lateral margins. Waxy casts are
commonly associated with tubular inflammation and chronic
renal failure. They are also found during acute or chronic renal
allograft rejection.
5.11.2. Cast Inclusions:
5.11.2.1. Granular casts are semitransparent cylinders containing small
(fine) or large (coarse) granules. These granules represent
plasma protein aggregates.
Granular casts appear with
glomerular or tubular diseases.
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5.11.2.2. Fatty casts: Are semitransparent or granular cylinders
containing large highly refractive vacuoles or droplets. Visible
fat droplets are triglycerides or cholesterol esters. These are
commonly seen when there is heavy proteinuria and are a
feature of the nephrotic syndrome.
5.11.2.3. Crystal Casts: Crystalline inclusion in a semitransparent or
granular cylinder. These casts indicate disposition of crystals in
the tubule or collecting duct.
5.11.3. Cast Pigments:
5.11.3.1. Hemoglobin (Blood) casts: Appears yellow to red; sometimes
the color is very pale and difficult to interpret. These casts are
associated with glomerular disease.
5.11.3.2. Myoglobin casts: These cast are red-brown in color and occur
with myoglobinuria following acute muscle damage.
5.11.3.3. Bilirubin and other drug casts: Bilirubin is seen in urine when
there is obstructive jaundice, and will color casts as deep yellow
brown. Drugs such as phenazopyridine (Pyridium) cause a
bright yellow to orange color in acid urine and will color casts
and cells.
5.11.4. Cellular Casts:
5.11.4.1. Erythrocyte (Red Blood Cell) casts: Semitransparent or
granular cylinders containing distinct erythrocyte. Disorders
reflected in the presence of erythrocyte casts in the sediment
may include acute glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, lupus
nephritis, subacute bacterial endocarditis, and renal infarction.
5.11.4.2. Leukocyte (White Blood Cell) Casts: Semitransparent or
granular cylinders containing leukocytes. They may be seen
pyelonephritis, glomerular diseases, interstitial nephritis, lupus
nephritis, and nephrotic syndrome.
6. SOURCES OF ERROR:
6.1. Urine should be tested within two (2) hours after collection. Prolonged testing
delay may result in cast dissolution, RBC crenation or bursting, increased
bacteria, and crystals dissolution.
6.2. Fill the Kova slide chamber with the pipette placed parallel to the slide and
dispense the specimen drop in the corner of the well. Samples placed in the
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U.2. Manual Urinalysis Microscopic Exam
center of the well can cause air bubbles to form resulting in sample distortion
during examination.
U.2.10. APPENDICES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

SOP Validation Form and SOP Change Control

SOP Approval
Urinalysis Normal Quality Control Worksheet
Urinalysis Abnormal Quality Control Worksheet
Quality Control Parallel Testing Worksheet
Patient Result Form
Urine Crystal Properties

U.2.11. REFERENCES:
1. Stransinger, Susan K., Urinalysis and Body Fluids, Third Edition, F.A. Davis Book
Publisher, 1994, Pages 1 to 10 and 51 to 74.
2. Haber, Meryl H., Urinary Sediment: A Textbook Atlas, American Society of Clinical
Pathologist Book Publisher, 1994.
3. Multistix 10 with SG Package Insert, Bayer Corporation; Diagnostics Division, 1999.
4. Kova Trol: Human Urinalysis Controls Package Insert, Hycor Biomedical Inc., 2001.
5. Manual Urinalysis by Bayer 10-SG Multistix SOP, U.1.1
6. Specific Gravity Determinations by Refractometer SOP, U.5.1
7. Clinitest Determination of Reducing Substances in Urine SOP, U.6.1
8. Acetest Determination of Ketones in Urine SOP, U.8.1
9. Ictotest Determination of Bilirubin in Urine SOP, U.9.1
10. SSA Determination of Protein in Urine SOP, U.10.1

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Appendix 1
SOP VALIDATION
SOP NAME:
U.2. Manual Urinalysis Microscopic Exam
Clear and specific title and principle:
Comments:

yes / no

All necessary supplies, equipment, and materials are listed:

Comments:

yes / no

SOP is sufficiently detailed to be understood but not overly complex:

Comments:

SOP text adequately describes process/procedure:

Comments:

SOP accomplishes purpose:

Comments:

yes / no

yes / no

yes / no

Reviewed by: (Name & Title) )

Signature: __________________

Date: __________________

SOP CHANGE CONTROL

Date

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Change

QA

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OIC

Med. Dir.

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Urinalysis
U.2. Manual Urinalysis Microscopic Exam
Appendix 2

SOP APPROVAL
SIGNATURE

DATE

PREPARER
QA COORDINATOR
LABORATORY OIC
MEDICAL DIRECTOR

ANNUAL REVIEW
REVIEWER SIGNATURE

DOCUMENT COPY CONTROL

LOCATIONS

DATE

REVIEWER SIGNATURE

DATE: ___________

DATE

# COPIES __________

SUPERSEDES:
DATE SOP RETIRED: __________

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Your Lab Name

Appendix 3
Urinalysis Dipstick and Microscopic Normal Control Log
Normal Control Lot#:

Expiration:

Month/Year:

Dipstick Lot#

Expiration:

Date in use:

Supervisor Review:

Dipstick Lot#

Expiration:

Date in use:

Review Date:

Date

Color/
Clarity

Glucose

Bilirubin

Ketones

Specific
Gravity

Blood

pH

Protein

Acceptable
Range:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Comments:

Refer to SOPs U.1.1 and U.2.1 for Urine Dipstick and Microscopic QC resulting procedures

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Urobilin.

Nitrate

Leu.
Esterase

WBC/hpf

RBC/hpf

Crystals

Casts

Tech
Initials

Your Lab Name

Appendix 4
Urinalysis Dipstick and Microscopic Abnormal Control Log
Abnormal Control Lot#:

Expiration:

Dipstick Lot#
Dipstick Lot#

Date

Color/
Clarity

Glucose

Month/Year:

Expiration:

Date in use:

Supervisor Review:

Expiration:

Date in use:

Review Date:

Bilirubin

Specific
Gravity

Ketones

Blood

pH

Protein

Acceptable
Range:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Comments:

Refer to SOPs U.1.1 and U.2.1 for Urine Dipstick and Microscopic QC resulting procedures

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Urobilin.

Nitrate

Leu.
Esterase

WBC/hpf

RBC/hpf

Crystals

Casts

Tech
Initials

Your Lab Name

Appendix 5
Quality Control Parallel Testing Worksheet
Technician:

_______________________________

Date:

___________________________________

New Control Lot#: __________________________

Exp. Date: _________________________________

Current Control Lot#: _________________________

Exp. Date: _________________________________

Reagent

Current Lot
Result

Current Lot
Acceptable
Range

New Lot Result

Current Lot
Acceptable
Range

Acceptable

Red Blood Cells

Yes /

No

White Blood Cells

Yes /

No

Casts

Yes /

No

Crystals

Yes /

No

Yes /

No

Yes /

No

Yes /

No

Yes /

No

Yes /

No

Yes /

No

*Bacteria

*Note:

None

None

If bacterial presence is suspected in the quality control material, it is unacceptable for use. Notify the
supervisor immediately.

New Lot Acceptable:

Yes

No

Comments:

Tech Signature:

Date:

Supervisor review :

Date:

Supervisor Comments:

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Urinalysis
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Appendix 6 - Patient Manual Urinalysis Result Report
Patient Information:

_____________________________

Date Collected: ____________________________

___________________________________

Time Collected: ____________________________

Patient Name:
ID#

Sample Information:

Date of Birth:

______________________________

Analyte

Ordering Physician & Clinic:

_____________________

Patient Results

Reference Range

Hyaline Casts / LPF:

0-1 / LPF

Other Casts:

>
50

0-1

1-3

3-5

5-10

10-25

25-50

Epithelial Cells /HPF

0-2

2-5

5-10

10-25

25-50

> 50

0-2 / HPF

Leukocytes (WBCs) / HPF

0-2

2-5

5-10

10-25

25-50

> 50

0-2 / HPF

Red Blood Cells (RBCs) /

HPF

0-2

2-5

5-10

10-25

25-50

> 50

0-2 / HPF

None

Few

Trace

Moderat
e

Many

None

Ligh
t

Moderat
e

Few

Moderat
e

Type:

None / LPF

Type:

Bacteria / HPF
Mucus / HPF

None-Few / HPF

Heavy

None-Light / HPF

Crystals / HPF:

None / HPF

Type:

None

Many

None / HPF

Type:

None / HPF

Spermatozoa / HPF:
Yeast / HPF:
Trichomonas

None

Few

Moderat
e

Many

Males Only: Few / HPF

None

Few

Moderat
e

Many

None / HPF

None

Few

Moderat
e

Many

None / HPF

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Urinalysis
U.2. Manual Urinalysis Microscopic Exam
Comments:

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Your Lab Name

Appendix 7 - Urine Crystal Properties

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