GADIL, MARK P.

BSEE 2A

ARCHARD WEAR CONSTANT

The Archard wear constant is a simple model used to describe sliding wear and is based around
the theory of asperity contact. The Archard equation was developed later than the Reye's hypothesis,
though both came to the same physical conclusions, that the volume of the removed debris due to wear is
proportional to the work done by friction forces. Reyes model became very popular in Europe and it is
still taught in university courses of applied mechanics. This theory has, however, been totally ignored in
English and American literature where subsequent works by Ragnar Holmand John F. Archard are usually
cited.

where:
Q is the total volume of wear debris produced
K is a dimensionless constant
W is the total normal load
L is the sliding distance
H is the hardness of the softest contacting surfaces
Note that

is proportional to the work done by the friction forces as described by Reye's hypothesis

SUPER PLASTICITY
Super plasticity is a state in which solid crystalline material is deformed well beyond its usual
breaking point, usually over about 200% during tensile deformation. Such a state is usually achieved at
high homologous temperature. Examples of super plastic materials are some fine-grained metals and
ceramics. Other non-crystalline materials (amorphous) such as silica glass ("molten glass") and polymers
also deform similarly, but are not called super plastic, because they are not crystalline; rather, their
deformation is often described as Newtonian flow. Super plastically deformed material gets thinner in a
very uniform manner, rather than forming a "neck" (a local narrowing) that leads to fracture. Also, the
formation of micro voids, which is another cause of early fracture, is inhibited.
In metals and ceramics, requirements for it being super plastic include a fine grain size (less than
approximately 20 micrometers) and a fine dispersion of thermally stable particles, which act to pin the
grain boundaries and maintain the fine grain structure at the high temperatures and Existence of Two
Phases required for super plastic deformation. Those materials that meet these parameters must still have
a strain rate sensitivity (a measurement of the way the stress on a material reacts to changes in strain rate)
of >0.3 to be considered super plastic.
THERMAL FATIGUE

Is the overlay of a cyclical mechanical loading, that leads to fatigue of a material, with a cyclical
thermal loading. Thermal fatigue is an important point that needs to be considered, when constructing
turbine engines or gas turbines.