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Arrhenius
Acid
Base
Bronsted-Lowry
Acid
Base
Acid
Base
Lewis
Focus on B-L
Acids (HA)
Bases (B)_______________________
H something
H-Cations
Conjugates
HA + H2O H3O+ + A-
Acid
A- is CONJUGATE BASE of HA
BH+ is CONJUGATE ACID of B
Equilibrium
For acid:
Ka = [H3O+][A-] [HA]
For base:
Kb = [OH-][BH+] [B]
HCl
HBr
HI
HNO3
H2SO4
HClO4
further to the right or further down in periodic table, stronger the acid
Ions in water
Anions are basic UNLESS FROM STRONG ACID
Cations are acidic UNLESS FROM STRONG BASE
Equilibrium constants related to neutral conjugate
Anion + H2O OH- + HAnion
Polyprotic Acids
More than one Hydrogen (H3PO4, H2SO4), More than one equilibrium and Ka (Ka1, Ka2 etc)
To get pH, use ONLY first K (Ka1), To get ion concentrations, [acid] from first K, [mono-anion]
from first K, [dianion] = Ka2
Buffers
Solutions whose pH is resistant to change by small amounts of added acid or base
Consist of neutral WEAK acid or base TOGETHER with its CONJUGATE
Titrations
Add acid to base or base to acid
Equivalence point
pH = 7
pH < 7 (conjugate ACID left)
pH > 7 (conjugate BASE left)
pH depends on which is stronger
Use INDICATORS to tell (weak acids whose conjugate base is different color)
Calculations
p means - log of
pH = -log[H3O+]
pKa = -log Ka
pH + pOH = 14 at 25 C
Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 10-14 at 25 C
To find K from pH
2)
3)
NEUTRALIZE
4)
If nothing left, pH = 7
5)
Anion?
Cation?