Powder Technology 113 2000.

310326
www.elsevier.comrlocaterpowtec

Discrete phase simulation of gasliquidsolid fluidization systems:

single bubble rising behavior q
Jianping Zhang, Yong Li, Liang-Shih Fan )
Department of Chemical Engineering, The Ohio State Uniersity, 140 West 19th Aenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Received 19 April 1999; received in revised form 3 September 1999; accepted 28 April 2000

Abstract
A computational scheme for discrete-phase simulation of a gasliquidsolid fluidization system and a two-dimensional code based on
it are developed in this study. In this scheme, the volume-averaged method, the dispersed particle method, and the volume-of-fluid VOF.
method are used to account for the flow of liquid, solid particles, and gas bubbles respectively. The gasliquid interfacial mass,
momentum and energy transfer is described by a continuum surface force CSF. model. A close-distance interaction CDI. model is
introduced which illustrates the motion of the particle prior to its collision; upon collision, the hard sphere model is employed. The
particlebubble interaction is formulated by incorporating the surface tension force in the equation of motion of particles. The
particleliquid interaction is brought into the liquid phase NavierStokes NS. equations through the use of Newtons third law of
motion. The volume-averaged liquid phase NS equations are solved using the time-split two-step projection method. The simulation
results using this scheme are verified for bed expansion and pressure drop in liquidsolid fluidized beds. The simulation of a single
bubble rising in a liquidsolid suspension and the particle entrainment by a bubble on the surface of the bed is conducted and the results
are in agreement with the experimental findings. q 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Multiphase flow; Discrete phase simulation; Gasliquidsolid fluidization; Bubble dynamics; Volume-of-fluid method; Dispersed particle
method

1. Introduction
Gasliquidsolid three-phase fluidization systems have
been used widely for physical, chemical, and biological
operations. In a three-phase fluidization system, the gas
phase, in the form of bubbles, interacts intimately with the
liquid and solid phases and solid particles are suspended or
fluidized by the upward flow of liquid and gas bubbles.
The strong interactions between the individual phases provide an intensive mixing which is desirable for effective
heat and mass transfer and for chemical reactions.
There has been extensive investigation of the fluid
dynamic characteristics of the gasliquidsolid fluidization system in the last three decades w1x. Early studies
covered the macroscopic flow behavior such as pressure
drop w2,3x, incipient fluidization w4,5x, and bed expansion

Part of this paper was presented at the AIChE annual meeting paper
a 166b., November 1520, 1998, Miami Beach, FL, USA.
)
Corresponding author. Tel.rfax: q1-614-2927907.
E-mail address: fan@che.eng.ohio-state.edu L.-S. Fan..

and regime transition w68x. Empirical correlations and

phenomenological models have been developed to account
for single bubble rising characteristics w911x, bubble wake
dynamics w12,13x, bubbleparticle interactions w14x, and
particleparticle interactions w1517x. However, with the
increasing computer power now readily available, the approach based on computational fluid dynamic models has
gained considerable attention in quantifying the flow field
of the system.
The discrete phases, that is, particles, bubbles, or
droplets, in multiphase fluidization systems can be simulated numerically using the methods of Eulerian continuum, Lagrangian, and direct simulation for solid particles;
or the front tracking method for deformable surfaces such
as bubbles and droplets. In the continuum method, the
individual phases are treated as pseudo-continuous fluids,
each being governed by conservation laws expressed in
terms of the volume per time or ensemble-averaged properties e.g. see Refs. w1823x.. Numerical simulations using the continuum method have been done, for example,
with gassolid flow w2427x, gasliquid flow w2831x, and
gasliquidsolid flow w3234x.

0032-5910r00r$ - see front matter q 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 0 3 2 - 5 9 1 0 0 0 . 0 0 3 1 4 - 4

J. Zhang et al.r Powder Technology 113 (2000) 310326

In the Lagrangian approach, the discrete particles or

bubbles or droplets are treated as a group of ApointB
masses with their position, velocity and other quantities
being tracked based on the motion equation of individual
particles or bubbles or droplets. Recently, Hoomans et al.
w35x simulated the gasbubble and slug formation in a
two-dimensional gas-fluidized bed using a hard sphere
model which is commonly used for molecular dynamic
simulations w36,37x. In their model, the motion of the
particles was directly calculated from the forces acting on
them, accounting for the interactions between the particles
and the interstitial gas phase. On the other hand, the
gassolid flow in fluidized beds was simulated using a soft
sphere approach, where the particle interaction forces are
calculated based on the analogy of a spring, a dashpot, and
a friction slider w38,39x.
The Lagrangian approach is also used in simulations of
small bubble flow in gasliquid bubble columns. Webb et
al. w40x simulated turbulent-induced gas bubble dispersion
and buoyancy-induced liquid flow by incorporating the
time-averaged, mean velocity flow field with the individual bubble motion resulting from the drag, buoyancy, and
pressure forces. Lapin and Lubbert w41x proposed a model
that tracks the movement of bubble clusters based on a
spatial density function. Delnoij et al. w42x developed a
dispersed gasliquid two-phase flow model that incorporates both bubblebubble interactions and all relevant
forces acting on a bubble. Forces on a bubble include the
pressure gradient, drag, virtual mass, liquid-phase vorticity, and gravity. Their simulation results reveal the importance of the added mass and lift force to the dynamic
behavior of the bubble flow. However, it should be noted
that the discrete particle model can only simulate the flow
of small spherical bubbles, but not deformable bubbles
which are commonly encountered in a bubble column.
It is necessary to discretize and track the movement of
the surface of particle when the length scale of the discrete
objects, that is, solid particles, bubbles, or droplets, is
larger than the computational cell. The approach based on
the surface tracking technique is often noted as the direct
numerical simulation of multiphase flow w43,44x, since the
flow surrounding individual particles is resolved by using
the NavierStokes NS. equations. For example, Hu w45x
simulated the flow of solidliquid mixtures using a finite
element technique based on a moving unstructured grid
system. The hydrodynamic forces and moments acting on
the solid particles are formulated into a single variational
equation incorporating both the fluid and particle equations
using a generalized Galerkin finite element formulation.
An arbitrary LagrangianEulerian ALE. technique is
adopted to deal with the motion of the particles.
For a bubble or droplet which has deformable surfaces,
early studies that track the surface have been limited to
those concerning the motion of a single bubble or droplet.
Using the boundary integral technique, Youngren and
Acrivos w46x calculated a gas bubble in viscous extensional

311

flow, and Rallison w47x studied the time-dependent deformation of a non-axisymmetric drop with a viscosity equal
to that of the surrounding fluid. Ryskin and Leal w48x
examined the steady-state shape of a rising axisymmetric
bubble using a finite difference technique and body-fitted
coordinate system. A front tracking or finite difference
method is introduced by Unverdi and Tryggvason w49x for
computing the unsteady motion of drops and bubbles. In
their study, the flow fields of individual phases are solved
on a fixed uniform grid using the finite difference scheme.
The interface between two fluids is tracked by a set of grid
system that is moved by interpolating their velocity from
the fixed grid points. In their formulation, the interface is
given a finite thickness of the order of the mesh size. To
provide the stability and a continuous change of density
and viscosity across the interface, a smooth function is
introduced and the front points are reconstructed at each
computational step.
The volume of fluid VOF. method w50x is another front
tracking algorithm that has proven to be a useful tool in
calculating the flow of bubbles and droplets. In the VOF
method, the interface is constructed from the local volume
fraction of fluid which is solved from a convection equation. Using this method, Tomiyama et al.w51x examined
single bubble rise behavior under various flow conditions.
Hong et al.w52x simulated the formation of single bubble
chain; and bubble breakage due to a collision with a
particle in a liquid. A good agreement between the simulation and experimental findings is shown by Lin et al.w53x
for the multi-bubble flow in a two-dimensional gasliquid
bubble column with up to 12 bubbles.
In this study, gasliquidsolid flow in a fluidized bed is
simulated using the Eulerian fluid dynamic model in combination with the discrete particle method DPM. and the
VOF front-tracking method. The liquid phase hydrodynamics is described using the volume-averaged, time-dependent NS equations. The trajectories of the individual solid
particles are computed using the dynamic motion equation
of particles. The dynamic interactions between particle
particle and particlebubble in the liquid medium are also
considered. Coupling of the particleliquid interactions is
considered by applying Newtons third law of motion. The
gasliquid interface is obtained by using the VOF fronttracking method. The gasliquid interfacial mass, momentum, and energy transfer is modeled by a continuum
surface force CSF. model w54x. A two-dimensional code is
developed in this study which incorporates a program for
incompressible flows with free surfaces, titled Ripple w55x.
The present code implements various steps of calculation
to obtain flow field properties for the volume-averaged
liquid phase and the discrete particle phase while considering the coupling effects among individual phases. The
simulation results are also compared with the experimental
results on the expansion of the liquidsolid fluidized bed
and the single bubble rising behavior in liquidsolid fluidized beds.

J. Zhang et al.r Powder Technology 113 (2000) 310326

312

2. Governing equations for individual phases

2.1. Liquid-phase model
In multiphase simulation, the expression of the liquid
phase governing equations is related to the expressions of
the governing equations for the other two phases. In this
study, the motion of particles is described by the discrete
particle method while the motion of gas bubbles is described by the VOF front-tracking method. For the discrete
particle method, the interaction forces between the fluid
and particles are considered. For the VOF front-tracking
method, the interface dynamics between the liquid and gas
bubbles are considered. The governing equations for the
liquid phase are derived for liquidsolid suspension flow
based on the NS equations by considering the presence of
dispersed particles in the liquid phase flow. The resulting
volume-averaged mass and momentum equations are given
as the continuity equation

E l
Et

q = P 1z . s 0

1.

and the momentum equation

rl

E lz .
Et

q r l= P l zz .

Ea
Et

2.

where z is the liquid velocity vector; l is the liquid

holdup in the liquidsolid mixture s q l s 1.; r l is the
liquid density; p is the scalar pressure; t is the viscous
stress tensor; g is the acceleration of gravity; and f b is
the total volumetric body force which includes the forces
acting on the liquid from the particles and bubbles, f b s
f pf q f bf . The particleliquid interaction force, f pf , and the
bubbleliquid interaction force, f bf , are obtained by using
a CSF model and Newtons third law, respectively, as will
be discussed in Sections 4.1 and 4.2.
The Newtonian viscous stress tensor is used which is
given as
T

3.

where S is the rate-of-strain tensor and m is the coefficient

of dynamic viscosity.
2.2. Gas phase model
The gas phase in the system is present in the form of
bubbles. The flow inside the gas bubbles is governed by
the single-phase NS equations. Due to the significant
density difference between the gas and the liquidsolid
mixture, the momentum transfer from the flow inside the
bubble to the mixture is negligible except in the gasliquid
interface where the surface tension force across the interface acts on the liquid from the gas phase. Therefore, the
gas bubble can be treated as a void with the motion and

q zP=. as0

4.

2.3. Discrete particle model

The motion of a particle in a flow field can be described
in the Lagrangian coordinate system with its origin set at
the center of the moving particle. The particle movement
in a nonuniform flow field includes acceleration and rotation. As the particle size is smaller than the grid size in the
present method, the effect of the particle rotational motion
on the fluid can be neglected in the dynamic motion
equation. The change of particle rotation due to collision,
however, is considered as will be discussed in Section 3.2.
The translational motion of a particle in the liquid is
governed by Newtons second law of motion
mp

s y=p q l= P t q l r l g q f b

t s 2 m S s m =z . q =z .

the topological change of its surface governed by the

liquidsolid flow and interface dynamics. The free surface
of the gas void is reconstructed by a scalar field a x, t .,
where a x, t . s 1 in the liquid or liquidsolid mixture,
0 - a x, t . - 1 at the free surface, and a x, t . s 0 in the
void. The advection equation for a x, t . is

dzp
dt

s Ftotal

5.

Forces acting on a particle include interface forces

between fluid and particle and forces imposed by external
fields. Interactions between particles are accounted for by
collision mechanics and, therefore, the collision forces are
not included in the total force. The total force acting on a
particle is composed of all applicable forces, including
drag FD ., added mass FAM ., gravity FG ., buoyancy
FB ., Basset history force FBA ., and other forces SFi .,
Ftotal s FD q FAM q FG q FB q FBA q Fi

6.

The drag force acting on a suspended particle is proportional to the relative velocity between the phases as follows
FD s

1
2

C D r A z y zp z y zp .

7.

where A is the exposed frontal area of the particle to the

direction of the incoming flow, C D is the drag coefficient,
which is a function of the particle Reynolds number, Re p .
For rigid spherical particles, the drag coefficient, C D , can
be estimated by the following equations w56x

CD

24 1 q 0.15Re
s~ Re
0.44,

0.687
p

.,

Re p - 1000

8.

Re p G 1000

In the liquidsolid suspension, the drag force depends

strongly on the local liquid holdup in the vicinity of the

J. Zhang et al.r Powder Technology 113 (2000) 310326

particle under consideration. The effective drag coefficient

can be obtained by the product of the drag coefficient for
an isolated particle and a correction factor as given by w57x
.7
C D s C D y4
l

9.

The added mass force accounts for the resistance of the

fluid mass that is moving at the same acceleration as the
particle. For a spherical particle, the volume of the added
mass is equal to one-half of the particle volume, so that
FAM s

1
2

r 1Vp

dt

10 .

z y zp .

tant when two particles move close to each other in

liquidsolid systems, especially when the distance between
two particles is less than 0.1d p w5961x. Thus, the close
distance interaction CDI. model is used to locate the
particle contact velocity just before collision, which considers the strong damping effect due to the liquid film
before particle contact. The particle normal contact velocity can be described by w5961x

1q

The Basset force accounts for the effect of past acceleration. The original formulation of the Basset force is
derived based on the creeping flow condition. For a particle moving in a liquid with finite Reynolds number, the
modified Basset force is given as w58x
FBA s 3pm d p

H0 K t y t .

d z y zp .

dt

dt

313

1 rl
2 rp

16 rp h

9 m ff u p y u .
2 rp2 rp

11 .

3 r l rp3

y 1y

d up

dh
9 r l rp4 u p y u . < u p y u <

32 rp h 4

up

rl
rp

9m

up
d up y u.

H0 K t y t .

dt

2 rp2 rp u p

up

K t y t . in Eq. 11. is given as

p tyt . m
rr

K t y t . s~

14 .

1r4

where h is the distance from the center of the approaching

particle to the midpoint between the two particles, rp is the
radius of particle, and f w62x and f w5961x are the
correction functions and can be expressed as

2
1 p

1
q
2

pr 1

dt

U q zp y z .
2
tyt .
m rp f H3 Re p .

f H Re p . s 0.75 q 0.105Re p ,

1r2 y2

12 .

Re p s r 1Ud prm
where m is the fluid viscosity; U is the mean stream
velocity.
The sum of the gravity and buoyancy forces has the
form
FG q FB s rp y r l . Vp g

f s exp

Re p

0.44

rp

0.19

/ /
1.7

rp

R e p0 .47

rl

f s 1 q 0.15Re p0.687

15 .

Using the RungeKutta method, Eq. 14. can be solved

to locate the particle normal contact velocity just before
the collision.
3.2. Particle collision analysis

13 .

3. Particleparticle collision dynamics

A hard sphere approach is used for the particleparticle
collision analysis. In this approach, collisions between
spherical particles are assumed to be binary and quasi-instantaneous, and further, that there is a sequence of collisions during each time step. The equations, which are
similar to the equation of molecular dynamic simulation
w37x, are used to locate the minimum flight time of particles before any collision.
3.1. Liquid shear effect
While the shear force can be neglected in gassolid
flow systems, in liquidsolid systems this is not the case.
The liquid shear effect between particles becomes impor-

When two particles are in contact, collision analysis can

be conducted to obtain the velocities of the particles after
collision. It is assumed that tangential traction and the
resulting displacements have no effect on normal collision.
For the collision between particles a and b, the normal
components after collision can be obtained by solving the
equations for the restitution coefficient and the conservation of momentum

U
~

N
N
a y Ub
UaN y UbN

m U

se

N
N
N
a a q m b Ub s m a Ua

16 .
X

q m b UbN

where U N is the normal velocity of the particle a or b. at

the contact point before or after with superscriptX . the
collision.
From Mindlins contact theory, there are three kinds of
frictional contact during the collision, 1., sliding contact,

J. Zhang et al.r Powder Technology 113 (2000) 310326

314

2., non-sliding or sticking contact and 3., torsion of

elastic particles in contact. By neglecting the effect of
particle torsion during collision, the simplified Mindlins
contact theory is applied to obtain the tangential components after the collision. If the incident angle, defined as
the ratio of the particleparticle relative velocity in the
tangential direction to velocity in the normal direction, is
less than the critical angle a cr s tany1 2 f k ., where f k is
the friction coefficient., the sticking collision occurs
X

UaT s UbT

UaT y UbT

.y

UaT

y UbT

m aUaT q m b UbT s m aUaT

n
< n<

P = < n< y = P n. ,

The unit normal n,

n
n s
< n<

24 .

25 .

is derived from the normal vector n,

n s =a

f k UaN y UbN

18 .

The volume force given in Eq. 23. is the interface force

between the gas and liquid phases, which is added to the
volumetric body force term in the momentum equation,
Eq. 2., at the free surfaces.

. s2

q m b UbT

I b v Xb y v b

s m b UbT

y UbT

. rb

20 .

where v is the angular velocity of the particle a or b., and

I is the moment of inertia defined by I s 2r5m p rp2 .
The tangential velocities of the particle center are given
as
X

UacT s UaT y vaX ra

UbcT s UbT y v Xb r b

21 .

4. Interphase couplings
4.1. Coupling between gas and liquid phases
In the gasliquid free surfaces, the stress boundary
condition follows the Laplace equation as
ps s p y pv s sk

22 .

where the surface pressure ps is the surface tension induced pressure jump across the interface. The CSF model
w54x converts the surface force into a volume force within
free surfaces. The volume force at the free surfaces is
given by the CSF model as
f bf s sk x ,t . =a x ,t .

4.2. Coupling between particle and liquid phases

19 .

Ia vaX y va . s m a UaT y UaT . ra

X

26 .

The tangential velocities after the collision can be obtained by solving Eq. 17. or Eq. 18. together with Eq.
19..
As mentioned in Section 2.3.1, the collision induces a
change in particle rotation. The angular velocities after the
collision are determined by

1
< n<

17 .

where U T is the tangential particle velocity a or b. at the

contact point.
The conservation of momentum is given as

k s y = P n . s

Otherwise, the sliding collision occurs, in which w63x

where the free surface curvature k is given as

23 .

Based on Newtons third law of motion, the forces

acting on the particles from liquid yield a reaction force on
the liquid. Therefore, the momentum transfer from particles to liquid is taken into account by adding the particle
fluid interaction force, f pf , to the body force term of Eq.
2.
f pf s

Ffpk
DVijk

x pk g V ij

27 .

where subscript ij defines the location of a computational

cell; V and DV are the domain and volume of this cell,
respectively; x pk is the location vector of particle k; Ffp is
the fluidparticle interaction force acting on any individual
particles, which includes the drag, added mass, and Basset
force. At the liquidbubble interface area, the fluidparticle interaction force also includes the bubble-induced
force as will be discussed in Section 4.3.
Liquid properties on a particle are obtained by an
area-weighted averaging method based on the properties at
the four grid points of the computational cell containing
the particle. The liquid holdup, l , is obtained by subtracting the volume fraction of the particles from that of the
liquidsolid suspension in a computational cell. However,
if the grid size is less than five particle diameters, the
liquid holdup is obtained based on an averaged value from
the adjacent cells. Furthermore, it is found that the cellaveraged liquid holdup cannot represent well the phase
holdups surrounding a particle when the particle is within
an area that has significant solid concentration variations.
Therefore, the cell-averaged liquid holdup is restricted in
solving the volume-averaged equations for the liquid phase
Eqs. 1. and 2... A particle-centered area averaging
method is used to obtain the liquid holdup, l , in solving
the particle phase equation Eq. 9... A correlation based
on the comparison between a hexagonal lattice and an
FCC unit cube w35x is used to obtain the psuedo-three-di-

J. Zhang et al.r Powder Technology 113 (2000) 310326

315

mensional liquid holdup, l , from the two-dimensional

data.
4.3. Coupling between particle and gas phases
In the VOF surface-tracking method, the gasliquid
interface is assumed to have a finite thickness. When
particles move into the gasliquid interface where the
fraction of the fluid, a , is less than 1, the volumetric
surface tension force acts on the particles through the
liquid film. Since the size of the computational cell is
larger than the thickness of the gasliquid interface, a
bubble-induced force model BIF. is applied to the particle
Fbp s Vp sk x ,t . =a x ,t .

28 .

If the particle overcomes this bubble-induced force, the

particle would penetrate the bubble surface. The penetrating particle breaks the bubble surface momentarily upon
contact. If the penetrating particle is small, the bubble may
recover its original shape upon particle penetration w14x.
However, if the penetrating particle is large, then bubble
breakage may take place.

Fig. 2. The flowchart of the main program for discrete phase simulation
of gasliquidsolid fluidization system.

5. Numerical methods
5.1. Two-step projection method
The liquid NS equations Eqs. 1. and 2. are solved
using the time-split two-step projection method. Unlike the

case of single-phase incompressible flow, the volume averaged equations for the liquid velocity field Eqs. 1. and
2., do not retain the zero-divergence vector field. Therefore, the original method used in the Ripple program w55x
is modified.
The first order time difference of Eq. 1. can be written
as

lnq 1 y ln
Dt

s y= P l z .

29 .

in the explicit form; or

lnq 1 y ln
Dt

s y= P l z .

nq1

30 .

in the implicit form.

By applying the continuity equation, the acceleration
term in the momentum equation Eq. 2. can be written as

E lz .
Et

sz

E l
Et

ql

Ez
Et

s yz= P l z . q l

Ez

31 .

Et

Substituting Eq. 31. into Eq. 2., we can write the difference equation as

r l ln

z nq 1 y z n
Dt

s r l z n = P l z . y r lz n P = lz .

y =p nq 1 q ln = P t n q r l ln g q f bn
Fig. 1. The flowchart of the particle-phase simulation.

32 .

J. Zhang et al.r Powder Technology 113 (2000) 310326

316

On the right side of the above equation, only the pressure

term is taken at the advanced time t nq 1. Applying the
two-step projection method, we have

r l ln

z y z n
Dt

s r lz n = P lz . y r lz n P = lz .

q ln = P t n q ln r l g q f bn

33 .

s y=p nq1

34 .

and

r l ln

z nq 1 y z
Dt

Eq. 34. can be expressed in terms of a Poisson equation

for the pressure, by taking = P nl z nq1 . s = P l z . n . Then,
we have

rl

= P ln z . y = P l z .
Dt

s = P =p nq1

35 .

The velocity at t nq 1 is then obtained as

z nq 1 s z y

rll

=p nq1D t

36 .

The difference equations are obtained in a staggered

grid system. The finite difference approximation of the
pressure Poisson equation Eq. 35. leads to a set of linear

Fig. 4. Simulation results of fluidization of 500 particles in water d p , 0.8

mm; rp , 2500 kgrm3 ; domain size, 2=6 cm2 ..

equations. The resulting matrix equation is solved by the

incomplete Cholesky-conjugate gradient ICCG. method
w64x. The numerical methods for the VOF advection and
the CSF method are described in Kothe et al. w55x.

Fig. 3. Simulation results of sedimentation of 500 particles in water d p ,

0.8 mm; rp , 2500 kgrm3 ; domain size, 2=6 cm2 ..

Fig. 5. Comparison of the pressure gradient with the weight per unit
volume in the liquidsolid fluidized bed.

J. Zhang et al.r Powder Technology 113 (2000) 310326

317

Fig. 6. Simulation and experimental results of a bubble rising in a liquidsolid fluidized bed d B , 1.0 cm; 1000 particles, d p , 1.0 mm; rp , 2500 kgrm3 ;
domain size, 3 = 8 cm2 ; r l , 1206 kgrm3 ; m l , 5.29 = 10y2 kgrmP s; s l , 6.29 = 10y2 Nrm.. a. t s t 0 ; b. t s t 0 q 0.1 s; c. t s t 0 q 0.2 s; d.
t s t 0 q 0.3 s.

5.2. Particle moement

Within a time step of advance D t, particles are moved
to a new position according to
x p s x p ,0 q zp P D t

37 .

if no collision is encountered. The particle velocity is

updated using an explicit integration formula
zp s zp ,0 q

dzp
dt

Dt

The flight time of a particle is determined as the minimum

flight time of this particle to its neighboring particles
andror walls. The flight time for two particles a and b is
obtained by

2
yrab P zab y rab P zab . y zab
R ab y ra q R b .

tab s

2
zab

40 .

38 .

where the acceleration of the particle is obtained from Eq.

5..
The equations, which are similar to those in the molecular dynamic simulation w37x, are used to determine the
minimum flight time of particles before any collision. If
the collisions occur within time step D t, this time step is
split into several flight time steps, D t ci , and

where R a and R b are radii of particles a and b, respectively, and rab s ra y r b and zab s za y z b . For the particlewall collision, the flight time is given as

D t s D t ci

The velocity of the particle before each collision is updated within the time duration using Eq. 38.. The detailed

39 .

ta ,wall s

< x wall < q R a . y < rx ,a <

zx ,a

41 .

318

J. Zhang et al.r Powder Technology 113 (2000) 310326

Fig. 7. Comparison of the simulation and experimental results of the

bubble rise velocity.

procedure of calculating the particle movement is shown in

Fig. 1.

6. Results and discussion

6.1. CVD-2 code
Based on the theoretical models and the numerical
methods presented in Sections 25, a two-dimensional
code, named CVD-2 combined CFD-VOF-DPM for
two-dimensional three-phase flows., is developed by incorporating a program on incompressible flows with free
surface, titled Ripple w55x. The present code implements
various steps of programming to address flow properties of
the volume-averaged liquid phase, the Lagrangian formulation of the particle phase flow, and all the couplings
among the three individual phases. The flowchart of the
main program of the discrete phase simulation of gas
liquidsolid fluidization systems is shown in Fig. 2. Simu-

Fig. 8. Comparison of the simulation and experimental results of the

bubble aspect ratio.

Fig. 9. The simulated velocity vector field of liquid flow surrounding the
rising bubble in the liquidsolid fluidized bed. a. t s t 0 ; b. t s t 0 q0.1
s; c. t s t 0 q0.2 s; d. t s t 0 q0.3 s.

J. Zhang et al.r Powder Technology 113 (2000) 310326

lations are performed on the Cray T-90 supercomputer at

the Ohio Supercomputer Center.
6.2. Verification of liquidsolid fluidization
Simulations of liquidsolid sedimentation and fluidization are performed in order to verify the prediction of the
simulation code for the limiting case of three-phase flow.
The snapshots of the predicted settling of 500 glass beads
in water are shown in Fig. 3. The diameter and density of
the particles used are 0.8 mm and 2500 kgrm3, respectively. The simulation domain is 2 and 6 cm in the
horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. A uniform
grid size of 0.2 cm in both directions is used. The time
step of simulation for the liquid and solid phases is 5 =
10y6 s. In the computation for sedimentation, initially, the
500 particles are randomly placed in the liquid in the
computational domain. Then they fall under gravity. The
movement of the particles is determined by the dynamic
motion equation and the collision mechanisms of the simulation model. Within about 6 s, a stable packing configuration with a bed height of 1.5 cm and an equivalent
three-dimensional solids holdup of 65.7% is obtained. For
fluidization, the simulation starts from the sedimented
packing configuration. A liquid velocity of 6.0 cmrs is
introduced evenly to the inlet boundary of the computational domain. In about the same time as the sedimentation
simulation 6 s., a dynamically stable fluidized condition is
reached. The equilibrium bed height is 3.0 cm and the
equivalent three-dimensional solids holdup is 23.2%. For
the same fluidization condition, the solids holdup calculated from the RichardsonZaki equation w65x gives rise to
a solids holdup of 20.6%. With a "20% deviation in the
RichardsonZaki equation, the simulation can be considered to be reasonably good. Snapshots of the bed expansion in simulated liquidsolid fluidization are given in
Fig. 4.
In liquidsolid fluidization, the pressure drop across the
bed is known to be equal to the weight per cross-sectional
area of the bed. The pressure gradient in the bed along
different bed heights when the bed has reached the equilibrium height is shown in Fig. 5. The weight per unit volume
of the bed is also shown in the figure. A good agreement
between the pressure gradient and the weight per unit
volume is seen in the figure.
For liquidsolid fluidization, the microstructure of the
horizontal particle alignment observed in the experiments
w66x and in direct simulation of particles in Newtonian
fluids w45x is directly reproduced in the current simulations
of sedimentation and fluidization as shown, respectively,
in Figs. 3 and 4. This matching suggests that the discrete
Fig. 10. The simulated velocity vector field of liquid flow surrounding the
rising bubble in the liquidsolid fluidized bed based on a moving
coordinate system. a. t s t 0 ; b. t s t 0 q0.1 s; c. t s t 0 q0.2 s; d.
t s t 0 q0.3 s.

319

particle model proposed in this study is capable of capturing microscopic flow behavior of multiphase flow systems.

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J. Zhang et al.r Powder Technology 113 (2000) 310326

6.3. Bubble rising in liquidsolid fluidized medium

The shape and rise velocity of a bubble in the liquid
solid medium is affected by a number of variables including the surface tension and viscosity of the liquid, the
densities of liquid and particles, the solids holdup, and the
bubble size. The simulation and the experimental results of
a single bubble rising in a liquidsolid fluidized bed are
shown in Fig. 6. The simulation domain is 3 = 8 cm2 with
20 = 50 grid points. One thousand particles with a density
of 2500 kgrm3 and a diameter of 1.0 mm are used as the
solid phase. An aqueous glycerin solution 80 wt.%. with a
density of 1206 kgrm3 , a viscosity of 5.29 = 10y2 kgrm
s and a surface tension coefficient of 6.29 = 10y2 Nrm is
used as the liquid phase. A spherical bubble with a diameter of 1.0 cm is initially positioned in the computational
domain with its center located 1.5 cm above the bottom.
Initially, the particles are randomly positioned in a 3 = 24
cm2 area. Particles are then settled against a liquid inlet
velocity of 0.5 cmrs. At this stage of the simulation, the
spherical bubble is treated as a stationary obstacle. When
an equilibrium bed height is reached, a three-dimensional
equivalent solids holdup of 44% is achieved. With the
particles at the equilibrium bed height, the simulation is
then restarted. This time, the bubble is released, which
yields subsequent bubble induced motion of liquid and
particles. The time step of simulation for the liquid and
solid phases is 5 = 10y6 s. Experiments are performed in a
two-dimensional column with a thickness of 7.0 mm.
The comparison of the rise velocity based on the simulation and the experimental results is shown in Fig. 7. The
relative deviations between the simulated and experimental
results are within 7%. It is noted that a similar magnitude
of the relative deviations was reported by Grace and
Harrison w67x when comparing the rise velocity of a twodimensional bubble evaluated theoretically and that obtained experimentally from a two-dimensional column.
The comparison of the bubble shape from the simulation
and the experiments is shown in Fig. 8. The bubble shape
is described in terms of the aspect ratio, hrb, defined as
the ratio of the minor axis vertical. over the major axis
horizontal. of the bubble. As shown in the figure, the
simulation and the experimental results generally agree
well.
Fig. 9 shows the velocity vector field of the liquid flow
in the simulation domain relative to the four frames given
in Fig. 6 As shown in the figure, the liquid flow is induced
by the upward motion of the rising bubble. The liquid
flows around the rising bubble with the highest velocity
right behind the bubble. A symmetric flow pattern is
observed initially as shown in Fig. 9a. In Fig. 9bd, two
symmetric vortex cells behind the rising bubble are seen.
In the figure, the bubble that appears in the four frames
undergoes acceleration with an increase in the bubble
Reynolds number from 0 to 28. Bubbles in this Reynolds
number range exhibit a stable closed wake consisting of a

Fig. 11. The simulated velocity vector field of particles following the
liquid motion induced by the bubble flow. a. t s t 0 ; b. t s t 0 q0.1 s;
c. t s t 0 q0.2 s; d. t s t 0 q0.3 s.

J. Zhang et al.r Powder Technology 113 (2000) 310326

pair of stationary vortices w68x. The liquid flow field

around the bubble is often obtained in a moving coordinate
system w69,12,70x. The velocity vector field of the liquid

321

based on the moving coordinate system of the present

simulation is given in Fig. 10 which is obtained by subtracting the rise velocity of the bubble from the velocity

Fig. 12. Simulation of a bubble emerging from a liquidsolid fluidized bed d B s 0.8 cm; 1000 particles, d p s 0.7 mm; rp s 2500 kgrm3 ; domain size,
6 = 12 cm2 ; r l s 1000 kgrm3 ; m l s 1.0 = 10y3 kgrmP s; s l s 7.19 = 10y2 Nrm.. a. t s t 0 ; b. t s t 0 q 0.03 s; c. t s t 0 q 0.06 s; d. t s t 0 q 0.09 s.

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J. Zhang et al.r Powder Technology 113 (2000) 310326

vectors shown in Fig. 9. A closed wake structure with two

symmetric vortices is clearly evident in Fig. 10bd.

The velocity vector field of the particles is shown in

Fig. 11. As shown in the figure, particles follow the liquid

Fig. 13. The simulated velocity vector field of liquid flow surrounding a rising bubble in a liquidsolid fluidized bed. a. t s t 0 ; b. t s t 0 q 0.03 s; c.
t s t 0 q 0.06 s; d. t s t 0 q 0.09 s.

J. Zhang et al.r Powder Technology 113 (2000) 310326

motion induced by the bubble flow. Particles immediately

behind the bubble base move at a high velocity due to the

323

high liquid velocity. A significant downward flow of particles is observed at both sides of the bubble. As can be seen

Fig. 14. The simulated velocity vector field of particles following the liquid motion induced by the bubble flow. a. t s t 0 ; b. t s t 0 q 0.03 s; c.
t s t 0 q 0.06 s; d. t s t 0 q 0.09 s.

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J. Zhang et al.r Powder Technology 113 (2000) 310326

from the velocity vectors of the liquid in Fig. 9, the liquid

flow further upstream than approximately two minor axes
of bubble is not affected by the bubble motion. From Fig.
11, it is also seen that the particles in this flow region are
almost stationary. These particles are at the equilibrium
state, suspended by the upward flow of the liquid.
6.4. Particle entrainment
When bubbles disengage from the bed surface, particle
entrainment takes place. Experimental observations of the
evolution of particle flow around a single bubble have
elucidated the mechanisms of particle entrainment in a
three-phase fluidized bed w12,13,70x. The reported mechanisms indicate that particles are drawn by the wake behind
the bubble from the upper surface of the fluidized bed into
the freeboard, and vortices containing particles are shed
from the wake in the freeboard. In this study, a bubble
emerging from the liquidsolid fluidized bed is simulated.
The solid phase used in the simulation is 1000 particles of
glass beads with a density of 2500 kgrm3 and a diameter
of 0.7 mm. The computational domain is 6 = 12 cm2 with
32 = 80 grid points. Water is used as the liquid phase and
the liquid inlet velocity is set at 7.5 cmrs. The equilibrium
bed height is 6.5 cm, yielding a solids holdup in the
fluidized bed of 0.13. A spherical bubble with a diameter
of 0.8 cm is initially imposed in the liquidsolid suspension at 1.5 cm above the bottom. Fig. 12 shows the bubble
emerging from the bed surface in four frames of the
simulation with a time interval between two frames of 0.03
s. Frame 1 of Fig. 12 shows the bubble emerging from the
upper free surface of the fluidized bed. A group of particles are dragged by the bubble wake in the subsequent
frames. The simulation results agree, in bubbleparticle
entrainment, and the related timing and displacement variations, with the experimental results given in photographs
by Miyahara et al. w12x and in sketches by Tsuchiya et al.
w70x.
The velocity vector field of the liquid for the four
frames given in Fig. 12 is shown in Fig. 13. An asymmetric vortex street is observed with the rising bubble. In this
case, the bubble Reynolds number is about 1600, which
falls into the range between the second critical Reynolds
number Rec2 about 100300. and the third critical
Reynolds number Rec3 above 6000.; bubbles in this
Reynolds number range have unstable wakes and experience periodic asymmetric sheddings w13x. The development
of the shed vortices is observed in Fig. 13. The velocity
vector field of the particles for the four frames given in
Fig. 12 is shown in Fig. 14. As shown in the figure, most
of the particles are suspended by the liquid flow and the
velocities of these particles are very small. Particles with
large velocities are found in the vortex areas and behind
the rising bubble. The movement and the velocity variation
of the particles are closely related to the development of
vortices and the motion of bubble flow.

7. Concluding remarks
A computational model for a gasliquidsolid threephase fluidization system and a two-dimensional code are
developed in this study. The volume-averaging for the
liquid phase flow, the Lagrangian simulation for particle,
and the volume-of-fluid approach for the bubble flow are
employed for the computation. The model takes into account the dynamic and discrete flow behavior of the
gasliquidsolid flow such as bubblebubble, bubbleparticle, and particleparticle interactions. The simulation
results are verified with experimental results on the bed
expansion and pressure drop in the liquidsolid fluidization. Simulations of a single bubble rising in a liquidsolid
suspension and the particle entrainment in the freeboard by
an emerging bubble are also in qualitative agreement with
the experimental data. From the simulation results, it is
seen that particles follow the liquid motion induced by the
bubble flow. Particles immediately behind the bubble base
move at high velocity due to the high liquid velocity. In
the case of a low bubble Reynolds number, a closed wake
structure with two symmetric vortices is observed in the
velocity vector field of the liquid based on the coordinates
moving with the bubble. In the case of a high bubble
Reynolds number, unstable and periodic asymmetrically
shed wakes are obtained in the simulation. The discrete
phase simulation scheme developed in this study can effectively simulate the dynamic flow behavior of bubbles and
particles in three-phase fluidized systems.
Nomenclature
A
area
drag coefficient
CD
d
diameter
e
restitution coefficient
F
force
f
volumetric body force
f
correction function
friction coefficient
fk
G
gravity
h
Separation distance, minor axis of bubble
I
moment of inertia
n
normal vector of free surface
p
scalar pressure
surface pressure
ps
gas phase pressure inside bubbles
pv
r
radius of particle
Re
Reynolds number
S
rate-of-strain tensor
t
time
U
mean stream velocity, particle velocity
rise velocity of a bubble
UB
u
velocity
V
volume
z
velocity vector
x
coordinate vector

J. Zhang et al.r Powder Technology 113 (2000) 310326

Greek letters
a
volume fraction of fluid
critical angle
a cr

holdup
F
correction function
k
free surface curvature
m
dynamic viscosity
n
kinematic viscosity
r
density
s
surface tension
t
viscous stress tensor, time
v
angular velocity
Subscripts
0
initial condition
AM
added mass
a
particle index
ac
center of particle a
b
particle index
bc
center of particle b
B
basset, bubble
bf
bubblefluid interaction
bp
bubbleparticle interaction
D
drag
fb
fluidbubble interaction
GrB
gravityrbuoyancy
g
gas phase
i,j
cell indices
l
liquid phase
M
magnus
P
pressure
p
particle
pb
particlebubble interaction
SV
surface tension
w
wall
x
x-component
y
y-component
Superscripts
k
particle index
N
normal direction
T
tangential direction

Acknowledgements
This work is sponsored in part by the NSF Grant
CTS-9528380 and the Ohio Supercomputer Center.

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