Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Thursday,
20th Feb, 2014
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Acknowledgments
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
(SPI Projects Fund)
Maximiliano Astroza and Maria Ofelia
Moroni, Professors, Department of Civil
Engineering, Universidad de Chile
(members of the EERI team)
Roberto Meli and 12 other co-authors of
the EERIs Confined Masonry Guide
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Topics
Confined masonry: key concepts
Lessons learned from the past
earthquakes
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
CONFINED MASONRY:
an opportunity for improved seismic performance
both for unreinforced masonry and reinforced
concrete frame construction in low- and medium-rise
buildings
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Availableatwww.confinedmasonry.org
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
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ReinforcedConcreteFrameConstruction
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
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Confined Masonry
Walls first
Concrete later
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zv_q8saRZfQ
http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=confi
ned%20masonry&source=video&cd=9&cad=rja&
ved=0CFgQtwIwCA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.y
outube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D3CzSUHywREk&e
i=HkZ3UfmzE4_xrQfBzoA4&usg=AFQjCNHMmfKF
xipZBaLyxIw3jwJ4zEydEw
No. 19
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
V
Vc
Vm
3
Vm'
2
Shear force
Vm
Vc
1
Vc
Vm'
Displacement
23
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
no
de C
B
str
ut
tie
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Masonry walls
Critical region
Diagonal cracking
Source: M. Astroza
lecture notes, 2010
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Onset of
Diagonal
cracking
Damage in critical
regions
Masonry walls
29
30
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
31
Seismic Performance
Confined masonry construction is found in
countries/regions with very high seismic risk, for
example: Latin America (Mexico, Chile, Peru,
Argentina), Mediterranean Europe (Italy, Slovenia),
South Asia (Indonesia), and the Far East (China).
In some countries (e.g. Italy) for almost 100 years
If properly built, shows satisfactory seismic
performance
EXTENSIVE ENGINEERING INPUT NOT REQUIRED!
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Oaxaca quake,
September 1999
ecomn earthquake,
January 2003
33
Earthquake Performance
Confined masonry construction has been exposed to several
destructive earthquakes:
1985 Lloleo, Chile (magnitude 7.8)
1985 Mexico City, Mexico (magnitude 8.0)
2001 El Salvador (magnitude 7.7)
2003 Tecoman, Mexico (magnitude 7.6)
2007 Pisco, Peru (magnitude 8.0)
2003 Bam, Iran (magnitude 6.6)
2004 The Great Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami, Indonesia
(magnitude 9.0)
2007 Pisco, Peru (magnitude 8.0)
2010 Maule, Chile earthquake (magnitude 8.8)
2010 Haiti earthquake (magnitude 7.0)
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
35
SeismicPerformanceofConfinedMasonryBuildingsin
theFebruary27,2010ChileEarthquake
Confined masonry (CM) used for construction of low-rise
single family dwellings and medium-rise apartment buildings
(up to four-story high).
CM construction practice started in the 1930s, after the 1928
Talca earthquake (M 8.0).
Good performance reported after the 1939 Chillan
earthquake (M 7.8) and this paved the path for continued use
of CM in Chile.
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Damage at the
2nd floor level
An example of out-of-plane
damage observed in a threestorey building
The damage concentrated at the
upper floor levels
The building had concrete floors
and timber truss roof
The same building suffered severe
in-plane damage
48
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Out-of-Plane Damage
(contd)
Damage at the
3rd floor level
49
50
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Tie-Column Failure
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Vr
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58
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Tie-beam
Tie-Column-to-Tie-Beam
Connection: Drawing Detail
(prefabricated reinforcement)
Note additional reinforcing
bars at the tie-beam-to-tiecolumn joint
Tie-column
61
62
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
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64
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
NO
YES
65
Tie-Column Reinforcement:
Drawing Detail (Chile)
Note prefabricated tiecolumn reinforcement: 8
mm longitudinal bars and
4.2 mm ties at 150 mm
spacing
Additional ties to be placed
at the site per drawing
specifications
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67
Unconfined openings
Confined openings
68
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Recommendation
35
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
71
The guide permits the use of concrete blocks, but restricts the
percentage of perforations and minimum compressive
strength: 4 MPa (bricks) and 5 MPa (blocks-gross area)
72
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Haiti Blocks
Block D
(215 psi)
Block C
(1000 psi)
73
74
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Sources:
Alcocer, Arias, and
Vazquez (2004)
Juan Guillermo Arias
(2005)
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76
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77
N
C
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
B
damaged
C
collapsed
79
RC Tie-Columns:
P1= 15x14 cm
P2 = 20x14 cm
P4 = 15x15 cm
P5 = 70x15 cm
P6 = 90x14 cm
80
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Building C Collapse
Building C
collapsed at the
first floor level
and moved by
approximately
1.5 m towards
north
81
82
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84
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86
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
87
Prescriptive
international guide
endorsed by EERI
and IAEE
Available online at
www.confinedmasonry.org
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Acknowledgments
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Topics
Part 1: Simplified Method (Svetlana Brzev)
Part 2: Wide Column Model (J.J. Perez
Gavilan)
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Assumptions
1.It is assumed that all walls at each floor
level fail simultaneously.
2.The walls have shear-dominant behaviour
(the effect of bending is ignored).
3.The method assumes rigid diaphragm
behaviour.
4.The method ignores torsional effects.
Theoretical Background
Thegoal:
Shearstrengthofallwallsatanyfloorlevel(VR )
shouldexceedtheseismicshearforcedemand
(Vx)atthesamelevel
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
SeismicForceDistributiontoIndividualWalls
Wall shear demand Vjx
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
SeismicForceDistributiontoIndividualWalls
k jx
k jx Dx
V jx
k jx
Vx
j 1
k jx
V jx
G FAEj A j
Hj
Vx
FAE j A j
N
AEj
Aj
j 1
Wall cross-section Aj
Ap
Aw
Seismic load
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
VRj
FAE
FAE
1.33
H
H
d 1.33
L
H
when
! 1.33
L
when
2
d
Ap
Aw
Aw
Ap
Seismic load
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
f s Aj
VR
f s Aw
j 1
VR t VB
dt
VB
Ah WT
WT
nwAp
Ah n w
fs
Floorweight
(kN/m2)
0.3
0.4
6.0
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.5
8.0
Numberofstoreys
SeismicZone
III
IV
1.6
2.4
3.6
3.2
4.8
7.2
4.8
7.2
10.8
1.2
1.8
2.7
2.4
3.6
5.4
3.6
5.4
8.1
1.0
1.5
2.2
2.0
2.9
4.4
2.9
4.4
6.5
2.2
3.2
4.8
4.3
6.4
9.6
6.5
9.6
14.4
1.6
2.4
3.6
3.2
4.8
7.2
4.8
7.2
10.8
1.3
2.0
2.9
2.6
3.9
5.8
3.9
5.8
8.7
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Assumptions
1893)
= 2.5 assuming the fundamental period range from 0.1
to 0.4 sec
3.
4.
5.
Further Reading
Attached writeup
(document) on the
Simplified Method
Seismic Design Guide
for Low-Rise Confined
Masonry Buildings,
EERI, 2011
www.confinedmasonry.org
1.1 Introduction
The Simplified Method (SM) can be used for quick and simple evaluation of overall seismic
resistance for confined masonry buildings. The method is not intended for design of individual walls
and it is considered as an approximate method. The SM is intended for application to regular
buildings with symmetrical wall layout where torsional effects are not significant because the method
cannot take into account additional shear stresses due to torsional effects. Due to its limitations, the
method is intended for applications to low-rise confined masonry buildings (up to three storeys
high).
A few limitations of the SM are summarized below:
1. It is assumed that all walls at each floor level fail simultaneously.
2. The walls have shear-dominant behaviour (the effect of bending is ignored).
3. The method assumes rigid diaphragm behaviour.
4. The method ignores torsional effects.
The SM has been used for seismic design of confined masonry buildings in Latin America for
several decades. For example, the SM has been included in the Mexico City Masonry Code (NTCM) since 1977. However, Mexican experience shows that the method has been misused, in the
sense that it has been applied to structures that do not comply with its requirements (in some
cases). For that reason, the revised Mexican Masonry Code NTC-M (to be issued in 2014) will no
longer include SM as the method which can be solely used to design a confined masonry building.
However, the SM has been recognized as a simple means for evaluating approximate lateral
resistance of a masonry structure, thus the SM will still be used for checking the required minimum
seismic resistance of confined masonry buildings (although detailed analysis and design will be
performed using other methods).
This paper presents the key concepts of the SM, including the requirements for its application,
theoretical basis, and the wall density index.
esj d 0.1B j
1-1
x F
i
e sj
AEi
Ai
d 0.1B j
i 1
AEi
Ai
i 1
where
xi = the distance from the shear center (center of mass) to the axis of the wall parallel to the
analysis direction
Ai = cross-sectional area of the wall i (including RC tie-columns)
L1
Analysis
Direccin
Direction
del
anlisis
L3
L2
L 1+L2 t0.5L
L 3 t0.5L
Figure 1-2. At least two parallel lines of walls are required in each plan direction.
1-2
VR t V x
(1)
1-3
Note that VR depends on the sum of cross-sectional areas of all walls at level x and their shear
strength or allowable shear stress (which depends on the type of masonry used). On the other
hand, the shear force demand Vx depends on applied seismic forces at the same level x in the
building.
The interstorey shear force at level x is calculated as the sum of all forces above that level, as
follows:
n
VX
(2)
i x
where
n = total number of floors
x = interstorey level under consideration
Note that is seismic inertial force at floor i which is determined in accordance with Indian
Standard IS 1893 (Cl. 7.7), as follows (see Figure 1-4):
Qi
VB
Wi hi
(3)
W h
j
2
j
j 1
where
Qi = lateral design force for floor i ,
1-4
Design base shear force ( VB ) is determined from the following equation (IS 1893 Cl. 7.5.3):
VB
Ah WT
(4)
Ah
Z I Sa
2R g
(5)
= the zone factor (IS 1893 Table 2), Z 2 is the Design Basis Earthquake (the 2 in the
denominator is the Maximum Earthquake reduction factor)
= the importance factor (IS 1893 Table 6)
= the response reduction factor ( I R d 1.0 )
I
R
S a g = the average response acceleration (IS 1893 Cl 6.4.5), based on natural period of the
structure, and
= the total weight of the structure for seismic analysis (IS 1893 Cl. 7.4)
WT
Consider an n-storey confined masonry building subjected to applied seismic force (interstorey
shear force) Vx at level x. Due to force Vx , the floor and all walls at that level experience uniform
lateral displacement Dx (rigid diaphragm assumption). Let us assume that there are N walls at level
x. Each wall j at level x (denoted by subscript jx) resists a fraction of the interstorey shear force Vx
in proportion to its stiffness , as follows,
N
Vx
V jx
j 1
jx
Dx
(6)
j 1
hence
Dx
Vx
(7)
k jx
j 1
The equation for internal shear force in wall j at level x (spring force) is as follows
V jx
k jx Dx
k jx
N
k jx
Vx
(8)
j 1
Basically, internal force in a wall (e.g. Vjx) is proportional to its stiffness relative to the total stiffness
of all walls at the level under consideration.
1-5
Figure 1-5. Seismic force distribution to individual walls at a storey level considering rigid diaphragm
and ignoring torsional effects.
The SM is intended for seismic design of low-rise wall buildings, and it is assumed that wall
deformation is governed by shear, thus the stiffness equation is as follows
k jx
G FAEj A j
Hj
(9)
where
G = shear modulus of the wall material (e.g. masonry)
A j = cross-sectional area of wall j at level x
deformations (drift) at failure compared to squat walls, FAE factor is applied to these walls, as
follows:
FAE
F AE
1.33
H
H
d 1.33
L
H
when
! 1.33
L
when
2
V jx
Vx
FAE j A j
N
AEj
(10)
Aj
j 1
The lateral load resistance at level x can be determined as the sum of the wall resistances projected
in the direction where seismic loading is being considered. An individual wall resistance can be
estimated as follows:
VRj
f s A j FAE
(11)
where f s is the allowable shear stress for specific type of masonry units and mortar. Indian masonry
design standard IS 1905 (Cl. 5.4.3) prescribes the following equation for shear stress in
unreinforced masonry walls:
fS
(12)
Wx
(13)
Ax
where Ax is the total cross-sectional area of walls at the floor level being studied, and Wx is the
fd
Ax
i 1
Wx
i x
1-7
Aw
Ap
(14)
where
Ap = area of the building floor plan, as shown in Figure 1-6, and
Aw = the cross-sectional area of all walls in one direction, that is, a product of the wall length and
thickness. It is not necessary to deduct the area of tie-columns and the area of voids in hollow
masonry units for the Aw calculations.
It is very important to note that the wall cross-sectional area should be disregarded in the Aw
calculation in the following cases:
a) walls with openings, in which the area of an unconfined opening is greater than 10% of
the wall surface area, and
b) walls characterized by the height-to-length ratio greater than 1.5.
The d value should be determined for both directions of the building plan (longitudinal and
transverse).
Ap
Aw
Seismic load
VR t VB
(15)
The total shear resistance at the base of the building can be calculated as follows:
N
VR
V
j 1
Rj
( f
A j FAE )
j 1
1-8
The above equation can be simplified if we assume that the walls have H/L ratio less than 1.33, thus
FAE 1 . Also, allowable shear stress ( f s ) is constant. Therefore,
N
f s Aj
VR
f s Aw
(16)
j 1
Where Aw denotes the sum of cross-sectional areas for all walls at the base level of the building.
On the other hand, the seismic base shear force is equal to
Ah WT
VB
where
WT
nwAp
where
w = average weight of floor or roof per unit area (N/m2)
Ap = building plan area (m2)
Thus
Ah n w Ap
VB
(17)
Let us compare shear strength (equation 16) with the seismic base shear force (equation 17), as
follows:
f s Aw t Ah n w Ap
thus
Aw Ah n w
t
Ap
fs
(18)
The above relation can be expressed in terms of the wall density index (d), as follows
dt
Ah n w
fs
(19)
The minimum wall density index, d, required for a given building can be determined by applying the
Simplified Method outlined in this paper. Equation (19) can be used to find the required wall density
index for a building, given masonry properties ( f s ), number of storeys ( n ), estimated weight ( w ),
and seismic design parameters for the building site and structural system ( Ah ). In the absence of
detailed design calculations, minimum recommended values for wall density index in India are
summarized in Table 1.
Note that the following assumptions have been made regarding the design parameters for the
seismic coefficient Ah :
1. =2.5 for confined masonry (currently not addressed by IS 1893)
2.
= 2.5 assuming the fundamental period range from 0.1 to 0.4 sec
1-9
Table 1. Wall Density Index d (%) for each direction of the building plan
Allowable shear
stress
f s (N/mm2)
Floor
weight
w (kN/m2)
0.3
0.4
6.0
0.5
0.3
0.4
8.0
0.5
Number of
storeys
Seismic Zone
III
IV
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1.6
3.2
4.8
1.2
2.4
3.6
1.0
2.0
2.9
2.2
4.3
6.5
1.6
3.2
4.8
1.3
2.6
3.9
2.4
4.8
7.2
1.8
3.6
5.4
1.5
2.9
4.4
3.2
6.4
9.6
2.4
4.8
7.2
2.0
3.9
5.8
3.6
7.2
10.8
2.7
5.4
8.1
2.2
4.4
6.5
4.8
9.6
14.4
3.6
7.2
10.8
2.9
5.8
8.7
Consider a confined masonry residential building built using 230 mm thick clay brick masonry walls
and Type M1 mortar. Assume a heavy floor and roof system for this building ( w of 8.0 kN/m2).
Consider allowable shear stress f s of 0.5 N/mm2. The building is located in seismic zone V of India.
Find the required wall density index for this building for the following two cases:
a) single-storey building, and
b) two-storey building.
SOLUTION:
1-10
Z I Sa
= 0.18
2R g
where
= 0.36 (Zone V)
Ah
=1
=2.5
= 2.5
a) Single-storey building
The required wall density index (d) can be found from equation (19) as follows
dt
Ah n w
fs
0.18 u1u 8
0.5
2.88 | 2.9%
b) Two-storey building
The required wall density index (d) can be found from equation (19) as follows
dt
Ah n w
fs
0.18 u 2 u 8
5.76 | 5.8%
0.5
Note that the obtained wall density index values, that is, 2.9 and 5.8% for single-storey and twostorey building respectively, are the same as shown in Table 1 for the same design parameters.
References
EERI (2011). Seismic Design Guide for Low-Rise Confined Masonry Buildings, Earthquake
Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, California (www.confinedmasonry.org).
IS 1905 (2002). Indian Standard Code of Practice for Structural Use of Unreinforced Masonry (Third
Revision), IS 1905:1987, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
IS 1893 (2005). Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part 1
General Provisions and Buildings (Fifth Revision), IS 1893 (Part 1):2002, Edition 6.1 (2005-01),
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
NTC-M (2004). Normas Tcnicas Complementarias para Diseo y Construccin de Estructuras de
Mampostera (Technical Norms for Design and Construction of Masonry Structures), Mexico D.F. (in
Spanish and English).
SMiE (2011). Gua para el Anlisis de Estructuras de Mampostera, J.J. Prez Gaviln E. (Editor),
Sociedad Mexicana de Ingeniera Estructural, Mexico, pp.114 (in Spanish).
1-11
Tena-Colunga, A., and Cano-Licona,J. (2010). Simplified Method for the Seismic Analysis of
Masonry Shear-Wall Buildings, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 136, No. 5, pp. 511520.
1-12
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
AnalysisofConfinedMasonryBuildings:
Part2
Widecolumn
Effectivewidth
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Modellingparapets
hinge
Modellingin3D
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Modellingexample
Axis1
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Axis2
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
AxisA
AxisB
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
AxisC
Sections
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Finalmodel
Finiteelements
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
FE Axis1
FE Axis2
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
FE Axis3
FE AxesAandC
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
FE AxesB
Floor
Diaphragmcanbemodelledasrigidinitsplane
UsingSAP2000,selectallthenodesatthelevel
floor,thenuseConstraint,Diaphragmoption.
Reducesalldegreesoffreedomintheplaneof
thefloortojust3:twodisplacementsintheplane
ofthefloorandarotationaboutanaxisthatis
perpendiculartotheplane.
Outofplanedegreesoffreedomarepreservedin
eachnode.
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Numericalexperiments
Controlsections
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Referencemodel
Forthecomplete
setofnumerical
experimentssee
Taveras 2008
Rigidelements
shownwiththicker
lines
M1FR1
M1FR2
M1FR3
M1FR4
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Shearforce
Controlsection
Shear
LargeerrorshowupusingmodelFR3
ModelM1FR1seemstobemoreconsistent.
Allmodelsgivegoodresultsfortotalshearin
sectionsS1andS2(M1FR4theworst)
Forthewallsegmentsaroundthewindows
largererrorswerefound.
Leftsegmentsunderestimatedtheshearforce
andtherightsegmentsoverestimateit
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Moment
Controlsection
Moment
LargeerrorswerefoundusingmodelFR3.This
resultisattributedtothefactthatthemodel
doesnottakeintoaccountthefirstparapet
connectedtothefoundation(asiscurrentlyin
theNTCM)
ModelMFR4seemstobethemoreconsistent,
followedbyMFR1
Allmodelsgivegoodresultsforcomplete
sectionsS1andS2,however,forthecontrol
sectionsinthewallsegmentstothesideofthe
windowsconsiderableerrorswerefound
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Axialforce
Controlsection
Newrecommendation
Therecommendationtakesintoaccountnumericalexperimentsforcouplingwalls
notshownintheprecedingslides
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Sections
Walldivisionformodelling
H/Lhavinganderrorequalto20%
Fixed
cantilever
G=0.4E
1.632
1.915
DividingisokifL/H>1.4
G=0.2E
1.155
1.354
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Finite
elements
M1EF1
M1EF3
M1EF2
M1EF4
Tiecolumnsare
includedasframe
elements
Theframeelements
shouldfollowthe
discretizationofthe
grid
Sameeffectivewith
asinwidecolumns
modelsshouldbe
used
33
Shearforce
Controlsection
MoreconsistentthanFRmodels
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Shear
Errorswereupto12%,smallerthanwithFR
models
ModelM1EF2seemstobemoreconsistent
Finiteelementmodelsappearmorerobustas
theycanrecovertheshearforcesinthewall
segmentsatbothsidesofthewindows.
Moment
Controlsection
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Moment
Errorslessthan35%wereobtainedwithallmodels
Inallcontrolsectionsthemodelthatproducedthe
bestresultsistheonewithcoarsestgird(M1EF1)
Itseemsthatbecausetheframeandfiniteelements
arenotcompatible,regardingtherotationaldegreesof
freedom,anerrorisalwaysincluded,thatmaygrowas
thegridissubdivided
Whencontinuallysubdividingthemesheventually
thereisconvergenceondisplacements,buttoawrong
value
Axialforce
Controlsection
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Axialforce
Axialforceappearstobeverydifficultto
recoveraccurately,speciallyinthewall
segmentsateachsideofthewindows
Inallcontrolsectionsthemodelthat
producedthebestresultsistheonewith
coarsestgird(M1EF1)
Height(m)
Displacements
Displacements(cm)
FR3,whichdonotconsidertheparapetoffirstflooroverestimatesthedisplacements
40
Considerably.FR4arequitegood,andwithFEmodelsare,ingeneral,largerthanexpected
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Summary/comments
Widecolumnmodels(FR)cannotdealwithcomplexforce
transmissiontheydowellforuniformframesandwallswithno
windows
Notshownabove,howeverbyenforcingtheflatsectioninwallsin
3Dsometimesgivesunexpectedeffects,forexamplewhen
modellingTshapedwalls,theeffectoftheflangeisexaggerated
whenconsideringanalysisinthedirectionoftheweb.Aneffective
flangewidthshouldbeconsideredbutFRmodelscant.FEmodels
intheotherhandaremuchmoreflexibleanddonotimpose
artificialhypothesis
Tiecolumnsshouldbemodelled.
Incasetiecolumnsarenotincludedinthemodel,onemayexpect
asimilardistributionsofforcesinthewalls,however,the
displacementsaremuchlargerandtheperiodisincreased,
consequentlythedesignwillbeconservative,aslargerperiod
usuallymeanslargershearforces,formasonrystructures.
Parapetsplayanimportantroleonthebehaviourofaframewith
windows,theyshouldbemodelled,speciallytheoneofthefirst
floor.
FEvsFR
Finiteelementmodels
Aremorerobust
Themodelpreparationistimeconsuminganderror
prone.
Ittakemuchtimetorecovertheelementforcesfor
thedesign
Widecolumnmodels
Givegoodresultsforshearandarelessaccuratefor
momentandaxialforces,speciallyaroundwindows
Modelsarerelativelysimpletoprepare
Recoveringoftheelementforcesisimmediate
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Questions?
22
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Example:SeismicAnalysisofa
MediumriseConfinedMasonryBuilding
Analysisexample
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Parameters
Verticalloads
NTCcodespecifiesandextra0.4kN/m2toaccountfor
Nonuniformthicknessoftheslabplusthemortarused
Forthefloortiling
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Wallweight
Tiecolumns,tiebeamsandbeam
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Loadsfordynamicanalysis
Detailedroofloadsshouldbecalculated,including
watersealantmaterials
ForSAPonlyfloorloadshouldbespecified,allothersare
selfweightcalculatedbytheprogram
Approximateperiod
Fundamentalperiod(Cl.7.6.2)
0.09
0.09
5.0 6.0
0.18 s
5moverallbuildingheight
6mplandimension
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Periodapproximation
Usingtheapproximationderivedwhenweobtainedtheseismicforces
2
so
Thereisnoneedtoknow
Stiffness
12
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Approximatedperiods
Axis1
Releases(pinned
connection),only
infirstfloor
parapets
Widecolumns
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Axis2
Sectionincludes
Slabeffective
widthandtie
beamifany
Axis3
Transformed
sectionincludes
parapet,slab
effectivewidth
Andtiebeam
Section
includes
slabeffective
widthandtie
beamifany
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Rigidelements(R)
Materialforrigidelements
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
AxisA
AxisB
Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
AxisC
Sectionproperties
C1
C2
C3
C5
C4
T1
T2
T3
T4
cm2
cm4
cm4
1650
935859
55000
10443
348090 1.71E+08
8114 93238972
270472
1257
41903
41903
6857 59727593
228569
6554 16549003 2020344
1076
44262
436671
500
26042
16667
1652
54597 1569563
cm4
220000
1282365
1081887
167610
914277
664446
94315
16667
81463
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Mode1Tx=.0835
Tx approx.=0.0653
Mode2Ty=.0781
Tx approx.=0.0574
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Short Course on Sesimic Design of Reinforced and Confined Masonry Buildings, IIT Gandhinagar, Feb 17-21, 2014
Finalremarks,widecolumn
Advantages
Usingwidecolumnmethodforanalysisissimple
andstraightforward
Canbetimeconsuming
Canretrievedirectlytheelementforcesfor
design
Disadvantages
Enforcesplanesectionswhichisnotalwaysa
goodhypothesisspeciallyin3Dandlongwalls
Questions?
12
28-02-2014
Acknowledgement
Structural Designer and Architect involved
in the project
28-02-2014
Building Layout
Housing Type-1
28-02-2014
Design Unit
28-02-2014
Preliminary Checking
Building Dimension
Along x-direction: 12.43m
Along y-direction: 10.86m
Preliminary Checking
Wall Density
X-direction: (5.699/134.99 ) x 100 % = 4.22%
Y-direction: (6.332/134.99 ) x 100 % = 4.69%
PGA: 0.16g
Campus sight: Moderately Stiff SoilType-B
Number of story: 3
28-02-2014
28-02-2014
Load,kN
436.6875
116.45
232.9
0
0
786
150thk slab
Floor Finish
116.45
116.45
Live Load
116.45
232.9
Sunk Load
0
786
Total
Load,
kN/m
3.75
1
1.5
0
1.5
Floor Area,m
116.45
116.45
116.45
0
116.45
Load,kN
436.6875
116.45
174.675
0
174.675
902
28-02-2014
Gravity Load..
Wall
Thickness, m Length, m
Ground floor
First floor
Second floor
Parapet
Total Load
Total Wall load
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.23
55.69
55.69
55.69
51.68
Height,
Thickness, Length, Height,
Load, kN
Load, kN
m
m
m
m
3.15
807
0.115
0
3.15
0
3.15
807
0.115
0
3.15
0
3.15
807
0.115
0
3.15
0
1
238
0.115
0
0
0
2659
0
2658.57kN
5133
kN
Dead
Load
553.14
553.14
0.16
1
2.5
2.5
0.08
336.45
kN
28-02-2014
0.15
3.75
2
0
1.5
1
1.5
m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
kN/m
28-02-2014
Gravity Check
Load on wall
slab load on typical floor
load from bedroom,kN/M
load from master bedroom,kN/M
slab load on terrace floor
load from bedroom,kN/M
load from master bedroom,kN/M
LIVE LOAD
2.58
2.58
8.06
8.06
1.94
1.94
3.15
3.15
3.15
Thickness with
plaster
0.25
0.25
0.25
47.25
0.23
kN/m
Height
DEAD LOAD
6.14
6.14
102.13
0.44
15.75
15.75
15.75
kN/m
N/mm
Gravity Check
Length of Wall
Thickness of wall
3.88
0.23
m
m
Area of wall
0.8924 m
Slenderness
Check
Height of Floor
Thickness of Wall
H/T
L/T
For Whichever is Less Slenderness
Stress Reduction Factor for slenderness as per
Table 9 IS 1905
3.15
0.23
13.70
16.87
13.70
m
m
0.72
Permissible compressive
stress as per Report of IITK
For ordinary Masonry
0.44
1.83
N/mm
1.318
N/mm
N/mm (OK)
28-02-2014
Minimum of
0.2
N/mm
Length of wall
Thickness of Wall
Height of wall
Inertia of Wall
Total length of wall
% Partcipation of Wall
Area Of Wall
Section Modulus of Wall, Z
3.88
0.23
3.15
1.12
24.78
15.66
0.89
0.58
m
m
m
m
m
%
m
m
Shear Check
Story
Force, kN
213.54
98.33
24.58
Force in
Wall, kN
33.44
15.40
3.85
52.68
0.06
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28-02-2014
351
425.09
3.88
109.56
kN
kN-m
m
kN
300
N/mm2
3.65
cm2
cm2
cm2
300
240
931.2
OK
N/mm2
kN
kN-m
Tension Check
Stress in WALL
Total Vertical Load,P
Total Moment transferred to Wall(M-Mb)
P/A + M/Z
P/A - M/Z
351
0.00
0.39
0.39
KN
kN-m
N/mm2
N/mm2
OK
OK
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28-02-2014
Questions?
12