One picture is worth more than ten thousand words

Anonymous
Presented by- PREETHI SJ

-Preethi S.J., PESIT

Publication information
Title and author
Fundamentals of
digital image
processing
Anil K Jain
Digital image
processing
Rafael C Gonzalez and
Richard E Woods

Digital image
processing
William. K. Pratt

Edition

Publisher

Year

----

Pearson
Education,
PHI

2005

Wesley/Pears
on Education

2005

Wiley
Interscience

1991

second

second

-Preethi S.J., PESIT

Chapter 1
Digital Image Fundamentals

Chapter 1
Digital Image Fundamentals

*What
is
Processing?

Digital

Image

*Fundamental steps in digital

image processing.
*Components of an image
processing system.

Text 2:
Digital image processing
Rafael C Gonzalez and Richard E *Elements of visual perception.
Woods
*Image sensing and acquisition.
Chapter 1,
1.1,1.4,1.5;
Chapter 2,
2.1,2.3 to 2.6

*Image sampling and

quantization.
*Some basic relationships
between pixels.
*Linear
operations.

and

Nonlinear
-Preethi S.J., PESIT

What is Digital Image Processing?

Digital Image:
a two-dimensional function f(x,y) , x and y are
spatial coordinates. The amplitude of f is called intensity
or gray level at the point (x, y)

Pixel(Picture elements, image elements, pels):

1 pixel

The smallest square element

of a digital image,
representing a single color or
level of brightness

-Preethi S.J., PESIT

-Preethi S.J., PESIT

IMAGE PROCESSING
Act of converting an image
Captured form to another form

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Vision is the most advanced of our senses, so it is not

surprising that images play most important role in human
perception
The continuum from image processing to computer vision can
be broken up into low-, mid- and high-level processes
Low Level Process

Mid Level Process

High Level Process

Input: Image
Output: Image

Input: Image
Output: Attributes

Input: Attributes Output:

Understanding

Examples: Noise removal,

image sharpening

Examples: Object
recognition,
segmentation(partitioning
image into regions or
objects)

Examples: Scene
understanding,
autonomous navigation

Input and output are

images

Input is image & outputs

are attributes extracted
form image(edge,contour
etc..)

Involves making sense

Like cognitive functions
associated with human
vision

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Early 1920s: One of the first applications of digital imaging was

in the news-paper industry
The Bartlane cable picture transmission service (3 hr
transmission)
Images were transferred by submarine cable between
London and New York
Pictures were coded for cable transfer and reconstructed at
the receiving end on a telegraph printer
-Preethi S.J., PESIT

Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to the Bartlane system resulted

in higher quality images
New reproduction

processes based
on photographic
techniques
(made from tapes)
Increased number

of tones in
reproduced images

Improved
digital image

Early 15 tone digital image

-Preethi S.J., PESIT

1960s: Improvements in computing technology and the onset of the

space race led to a surge of work in digital image processing
1964: Computers used to
improve the quality of
images of the moon taken
by the Ranger 7 probe
Such techniques were used
in other space missions
including the Apollo landings
A picture of the moon taken by
the Ranger 7 probe minutes
before landing

-Preethi S.J., PESIT

1970s: Digital image processing begins to be used in medical

applications

1979: Sir Godfrey N.

Hounsfield & Prof. Allan M.
Cormack share the Nobel
Prize in medicine for the
invention of tomography,
the technology behind
Computerised Axial
Tomography (CAT) scans

Typical head slice CAT image

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1980s - Today: The use of digital image processing techniques

has exploded and they are now used for all kinds of tasks in all
kinds of areas

Image enhancement/restoration
Artistic effects
Medical visualisation

Industrial inspection
Law enforcement
Human computer interfaces
-Preethi S.J., PESIT

Light and electro magnetic Spectrum

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Examples of fields that use Digital Image

Processing

Unlike humans, who are limited to the visual band of the

electromagnetic spectrum, imaging machines cover almost the
entire EM spectrum, ranging from gamma to radio waves

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Gamma-Ray imaging
Inject a patient with a radio active isotope that emits
Gamma rays as it decays. Images are produced from
the emissions collected by gamma ray detectors.

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-Preethi S.J., PESIT

X-Ray imaging
An x-ray source is turned on and x-rays are radiated
through the body part of interest and onto a film cassette
positioned under or behind the body part. A special
phosphor coating inside the cassette glows and exposes the
film. The resulting film is then developed much like a regular
photograph.
As the x-rays pass through, the Bone is very dense and absorbs
or attenuates a great deal of the x-rays. The soft tissue around
the bones is much less dense and attenuates or absorbs far less
x-ray energy. It is these differences in absorption and the
corresponding varying exposure level of the film that creates
the images which can clearly show broken bones, clogged
blood vessels, cancerous tissues and other abnormalities.
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-Preethi S.J., PESIT

Imaging in the ultra violet band

Ultraviolet light is used in fluorescence microscopy
(viewing objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen
with the naked eye)
Ultraviolet light itself is not visible, but when a photon of
ultraviolet radiation collides with an electron in an atom of
a fluorescence material, it elevates electron to higher
energy level, and when the electron relaxes to a lower level
it emits light (visible red).

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-Preethi S.J., PESIT

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These images are Part of the

night time Lights of world data
set, Which provides a global
Inventory of human Settlements.

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-Preethi S.J., PESIT

-Preethi S.J., PESIT

Results of
automated
reading of the
plate content by
the system
The area in which
the imaging system
detected the plate

-Preethi S.J., PESIT

Imaging in the Microwave Band

Application: Radar imaging

An imaging radar works like a flash camera. It provides its

own illumination (microwave pulses) to illuminate an area on
the ground and take a snapshot image. Instead of a camera
lens, a radar uses an antenna and digital computer
processing to record its images. In a radar image one can
see only the microwave energy that was reflected back
toward the radar antenna.
Unique feature of imaging radar is its ability to collect data
over any region, at any time, regardless of weather (radar
can penetrate coluds) or ambient lighting conditions.
-Preethi S.J., PESIT

-Preethi S.J., PESIT

Imaging in the Radio Band

Application: in medicine (Magnetic resonance imaging MRI)
and astronomy

MRI technique places a patient in a powerful magnet and

passes radio waves through his or her body in short pulses.
These pulse causes a pulse of radio waves to be emitted by
the patients tissues. The location from which these signals
originate and their strength are determined by a computer,
which produces 2D picture of a section of the patient.

-Preethi S.J., PESIT

-Preethi S.J., PESIT

-Preethi S.J., PESIT

Ultrasound Imaging
Application: in medicine
1. The ultrasound system transmits high frequency (1 to 5
Mhz) sound pulses into body
2. The sound waves travel into the body and hit a
boundary(tissue, bones) . Some of the sound waves are
reflected back to the probe, while some travel further
until they reach another boundary & get reflected.
3. Reflected waves are picked up by probe
4. Machine calculates and displays the distances and
intensities of the echoes on the screen forming a two
dimensional image.
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-Preethi S.J., PESIT

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Fractal Images
Examples of computer generated images- iterative
reproduction of a basic pattern according to some
mathematical rules.

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-Preethi S.J., PESIT