King Saud University

data is either
1. Qualitiative = Categorical (Ordinal or Nominal)
-Ordinal like likert score e.g, strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree because it has an order
-Nominal like male and female , yes or no and nationality
2. Quantitative (Scale either discrete or continuous)
- Discrete like number of children where you can not have 2.5 either 1, 2, 3 etc
- Continuous like weight you can have 50 kg or 70.4 kg etc

to do analysis:
1: if you are comparing two or more type of data where all categorical you use chi square test.
2: if all continuous you use multivariate analysis
3: if comparing continous vs two categories you use t-test
4: if comparing continous vs more than two categories you u

Quantitative (numerical) data is any data that is in numerical form, such

as statistics and percentages.
Qualitative (categorical) data deals with descriptions with words, such as gender or
nationality.
Paired and unpaired t-tests and z-tests are just some of the statistical tests that can
be used to test quantitative data.
One of the most common statistical tests for qualitative data is the chi-square test
(both the goodness of fit test and test of independence).
TERMS

quantitative
of a measurement based on some quantity or number rather than on some quality

central limit theorem

The theorem that states: If the sum of independent identically distributed
random variables has a finite variance, then it will be (approximately) normally distributed.
qualitative
of descriptions or distinctions based on some quality rather than on some quantity

One of the most common statistical tests for qualitative data is the chi-square test (both the goodness of fit test and
test of independence).
The chi-square test tests a null hypothesis stating that the frequency distribution of certain events observed in a
sample is consistent with a particular theoretical distribution. The events considered must be mutually
exclusive and have total probability. A common case for this test is where the events each cover an outcome of a
categorical variable. A test of goodness of fit establishes whether or not an observed frequency distribution differs
from a theoretical distribution, and a test of independence assesses whether paired observations on two variables,
expressed in a contingency table, are independent of each other (e.g., polling responses from people of different
nationalities to see if one's nationality is related to the response).

Which of the following are used in quantitative data tests?

Chi-square and z-tests, T- and chi-squared tests, F-tests and chi-squared
tests, and T-and z-tests
How does quantitative data differ from qualtitative data?
Quantitative asks broad questions, Quantitative collects data from
participants, Quantitative is categorical, and Quantitative is in numerical
form
Although we may have categories, the categories may have a structure to them. When there is not a natural ordering of the categories, we
call these nominal categories. Examples might be gender, race, religion, or sport.
When the categories may be ordered, these are called ordinal variables. Categorical variables that judge size (small, medium, large, etc.)
are ordinal variables. Attitudes (strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree) are also ordinal variables, however we may not
know which value is the best or worst of these issues. Note that the distance between these categories is not something we can measure.