.

SPE
SPE 20095
Saturation Evaluation of Secondary Recovered Reservoirs
MN. Hashem, Stanford U.
SPE Member

Cepyfeht lSW, Soclatyof PetmfeumEnginssraho.

This paperwas preparaofw prwantdon at the SOthOelifomlaRagloMl Mwtlng M

In VeIIfUfa ~MwIk

4+

1~.

mh~Wtid
W~tiby
MW-Wmmwfd~
-tilti*-ti
hM~*M@@W
X8).
MtiWdti~.
bytheawtt@a).lha msfertd,eaWtented, downOt MwaaNYrSW0f
u-td,
hmMW~WtMWof
Ptim
EwlHtimq@~
a#=timo&ietyof
PstrobumEnglnwrs,Ifsoffkets,or membefa.PaPWSpreesntsdt WE mestlnrpms aubjecttornMWon ISI&WfWEditdelOOmmttfeesof fhe9GcIwY
.Mmlsdcmtoc@ykJmstrlctedtosnabaffwtofnotrnmetfmn3ooWm@s.luusr-m maynotbawpIsdllWJsba&ectahaddconta!ncOn@wW$~
TX 7ZW?-3W. Telsx, 7W9SS-L
of whereand by whomthe paperISpreaentad.wrfte PwbfIwtbnsMSIWJW,SPE, P.O. BOX-,
R~,

ASSTRACT

over the zone and from one well to another for the
same zone, depending .n tha position of the well
from the flood profile ) .

Consider the case of a eand atone reservoir that

has been under a water or steam flooding program,
that was not efficient. A lot of effort is currently being done to evaluate and recover the oil
that was left in the ground, As the flood flutd
has now been introducedto the Reservoir element,
it becomes very difficult to find the value of the
water saturation as the salinity of the flood
water is different frorsthe original formation
water, and involves a lot of coring and other
expensive operations to come up with the value of
Sw; water saturation.
The technique suggested in this paper finds the
value of the maturationusing logs, both old and
new, that are available for that field ,the old
being the original resistivity logs and the new
being the logs of the new well drilled and recorded after the flood.
This technique agrees very well with the saturation obtained by other methods including other
logs such as the EPT log, and the core analysis
results, within a tolerance of ~ 7%.

This fact was realized by the industry and rather

expensive methods are followed, such as extensive
coring,NuclearMagnetism tests, and EPT logs, etc.
just to detarmt~e the oil saturation over those
unswept zones.

rhispaper.offers a solution to this problem that

could save substantialexpenses to answer that
particular queetion. The results of this study
were compared to other saturationvalues obtained
by core analysis, EPT and GST logs. The results
were agreeable, and will be discussed later.
The real data tested is a case in the Wilmington
field,CA. ~is fiald is a typical case of a long
producer that underwent waterflooding and the
chances of bypassed oil are very much there.
Fig.(1) shows what the problem would look like on
a resistivity log,where a new water zone has
formed within or above the oil zone. That watim
zone has the characteristicthat its SP curve
full deflection does not reach the SSP value of
the clean thick adjacent wet zone that was not
mixed with the flood water. Yet, the resistivity
log shows low resistance indicatingwater in the
formation.fhis
indicates that those two waters ara
different; the newer being fraaher.

INTRODUCTION
In many fields that use water or steam flooding,
the problem of fingering and bypassing some of the
oil zones frequentlyhappen. As a rasult, programs
are made to recover the oil that ia left behind in
these secondary recovered reservoir, The question
becomes; Howmuch oil is left behind ? .
The problam now is that the pay zone is partly
flooded, that leaves the old oil zone split by a
new water zone or any other shape that might form
due to tha new presence of the flood water. The
new water zone, however, does not have the same
salinity as the flood watar or the original formation
water, but rather somte salinity inbatweeq,
that makes the saturation evaluation from resistivity curvas a cotspltcated
problem. (Rwwill vary
...----.-....e..........-.-References and +llustrationnat end of paper.

The solution suggested in this paper will utilize

the conventional Archies (Pickett) crossplot,
with some importantmodificationsto suit the new
situation. From there we will arrive at a new
defined 100Q water line ( Ro-Line )which contains
the new water regardless of ites mixture, and that
will be our base line for evaluating the saturations of the adjacent oil zones, ( in this case
or below it, as shown in the
could be above
figures attached of walls #lB&2B).
-.
am
.,
..... =

SATURATION EVALUATION OF S~~ARy

.-. .-. .. R~~~~.RED
- -- .-. R~=Rvo~s
-- --.-
SPE
.2(X)95
1
Statement of TheorY and Definitions
there is compaction ,or steam flooda that
~
where
could desolve some of the grains of the formation,
Our fundamentalequation %s Arcnies eq,:the value of m will change and a solution to
that is also proposed in this study.
Swn - Ro/Rt-~w/Rt
Shell proposed for m an equation which dependa
m
on porosity :
Where F- Formation Factor = a/!l . . . . (2)
m- 1.87 + 0.019/fJ . . . .(8)
.

aleo

F -

Ro/RW

...(1)

. . .

(3)

B/ a : Formation Factor Constant :-

substituting(2) in (3) we get

m
Ro-aRw/fl
. . . . . ...(4)
that leads to
logRo - log (sRw) -

log(~)

1- Surface conductanceand ionic mobflity in wateti

films: * Cations Exchange Capacity (CEC).
of water absorbed to clay
* @sntity
particles.
2- Salinity of the formationwater.
3- Wettabtlity relationsbetween particular solid
surfaces and the Hydrocarbon.
4- Presence and distributionof electrical
conductive solid minerals.

. . . . . (5)

lhis is a straight line on a leg log plot of

Resistivity (Ro) vs Porosity , with a slope (-m)
at (eRw).
and intersects $-1

Here we can see that a could possibly change and

for that reason this paper works with the value of
SRw. If an accurate value of Rw-new could be
determined, then the value of a could be calculated. Values of a vary bemieen [0.6 - 2.0]
mostly considered -1.0

Ro points are the lowast NE values of the Rt

points in the original formationwater setup.
In the case whera there is no sufficientvariation
of porosity to construct such a plot, then eq. (5)
could be rewritten as:

C/ n: Saturation exponent

-RHO
)+Log(aRw)
. .(6)
-mLog (RHO
log
ma
or
Log Ro = -mLog (Dt
- Dt )+1.og(aRw) . . .(7)
log
ma

LogRo-

123456-

Conventionally this wouldbe a way to determine

the values of the Cementation Factor (m), and
knowing Rw, then the constant (a) couldbe determined.

Volume percentage of oil.

Distributionof oil.
nettability to 011,
Degree of interconnectedbodies through pores.
Interracial tension between brine and oil.
Degree of electrical isolation due to wetting
by Oi~.

n values normally range between 1.2 - 2.2 taken

mostly as 2, however this method will allow for
varying the value of n.
A widely used formula is
2.15
F-O.62/$f
2
F.81/~
or
called Humble equation for sands.
Other aquations used;
2
F- l/@
for compacted formations and
chalky rocks,

This Ro-line would represents 100% Sw line, saturation of any point could be calculated simply by
reading its resistivityRt value, and project it
vertically (constant~) to the Ro line to get Ro,
then the water saturationof this point is the
value givan by equation (1).
The limitationsof such technique are:1- For use in clean reservoirs rock, as shaly
rocks will cause sw to be predicted too high.
2- Formation must have the same mineralogy, for
complex ltthology m will vary from one type of
rock and porosity to another.

The presence of oil and gas produces n valuea

which vary with saturation and nettability. In
water wet systems containingwater and oil, when
oil saturation fs below critical, oil exists in
Insular globules. Theapherity of the globules
will depend on its size with respect to the size

Figure (2) shows the conventionalArchies crossplot.

Factors Effecting the Values m,a,n

of the pore, and the interracial tension betwaen

the reservoir water and the crude oil. Aa spherity
decreases, the saturation exponent n will increase. n increasee furthet when oil saturation
is above critical nd insular globules of oil
become intcrconnactedthroughout tha porous meclia.
As oil saturation increases, the electrical fnterference producedby the oil increases, that causes
n to ksep increasinguntil the water volume has
been reduced to irreduciblefiha.

A/ m:Cementation,Tortuousity,or Shape Factor:1. pore Geo~try: ~ surface area, vohlme Of ~raillangularity - spherity.
* ce~nt.ation - compaction.
* ~ifomity of mtneral mixture.
2- Anisotropy
3- Degrae of electric isolationby cemantat$on.
4- Occurrence of an open fracture.

m, w
Looking t the factors ffecting ,m ad
find that we could asstwa that m would stay the
same,
nd a would clmWe ali@tlY~

m valuee will range from 1.3 for fractured rocks

to 3. nom the factors bove we can see that it
would be reasonable assumption for thie paper to
conai&r ths value of m to be constant. Xn casee
*-

,-,.
.:

SPE 2009s

MOHAMED N. HAW-IEM
is the porosity corrected for wet clay.
If the new point falls on the water line, this
is the Effective Porosity

tioweverto account for the disturbance in the clay

Mstribution or content of the porous media that
could influence these parameters, this study will
daal wfth the effective porosity ($e), and deal
with (sRw) as a term, and leave the value of (n)
to the different users to apply their imperical
values.

8* If the new point crosses the water &_ne, some

Hydrocarbon correction fs then needed . For
that determine tho Hydrocarbon effect direction and that is ganerally in the NE direction,
so its corracti.onis in the opposite direction
to bring our new point dotinto the water line.
That is the Effective Porosity corrected for
Hydrocarbon and shale effect.

TECHNICAL APPROACH
This papers approach will differ from the
nal Pickett work in the followtngways:-

origi-

9* If the new point stops before the water line ,

then heavy mineral correction is needed to
bring it up to the water line and that will
give you the effective porosity, corrected for
shale and heavy mineral effect.

I. Model assumed is the Dual Water Model,

~
(3-3a-4) shows the distributionof the
free and bound water, and it couldbe summed
up in the following form:$lt= ~e +$ne

10* To find the total porosity, one must first

determine the clay density,thatwould intersect the extension of the lime connecting tha
water point(l,l),withthe wet clay point (WCP)
at the Dry Clav Point. Any line drawn parallel
to the line connecting the matrix point to the
dry clay point, f~om a given original point,
will intersect the water line at the
Total Porosity of that point.

11.Porosityused is the Effective porosity (Oe)

which is the HydrodynamicallyEffective Porosity.
Note in Fig-3A, that the irreduciblewater saturation is part of the free water, while the bound
water is part of the bound water saturation.
Fig-4 shows the increase of shaliness,ina model.

Figure (6) shows actual log values plotted before

correction, and figure (7) the same points after
correction,on the water line, giving the EFFECTIVE POROSITY values used in this study.

To determina Pe there are numerous methods, one

of tha ways could be obtained through computer
programs in the logging unit, provided a dual
water modal is used for clay correction.A graphical method will be introducednext.
A graphical way to get $e ie :-

III. Rt: True Formation Resistivity

This
term
is obtained from
Water Model, where :-

the

DUS1

Rt - f(~e,fie), but
@ -$e +flne
then
Rt - f(~t) , and
Total Water Saturation; Swt- f(Rt,@).
As we are seeking tha effective Sw, for better
Hydrocarbon saturation determination,
then
Swe-f(Rt,~e) . . . . . . . . ..(9)

1* Plot (~ ) or Bulk Density Vs (p ),

N
D
and construct the graph shown In Fig.(5),.
include in the plot points .:romclean wet
zonesa as well as some shaly zo..ws.
2* From the origin
((),0) draw a ta~gent line to
to the cluster of points to touch them at thair
lowest point.Point(O,O)is the [matrix point].
That line is the [Shalinessline].

The material Balance for hydrocarbon volume in

water wet rock:-

3* Froa the point(l,l) [Waterpoint] draw two

lines; one to point (0,0) -that will be the
effective porosity or clean matrix lina.
The second line is a tangent to the cluster of
pofnts to touch them at the most southwest
point. That is the [Wetness Line].
A* The intersectionbetween both tangents, the
wetnass and the shaliness,will give the
JWET CLAY POINTI.

( l-Swt)jZt- (1-Swe)j%e. . . . . . . . (10)

then
Swe - l-[@(l-Swt)/~e] . . . . . . (11)
where
Swe ~ Swt
PROCEDIJRBOF

SW

DETBRHINATION

If old logs, of a near by well that were recorded

available,
before the flooding took place, are
then construct the [Resistivity- Porosity] plot
disczsvi earlier. If both density and neutron
logs wede recorded, then follow the procedure
described above to coma up with the effective
porosity, nd evaluate the value of (m) and (sRw)
old. Then follow the following steps from step #l.
Wa will discuss both situations,but first;

5* Scale the Shaliness line linearly from Zero

at the (0,0) point, to 100* at the wet clay point.
6* calculate the shale volume Q by any method,
preferably by the neutron-densitymethod, and
apply it to the shale-line scale, and
measure the equivalent length on that scale.
7* maw fr~ eve~ Qoint a parallel ltne to the
shale line , and mark the measured length of
step 6, starting from the point Itself. that
H

.
4

SATURATION 13VALUAIfONOF
..SIKCXQ13ARY
--- .... R~VRl?l?D
. -- .

If the old 10KS are not available,using new

corded logs.

RI?!W?RVOIRS
-
-.-

SPE 2#9s

The S@xration determined by thi# method greed

the most with the cores with a difference of ~ h,
and by -10% to GST Saturation,and =6* to the UPT
Saturations. The differencewith the SPT and the
GST Saturations is influencedby the fact that
they investigate in the inva&d zone, and as the
oil in this case is quit heavy the dffferance is
not much. Results were also compared with computarized packages of ~gging Service c~aniee
and
it agreed with around the seas tolerance.

re-

1* Pick a wet zone, on the new log, that would

still show the old formation water, in the example
shown in Fig.(l) that was the upper water zone, as
the most llkely explanation shows that the upper
portion of the otl zone wae sweptby the flood.

CONCLUSIONS
Cautisn should be noted , in excluding the zone
that the higher resietive wet zone ie not due to
less porosity. Read several points in both old
and new wet zones, as wall as the oil zone to be
evaluated, plot them on the Log-Log plot of Rt vs
~e obtainedby the method explained bafore.

* The saturation values can be &termined with

reasonable accuracy from the
Resistivi.ty Ve
Effective Porosity Croesplot. That could raault in
huge savinge due to less cortng needed.
* Old records of the field are very deeirable to
determine the original formation parameter more
accurately , however, if not vailable tha results
could be still cbtained , as euggasted by this
paper, by searching for a zone that was not flocded and obtaining the original water parameters (m)
and (sRw).

2*
Pace a line through the lowest NW old water
points. Find the slope (ml); and the value of
(al*Rwl) at the intersectionwith
~e-1,
Slope m - [Lcg(sRw) - Lcg(Ro)] / Log 06
(12)
.,.
The value of Rol is the value read on the Ro-line
of the vertical projection of the point (Rtl,$el).

* The values of (m) could be accurately determined, if the effective porosity ie used. That
will correct for the shale effect, also will lead
to Swe.

3*
The new lowest NEwet points should fit a
parallel line to the old Ro-line. This parallel
line is displacad away due tls difference of
6alinity between old and new waters. If tha matenot
the
formation was
rlal balance of
maintained;(i.6. injactisn rate is not equal to
the production rate) and subsidence occurred, the
value of (m) could changa for the new water zone.
In that case find the mean ovar the new water zone
points andpaes a parallel line through it , that
Later.
will ba the new Ro-line, for that case,
compare this line and the value of (m) to another
well were the same subsidence problem did not
happen.

* Application of such a method is scheduled to be

tested in different lithologies,ndwith different types of flood recoveries,co test for the
saturations.
NO14SNCIATURE

dhering to the
shales, described by Rwb,Swbn
: All water not bound, described by
Rwf - Resistivity of free watar
includtng the irreduciblewater

Bound Water : Layer of water

Free Water

5*
That new Ro-line becomes the basis for the
new ttaturationevaluation. Its intersection with
~e-1, gives (a2Rw2)

Total Porosity :*Fractionof unit volume occupied

by fluMs* - ~t
Effective Porosity :Fraction of unit volume
containing the free water
and Hydrocarbonsa - ~,

6*
Simply for any oil zone point of a value
(Rti,jlei),
drop vertically to thenew Ro line and
read Roi,
then the Effective Water Saturation is ::

Rt - True formation Re6istivity (oh@.

Rw -Resistivity of Formation Water (ohm).
Rwf. Resistivlty of Free Formation Water.
Rwb - Reeistivity of Sound Water.

Swen - Roi/Rtl
7*
The value of tha maturation exponent (n)
could be elways aesumed the old value as its
change, if ny, will change the maturation values

Swt - Total Water Saturation.

Fraction of total porosity occupied by

water - both bound and free

obtained very slightly .

Swe - Effective Water Saturation.

aFraction of @I occupied by water-.
S* . go@
Water Saturation.
Vraction
of ~t occupied by bound wat*rm.

RESULTS COMPARISON
&ta points frOa 2
Figures
7A and 8 show ct@
different wel16 that showed two different poeitio-l~for the new water line, one was less reslstiv~ (fig.- k), and the other more re8istive.
In both cases the Swe wa8 calculated to the new
lines os shown on the ftgures.

n
m

- Saturation Exponent in Archies equstton.

- Ce?aentatfon,Shapa, or Tortuousity Factor.

RNoma=llatrix density (gm/ce).

Reeults were compared to differant sources of

measurement, uch e core Saturationvalusa, EPT
and GST logs Saturations.
-

..VV.

LV8US

lruvu

lx.

SsaLra

5- Fricke,H. :llm Electric Conductivityand Capacity of Disperse Systems

August 1931
Physics, Volume #1.

RHOlog- Log density value (bulk density) - gin/cc.

Dt

Ku-Aim

-Matrix transit time (u/ft).

6- Norris,R.L. and Biggs,W. Using Log Derived

Values of Water Saturation and Porosity,
1967
Trana., SPWLA,

Dt
= Log interval transit time,
log
REFERENCES

7- Pirson,S. :FactorsWhich Effect True Formation

Nov.-1947
Resistivity.Oil & Gas Journal

1- Archie,G.E.:The Electrical ResistivityLcg

es an Aid in Determining Some Reservoir
Characteristics.AIMME Ott.1941.

8- Porter,C. and Carothers,J.:FormationFactor Porosity Relation Derived from Well Log Data ,
1970
Trane. SPWLh

2- Ransom,R. :Tha Bulk Volume Water Concept of

ResistivityWell Log Interpretation.
Lag Analyst - Jan.197&

9- Wexman,M. and Smits,L.:ElectricalConductivitiee in Oil Bearing Shaly Sands. SPEJ June 68

3- Serra,O. :Fundamentals@fWell Log

InterpretationPart Two, ELSEVIER
Book Series - 1989

10- Wyllie,M. and Gregory,A, : FormationFactors

of UnconeolidstedPorous Media: Influence of
Particle Shape and Effect of Cementation.
Paper #223-G, AIMS, Houston,TexasOctober 19S2

4- Atkinson and Smith :The Sigrdficanceof Parcicle Shape in Formation Resistivity Factor Porosity Relationship.
JPT
1961

11- Serra,O. SedimentaryEnvironmentsFrom Wire1989

line Logs Schlumberger

SPE 20095

+-n
p

I I I J

eao

EEku
1

tsoo
I

%1

it

4-i-l--t-

S&l

=EbtlmHFw
#

esoo

f:fi

l+

I I
I

H-el=t#

l++

.
.
T=EF
I

2700

ll~i-i-

SPE 20095

Simple ARCHIES Cross Plot

Log Ro

Log (aRw) - m Log

100

10
0 w-4---

I I I
1

0.1 I
0.1

# ,

1
1

Porosity
FIG #2

EFFECTIVE & TOTAL POROSITY

DUAL WATER MODEL

SHALY SANDS

FREE & BOUND WATER

rs

Sw
HC

TOTAL

Sw
B

FIGURE -3

EVOLUTION OF

TOTAL POROSITY

WITH SHALINESS

FIG. 4
m

,,
.

NEUTRON - DENSITY

CROSSPLOT

EFFECTIVE POROSITY DETERMINATION

Water poin
1.0
;Oz

gas correction

u
\

1,1)

N.

gin/cc

.6 0.6 0.7
0.4
NEUTR d POROSITY

0.2

0.1

0.3

eavy$~i},

0.9

/
\/

DllYCLAY

R?iNT

qg. s4nphkdrnbthodc+f

YHX1=KHUB (&-c3>
0.0

0.8

Y}

Ull=llmlt
.33333

.16667

6@urA%th.

.50000

.66667

1.0

. e3333

1.0

1.4

10s
E
G
z

2.2:
.

2.6
~,:y,. /

3*O

~lE(JTRON
PLOT
Ptm

,
pOFiOSlry~

OVER DCPT,HS 2666

IS wtc..m=T:v=
Fb.--

-
XW1=I!PIII
TO t?154 fT
puRusITVS

d#dbUtdm*b-h~*

no

-- (Ssfw)

----------xrUtl-l
DEtl

00

..,

sPE

rlii~
YAX1=RHOB
0.0
1.0

(WC3>
.16667

OS-MY-ES

10:03

:?4

YrUH=I

.66

.s0000

133

67

. e3

33

.0000

1.4

1.s:
6
z
Ill
o

..

e.25
ii
2.6

3.0

KFUN=lDEN
PLOT
PHIE
F@7-suMpollltaollFb.eutua--w3@**.

ARCHIES CROSSPLOT
WELL#lB
100

Rt

10

0.1
0.1

EFFECTIVE
Ro LINE1

POROSITY

HC VALUES

R3.7a-mmm@90fRo

(Ilmv)do(om

new Water

2009s

wELL#2B
OLD/NEW

WATER

t \\

m=

m .2.0

0.11
0.1

&

IW
1

EFFECTIVE

POROSTY

ORIGINAL

NEW WATER

m. M*>RO*.

an
,.. -