THE

OF

STORY

PHOTOGRAPHY

BY

ALFRED

WITH

T.

THIRTY-EIGHT

ILLUSTRATIONS

NEW

McCLURE,

STORY

YORK
PHILLIPS
MCMIV

CO.

\':pH-si3f
\

HARVAR
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

Copyright,
By

D.

APPLETON

1898,
AND

1902,

COMPANY.

INTRODUCTION.

is

It

people
in

of

it

more

hard

be

to

was

find

to

So

who

too

the

science

general

it

that

is

or

to

in

say

not

For

light,

Photography,
and

light,

and

optics

and,

of

practical

as

the

extending

of

criminal

depths
the

next

day.
to-

made
aid

to

as

an

to

mate
over-esti-

conquests

may

of

while

illustration

its

the
To

of

department

the

constitutes

solar

of

describe

alone

industry
to
one

the

the

star-lit
in

achievements
take

would

design,

painting,
of

its

to

lineaments

the

of
its

covery
dis-

without

well-nigh

record

the

As

with

electricity.
is

the

physics

in

seen

delineation

relation

with

up

recently

that

(photo^

chemistry

"

from

space.

bound

with

with

X-rays,

to

is

with

have

we

implies

name

hence

application

limit,

its

trace),

analysis

spectrum

much

investigators,

of

its

as

grapho,
of

theory
with

direction

what

be

as

easy

attention

the

on

would

achieved.

be

not

claims

It

become

"

its

little

Photography

it

has

were

that

say

has

was

there

it.

would

advances

important

so

"

from

who

man

but

opinion

of

nothing
This

go."

can

were

expected

many

late

it

as

is

there

verdict

popular

men

hear

to

common

was
"

far

as

gone

the

course

it

Photography,

has

It

practical

of

of

say

since

long

not

umes,
voland

important

most
5

INTRODUCTION.

in

chapters

without

resorting
it

profit,

and

said

be

may

subjects

the

to

Photography

interesting
take

of

development

the

that,

the

fine

presents

for

study

to

introduce

aggeration,
ex-

pleasure

of

one

that

for

of

language
both

deed,
In-

arts.

the

most

one

any

can

up.

this

with

is

It

light

written

that
not

"

manual

while

giving
to

present

view
the

to

following
with

much

so

weight
it

in

the

its

to

more

of

object
as

that

side

scientific

in

subject
have

pages

Photography

teach

due

the

been

ing
producart

an

of

the

aspects.

but,
ject,
sub-

CONTENTS.

PAGB

CHAPTER

I.

First

Steps

Photography

toward

"

9
.

The

II.

Optics

Photography

of

"

14
.

III.

Wedgwood

Davy's

and

"

Experiments

in

Photography

IV."

NiEPCE

20

Heliography

and

30
.

Daguerre

V.

VI.

Photography

The

Paper

on

"

VII."

Discoveries.

his

and

"

Camera

37

and

Glass

on

45

Lenses

and

56
.

VIII.

66

'LmiSES"contintied
"

IX.

The

introduction

"

The

X.

Collodion

of

Gelatine-Bromide

80

Roller

Process
"

"

Slides"

Photography"

Film

Hand

the

Camera
XI.

88

Photographic

Processes

Printing

97

"

XII.

Photography

Photo-Block

XIII."

XIV.

Letterpress

and

"

107

Printing

Recent

Discoveries

Colour

Photography

114
Applications

and

"

XV.

Printing

124

137

"

....

The

XVI."

Telegraph

Photography

and

143
.

XVII.

Photography

and

Art

Photography

and

Art

"

XVIII.
"

148
continued

155

"

ILLUSTRATIONS.

OF

LIST

FIGURE

PAGE

photograph

Flower

Frontispiece
....

3,

and

4,

The

2.

and

obscura

camera

Diagrams

5.

15

diffraction

illustrating

16

and

17

Lenses

6.

^
.

Silver

7.

10

and

The

and

Daguerre's

13.

Illustrating

16

32

and

to

Photographic

35.

Woodbury

37.

57

focusing

61

62

cameras

63-79
hand

96

camera

printing
type

machine

no

116

press

tube

Portion

of

127

with

hand

needle

embedded

in

the

ball

of

thumb

129

Animatograph'
and

40.

27

58

39

and

camera

defective

Crookes*

the

28.

25

camera.

33.

34.

30.

22

Lenses

31.

and

leaf

simple

Modem

15.

19

spectrum

II.

12.

14

of

print

9.

Artograph
8

131
.

144

and

145

STORY

THE

OF

PHOTOGRAPHY.

CHAPTER

FIRST

STEPS

The
It

of

of

each

falls

the

have

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the

be

in

achieves

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raphy.
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Freiberg.

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with

the

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to

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years,

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observed

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photographic
cornea^

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working

diverse.

lucky

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who

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ly
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altogether
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investigations

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touch

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to

of

perhaps,

man

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finishing

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to

but

working

men,

curious

discoveries

mind,

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photography

important

numberless
of

It

of

how
not

PHOTOGRAPHY.

TOWARDS

history

shows

I.

be

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over

silver

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THE

lO

completely
to

the

STORY

colourless,
of

light

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violet

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and

1556,

attention

leading

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In

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it

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uses

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who
of

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nitrate

attempted
surface

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1777,

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whom
to

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1727,

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of

physician,

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not

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influence

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under

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blacken-

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Schultze,

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of

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Heinrich

Johan

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solution

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pictures

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without

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Hence

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attracted

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the

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Fabricius

apparent.

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mass

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science,

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destroys

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practical

phenomenon

This

the

after

men

another

evaporated,

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observed

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dissolved

so

light

long

of

but

it

day

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

tion,
atten-

ing
Noth-

results

until, in

Charles

William

FIRST

STEPS

took

Scheele,

violet

of

rays

silver

upon

all

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alike

Scheele,

pouring
which

formed

by

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the

in

water).

the
of

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if not

whole

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This
further

existence

limit

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had

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strated
demonthe

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and

spectrum,

power

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it

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demonstrated

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Ritter

little

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ened,
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had

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the

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1801

as

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teen
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rays
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than

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proved

light

years

chloride

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to

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blackened

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than

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Senebier,

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sis
analy-

spectrum

photography,

spectrum

thus

These

by

the

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He

rays.

of

chloride

in

or

rays,

and

ii

Fabricius,

of

discovery

chemical

science

the

to

the

up

combined

applying

PHOTOGRAPHY.

TOWARDS

that

silver

darkening

chloride.
Ritter
the

also
of

property

violet;**
the

obtained

1803.

but

by
He
to

the

the

the

action.

that

influence

red

have

rays

effected

misunderstood

Similar

results

the

blue

were

chemist,

English
guaiacum,

gum

the

by

have

the

of

the

work

to

appears

Wollaston,

found

that

"

undoing

he

of

cause

announced

when

rays,

became

in
posed
ex-

12

THE

changed

in

altered

OF

and

colour,

portions

PHOTOGRAPHY.

that

the

to

red

those
exposing
the
original tint

on

rays

restored.

was

is

It
actual

claimed

made

salts

lectures
in

Louvre

light he
a

with

chloride
of

of

the

while

it remained

as

the

shadow

\o

the

sun's

left

doubt

considerable

the

was

soon

exposed

M.

his

the

as

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Charles,
and

process,

thrown

been

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youth
But

at

rays,

the

of

of

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parts

darken.

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the

where

ground.

to

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the

to

figure

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immediately

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paper,

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black

upon

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that

in white

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been

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strong

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light,

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blackened

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in

of

that

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which

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light,

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first

Professor

by

experiments

paper

the

property

in

silhouette

of

those

shadow

By

the

sheet

upon

the

blacken

1780.

threw

action

with

to

that

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interesting
on
physics

some

French

was

struck

who,

silver

by

the

by

photograph

Charles,

of

STORY

the

upon

ported
re-

achievement.
While
the

of

problem

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hints

and

have

been

apt

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book
of

which
his

sojourning,

he

name),

Munchausenisms,
a

note

that, among

strange

produce

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the

people,

pictures

so

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in

1760

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describes
in

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lished
pub-

(an

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in

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amounted

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Frenchman

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century

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to

up

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amongst
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method
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"You

is

FIRST

STEPS

know,"

his

says

from
the

by

images
of

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of

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with

viscous
with

of

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place.

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the

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De

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few

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This

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in

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the

them

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precious

photographic

Roche

the

not

of

all.

impression

more

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investigators

the

its

faithfully,

deposited

truthfulness."

of
that

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instantaneous.

and

later

of

as

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means

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the

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surfaces,

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glass.

fleeting

retina

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form

all

13

rays

bodies
on

the

on

"that

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example,

PHOTOGRAPHY.

different

image

on

TOWARDS

without

gazing

realised

the
later

ing
feel-

and

that
which

problem
were

the

upon

obscura,

camera

shadowing
fore-

strange

art

been

years

this

trying

to

solve.

Quoted

Harrison,

from
F.G.S.

"A

History

of

Photography,"

by

W.

J.

THE

14

STORY

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

CHAPTER

OPTICS

THE

is the

chemistry.

All

influence

has

light

upon

without

the

photography

would

It

be

even

may

the

This

said

Giambattista
of

principle

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be

paper

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In

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aperture
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chamG

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colours,

red

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depicted

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paper

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them.

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upon

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and

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

Photography

the

II.

plain

inversion
R

object
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green

the

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B
at

to

G,

light

THE

from

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same

OPTICS

way,

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in

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PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

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from
fall

respectively

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brillin

its

directly
however
of

owing

to
tenuated
at-

bending

do

we

not

see

the

to

fracting
re-

Take

place

becomes

the

then

move

coin,

when

representing

3, A

and

the

3.

bowl,

fixed

bowl,

shilling

sight of

Fig.

in

demonstrated

be

of
eye
invisible.

the

it

see

property

may

Fig.

shilling

at

matter,

manner.

in

as

appear

it

were

gaze

Hence

loses

eye

gresses
pro-

atmosphere.

the

of

vacuum

coming

the

refraction

bottom

little
which

line, and

positions,

simple

following

into

action

should

we

ray.

true

of
of

law

duces
pro-

enter

its

rays

has

light

their

power

to

to

transparent

the

refracting

well

straight

is, the

may

grand

therefore,

through

point,

that

But

eye.

be

conditions

such

position,

the

going,

passing

illuminated
true

the

photographer

governing

perfectly

under

which

photography.

to

light
a

with

agent,

the

light, it will

of

in

subtle

the

regards

as

instrument

wherewith

of

possible

the

effects.

ray

whether

the

or

is

power,

nature

PHOTOGRAPHY.

that,

uses

light

his

OF

seen

he

works,

the

STORY

on

the

observer.

The

let

one

Now

taking
the
more

some

same

and

while

the

care

spot.
more

The

visible,

OPTICS

THE

until

it

entirely

comes

of

the

in

the

in

vision

as

into

Fig.

refractive

when
stick
fish

have

their

aim,

allow

else

at

the

to

room

in

it

will

the

fall

upon

the

be

fluid,

vessel
found
and

and

pass

will

L;
to

the

miss

(Fig. 5) passing

The

object of
by striking
is

through

to
an

s.

surface

of
of

instead
its

alter

along

it.

refraction

of

window-shutter
the

able
observ-

spearing

persons

illustration
S

in

glass

bent

water

into

below

point

Fio.

aperture

light-

or

is also

stick

Hence

weapon

Another

sunbeam

the

water

straight

bent.

aim

to

higlf.

too

be

to

seems

of

ray

4.

of

power

thrust

we

tion
explana-

refracted,

representing

Fio.

The

the

is

eye

The

light refracted.

of

ray

the

17

view.

is that

phenomenon

producing
back,

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

the

of

darkened

fluid

contained

proceeding

course

line

on

to

M.

to

S',

entering
A

ray

of

STORY

THE

light, however,

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

striking
the

as

medium

refracting

(Fig. 5),

ray

pendicular
per-

suffers

no

refraction.
The

depends
the

of

amount

the

on

which

the

into

denser

further
is

from

the

dense

dark

the

of

proof

the

window

the

as

it

floor,

the
of

be

marked.

vessel

with

side

in

the
will
be

fall

such

point
still

substituted

greater;
These

importance
is

will

by

their

and

If

laws

of

to

the

careful

from

of

bottom

striking
added

be

oil

refraction

are

of

be

to

the

the

tion,
solu-

dense

the

the

nearer

bottom
alcohol

will

refraction

still should

spot

filling

of

form

the

the

on

salt

side
on

Let

the

the

the

strikes
the
ray
window.
So, if

water,

placed

so

towards

top

the

to

as

the

greater

it be

considerably

the

for

let

instead

ray,

quantity

nearer

the

Now,

fall

where

feet

window.

window.

the

towards

water

the

ray

few

the

strikes

it

spot,

Let

descends

where

into

shutter.

light

the

original

or

more

vessel

the

and

and

water,

in

light,

from

falls

second

single slanting

floor,

farthest

side

tion
refrac-

is

pass

tion
direc-

the

as

upright

an

over

passes

window,

the

next

of

out

This

rays

but

the

pencil

just

hand,

in

proceeds

aperture

on

admitting

that,

the

dium
me-

first.

an

stand

vessel

obliquely

according

admits

light through

the

other

the

perpendicular.

this, take

which

room,

On

it

which

than

If

they pass
closely
mating
approxi-

passes

less

or

rarity of

or

denser,

more

medium

through

In

of

light

rarer

greater

medium
less

of

undergoes

ray

goes.

be

perpendicular.

beam

it

which

enter
rays
direction

the

to

when

in

it

through

density

comparative

through

substance

back

bending

be

used.
the

inasmuch
photographer,
application
study and

utmost
as

that

it
the

THE

20

when

Thus,
means

In

the

focus,

of

rays
in

of

in

speak
It

that

lenses

in

to

bring

to

fixed

small

point,

and

used

and

the

to

thus

the

step

in

idea

to

here

thus

he

so

to

lens

Porta

face

being

hitting

upon

took

unconsciously

evolution

as

camera

rounded

By

placing
possible

as

The

the

the

of

the

reduce

to

of

box,

nearly

as

ground-glass.

important

varied

powers

dark

dimensions.

contrivance

cave
con-

are

necessary
suflSces

the

the

of

orifice

ingenious

cause

the

be

of

him

to

plano-convex,

face.
sur-

them.

produced

portable

was

turned

the

the

and

it

knowledge

image

the

will

of

point,

hand,

Of

chapter;

suggested

objective

an

an

Porta's

was

other

apart,

it

lenses

distinguish

to

at

edges.

subsequent

the

to

rays

beyond

further

go

the

unite

on

broad

these

briefly

thus

his

with

form

qualities

to

perpendicular

distance

lenses,

of, it

spoken

lenses

them

some

light

is

it

through

converging

Diverging
the

lens

through

passing

called

PHOTOGRAPHY.

of

passing

surface.

light

OF

axis

the

line

its

STORY

of

the

graphic
photo-

art.

CHAPTER

WEDGWOOD

III.

DAVV'S

AND

EXPERIMENTS

IN

PHOTOGRAPHY.

further

Nothing

in

regard
a

and

making
of

of

son

the

succeeded
use

silver.
which

until

photography

to

of
He

famous
in

Scheele's
was,

blackened

Thomas
took

potter,

producing

and

wood,
Wedgup

the

photograph

observations

however,

done

been

have

to

appears

unable

disappeared

by

chloride

on

to

ject,
sub-

fix

his

as

soon

tures,
picas

WEDGWCM3D

they

AND

exposed

were

in

these

just rising

1802,

after

for

is described

adopted

the

of

observations

Wedgwood
been

when

passing

through

Those

the

the

ing
copy-

profiles

silver, with

such

whilst

produced
objects

from

objects.

uncovered

the

the

by

upon

this

kept

white

had

By

by the

blackened

were

that

was

covered

the

as

silver.

light

white,

was

superimposed

the

process

paper

of

the

paper

paper

there

Hence

Royal

of

of

upon

nitrate

remained

of

portions

and

the

of
the

bodies,

plants,

exposed,

parts

an

made,

making

nitrate

flat

with

means,

in

Davy."

of

prepared

Davy,
and

method

of

upon

placed

leaves

pinatifid

as

light
H.

by

"

sisted
as-

prepared

paper

glass, and

upon

agency

Davy

this

was

chemist,

they had
Journal

the

In

1802.

paintings
by

as

experiments

He

Humphrey

death,
in

21

light.
by

fame

obtained,

Institution

they

into

the

results

the

diffused

to

Wedgwood's

of

EXPERIMENTS.

expetiments

then

account

DAVY'S

light.
of

outline

black

ground

(Fig- 7).
tried

Davy
to

fix

the

on

As

without
these

following
the

Journal

They
silver

salt

the

it

image

ble,
possi-

produced
of

sheet

spot

the

paper

where

several

the

hours

"

of
are
sun-drawing
the
history of photography,
from
the
published
paper

in

experiments
in

extracts

the

describing
will

the

account

published

photographic

for

if

order,

at

there

in

result.

joint investigators
first

in
the

left

and

microscope

solar

paper
fastened

importance

great
in

fell, and

though

the

sensitized

with

Wedgwood

obscura

camera

screen.

saturated

image

on

place

to

was

of

aperture

which

experiment

Anothef

pictures.

be

of

experiments
of

interest,

of

the

as

the

being

production

of

STORY

THE

22

"White
with

when

nitrate
in

kept

the

to

white

or

paper,
solution
of

change

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

of

it

daylight

passing

after

and

brown,

alterations

of

colour

proportion

as

the

direct

sufficient
several

through

of

beam
to

sun,

produce

hours

are

different

degrees

of

take

the

posed
ex-

colour,

or

full

coloured

intensity.

In

in
the

minutes

three

in

the

are

shade

light transmitted

glasses
Thus

grey
The

speedily

intense.

effect
and

of

black.

more

more

two

required

shades

nearly

place
is

light

the

being

on

changes

different

length

at

but

no

7.

through

becomes

speedily

Fig.

and

silver, undergoes

dark

the

moistened

leather,

act

with

it is found

ferent
difthat

WEDGWOOD

red

rays,

red

glass, have

and

the

or

the

white,

solution

should

it is

case

the

After

leather

high

or

paper,

it

cannot

be

of

water,

or

water

and

in

exposure

should

the

of

light

that

have
of

parts

by
been

this

made

have

covered
has

yet

as

by

coloured
sufficient
will

leather

or

when
the
have
and
all

of

to

paper

of

it will

such

partly
woody

be

useful

objects

as

are

of

leaves,

to

the

are

making
possessed

and

acted

upon

They

have

coming
be-

ings,
wash-

saline
of

the

dark

become

Besides

copying

that

others;
many
delineations
of
of

transparent.
the

but

of

the

sun.

of

there

partly

attempts

parts

method

for

and

opaque

fibres

this

mentioned,

been

white

of

rays

ployed,
em-

varnish,

of

part

by

repeated

them

cause

the

to

applications

the

the

case

susceptibility

active

to

fine

after

even

the

adhere

exposed
just

and

of

their

taken,

uncoloured

being

coating

destroyed

not

matter

thin

ing
paint-

indeed,

No

successful.

been

it is

and

commonly
the

from

the

minutes

as

prevent

profile

or

copy

on

by

it may,
in this

affected.

to

this

fixed

once

few

the

paper

lamps,

or

sensibly

not

been
the

light

candles

is

it

for

be

only

when

soap,

but

come
be-

in

of
copy
after
being

shade,

the

and

removed

place

obscure

an

by

glass

The

permanent.

in

kept

examined

be

been

has

profile, immediately

be

must

than

colour

degree

or

the

application
in

leather
on

thrown

speedily

parts

on

acted

readily

is

paintings
on

blue

or

concealed

part

other

copying
applied

be

more

is used.

and

For

dark.

the

Yellow

effect.

figure

any
the

surface,

prepared

it remains

of

shadow

decided

or

through

it.
upon
violet
but

effect

powerful

23

passed

effective,

more

the

the

upon

little

very

most

"When

EXPERIMENTS.

sunbeams

common

are

green

produce

DAVY^

AND

wings

of

texture

The

insects,

THE

24

be
may
it ; and
the

in

the

the

of

Mr.

as

light

by

that

of

means

without

that

the

be

that

necessary

small

distance
In

this
went

from

to

is

be

have

produced

copied

This

paper.

the

will

method

it

however,

placed
that

stated
muriate

that

prove
acted

readily

more

it

but

at

lens.**

the

record

cessful.
unsuc-

be

successfully,
paper

fluence
in-

ments
experi-

may

of

by

the

to

proved

application
the

him

objects,

prepared

on

trate
ni-

used

processes,

small

employed

be

end

the

was

to

microscope,

solar

useful

it may

of

the

numerous

these

images

difficulty

probably
is

the

upon

first

sensible

primary

duce,
pro-

on

he

his

all

to

researches

mentioned

following

In

his

and

camera

images

in

very

their

to

as

these

was

but

effect

purpose

substance

of

found

this

faint

too
an

Wedgwood

silver, which

friend

be

cause

them,

of

means

to

copy

for

to

necessary

time,

To

and

subject,
of

by

of

means

through
pass
leather.
upon

found

silver.

by

to

moderate

object

only

formed

been

any

of

nitrate

represented

shadows

have
in

first

light

images

obscura

PHOTOGRAPHY.

it is

case

solar

The

"

this

direct

OF

accurately

pretty

receive

to

STORY

of

the

by

upon

ments
experi-

the

silver

was

than

light

the

nitrate.
Here

discovery,

great

to

power
Some

years

discoveries
of

have

we

fix

as

silver

the

still

to

turn

it

shade

of

blue,

the

salt.

the

red

constantly

giving

the

images.

blue

that

red

the

producing

preserving
a

these

chloride

of

showed

the

yellow

being

carried

Seebeck

He

brown,

the

the

coloration

further.

rays

lacking

thing
permanent

the

of

elements

the

(i8io-'ii)

violet

and

chief

render

or

later

of

most

shade

it

white,
to

the

order

In

to

will

it

into

fully

DAVY'S

explain

their

rays,
that

can

one

of

both

necessary

is

light

being

ray

various
enter

of

light.

from

emanate

colours.

Sir

white

Isaac

the

of

which

prism,
piece

of

is

glass

the

light
Every

qualities,
their

and

fact

composed
in
way
of
a

The

by

was

given

that

is

sun

tints.

and

name

in

used

of

demonstrated

from

of different
colours
rays
which
he made
plain this

body.

functions

Newton

light emitted

of

distinctive

rays
possesses
their
chemical
regards

more

bundle

portion

luminous

such

as

of

smallest

erly
prop-

little

composed

the

2$

effects

to

composition

of

beam

the

be

the

EXPERIMENTS.

AND

WEDGWOOD

means

to

triangular

optics (Fig. 8),

in

placed

so

'^5::f.

FlO.

darkened

room

receive

to

as

ray of light from

window-shutter.
a

the

Before

the

the
B

white
C

thus

enabling
be

pass

to

refracted,
the

E.

is fixed
it

back

in

to
or

of

But

in

the

fall
bent

the

bored

position

the

of

the
out

prism

of

(as

the

the

side
its
in

faces
sur-

in

beam
sun-

fall

as

soon

path
on

will

as

its

aperture

at

aperture

at

screen

(Fig. 8)

will

the

small

of

one

upon

is fixed

prism

entering

8.

upon

prism

sunbeam,
B, the
course,

the

line

ray
and

D),

26

STORY

THE

instead

of

taken

if

however,

is

have

This,

simple

round

screen

at

prism,

we

triangular
back

This
or

the

of

is

image,
of

red

five

orange,

-and

the

at

when

and

Or,

vivid

next

Fell

the

the

the

at

in

the

forth

delicious
kind

beams

at

the

spot
is
end

opposite

occupied
yellow,

being

puts

this

of

away,

green,

the

between

poet

the

was

blue,

rotation

colours

white

round

prism

one

the

Newton's

to

portion

space

the

as

prismatic

the

lower

indigo,

First

And

in

on

origin,

as

the

the

coming

Sprung

is

different

the
to

colours,

red.

of

we

it will

out

which

seven

intermediate

the

spread

according

of

screen,

other

and

of

If

prism

the

is known

nearest

colour,
;

D.

at

are

which,

colour

that

the

on

is violet

by

The

or

the

formed

point

image

composed

(Fig. 9).

the

prism.

spectrum,

theory

the

the

fell

from

or

of

place

delicately-

base

apex,

coloured

solar

at

the

in

terposed
in-

been

not

elongated,

colours

form,

(C)

been

for

erwise
oth-

upon
of
interposition

the
an

had

which

light

to

these

and

screen,

all

distance

short

that

seen

not

has

image
a

prism

that

see

stand

be

prior

it would

E, which

the

of

spot
E

coloured
now

line

the

along

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

it

violet

flaming red
tawny

orange
whose

next

side
yellow ; by
of all-refreshing green.

skies,
pale blue, that swells autumnal
of
sadder
and
Eternal
hue,
then,
played ;
when
the
as
Emerged
deepened
indigo,
The
heavy-skirted evening droops with frost.
While
the
last gleamings
of refracted
light
in the
violet
Died
fainting
away.
Then

Newton
all

primary

the

was

of

colours,

opinion
and

that

that

each

these
was

seven

were

possessed

of

28

THE

in

intensity

He

all

that

the

green

that

all

By

chloride

of

less

violet

has

been

end

of

found
the

of

of

such

of

four

nearly

rays

less

that

the

the

first

after

which

was

which

group,

in

hot, blackened

as

be

suitable

uranium

glass,

from

the

length

wave

chemical

tion
solu-

or

choosing
be

can

spectrum,

highest

cent
fluores-

properly

photographs

times

visible

made

some

by

invisible

or

upper
can

Indeed,
the

the

to

up

the

upon

substance,

part

any

that

second

spectrum

quinine.

sensitive

of

while

that

fall

to

substance,
the

the

modification

the

and

bright

it

allowing

by

of

focus

and

minutes.

few
It

the

another

of

focus

no

hours,

two

of

found

the

at

lens

between

green

he

underwent

of

of

means

the

that

beyond

means

between

experiment

rays,

under

by

trum,
spec-

Wollas-

comprised

and

silver, placed

much

very

red,

portion

exposure

placed

by

the

and

little

spectrum

this

of

bundle

was

noticed,

the

and

violet.

an

of

of

end

Ritter

as

concentrated

part

chemical

that

violet

extends,

previously

extremity.

the

at

it

that

had

lens,

demonstrated

is greatest

and

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

Berard

M.

i8i3,

ton

STORY

taken

reduction

of

the

red

known

rays

to

exist.
these

Upon
which

out,
the

experiments

there

other,

namely

colorific, and

that

compose

the

molecule

of
these

polarized

three

have

three

unequal

of

the

is

and

endowed,

with

visible

light,

by

reflection,

and

the
of

is

further

which

substances

refrangibility

substances,

spectrum,
It

spectrums,

borne
above

one

heat

or

spectrum.

each

fully

spectrums

calorific

chemical

established

of

exist

theory,

the

based

investigations

subsequent
that

was

each

even

tutes
consti-

which
like

property

escaping

the

of

cules
mole-

being

from

re-

WEDGWOOD

in

flection

DAVY^S

AND

the

EXPERIMENTS.

positions

same

2g

luminous

the

as

molecules.
Since

the
of

deal

great

and

spectrum

attention

knowledge

has

been

to

quench

is

the

substances

hence

propounded

waves,

visible

the

1867

and

and
truth

of
Of

this

the

the

to

the

it is

that

contains

philosophers
accompanying
and

of

its

of

Actinism

it

had

light,

the

powers
but

the

not

from

heat, with

principle is
light itself.

as

it

by
which

In

of

"

earlier
its

Besides

in

distinct

is

posing
decom-

of

recomposition

which

upon

pose
pur-

light

the

principle

light,

regarded

white

power

the
This

but

nearly

idea.

the

ories
the-

them;

more

of
ray
of
which

faint

perfectly

as

is

That
but

brations
vi-

beyond

present

our
us

heat, it has

principle
based.

for

concerns
"

properties

principle

electric

rays,
Various

is known.

sunbeam

light

the

determining
is

"

light

proved

respecting

components.

actinism

have

necessary

What

within

chemical

all

that

really

are

advanced
not

enter.

fact

little

been

these

of

nature

generalisation,

into

in

hypothesis.

real

have

fall, and

Maxwell

discoveries

recent

do

they

they

theory

invisible,

chemical

What

waves.

brilliant

red
infra-

The
no

which

fice
suf-

make

and

dark.

the

violet

ultra

have

on

calorific

called

are

the

luminosity.

and

warm

the

actions,

hand,

other

properties,
to

that

ject,
sub-

will

It

advanced.

in

shine

the

on

the

say

paid to this
properties of

chemical

certain

substances

rays,

of

made

were

been

greatly

however,

perform

various

has

our

here,
rays

experiments

above

some

known

as

"

the

nature

light

is

is

closely

so

as

the

from

explanation

nected.
con-

mental
funda-

photography
component

the

part
of

is
of

this

THE

30

STORY

it may
the
spectrum,

seeming

reducing

greatest
the

violet

and

still

the

the

the
the

possesses
that

power,

portion

decomposed

powerful

of

is,

light,

invisible

rays

beyond

influence

upon

the

them

salts, reducing

the

be
may
different

very

simple

of
a

sensitized

called

the

stable
un-

speedily

to

the

to

sun's

found

be

discoloured

the

under
the

under
is

far

most

possessed

by

actinic

the
useful

in

paper
blue

red

the

by

property

the

that

of

the

dark

The

next

and

sun-pictures,
where
Frenchman
name

and

Wedgwood

was

no

doubt

of

the

named

for
that

honour

to

take

due

for

makes
for

them

the

struction
con-

left

Indeed,
by

belongs

subject of
the
point

from
had

Davy

the

the

up

it forward

eclipsed
Ni^pce

cepting
inter-

HELIOGRAPHY.

Ni^pce.

years

of

yellow

this

IV.

to

carry

the

room."

AND

person

changed
un-

is

It

photography

it

rapidly

although

light that

CHAPTER

Nl"pCE

of

the

remains

but

yellow,
and

of

time, and

become

glass,

red

practical

of

has

piece
pieces

Expose

transparent.

rays

"

three

short

and

blue.

and
for

rays

it

on

ers
pow-

demonstrated

Take

place

glass, red, yellow

whole

be

can

experiment.
and

actinic

varying

colours

paper,

coloured

so

end

that, of

bases.

What

last

the

most

metallic

will

violet

strongly

more

explained

decomposing

or

of

part

it,exerts

by

be

anomaly

prismatic

their

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

invention

was

there

largest
of

his

although

another,
the

it

is

share

photog-

"

KlfiPCE

raphy,

in

sur-Sa6ne

mother

he-

was

did

show

not

the

In

profession.

regiment

infantry
following
Italy.

afterward

Shortly

his

service

active

saw

year

commission

he

in

choose

entered

an

in

and

in

the

Sardinia

and

obliged

was

and

turn,
to

he

youth

inclination

however,

guished
distin-

As

sub-lieutenant,

as

stances,
circum-

poetical

and

1792,

Ni^pce,

easy
of

Barrault.

particular

any

in

and

daughter

dreamy

Chilon-

at

Claude

father,

named

of

Ni6pce

of

consequence

to

sign
re-

ill-health

failing sight.

and

he

In

1794
administration

this

it

chief

mechanical

in

with

for

the

the
the

he

with
eral
Sev-

made
of

Minister

the

to

his

to

investigation.
which

the

his

been

always

himself, along

scientific

Carnot,

quished
relin-

then

Returning

devoted

reference

attracted

charged
All

had

inventions
M.

ing
Continu-

1801, he

flattering encouragement

most

pastel

to

Nice.

research.

there

brother,
from

until

what

and

of

the

of

member

district

follow

to

place, he

elder

the

position

bent, study

native

appointed

was

of

hold

to

attention

of

examination

of

Finance,
his

while

colouring

ceived
re-

searches
re-

of

matter

commission

the

able
suit-

substances

dyeing.
these

labours,

invention

with

which
his

(from

born

was

roi,"

de

lawyer

in

His

1765.

his

the

Ni6pcc

"conceiller

his

it, heliography

called

Nic^phore

Joseph

31

sun).

lios, the

was

he

as

or,

HELIOGRAPHY.

AND

life, and
from

cost

his

was

him

are

his

which
the

absorbed

Lithography,
and

however,

the

now

is

name

last

fortune

forgotten
sociated,
chiefly as-

twenty
that

years

of

had

herited
in-

newly

vented,
in-

he

father.
which

was

consequently

then
much

but

talked

about,

THE

32

STORY

interested

greatly
time

in the

first

he

endeavour

seized

for

of

possession

his

Niepce

possessed
he

and

surface

silver

to

the

salt

white.

Thus

which,

produced,
exactly

idea

There

done.
of

design

the

and

Wedgwood
with
them.

was,
a

This

He

second

discovered

it
"

the

age
pass-

corresponding
"

would

and

seemed

thing

could

about

be

would

ble.
feasinot

the

be

tion
produc-

it

as

was

became

the

posed
ex-

dark,

.difficulty
that

was

not

himself

from

more

known

had

now

it

after

fronted
con-

stopped

which

Niepce
sun,

of

experiment

found

prevented
is

of

obliterated.

the

effort

to

coating

portion

and

same

be

paper

picture

or

soon

repeated

could

picture,

as

white

question
how

the

but

Davy,

the

The

duced

had

the

operation,

enough,

quite

was

he

short,

In

light the

the

to

reproducing

negative

difficulty

no

negative

the

fact

original.

however,

was

ty
quali-

this

of

parts

second

else.

becoming

From

design

"

could

the

preventing

simple

was

done

of

given

the

the

practice,

In

solve

by

reproduce

The

and

would

light,

the

parts,

leave

be

nothing

rendering

been

dark

The

took

with

light.
possibility

had

idea

he

silver

by

designs

might

the

applying

the

at

he

substitute

course

of

the

which

to

salt.

of

of

engravings

transparent,

work

tin

1813

moment

could

chloride

infer

to

they

that

to

"in

fantastic

that

"

exposed
and

designs

else

by

led

was

mind

At

of

plate

which

almost

much

process.

finding

with

acquainted

was

when

of

From

nothing

of

dark

idea

the

the

biographers,

chalk

itself."

light

think

the

and

drawn,

by

his

devoted

by

stone

of

lithographic

the

were

the

with

he

and

improve

to

one

says

PHOTOGRAPHY.

Ni6pce,

replaced

"then,"
was

OF

had

to

pror

it.

destroying
successful
how

"

that

one.
as-

NifePCE

phalt,

in

found

places,
in

bitumen

or

Ni^pce
poured

solution

dried

in the

thus

coated,

light, the
soluble
the

he

falls, and

result

while

does

eye

oil of

be

by the

hours'

light,

He

went

engraving

on

to

the

plate.

rubbed

into
upon

which

In

the

the

plate

and

ink
"

was

have
several

succeeded

in
the

upon

print
to

"

for-

substitute

copper-plate

impressions,

then

be

tempt
at-

with
engraved
a
burin, the lines that
a
into
cut
picture being

placed

to

the

made

is

obtain

lines,

a
producing
Ni^pce's idea

to

as

copper

these

the

causes

of

in

order

been

traced

produce

called

black

have

subsequent

further, and
To

plate

of

asphalt.

discovery

purpose

appear

picture

step

his

and

if

been

after

camera,

of

film

which

parts

Thus,

"

copper.

that

are

is, the

the

not

have

that

those

to

but

exposed

oils, Ni^pce

of

smooth

for

laid

lines

utilise

to

that

essential

in

now

only

the

insoluble.

changes
that

of

remained

became

the

plate

shadows,

is, the

parts

the

picture

plate

tool

in

with

obtaining

that

insoluble.

exposure

treatment

asphalt

over

behind

rendered

print,

poured
those

leaving

affected

the

light parts
these
perceive

it dissolves

changed,

metal

parts,

soon

it

exposed

the

not

lavender

asphalt

been

dark

plate,

image

the

then

that

being

the

on

it where

He

way.

surface, which
film.
Taking

brown

placed

oil of

metal

upon

the

soluble

property

ingenious

bitumen

of

This

is

other

turpentine,

etc.

most

cover

form

image,

The

thus

to

obscura

camera

in

of

it

allowed

oil of

as

ether,

of

use

which

substance

Caspian, and
quality of becoming

petroleum,
made

33

the

Sea,
such

oils,

lavender,

Judea,

the

possesses

ethereal

and

of

Dead

the

HELlOGftAPllY.

AND

sheet

under

of
a

transferred
of

the

produce

ink

is.
is

paper

roller-press,
to

the

inked

lines.

these

lines

paper,

in

the

STORY

THE

34

action

the

by

copper

object he covered
it to
and
exposed
the

prevented
the

the

in

those

it

oil of

plate

been

the

the

drawing
A

plate,
by the

film

the

appeared

if

as

corrosive

acid

and

on

acted

drawing

was

the

acid, and,

after

the

manner

same

bitumen
to

had

the

copper,

and

washed

the

poured

now

metal
into

cleaning,
as

over

which

asphalt

original

not

it, in

fact.

be

Thus

an

the

of

in

from

printed

copper-plate

protected

action

by the

could

the

upon

when

produced

was

poured

engraved.

asphalt, eating

incised

of

the

fore,
there-

When,

dissolved

were

while

penetrated

adhered

parts

on

the

on

affected

not

subsequently
of

course

soluble,

had

on

bitumen

the

insoluble.

insoluble

other

of

parts

light

was

bitumen,

drawing

those

this

drawing

remained

portion

Thus

away.

the

in

the

lavender

with

reaching

became

rendered

whilst

of

from

where

parts
paper,

the

lines

effect

to

beneath

light

bitumen

the

and

copper-plate

the

light

light

white

light

Accordingly

plate.

by

of

the

black

The

paper.

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

engraved

by

hand.

found

amongst

These,

which

to

This

in

is

especially

may

plates

be

all

are

notes

thus
The

was

not

of

the

description
after

papers

friends

in

useful
is

the

alike,
of

so

have

that

German

of

ber
num-

note

one

another

counterfeits.

from

day,
to-

use

printing

to

necessary

1826.

as

is in

form

improved

death.

is known

back

far

as

were

his
he

heliographs,"

fac-simile

easily distinguishable
the

this

absolutely

exact

an

"

an

it

where

notes,
of

his

to

method

and

bank

called

he

shown

have

of

prints
Ni^pce*s

Copper-plate

States, notably

and

be

Some

of

Prussia,

produced.
original
able

to

inventor
attain

of
that

the

method,

perfection

however
in

his

im

36
I

have

THE

STORY

made,

and

action

the

black

from

bodies.

is

It

it

to

them

more

less

or

of

has

succeeded
oil of

be

is

varnish

The

camera.

of

The

action

But

even

of

show
the

shrouded

future

oil

of

of

this

the

to

unfolding

and

to

it

their

forms.

had

oil

of

the

The

the

by

of

is

of

white

it

by

is
flected
re-

the

of

gradually
then

lifted

with

washed

well

tablet

images

plate

and

parent
ap-

volume

by

exposed,

The

the

disengage

observing

been

posed
ex-

invisible.

exposed

perceive

drain,

to

exist.

accomplished

the

of

is

still

ten

liquid

soft

thus

nothing

part

one

operator

which

allowed

out,

is

the

receiving

for

to

to

focus

the

impressions

this

of
of

been

remain

is

immediately

in

objects,

lavender,

Into

roll

be

having

is

dissolved

coating

light

then

light, begins
objects

may

which

silver

light

sufficient

and

essential

and

dry,

picture

consisting

thin
a

of

them

duration

asphalt,
plated

with

these

that

solvent,

plunged,

time

imagery,

petroleum.

which

after

operation

next

of

external

of

to

tablet

when

some

substance

is

me

Thus

of

the

to

The

applied

the

length

impressions
forms

on

plate,
to

be

to

submitted
the

with

polished,

highly

skin.

best

them,

renders

according

action.

lavender.

and

even,

its

upon

with

consistency

them

the

by

properties.

new

of

tints

chemically

combines

natural

insoluble,

intensity

or

it

of

received

acts

it solidifies

gradations

images

absorbed

the

augments

bodies

the

Light

communicates

and

with

light,

white,

to

give the name

producing
spontaneously,

in

obscura.

camera

in

of

PHOTOGRAPHY.

which

to

consists

heliography,
by

OF

water."

Ni^pce
be

desired

could

obtain

goes

on

that, by
all

the

to

"

say

blackening
gradations

It

were,

the
of

metal
tone

however,
plate,
from

to
we

black

DAGUERRE

white.

to

this

is

purpose

the

at

which

iodine,

evaporating

DISCOVERIES.

which

substance

The

of

HIS

AND

the

In

in

engaged
which
This

had

whom
in

Louis

was

for

many

Daguerre

of

department
in

Paris,

and

with

and
M.

views

Munich,

power

he

developed

other

in

Rome,

he

produced

effects

In

the

use

his

famous

of

reflected

in

of
the

History

and

his

of

the

representing

time,
of

engaged

panoramic
and

Jerusalem,
with

conjunction
Diorama,

Photography."

torial
pic-

by

the

light.

Daguerre

obscura

other,
an-

the

transmitted

pictures

camera

decessors
pre-

in

heightened

were

De-

his

and

of

London,

1822,

which

employed
"

in

scene-

especially

that

up

under

production

of

preparation

the

Inland

to

him

for

was,

Naples,

and

places,

alternate

He

Provost

of

studied

the

from

an

threw

He

and

shade.

as

attention

both

in

far

not

his

opera.

honor

village

while

Bibiena
remarkable

light

to

photography.

first

at

surpassed

soon

of

Cormeilles,

after

chief

the

discovery

turned

the

Daguerre,

given

Occupied

and

for

painting

Mande

that

to

attention.

Ni^pce's

was

been

had

investigation

Seine-et-Oise,

officer, he

avocation,

gote,

at

the

1787.

Revenue

of

Jacques

born

was

Frenchman

riveted

years
with
the

connection

DISCOVERIES.

HIS

line

long

so

erty
prop-

temperature."*

ordinary

another

similar

the

V.

AND

meanwhile

for

employ

now

possesses

CHAPTER

DAGUERRE

37

to

quently
freobtain

38

THE

his

OF

sketches

first

have

STORY

from

the

been
and

the

his

thoughts

of

of

screen

of

the

the

the

the

to

rendering

nature

hopelessness

beauty

on

PHOTOGRAPHY.

it appears
imitating the
and

originals

dark

finding

of

out

that

some

turned

of

means

shadows

evanescent

fection
per-

presented

as

chamber,

to

permanent.

Diorama

in Paris
until
enjoyed
great
vogue
it was
1839, when
accidentally destroyed
by fire.
This
stroke
of
ill-luck, however,
was
soon
more
than
for
fame
the
artist
compensated
by the
The

achieved

the

as

of

process

the

in

sur-Sa6ne
in

early

we

by

do

know.

not

his

not,

could

or

labours,

own

achieved,

had

images.
that

proposed
view

this

certain

more

of

Daguerre
already

signed

the

of

most

agreed,

and

referred

made

his

had

tion
fixa-

Ni^pce
with

efforts

inventions.
of

he

forded
af-

the

and

deed

To

ship,
partner-

drawn

was

of

structed
con-

which

their

in
process

he

met,

their

either

results

effecting

the

to,

the

that

unite

should

Chalons-sur-Sa6ne

at

Ni^pce

time

they

he

camera,

they

his

specimens

of

of

means

Finally

making

to

improved

greatly

by

engravings

any

affirming

beyond

from

upon

however,

particulars

or

himself

received

some

give

not,

Chalons-

at

acted

return,

had

engaged

he

also

learned

putting

But,

metal

tions
investiga-

1826, he
was

Ni^pce,

In

them.

his

gentleman

and

process,

from

he

of

plates

heliographic
would

Daguerrotype

in

of

part

solved

with

several

taken

the

gone

which

on

communication

him

the

problem
been

already

had

Daguerre

when,
that

of

photography.

far

How

inventor

and

up

1829,

at

which

fully known

to

his

Ni^pce

in

collaborator.
From

1833

the

this
two

time

until

the

investigators

death
worked

of

together

for

AND

DAGUERRE

the
is

of

perfecting
said

that

as

much

in

in

Daguerre,
with

the
of

action

of

light,

he

subjected

lavender.

whether

by

the

use

required

"

after

and

plate

it to

the

to

vapour

ever
how-

method,
the

or

was

ender
lav-

to

the

in

part

exposure

picture

the

tion
distilla-

exposed

asphalt

long

time

the

been

This
of

tained.
ob-

mented
experi-

When

had

substance

of

resin

light,

this

was

results

from

lavender.

essence

the
"

of

it

such

bitumen,

obtained

essence

with

covered

resin

the

at

of

place

and

Ni^pce

that

rejoiced

the

the

the

invention

as

39

process,
in making

succeeded

the

surprised

of

heliographic

the

Daguerre

improvements

DISCOVERIES.

HIS

effaced.
has

Abney

with
his

idea

first

(which

plates

should

various

is

action
of

iodine.

glory

and

that
the
At

of

produced
to

These

be

to

plate

silver

action

images
*

"

that

to

of

applied

iodine

the

an

belongs
image
had

produced

by

men.
bitu-

noticed
those

which

plate

could

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tions
por-

with
the
be
posed
ex-

iodine."*

were

Treatise

ened.
dark-

covered

Daguerre
that

men
bitu-

parts

on

been

face.
sur-

the

Daguerre

produced
had

discovery

on

the

which
rate

any

the

light

by

he

the

effect, it

removing

presumed

the

metallic

bare

experiments

silver

brown,

proper

the

picture, subsequently

the

It

the

periments
ex-

name.

the

was

covered

parts

whitened

be

After
to

the

his

on

the

by

produce

to

that

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the

obtained

bears

asphalt

represented

order

"In
was

Niepce

being

shadows

that

the

by

from

was

Daguerre

method

the

formed

image

The

that

bitumen

of

it

that

theory

on

Photography."

exposing

THE

40

of

plates

silver

and

this

STORY

the

treatment

When

prepared

action

is formed

upon

light is necessary.
At
length
"

Niepce

that

an

rays

upon

which

is

which

appears

the

to

time

of

vapour

The

short

because

the

closet.

another,
been
still

that
mercury

ordinary

that

da-

or

the

in

the

culprit

temperature.

them.
that

was

useless

after

this

effect

operation
lying in

was

giving

that

had

the

light,

and

them,
dish
off

after

one

plates

upon

tonished
as-

diately
imme-

the

to

.was

He

chemicals

time

were

as

plates, he

closet

too

where

which

produced

substance

exposed

through
the

is

Daguerre

But,

conclusion

short

too

images

finding

covery,
dis-

made

day

closet

upon

removing

placing

exposed

this

was

been

the

at

substance

By
and

ver
sil-

of

plates,

appeared.

produced

chemical

some

nous
lumi-

conditions,

condemned

were

look

the

to

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in

picture

came

of

the

to

the

to

One

had

had

to

see

have

led

plate is exposed

discovery

that

They

time, happening

must

the

death

iodide

metallic

light

image

to

the

to

Thanks

this

the

to

no

duce
pro-

to

by

the

interesting.

chemicals.

some

ture
pic-

to

exposure

with

as

posed
exa

order

ordinary

upon

plates

time

wheA

camera

formed

mercury.

and

several

placed

is

soon

which

in

curious

both

in

thus

created.

was

way

But

under

photography
guerrotype,

the

covered

invisible

and

in

yellow

plates

accidentally

image

as

light

subsequent

was

plate

pale

long

very

Daguerre

"

discovery

but

them.

some

Under

colour,

light

element).
the

brown

picture

iar
(a pecul-

assumes

to

of

iodine

of

vapour
chemical

silver

the

such

PHOTOGRAPHY.

exposed

assume

to

of

the

to

volatile

very

colour.

OF

he

cluded
con-

containing

vapour

at

an

AND

DAGUERRE

In

order

for

it

to

the

his

supposition,

of

the

the

had

that

been

posed
ex-

and

obscura,

camera

visible.

yet

was

of

action

41

plate

in

picture

no

DISCOVERIES.

truth
a

time

short

which

on

took

again

Daguerre

the

test

to

HIS

Subjecting

of

vapour

he

mercury,

the
delight, that
picture appeared.
the
world
Thus
accident,
by a happy
valuable
richer
made
the
was
by a most
discovery.
coveries.
disThis
the cardinal
point in Daguerre's
was
him
before
While
others
had
to
sought
of
visible
light, for
produce
a
picture by means
which
he succeeded
was
long exposure
necessary,
in hitting upon
he obtained
an
a
by which
process
invisible
short
latent"
or
a
posure,
expicture after
and
then
oped,"
"develby a second
process
it to
or
brought
light.
By this fortunate
in phoadvance
made
an
tography.
was
discovery
enormous

found,

intense

his

to

'*

less

Hardly

followed

soon

could

which

dissolved

silver

that

1799,

out

the

been

soda

as

substance

was

acted

plates
of

away

the

upon

by

discovered

iodide
the

the

by

both

the

discovery
to

and

inventors
but
the

after
first

terms

of

Daguerre
were

to

Ni^pce's
agreement

the
in

be

light.

sulphite
hyposalt.

Chaussier

in

process

pointed
and

fixing
made

agreement

1829,
attached

death,

being

of

silver

shortly after the

daguerrotype
made
public in 1839 Sir John Herschel
its superior
qualities for clearing
light-produced
picture.
the

velopment
de-

salt,

adopted
of

solvent

after

common

Daguerre

obtained

thus

and

to
According
between
Ni^pce

of

washed

however,

of

the

which

discovery

image

solution

strong
and

had

Subsequently,
This

the

was

the
whereby
by immersing

fixed

be

in

was

important

his

the

names

to
son

replaced

their
sented
con-

by

STORY

THE

42

by the

another,
throw

into

times

Ni^pce,
bear

it

presented
daguerrotype.
has

It

Ni^pce
partner.

That

strongly;

but

acted

exclusively

In

to

be

the
order

the

it

made

was

the

of

9th

his, and

part

of

most

in

by

M.

the
the

partner

and

francs.

that

the

each

of
of

Claude

brated
cele-

ance
accord-

Sciences

of

of
of

month

French
was

the

being
Ni^pce

the

same

made
ment,
Govern-

purchased
by

by
his

and

of
way
six thousand

four

invention

it

gust
Au-

the

inventor

pension

the

on

details

July

the

Daguerre

Notwithstanding

in

and

the

process

he

the

representations

to

pany
com-

attempt,

the

of

public,

receiving
and

part

Arago,

of

30th

others

made

that

francs

the
of

and

form

the

although

daguerrotype

State

that

respecting

until

consequence

Arago

too

discovery,

announcement

communicated
On

his
to

physicist,

Academy

1839;

following.
year,

an

the

January
not

were

advice
to

matter

guerre
Dafeeling that
in thus
giving his name
all
which, to give him
in

and

astronomer

his

vention
in-

his

business-like

have
tried
to
appears
it ; but, failing in
work
to
known
his
M.
to
process

with

of

more

Daguerre
made

confiding

one.

make

to

of

help

only

lesser

was

name

too

putting

invention
was

should

the

honour

and

cannot

an

or

by

process

the

the

ungenerously

credit,

perhaps

of

sharper

one

ten

photography

that

out

may

had

discovered

under

world

asserted

his

pictures

new

practical

deluded

by

the

he

process

that

to

was

Daguerre.

the

to

been

was

possible

of
that

first

new

than
that

name
was

Daguerrc

produce

quicker

the

only
Thus

would

condition

on

which

partnership

which

twenty

PHOTOGRAPHY.

of

terms

the

discovered

OF

muneration,
re-

thousand
was

thua

THE

44

Up

this

to

been

not

STORY

time

was

Mr.

to

achieve

lenses,

produce
that

rotype

produced

extremely

perishable

while

on

almost

with

defect

toning

of

solution

the

the

to

until

the

process,

says

and

effect, the

the

which

from

forms

the

brightness
results

of
have

the

on

its

in

the

subjected

of

silver
the

ver
sil;

forms
ened
dark-

it,

covers

its

dark

the

all

in

which,

globules,
and

solidity

gold,
of

is

results

way

small

pictures
this

over

given

upon

of

in

little

the

some

of

lights
to

sulphite
hypo-

was

from
and

permanency

daguerrotype

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of

contrary,

the

of

degree

greater
the

with

solution

which

number

union

of

reflection

in

lights, is augmented
by

method

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gold

away

description

strengthening

infinite

an

increase
Most

mercury,
of

state

of

film

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parts.

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picture,

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by

the

of

shades

do

heated

his

its

soon

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operation

with

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strength
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gold

the

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dissolved,

required

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Fizeau.

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placed,

Fizeau,

M.

picture.

M.

To

mixed

plate,

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daguer-

they

with

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and

the

friction

air

picture

pool.
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method

adopted

gold

"

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in

the

had

spirit-lamp

in

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the

Fizeau

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soda,

of

obliteration.

M.

Chloride

gold.

enlarged

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to

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of

Towson

very

exposure

darkened
this

life

use

Daguerre's

by

from

enabled

introduced

was

first

was

improvement

valuable

Pictures

Mr.

by

it

who

the

by

had

The

portrait

York,

result

process

them,

New

introduced

as

fact.

actual

an

of

Draper

Another

of

accomplished

an

to

person

PHOTOGRAPHY.

photographic
portraiture
these
discoveries
through

possible:

became

soon

OF

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markable
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picture.**

still in

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ence
exist-

PHOTCXJRAPHY

ON

According

PAPER

Abney,*

to

reproduced

by

image,

after

development,

small

extent.

very

of

means

account,

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and

less

PHOTOGRAPHY

their

different
who

entitled

is

Fox-Talbot
in

the

at

Harrow

he

carried

1820,

first

and

arrived
was

rank

with

the

Person

steps

"

in

sat

and

the

Treatise

his

to

for

where

Greek

in

he

proved

realisation

of

Photography."

gations
investi-

gave

himself

the

reformed

first

but, scientific

taste,

in

verse

wrangler

which

on

Wilts,

educated

was

the

devoted

discovery

towards

photography.
Abbey,

twelfth

as

Chippenham

in

prize

Frenchmen

two

Cambridge,

for

years,

to

the

by

Fox-Talbot,

College,

He

two

led

Henry

and

year.

more

results

century,

Trinity

being

working

was

Laycock

at

GLASS.

perfecting

like

at

This

graduated

Parliament

first

of

year
and

not

practical
easily

more

were

discoverer

ofif the

after

Daguerre

born

was

following

that

to

does

ON

AND

investigator

independent

an

as

and

method.

be

much

to

PAPER

lines, and

similar

on

could

VI.

another

process,

by

they

by
superseded
methods.
expensive

ON

Niepce

plates

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to

introduced

that

so

CHAPTER

While

Grove

process,

the

relief, although

R.

acid,

The

manageable

W.

be

that

daguerrotype

hydrochloric

to

appear

Sir

45

may

showing

is in

etching

from.

printed

GLASS.

daguerrotypes

electrotypy,

of

method

ON

AND

tics
poli-

up
to
one

studies

of

the

photography.

46

THE

Fox-Talbot

tells

in
published
in
attempting
the

Lake

imperfect
of

make

to

his

of

objects
presented
possibility of fixing by

those

process

this

of

zeal

idea

and

result

exquisite
he

devoted

that

was

To

and

the

tion
realisa-

with

the

him

to

most
ut-

arrived

gradually

surprising

as

ratus
appa-

chemical

some

himself

perseverance,

the

by

shadows.

shores

by the
pictures

the

copy

surrounding
the

the

turned

to

of

means

on

were

made

1846, how,

by

landscape

Nature,"

and

drawing,

thoughts
he

Pencil

"

1844
a

of

attempts

to

at

his

between

parts

Como,

PHOTOGRAPHY.

in

us

obscura,

camera

of

OF

STORY

it

as

was

satisfactory.
He

his

began

method

consisted,
in

Magazine

in

experiments
described

as

in

the

writing

fine

soaking

of

of

it with
in

and

drying
of

process
and

solution,

in

the

nitrate

increased

an

outline

of
of
the

this

Thus

that

by

in

of

nitrate
was

duced.
produe

was

of

salts

two

salt

to

silver,

the

white

point

had

he

hour,

of

paper
in

depicted

his

after

while,

this

the
the
in

paper,

microscope

solar

be

to

second

of

means

in
an

full
posure
ex-

gratification

image
the

scura.
ob-

camera

discoveries

by

cast

he

had

1835.

far

which

in

impression
the

upon

the

ver
sil-

ing
repeat-

with

light

to

of

By

paper
the

it with

by

object

an
an

To

attained

the

about

receiving
lens

that

obtain

to

half

in

the

side

one

excess.

states

of

sunshine

of

in

being

enabled

was

fire.

the

weak

nitrate

sensitiveness

combination

Fox-Talbot
he

it at

sensitiveness

This
use

of

coating

in

brushing

saturating

then

silver, greater
the

then

solution

cent,

per

12

water,

the

salt,

common

first

Philosophical

paper

solution

his

1833, and

Talbot's

Wedgwood

process
and

was

Davy

the
had

same

obtained

as

PHOTOGRAPHY

their
he

results

had

much
to

The

his

of

pictures.
of
fixing."
six

For

short,

only
silver
able

were

baffled

had

of

perseverance
ing
wash-

thoroughly
them
soaking
solution

he

discovered

sium
potas-

into

them

had

in

of

turned

Fox-Talbot

years

had

the

process

succeeded

in

Professor

1839,

of

method

permanent
the

Institution
himself

and

read

giving

full

this

In

flowers

from

he

truth

venation

of

it

inventor

Society

kind

fresh

with

renders

plant, etc., etc."

At
the
proceeds
:

the

the

even

hairs

minute

the

leaves,

jects
ob-

process
selected

or

fidelity, exhibiting

the

of

this

by

ventor
in-

Royal

Royal

to

These

the

the

later

process.
The
first

leaves,

and

of

copy
either

the

as

his
:

January

Fox-Talbot's

the

says

silhouette
of

25th

before

attempted
and

fixing the

days

"

herbarium.

my

utmost

of

account

paper

which
were

paper

that

by hearing

members

few

then

only

Drawing,"

the

to

of

secret

was

described

"Photogenic
it,

and

the

On

Faraday

called

clothe

his

obscura.

camera

the

kept

himself,

to

divulge

to

Frenchman

that

the

He

"

experiments
beautiful

produced

by

that

existence,
if

In

investigations

impelled

more

in

he

47

"

secret

my
how

then

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or

by

salt, or

common

iodide

his

and

impressions,

the

to

that

they

which

therefore,

found

He

solution

light than

yielded

GLASS.

before;
years
chloride
of

rendering
to

investigators

ON

AND

thirty

problem,

Fox-Talbot.

of

in

sensitive

more

those

than

more

succeeded

do.

PAPER

ON

possible,

some

action

the

they
and

the

were

were

subject,

the

upon

images
of

destined

resolved

method

to

of

of

commencement

very

which

light,
to

when

saw

thus

were

the

regretted

have

attempt

preventing

such
to

brief

find

this,

out,
or

re-

48

THE

it

tarding

much

as

considerations
of

The

if

light, is

of

it

picture

produced
to

is

there

it

be

longer

they
change

will

other.

In

before.

the

it

white

that

after

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and

dark

parts

their

has

action

follow

not

and
upon;

will

change

assimilate

to

ical
chem-

acted

differently

does

black

same

the

process,

spontaneous

of

case

become

Consequently,
light is subjected

solar

be

tend

now

has

longer

by

to

process.

which

no

white

still

so,

possibility

evidence

no

subject

are

the

was

will

place, these

taken

conceive

chemical

any

of

parts

following

silver,

that

dark
and

of

nitrate

afterwards

The

to

me

substance
a

possible.

preservative

action

the

by

PHOTOGRAPHY.

as

led

discovering
"

OF

STORY

any

that

that

to

each

them

the

dissimilar

remaining

if

or,

remain

will

picture
will

this

and

method.
"of

says,

application
as

to

of

first

perhaps
and

by

of

conditions

which

nature
us

at

they

length

to

least

at

of

which

up
of
express

in

by

has

scientific
he

these
is

consequences

in

its

accepted
inductive

noticing

the

dent
(which accismall
degree),

some

with

be
the

circumstances

manifests
them

following
the

varying

unusual

is

that

out

turn

may

value

the

science,

modern
of

occurrence

it
will

arts,
of

proof

new

methods

the

"a

phenomenon,"

value

whatever

all

of

value

remarkable

This

"

the

on

the

fettered,** he

be

may

reflection

shortly
which

of

emblem

on

by

process

momentary,

following

the

the

proverbial

the

and

commenting

After

of

marvellousness

discovered

**

perfectly,

another.**

afterwards

fleeting

reasoning, Fox-Talbot,
trials,

answered

which

shadow,

of

process

unsuccessful

some

method

ject
ob-

our

accomplished."

be

Applying
after

therefore

and

visible,

experiments,
until

the

true

apprehended,
altogether

and
law
ducts
con-

un-

PHOTOGRAPHY

expected,
we

it

arrest

fix it

so

even

if thrown

firmly

it derived

did
of

which

he

the

outcome.

over

with

By this
picture

was

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trate

time

to

gentle

the

induction

had

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Talbot

for

material

few

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method

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picture

spurred

Calotype

sensitive

time

of

only

in

the
to

ment
Developof

gallo-nithe

at

same

obtained

by

of

had

the

paper,
of
trace
to

of

search

his

for

he

plates,
for
camera

impression.

an

that

there
he

This

the

paper

paper
in the

although
one.

As

the

light

exposing

his

of

therefore

posed
ex-

vapour.

on

exposure

were

seconds,

afterwards

mercurial

of

Daguerre

few

preparation

action

developer,
application of
a

plates

for

convinced

on

gallic

necessary

reasoning.

prepared

even

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as

remarkable

produced

least
him

acid

gallic

have

on

and

exposed

state,

being

brushed

was

nitrate

the

process
"

heat.

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to

the

was

the

must

the

"

silver

Daguerre

that

seconds

Talbot

some

of

half-wet

action

the

concluded

see

be

used

same

of

light,

could

to

which

description
experiments

chloride,

name

process
that
if his

the

to

them

of

already

upon
showed

Fox-Talbot

picture

made

place

lighting

In

seeing

greatly reduced.
efifected
by an
application
the
silver, exposing
picture

secure

fact,

Fox-Talbot

however,

he

mixture

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camera.

from

sunbeam

After

the

gave

the

success,

Paper

acid, and

be

first

process,
in
iodide

silver

is the

fleeting shadow,
a
single minute
capable of change,

more

into

Daguerre's

with
to

no

satisfied.

rest

trary
con-

origin.'*

this

not

Such

49

and

experience,

belief.

be

back

its

With

in
to

as

GLASS.

ON

the
paper
of
the space

on

and

there,

AND

usual

universal

receive

may

PAPER

from

remote

almost

to

that

ON

could

must
not

conviction

something

that

THE

5"

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

image visible, for he had

doubt
such
a
really to be found.
thing was
How
for this purpose
he then
to
came
employ
solution
of gallic acid
?
solution
of this problem
The
most
might
persons
make

would
no

STORY

inclined

be
with

latent

the

attribute

to

Daguerre's

chance,

to

pictures

haphazard

for
his

racked
suited
his

this

to

mind's

which

particular

eye

many

relation

no

which

those
the

when

rays

upon

the

albeit

upon

light.

of

silver

so

he

had,

as

augmented
thought,

paper
it

not

was

means

he

in

action

this

by

in

conceived,

prepared
slight that
"

well

as

tried

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to

under

by gallic acid

kind,

although

of

the

The

an

action

obscura,

camera

might

perhaps

be

gallic

two.

produced
visible

the"

light;

by

as

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stood
him

when

manner

powerful

he

tively
instinc-

directed

blackened

are

more

those

and

similar

heated,

the

reasoned

his

from

substances

all

survey

means

before

analytical faculty

is identical

both

is much

solar

and

of

salts

of

acid

so

in

had

He

thing
any-

contrary,

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of

purpose,

acted

slightly

action

his

to

influence
The

his

from

doing

the

on

object.

his

mercury

experiments.

his

search

thousands

but

excluded
in

the

his

choose,

to

in

of

afifair.

of

his

Talbot,

purpose.

brains

vessel
of

case

selection

without

obtained

were

the

was

Talbot's

pictures.

was
no
gallic acid, however,
had
the
not
placed
Daguerre
in prosecution
in the
cupboard

His

as

carried

of

gallic acid.

the

experiment.

"

on

Acting
It

was

tion
the
justness of the inducentirely successful, and
proved.
was
thereby
in
done
The
by washing
was
"fixing"
pure
with
the
drying, treating
and, after
water,
paper
and
of
solution
of
bromide
again
potassium,
a
and
The
"negative,"
as
washing
drying.
paper

THE

52

STORY

OF

PHOTOGRAPHY.

the

plates. In 1841 Fox-Talbot

Calotype
(/.^.beautiful
picture)
but

he

subsequently
which

nation,
his

process

more

In

the

1842

its medal
of

of

had

course

effect

the

his

protected

by
process
his patents

presented

patent
the

to

of

making

Royal

him

Society

of

presented
His
discovery.

his

referred

is

above,

to

with
Pencil

"

collection

of

of engravings
landscapes, portraits, fac-similes
In
lithographs, etc., produced
by his process.
work

he

work

is to

says

is

trust

the

thus
with

of
to

given

much

when

"

of

British

to

the

the

of

thing

be

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turity
ma-

of

the

works

tendency

perhaps

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are

to

artistic

wondered

we

son
compari-

bear

show

ginnings
be-

which

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most

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to

that

consider

we

and

that

present

brought

will

and

early

period,

being

public

best

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the

talent."

Unfortunately

to-day.
fade

aid

its

of

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of

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art, before

new

of

object

record

on

approaching,

by
works

chief

The

"

place
of

popular.

in honour

Nature,"

had

fruits

of

photography.

and

by

of

and

light

photoglyphy,

he

of

to

which

does

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of

albumen

he

on

which

the

paper

in

to

positives
process

made

headway,

threatening

the

daguerrotype

method,

of

in

to

the

printed.

are

totally
when,

mentioned

gloss

been
other

be

give

name

have

Fox-Talbot*s
may

In

1853.
the

gave

appear

to

of

composed

potash

photography

to

paper

Gradually

of

Amongst

introduction

surface

surface

upon

bichromate

latter, however,

successful.
very
contributions
his

scription
de-

the

of

means

gelatine
the

published

Talbot

in order
he
made
to
experiments
instantaneous
pictures (185 1),
photographic
steel
of
notice
method
of his
on
engraving
of

obtain

works

other

Amongst

photography
to

supersede

consequence

PHOTCXJRAPHY

of

certain

ON

it

St.

glass

as

St.

and
his
he

for

like

Victor,

attention
material.
was

soldier

his

to

study

first, however,

the

not

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sensitive

having

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tried, its

even

time

that
perhaps
and
that
to
photography,
with
perfect the invention
so
intimately
family was

to

for

to

natural

was

turn

Herschel
and

his

the

It

was

coverer
dis-

original

scientific

support

the

to

of

He

John

Sir

turn

caused

"

attention

name

identified.
as

to

camera

found

endeavour

the

glass

of

difficulty

he

investigation.
should
thoughts

which

cousin

of

use

Nevertheless,

considerable

should

the

53

the

the

sensitizing
Niepce,
Nic^phore

support

devote

photography,

profession.

by

in

flat

GLASS.

to

and

instance,

lie

to

Victor,

of

attached

for

grain,

"

ON

AND

inconveniences

its
paper
of
getting

Ni^pce

PAPER

to

of

salts

use

silver.

before

years

gested,
sug-

for

employment

that

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was

of

order

bottom

of

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salt

of

spread

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over

sensitive.
the

found

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extent
to

experiments

public

through

to

picture.

silver.

to

the

But,

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good
of

Sir

\.\\q Journal

on
moved
re-

left

glass
was

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camera,

ing
light by receivsified
intenalthough

prints
John

white

then

become
in

the

at

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electro-deposition,

by
get

the

nitrate

in

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of

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impossible

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Herschel

This

find

to

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Herschel

of

the

Royal

were

So-

STORY

THE

54

ciety^ and

of

attention

the

his

glass

substance

organic
chemical

particles
such

idea

be

to

as

had

he

able

in

retired

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on

leisure

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of

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glass by

Victor
of

spread

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of

of

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it

found

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from

invention

in

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of

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and

on

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to

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glass

his

was

glass

the

of

of

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layer

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purpose

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the

of

silver.

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all

in

of

solution

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nitrate

plate of glass
in

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thin

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labora-

Tissandier,

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film

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forms

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communicated

plate

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purpose

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saturated

inventor

he

now

process

admirably
To

1847

had

his

negative,

which

required.
this

of

upon

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use

his

make

albumen,

list, he
he

as

were

he

Being

Sciences
the

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1848

to

photograph

1848,

continue

to

June

of

Academy
To

in

covering
dis-

view

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labours
of

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producing

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burned

were

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action

discovery

his

for

development

instrumentality

the

the

troubles

the

able
suit-

the

early

announce

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by

to

succeeded

glass.

time

in

progress

the

through

As

not

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to

with

medium.

Victor,

nidus

as

port.
sup-

from

of

submitted

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to

such

made

had

serve

the

St.

failed

layer

experimenting

light, began

of

to

as

Ni^pce
had

with

turning

glass

to

was

Herschel

plates

of

effect

number

that

perceiving

coating

the

investigators

many

Amongst
who

had

doubt

no

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

fixed
matter

the

St,

Victor

to

obtain

negative.

negative

on

glass

ren-

PHOTOGRAPHY

dered

ON

it

produced
much

reaped
M.

advance

of

high

One

the

of

of

dish
or

five

and

fresh

fork

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for

of

grains

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it

with

allowed

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is

poured
thin

to

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puts

twelve

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the
in

into

of

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of

glass
is

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after

it

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mus-

or

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oughly
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quantity

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into

for

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again

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to

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hardens

at

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to

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whisk

minutes

whole

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"

with

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to

the

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ing
prepar-

into

grains

10

still

to

of

thrown

and

sults
re-

others.

potassium,

and

mixture

when

suitable

of

hands

follows:

as

three

or

until

up

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together

two

added,

allowed

hours,

are

potassium,

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and

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froth.

was

cided
de-

practical

methods

use

beaten

carefully

wooden

600

in

the

carried

Gray

improved

have

to

in

soon

Le

art.

invention,

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whites

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$$
deed,
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appear

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St. Victor

ON

photography.

to

complete

M.

Although

AND

service

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an

PAPER

which

fire.

it

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condition

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for

This
side
nitrate

of

drachms),
plate
wet,
and

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image

in

immersing
solution

exposed
be
in

in

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is

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plate

in

(50 grains), glacial

and

exposed
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the

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or

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dry

of

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acid
The

water.

still

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camera

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(2

dried

state.

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distilled

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the

by gallic

development,

the

acid

image

in

the
is of

$6
a

THE

STORY

faint

somewhat

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

colour,

small

quantity

of

and
of
aceto-nitrate
gallic acid
silver, in equal
tones
it, the
evenly
over
proportions, is poured
will
force
be
and
and
deepened
vigour given to
the

picture.
When

of

application

obtained

is

without

taken

be

may

has
finished
been
operation
by the
the
of soda, a negahyposulphite
tive
from
which
positive impressions

the

sensitized

The

dried

till wanted.

Indeed

method

much

were

After

and

Le

Gray,

Besides

the

the

though

equally
to

quickly

fix

St.

Something
obscura,

place
by

this

others.
process

and

Victor,
the

to

in

all

greens,

found

He

Exposed

to

his

to

succeeded

evanescent.

them.

led

time

and

reds,

diffused

method

following
subject of
obtaining
very
it

vivid,

impossible
light, they

faded*

VII.

CAMERA

THE

chemistry

pared,
pre-

valuable.

CHAPTER

Step

and

albumen

which

much

devoted

blues,

yellows,

produced

the

most

glass,

on

photography,

colour

of

researches

photography

Becquerel,

travellers

by

dark

were
improvements
gested,
sugFrenchmen,
Blanquart-Evrard

being

the

in

kept

plates

used

thus

plate,

and

of

those

of

dry

modifications

many

and

publication

the

varnished.

being

albumenized

be

might

its

with

by step
went

has
from

on

the

already
which

LENSES.

AND

the

progress

development
been

the

said
camera

of

photographic

of
about
of

the

the
the

camera.
camera

photog-

THE

took

rapher

in

end

other

and

When

focus.

inserted

in

its

place.

effected

by

the

withdrawal

the

of
removing
all the
light
These

must

the

are

if

and

the
it

cap

from

the

shutter

back

"

light

is

the

which

camera,

conditions
of

though

camera,

moved,
re-

and

of

the

thus
is

'*

or

features

to

has

lens, through

fulfils

perfect

the

pass.
essential

apparatus
is

slide

the

glass

to

of

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to

brought

taken

Exposure

to

which

ground
dark

box,

while

be

be

to

the

is called

dark

it may

object

focussed,

than

adjusted,
glass, upon

which

by

what

and

is

ground

the

carefully

been

57

principal apparatus
pencil of light, we

the

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62

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68

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69

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rays

and

rectified
Thus

rays

it

rays
But

be

by

curvatures

in

axial

be

another.

marginal

marginal

may

When

the

the

negative

aberration

of

the

also

may

compensate

aberration.

spherical
lenses

one

of

that

full

aberration

spherical

But

with

impossible.
the

portraiture
to

those

essential
In

landscape.
lens

by W.

gives
K.

quirements
re-

the

Burton.

the

head

LENSES.

with

fair

figure
of

be

may

action.

hand,

other

is

be

shall

is of

his

in

feet

is that

characteristic

effect

The

case

in

of

round,

lens

the

distortion

being
the

so

before

the

to

as

respectively

If

the

the

rays

as

use

objective

"

objective
to

the

"

of
be

traverse
nature

of

in

place

then,

the

result

outwards.

are

bent

of

distortion

"outward**

into

by the

with

expanded,

the

converge.

light

The

lens

centre,

them

landscape

arises

rays

pronounced

allow

straight
curving
of

outer

is altered.

forms

the

its

make

to

distortion,"

margin

stop,

two

the

most

defect

the

lines

the

shown

it reaches

marginal

has

of

all

the

are

tographe
pho-

One

than

front.

condensed,

These

the

degree

single

be

to

represented

The

that

in

diaphragm

turned

he

and

are

ones,

more

when

portrait

is that

to

rience
inexpe-

as

curvilinear

which

so

defect

justly chargeable

as

and

these,

from

object
a

outwards.

becomes
case

of

"condense**

to

space,

the

the

"

greater

to

arises

forward

axial

or

being
fault

the

that

the

circumstance
to

smaller

of

near

of

inwards

refracts

there

of

operator,

distortion

the

lines, except

as

too

known

the

the

the

on

that

some

magnitude.

of

lens

from

the

projected

the

either

is

attributed

reality

of

camera

forms

common

pidity
ra-

tural
architec-

regards

kinds
be

in

disproportionate

of

the

several

part

and
or

is

nition
sharp defipicture, whereas

desideratum

sometimes

the

on

hands

exactness

and

equal
As

great

lens, which

plants

less

the

distortion.

may

the

case

moment.

the

no

however,

the

of

rest

point, however,
of landscape,

throughout

less

Distortion

in

In

required

work,

with

pass

comparatively

is of

rapidity

to

essential

An

the

sharpness,

allowed

definition.
of

of

amount

71

and

are

known

"inward,**

or

THE

72
"barrel"

STORY

OF

PHOTOGRAPHY.

and

Their
nature
"pin-cushion."
be readily understood
from
26.
Figs. "5 and
defect
is here
of course.
greatly exaggerated

Fig.

any
the

of

early days
a

it

of

easy
little

of

and

of

missed

dawn
lens

placed

they

makers

discovery
its very

deed,
In-

distort

to

plate.

the

evil

in

Still

felt

One

difficulty
instead

curved

plates
however,

they

caused

not

were

them

to

be

dropped

soon

consequence

in

way

the

overcome

the

much

was

after.

This
in

only when
long straight

existence.

Several

have

obtained,

and

the

sensitized

manipulation.

used,

of

out

to

the

to

then

one,

sought

attempted

was

When

flat.

of

edges

photography

by making

was

large

earnestly

cure

which

lenses

and

extent,

is

the

at

occur

and

view

of

angle

fact, few

The

35.

appreciable

very

lines

of

matter

as

will

the

of

lenses

remedy,

it because

"

as

came

very

although

they

is

Gradually,
simplicity.
opticians that
upon
gave

behind

barrel-shaped
the

lens

so

often

stop

distortion,
caused

to

appear

the

of

case

"

it

however,
if

the

near

began

in

front

and

distortion

of

of

stop
the

LENSES.

"

"

pin-cushion
both

Ross

to

near

have

the

to

have

appears
market

the

on

distortion

achromatic
His
further

in

divided

the

with

field

1857,

of

history
"In

the

Professor

from

to

Paris

was
engaging
process
scientific
world, remarked

been

this

hint

intercourse,

(1841)

the

for

formulae

"

without

working
large
great

of
now

and

aperture
concentration
had

other

covering
well-known

lens, the

other

of
a

longer

large
and

being

field.

loss
could
upon

and

the

and

them
had

One
and

was

former

gave

large

at

"

of

both

over

The

lens

reputation

high

focus,

focus,

he

Voigtlander

to

short

light

of

researches,

diaphragm.
a

tician
mathema-

Acting

lens.

the

of

great

objectives,

the

having

(Petzval)

if he

gave

two

Voigt-

whom

use

which

optician enjoying

an

with

made

of

instituted

Petzval

time

form

better

**

daguerro-

(a

Daguerre,

small

cess.
suc-

gives

the

Petzval

in

following

year
that

the

to

that

devise

and

attention

the

by
diaphragm,
inquired
light ensued, and
a

had

orthoscopic

"

when

Vienna)
direct

the

less

or

Ettinghausen,

type

of

for

"

von

visit

step

others

more

the

came

orthoscopic

1840

returned

not

went

until

phragm.
dia-

glasses

however

same

in

Ross,

of
Petzval
production
thus
late Mr.
Traill-Taylor

The

lander.

first to

by

joint

lens, the

having

the

been

meniscus

not

ones,

Finally,

of

ing
correct-

came

Thomas

substituting

by

laboured

that

lenses

son,

plano-convex

had

of

effect

approximately
solution
of the
difficulty of curvilinear
of
in
two
convex
planoa
portrait-objective

lens

would

twixt
be-

placed

diaphragm

errors.

Andrew

put

character,

lenses

two

73

area;

capable
was

the

used
portrait
universally
which
the
was
orthoscopic,

74

THE

allowed

to

when

days,

in

lens

it

was

mistake

to

such

although

form

opposite

the

But

field.

entirely

was

it

as

had

was

been

theretofore

had

what

to

it

that

suppose

distortion,

of

only

increase

an

gave

flatness

improved

those

the

was

and

sidered
con-

of

lenses

achromatic

landscapes,

with

aperture

without
of

for

use

the

on

single

the

wards."
after-

years

seeing **)was

(**correct

advance

great

several

for

perdu

orthoscopic

The

of

lie

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

STORY

common.

flat

nearly

lens

back

plano-convex,
together with
meniscus,
glass, joined to
crown

achromatic
of

of

consists

orthoscopic

The

bi-concave

(Fig. 27).
flint-glass meniscus
of
The
portrait objective
to,

Fig.

is

slightly
It

is

one

meniscus

composed

is

placed

lenses

front

The

Fig.

and

of

plano-convex,

shape

plano-convex
bi-convex
composed

to

to

as

appear

crown-glass
flint
of
of

concave-convex

glass.

of

almost

back

so

plane.

joined
lens

double-convex

flint

two

apart.

else

bi-convex
The

lens.
a

or

28.

distance

some

ferred
re-

of

consisting

27.

achromatic

above

Petzval,

combination

or

is

crown

lenses

These

are

usually

mounted

(Fig. 28),

so

as

not

to

touch

one

other
an-

76

STORY

THE

OF

PHOTOGRAPHY.

refracts
the
glass Strongly disperses and
but
glass
crown
light, while
possesses
refract.
to
Although
disperse and
power

each

to

they

compensate
that

extent,

of

allow
a

like

1842

Grimaud

there

by

Herr

far

and

known

it

With

secondary

the

microscope

but

step,

turning

first

it

and

amplitude

need

clearness

diminution

such

was

hardly

was

Voigtlander,
glass.

new
was

of

be

From

Berthiot,

and

constituted

and

the

on

objective

taken,
the

possible
of

others.

to

Darlot,

thus

considerable

with

led

to

was

undertook

result

It

quickly

was

optical

presence

photographic

attention

their

objectives

great

the

to

better

became

microscope

The

success

Harnack,

Steinheil,

the

microscopists.

this

proved

it

that

optician,

Abbe.

by

the

about

long

ere

as

nised
recog-

for

the

the
for

and

with

met

it

without

objectives

There

France

found

soon

borates

glass.

Jena

as

Zeiss,

spots.

that

in

Jena,

named

was

stability

advantage

to

lenses

delight

to

of
what

of

Abbe

indicated

it

substance,

wide

Dr.

construct

lines

lack

Schott

make

to

the

in

power

almost

thing

one

Turned

glasses

said

not

however,

abandoned

was

For
was

thing

new

non-marketable

abroad.

as

vary

do

they

yet

dispersive

the

However,

success

to

acid

material.
be

the

indicated.

as

new

of

for

boric

of

that

to

the

demand

use

soon

lenses,

to

glass manufacturer
idea
of substituting
the
in the
of glass.
making

silicates

no

the

possible

French

had

the

was

power
alteration

an

it

some

manner.

In

for

of

united

defects

render

is, they

refractive

the

other's

of
rays
feeble

all
For

claimed

field, together
the

length

of

Rudolph,

taking

his

in

exposure.

Nor

was

this

all.

For

Dr.

LENSES.

on

the

established

as

Stand

Schroeder,
proposed

plan

give

the

to

of

which
of

objective
with

little

was

parallel

the

of

action

played

had

but

all

correcting
admirably
of the
spherical aberrations
This

combination

Triplet

The

lens

correcting

flint
for

three

image
for

distortion

flare

spot.

and

the

does

rays

So

it seemed

much

Jena

and

glass

hardly
still

added

be
its

on

the

trial, so
time

the

supplant

manufacture,
whole
The

art

of

as

claimed

from

the

of

speak,

to

well

as

to

the

with

aperture.
the

about

it.

need

It

material

new

already

flint

flat,

from

say

from

honoured

is

obtained

that

it

central

view

possible

the

entirely

bids
of

glass

revolutionise

is
fair

lish
Engthe

lens-making.

above

Dallmeyer,

while

baryte

secondary

image

an

necessary
lenses
made

to

the

corresponding

of

that

the

further

field

exceed

of

is corrected

as

still

lenses

aplanatic

good

the

not

and

name

of

is

gives

well

Moreover,

the

correction.

and

It
it

astigmatism

oblique

the

achromatism

as

in

in

chromatic

composed

that

share

theless
Never-

central

disappears.

combination

the

glass

part

the

place of two,

in

totally
from

with

the

Jena,

colours

the

free

to

of

glass

little

given

being

of

objective.

was

Apochromatic

and

of

plate

important

whole,

two

between

combination.

the

most

of

portion

than

and

surfaces,

lenticular
it

more

the

diameter

central

to

for

glass,

smaller

This

correction.

triple

of

lens

able

was

composed

crown

1885,

ing
adopt-

elements

the

of

lenses

he

Abbe,

objective

placed

was

Dr.

in

other,

the

on

Zeiss

an

meniscus

simple

and

by

optician

construction

principle

general
uranophotography,
a

upon

regards

Hugo

Dr.

by

hand

one

77

will

particulars,
give

an

and
idea

the
of

the

triplet
way

of
in

J. H.
which

78

THE

STORY

combinations

OF

latter

at

was

time

one

of

holds

objectives
will

the

of

light.

lens

the

overcome

glasses
have

they

attendant
of

much

of

quick

that

difficulty

less

by

this

it

than

plates

It

the

more

is

greater
have

cementing

the

to

rate
sepa-

certain

of

extent

ever,
how-

light has

since

become

introduction

the
in

was

the

sought

disadvantage,

loss

importance

that

the

to

The

on

the

disadvantage

one

is

and

succeeded.

illustrate

construction.

makers

together,

by

ag.

noted

Some

of

distinguished

to

serve

multiplied

are

to

The

thought

combinations

these

surfaces

loss

be

order

(Fig. 29).

photographic

however,

attending

highly

very

Fig,

should,

in

up,

non-distortion.

still

and

examples

principles

built

and

photographers,
position amongst
These

be

to

came

achromatism

secure

PHOTOGRAPHY.

the

old

portrait

days.
The
one

subject

might

length.
give

the

scientific

of

extend

Sufficient
reader

is such

these

remarks

has
an

research

to
optical side
standpoint.
present

the

lenses

been

insight
has

which

bring
One

large

almost

to

said,
into
been

any

however,
the

depth

like

to

of
on

necessary

photography
would

that

one

to
to

its
add

LENSES.

about

something
but

will

space
need

It

with

hardly

do

may

confine

his
or

landscape,
with

the

focus)
are

In

only

rapid

enlarging,

f/8.

of

one

double

etc.,

the

is

an

is

the

For

iV ^^

^^

landscape

lens

angle

"

achromatic,

an

"

has

work

general

select.

to

wide

he

f/ii (/.^., iV

or

as

is the

combination

for

best

for

the

best

architectural

required,

above

aperture

purposes,

for

copying,

rectilinear
for

objective

of,

say

photographing
work

wide-angle
might

two

31.

views,

rapid

of

general

Fig.

instantaneous

and

situations

For

until

"

to

rapid

say

"

lens

30.

or

Where

interiors

lens

(Fig. 30),

Fig.

for

lens

one

f/io

it advisable

find

single objectives.

doublets

called,

takes

who

person

portraiture

of

good

sea-views

These

is

is

lenses

hardly get along

the
beginner
Although

it.
and

groups,

single

good

aperture

an

to

mastered

thoroughly

of

can

will

indeed,

attention

rectilinear,

that

objective.
and,

so,

said

be

seriously

simple

makers

different

permit.

not

photography

up

or

the

79

be

in

confined

rectilinear
chosen.

of

8o

One
of

of the

or

front

that

give

the

of

One

rapid

half

the
as

combination

of

and

Of

f/4.

or

in

used

this

have

the

of

making
might

so

of

capable
selection,
in

man

of

which

and

The

department
of

of

albumen

tographer
phoand

careful
secured

neatly

in
singly or
is
adopted.

worked

out,

highly

are

mended.
recom-

COLLODION.

advance

photography,
on

By

too

IX.

OF

important

past

work,

of

either

be

INTRODUCTION

next

kind

to

battery,

complete

carefully

CHAPTER

THE

be

attention

that

so

camera

cannot

of

one

has

their

have,

his

is

years

series,

focus,

whole.

the

moment.

thus

if

of

exposure

that

angle

narrower

some

every

one

every

lenses,

useful

extremely

for

may

for

combination,
sets

with

the

in

pocket-case,

Such

out

is

advantage

to

turning
in

go

use
a

of

lenses

focus

combination

For

been

suitable

speak,

to

half

increased.

considerably

lens

portraits

length

the

way

manufacturers
to

if

course

glass

in

the
the

after

plates,

wide-angle,

length
for

specially

is, with

generally

portrait

focal

the

doublet

useful

f/3

twice

lenses

diameter.

possessing
or

given

longer

same

be turned
may
lens
of
a

landscape

about

that

makers

the

of

is
these

and

lens, other

rectilinear,

single

back

advantage

double

diameter

combinations

two

made

shown,

here

as

is that

lenses

illustration

an

Dallmeyer

larger

the

wide-angle

which

part
of

PHOTOGRAPHY.

useful

most

most

lens

than

be

OF

of
Dallmeyer,
31).
Although

(Fig.
the

STORY

THE

was

chemical
tion
introduc-

the

inven-

of

tion
viscid

dissolved

in

the

surface,
the

translucent

tough

sensitive

following

year,

he

upon

glass by

with

react

in

proofs
I

the

made
an

hint

similar
about

same

of

assistant

to

as

the

the

introduction
Scott-Archer
to

might

but

known;
far
that

others

amongst

in

whom

from

and

assistance,

to

whom

application.
6

to

Mr.

to

end

some

P.

W.

particular
much

he
order

1850

of

Fry,
he

is

was

tical
prac-

photography.

of
his
the

he

How

he

is

he

his

not

had

so

process

friends,

and

pher,
photogra-

received
due

appears
that

collodion

out

soda."

the

works.

of

of

Frederick

to

and

to

working

it known

made

of

for

of

his

of

the

the

is

in

shade.

the

J. Bingham,

is indebted

sculptor,

obtain

collodion

it

method

I afterwards

solution

Robert

But

attention

towards
in

of

photography

his

succeeded

he

by

records

turn

to

time

up

preserve

came

value

this

was

taken

have

the

world

of

in

weak

very

ether,

thus

hyposulphite

Faraday.

that

Scott-Archer

ride
fluo-

alcohol,

and

seconds

fix with

and

in

sulphuric

silver,

five

with

image

iron,

of

sulphate

in

camera

the

develop

of

nitrate

in the

acid, the

collodion

with

lished
pub-

just discovered

with

saturated

vehicle

English

dissolved

soda

first to

book

hypofluoric

Fahr., mixed

afterwards

In

have

and

potassium

as

into

"

says

the

been

salts.

translated

and

and

rating,
evapoof
form

the

collodion

of

1847,

forty degrees

in

have

to

in

process
of

freely

runs

film.

appears

the

holding

added.

alcohol

and

behind

left

employment

the

suggest
for

Gray

Le

M.

is

collodion

is
it

glass

ether

the

and,

alcohol

of

plate

upon

pyroxyline

soluble

which

to

is

Collodion

of

composed

COLLODION.

process.

ether,

poured

over

collodion

the

compound

When

OF

INTRODUCTION

THE

for

much

its

cessful
suc-

82

STORY

THE

results

The

in

greatly

advance
in

said

be

may

the

and

of

clean

soaking
When

is

acid,

to

which

been

added,

is to

take

and

small

poured
the

may

be

in

dissolved

proportions :
Sulphuric ether

potash.

of

sulphuric
acid

operation
thoroughly

is

freed

from
is

It

in

ether

of

has

now

and

pyroxyline,

or

by

nitrate

dried.

sulphuric

is

of

it
it

gun-cotton

to

it.

nitric

wash

then

and

chemical

of

next

which

after

squeezing,

well-known

of

The

and

cotton

water,

the

it.

over

into

collodion

excess

quantity

its

on

using

quantity

it

compound,

nitrate

the

soaked,

out

by

water

in

that

attention

of

the

hitherto

in

the

ways

preparing

removed,

running

best

so

came

and

making

cotton-wool

thoroughly

potash

in

the

method

One

of

methods

discovering

to

time

were

art

adepts

many

much

gave

the

immediately

and

use,

manipulation

improve

almost

It

general

very

established

have

to

basis.

present

by collodion
that
of anything
had
practical photography

obtained

achieved

been

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

the

ing
follow-

"

i8

fluid

ounces.

Alcohol

drachms.

....

Pyroxyline
of

Solution

30

...

ammonia

have
In

of
the

early

own

dangers,

early

trouble

of

days

of

it

little

ready

collodion

was

doing

it.

tedious
an

amount

which

of

to-day

men

when

and

mide
bro-

potassium
for

use.

of
many
their
own,
To

have

and

caused

and

of

the

nothing

say

process,

photographers
the

drops.

collodion,

prepared
of

ways

it is

photographers

their
its

added,

been

the

leading
had

iodide, and

soluble

some

is

obtained

solution

The

grains.

toil
but

and

little

conception.
When

poured

upon

plate

of

glass

collodion

84

STORY

THE

almost

The

its

attending

to

with

its

this

that

the

enough

outdoor

work,

while

of

photograph
dim

the

light,

surface
task

of

the

Many

of

and

immediately

is not

necessary,
to

moist

for

then

nitrate
and

of
found

with
these

to

some

and

the

contact

spotty

tion
solu-

the

in

into

employed
In

processes

the

here.

them

methods

or

solution
for
lieu

of

were

this

for

week

plates

zinc, and

of

used

the

to

It

prepared

were

for

regard
during

Nitrate

answer

success.

suggestions,

various

long

time.

was

similar

the

that

introduction.

enter

crystallisation.

grape-sugar,

the

the

nitrate

made
its

ere

magnesia
to

silver

were

keeping

certain

preventing

that

for

of

that

in

makes

many
defects

other

however,

devised

reason

great

following

say,

being

so

take

to
account

dried

and

most
al-

was

requisite,
dry before

to

the

process

years

it

and

collodion

wet

use

on

was

when

for

work.

to

these

though

desired

was

simple

silver,

attempts,

overcome

its

result

weather

slow

too

was

or

the

dry.

ill-adapted

was

time

veloped
de-

to

process,

exposure
had

plate

cold

In

negative.

were

long

it

time

interior, where,

an

nitrate

the

Suffice

If

wet,

be

must

had

travellers

was

silver

the

for

spoiled, for the

iodide
crystallises

plate

to

studio,

accomplished,

was

with

the

impossibility.

an
a

for

dion
collo-

while

plates
had

that

necessity

camera

collodion

wet

nected
con-

sensitized

the

surface

the

reason

the

exposed

the

suitable

with
in

was

drawback

the

was

exposed

before
For

One

employment

collodion

shortcomings
tempts
atperceived, and

be

them.

coated

of

many

to

remedy

be

further,

and,

the

began

plates

should

value

before

use

made

glass

PHOTOGRAPHY.

inestimable

established

hardly

the

OF

by

more

of

honey,

same

purpose,
ter,
bet-

anything
made

pose,
pur-

use

of

THE

for

INTRODUCTION

some

years

important
penot,

the

was

then

dipped

of

washed

in

and

J. Harrison,*

W.

that

was

salt

the

silver

This

nitrate,

was,"

says

process
the
cess
pro-

superabundance

and

away,

then

was

dry-plate
of
philosophy

The

which

plate,

first

means

washed

was

poured

was

of
"

Tau-

method

plate

bath

the

"

its

by

The

and

new

J. M.

public

dried.

utility."

practical

the

time

second

Dr.

sensitized

dry.

to

to

albumen

and

allowed

again

Mr.

iodized

of

collodionized

over

when

scientist, made

solution

laid

was

French

wherein

stepping-stone

advance

and

but

85

COLLODION.

OF

of

crystallisation

so

obviated.
The
and

1855,
The
but
it

where

it

plates

would

the

slow.

was

effort

"

the

success.

in

1856,

of

He

took
for

ten

According

process,

the

to

film, after

iodide

"

of

"

History

some

be

covered,

of

surface
so

use."
have

commercial
his

for

process

considerable

produced

is immersed

Photography."

to

as

to

had

stance
sub-

of

description

having
"

for

ready

rison,
Har-

new

appears

own

every
the

says

sensitive

they

silver,

After

the

patent

his

and

it.

dry-plates

years

that

was

months,"

kept

collodio-albumen

might

out

weeks

undoubtedly

of

make

to

time.

process

improve
few

and

land,
Eng-

some

eight

or

in

in

dry-plate,

Birmingham

vogue.

sensitive

the

wherewith

dried

be

first

and

to

to

plate

Norris

Dr.

six

announcement

other,

it to

for

Taupenot's

Dr.

collodion

enable

been

made

the

or

for

the

1855, "every

saw

popular

method

of

value

of

in

process

keep

now

publication

known

Taupenot's

the

was

very

drawback

great

established

of

was

Lumilre

La

made

after

soon

was

in

published

was

process

in
in

his

it the
a

solu-

86

THE

of

tion

SrORY

OF

arable,

gum

albumen,

its

then

are

light,
used

it

and

plates,

iodide

over

of

the

plates

of

all, without

were

with

the

of

having

for

of

tannin,
than

the

devised

by

"albumen-beer

by

success

study
the

use

beer, with

gallic

valuable

the

expeditions

of
which

of
a

Venus.

of

mixture
the

sensitized

Russell,
acid

ness
sensitive-

induced

which
that

C.

and

thence

result

interesting

pyro-gallic

or

powers

was

came

they
although
as
compared

Major

by

mide
bro-

former.

the

most

it

found

he

to

in

secret

the

1874
of
and

albumen

plate

that

with

used

The

better

as

was

out

are

was

process
and
known

sent

try

acids

those

Abney,
Captain
which
process,"

transit

the

used

from

Another

them.

the

of

keeping

substance

with

derived,

slow

are

rapidity

processes

period,

One

dry-plates,
the

of

use

of

the

that

and

maker

the

sensitiveness

dry-plate

first

the

that

and

to

collodion

wet

as

some

the

employed

increasing

rapid

exception,

that

was

prepared

same

wet-plates.

these

who,

in

the

films

thus

by

other

during

use

for

tain
re-

the

plates
as

to

and

length

silver,"

due

collodion

any

superior

of

was

number

into

the

discovered

"

the

exposure
of time

nearly
thought

is

substances,

state;

ready

The

lage,
muci-

drying,

pervious
for

kept

been

have

of
on

are

desired."

to

had

be

may

as

said

and

dried,

or

and

like

pores

condensation

sensitive

the

starch, gelatine,

vegetable

such

other

or

occupying

film, prevent

dextrine,

tragacanth,

gum

will, by
it in

of

or

caseine, gluten,
that

PHOTOGRAPHY.

was

to

it

lay
flat

given

wash.

were

to

as
however,
Important,
the
at
time, they proved

better

connected

things.
with

One

of

the

photography,

these
but

developments
stepping-stones

most

indeed,

striking

facts

is the

rapid-

INTRODUCTION

THE

with

ity
who

it
tual

has

callow

youth

and

rapidity,

Collodion

emulsion
after

soon

foreseen

was

method

be

that

require

So

or
or

have

of

leapt
such

have

to

of

could

be

floating

in

many

of

part
devised.
"

of

silver

it,
hot

that

1864
This

Bolton

bromide

these

need.

the

met

of
to

in

that

seemed
could

to

be

which,

served
preupon

either
or

at

tive
nega-

was

nor

minds.

alcohol
it

And
a

had

been

nitrate

of
added

to

production
who,

by

collodion,

collodion.

of
lodion,
col-

until

not

was

nounced;
an-

"photo-

really effective

the

bromized

tions
combina-

Gaudin's

and

that
Indeed

print

compound

Liverpool,
the

notion

end

that

meet

in

tographer
pho-

idea

the

to

could

French

in

appeared

neither

dissolved

bath

positive

time,

words

called

be

obtained."

statement

he

it

required,

of

use

in

to

collodion
would

when

succinctly

but
as

and

of

which

poured,

and

onward.

step

photography

lapse

been

this

gene,"

of

the

after

next

forth

put

the

intended

silver

barely

1853

as

by

paper

put

before

Sayce

with

nitrate

collodion,

flask

This

was

strength

silver

Gaudin

sensitive

pictures

latter

sister

and

advance

early

future

in

silver

occupies

now

has

the

next

the

whereby

whole

"the

must

tury
cen-

ineflfec-

science

introduction

the

named

once

its

the

first

arts

seems

was

the

eliminated.

glass

it

of

it

yet

even

its

the

virile

to

men

in

within

from

all

the

its adolescence.

passed
Very

that

branch

No

of

stage.

it, either

position

of

science.

from

the

to

to

stage

of

aspects,

hand-maiden

every

hold

developed

beginnings
the

as

art

been

from

intelligence

the

took

its

or

87

COLLODION.

passed

for

successively

scientific

has

much

speaks

It

it

which

OF

the

emulsion
of

Messrs.

adding

trate
ni-

developed

Plates

coated

88

THE

with

this

and

first

followed

rough

could

of

then

The

"

the

to

the

services

wholly
of

from

it,
how

know
As

to

from

the

it if

1850

as

Ni^pces
French

the
the

collodion,
other

disadvantage.

The

the

Poitevin

He

or

nothing

would

most

fertile

in

not

as

always
more,

of

in

which,
felt

the
and

deal

great

vehicle

and
of

photography,

nature

no

generation

Daguerre

owes

was

did

later

after

"

gelatine

drawbacks,

almost

to-day

little

the

dangerous

tant
impor-

wished.

art-science
of

process,

such

majority

the

they

SLIDES
CAMERA.

is

know

perhaps

use

emulsion.

collodion

it

experimenters

whom

many

tion
prepara-

ROLLER

rendered

past.

indeed,

use

HAND

the

state,

probably

to

suggested
of

and

early

two

earlier
one

of

thing

them.

for

Bolton

"

photography,

to

photographers,

about

the

wet

water,

dry

made

that

its

hot

popular

THE

"

Notwithstanding
in

in

it and

PROCESS

PHOTOGRAPHY

particularly

required

was

"

that

X.

GELATINE-BROMIDE
FILM

All

very

Sayce

duced
pro-

collodion,

years.

with

years

was

and

bottle

CHAPTER

"

ten

emulsion

were

use,

similar

for

plates

quickly

some

salt

bottles

Dry-Plates,"

still in

very

silver

the

the

coat

to

and

THE

tannin

was

emulsion

an

by placing

Beechey

years,

in

when
it

melt

and

of

speak,

until,

pure

kept

be

necessary
to

wash

to

so

introduction,

first

composed

was

draft,

improvements

by

its

was

given

were

dried.

This

which

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

concoction

then

after

STORY

to

however,

"

place
apart
be
than

GELATINE-BROMIDE

THE

the

hint;

throw

out

either

independently

Many

work

at

soon

until

not

that

of

September

British

which

gelatine

were

grains

of

gelatine

dissolved

then

drachms

eight

cast

grains

of

grains

beneath

and

when

in
the

made

the

and

heat,

four

of

then

fifteen

and

being

fine

of

coating

being

faint

but

exposed
ture
pic-

clear

of

solution

aqua

were

thin

pyro-

little

able

to

the
to

and
line

available
have
he

of

the

time

been

had

results, therefore,

thus

he

gations
investi-

doubtless

have

set

left

his
his

at

with

up
to

restrainer,

in

had

process

disposal

copy,
photo-micros-

relinquish
afoot.
the

(caused

his

defects

taken

perforce

research

would

he

acid

as

at

appear,

carried

he

he

overcome

nitric

acting

Had

further

would

as

of

presence

plates slow.

the

all

the

completely

not

were

regia)y which,

aqua

appears

his

with

water,

upon

being,

reason

part,

the

showed

experiments

successful,

but

dried,

developed

Maddox's

been

then

of

Thirty

drops

duction
pro-

acid.

gallic

by

given

the

the

of

result

been

negative,

cold

bromide

bromide.

in

on

solution

silver

had

emulsion

least

silver, the

of

that

Plates

this

of

month

silver.

two

cadmium

nitrate

emulsion

milky

in

of

was

ingredients

of

this

Into

added.

note

chief

and

the

In

application

water

pure

regia being

the

it

published
a

swelled

were

by

of

he

bromide

and

were

Southampton

failed.

the

emulsion,

an

hands

of

year

cated.
indi-

although

of Photography

Journal
of

that

tion,
sugges-

thus

cunning

had

others,

his

research

Maddox

Dr.

for

upon

problem

others

where

of

and

the

on

1871

succeeded
of

line

brains

busy

remained

acting

or

prosecutethe

to

it

and

89

ETC.

PROCESS,

matter

to

others

Publishing
for

others

9"

to

think

THE

STORY

over

and

the

found

others

all

England,
therefrom.

success.

emulsion

was

endeavoured

no

Older

time.

how

much
the

could

they
would
their

were

often

will

in

training

they

not

spoil

they

understand

plate

inability

methods

old

to

decompose

who

after

give

at

The

presence

These

Kennett
a

pound
com-

gelatine,

then

dried.

dry-plates,

success

partly,

"

before

their
their

remember
with

had

and

certain

of

and

an

amused
Their

them.

beyond

gether
to-

iodide,

or

little

recount,
were

Burgess's

prepared
not

were

reach

to

with

of

mixing,

photographers,

introduction,
smile,

they

because

doubt,

failed

cleared

Kennett

and

commercially

but

"is

in

benefit

patented

chloride,

the

during

Burgess

he

solution

which

silver,"

much

to

and

were

commercial

trouble.

bromide,

salts," formed
Both

the

thrown

Kennett

temperature.

aqueous
a

of

the

to

thus

and

apt

was

remove,

"an

with
nitrate

it

was

to

of

is

high

salts

soluble

if

and,

involved,

deriving
they just
difficulty

The

like

hint

produced

fact

that

the

Burgess

without

The

anything

as

worth

handle

problem

whom

of

complete

took

and

though

article,

far

so

quite

another

the

at

abroad

Kermetter

that

"

experiments,

who

worked

and

complete

more

wheel."

photographer's
out

seems

adds

advantageous,

Amongst

to

process

conducted

carefully

more

out

issue, remarking

judged,

be

can

of

work

satisfactory

and

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

such

been

that

their

rapidity.
They
of
because
plate, simply
them
a
sufficiently quick

exposure.

Doubtless,
blame.

ripe for
of

silver

plates, too,
the
is, that

fact

The
the

the

perfect emulsion,

bromide

was

not

were

somewhat

time

because

was
our

not

to

yet

knowledge

sufficiently complete.

THE

92

of

rotted

These

be

may

treated

that

interior

mechanism

sensation

world

is

photography,
idea

third.

of

germ

its
in

the
of

one

while

which
the

held

other

exposed,

this

taken

on

success

"

"

it

About
were

it

exercising

to

success

period,
their

wits

as

an

before
several

in

the

by
in

present

the

camera,
paper,

it had

been

its

received
of

first

enough

as

and

succession

unquestionably
same

of

soon

"

out

sensitized

appears

qualified
the

as

the

was

pictures

strip of sensitive

long

invention

was

mire

of

one

taken

crude

supply
length,

by

way,
a

this

the

received

length
In

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graphic
photo-

patent

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evolution

1854,

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for-

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roller-slide

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Spencer

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roller-slide, with

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history

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as

paper

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than

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regard

are

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The

few

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of

in

and

to

photography

yesterday
a

in

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the

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wonder

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are

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seeing

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of

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picture supports,
subject.

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and

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PHOTOGRAPHY

though
being a saving

produced,

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OF

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STORY

ture.
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could
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paper.

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THE

and

GELATINE-BROMIDE

notably

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Captain

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would

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Fox-Talbot

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nature.

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the

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Exposure

popular,

Investigators
produce

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its

film

glass,

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paper

in

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strumenta
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roller-slide

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black

introduction,

to

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to

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black

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-otherwise."

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plates.*'

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the

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the

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His

published

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But

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93

roller-slide.

practical

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ETC.

India.

give

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Barr

Warnerke

for

in

was

PROCESS,

find
sessing
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lighter
others,

problem,

THE

94

in

and

OF

STORY

in

succeeded

1876

manufacturing

Canada-balsam,

from

compound

PHOTOGRAPHY.

such

collodion,

and

castor-oil.
This
and

glass

allowed

emulsion

did

means

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luminous
of

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Warnerke
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The

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of

upon

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another
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"

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with

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film

superiority

dark

ience
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of

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tripod

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Figs.

32

this

first-class

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tripod
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Guardia's

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PROCESS,

GELATINE-BROMIDE

THE

double

to

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33).

and

Another

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the

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dry-plates

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g6

THE

tographs

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STORY

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There

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PHOTOGRAPHY.

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PHOTOGRAPHIC

PRINTING

PROCESSES.

CHAPTER

PHOTOGRAPHIC

will

It
'

first

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XI.

PRINTING

remembered

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turned

PROCESSES.

that
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to

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7

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To

great.

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method,

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Gray.
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some

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obscura
image of the camera
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in
in photography
the
were
In

97

said
can

processes

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considerable

therefore
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of

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98

THE

STORY

direct

sorts,

of

direct

Thomas

by

Wedgwood
though
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1802,

Their

obtained.

Talbot,

was

which

The

mechanical.

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the

PHOTOGRAPHY.

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fix

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most

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the

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THE

lOO

Struck

STORY

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Poitevin

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Collotype, the Woodburytype,
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Paper
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than

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upon

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Into

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not

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"

ing
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PHOTOGRAPHY.

about

and

themselves
was

OF

then

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way

ment.
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mixture

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under

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iron

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This

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rep-

PRINTING

PHOTOGRAPHIC

resented.
that

paper

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Meanwhile,
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of

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Treatise

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Upon
of

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Photography."

paper

ered
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than

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development

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waterproof

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Johnson

J. R.

the

final

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serving

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film

The

PROCESSES.

over

In

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THE

102

acted

STORY

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tacky/*

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procedure,

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J. C.

Burnett

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ture
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as

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combined

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time

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"

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affirm

of

case,

it

praise
it

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development
of

the

that,

tones,

Whether

high

those

value,

impressions,

striking

"c.

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delicacy

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indeed, so

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of

quality

newspapers,

artistic

this

printing

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raphy.
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photographic

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than

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ing
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development

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to

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113

photograph,

"

may

might

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description

PRINTING.

ordinary

an

"

view

LETTER-PRESS

AND

PHOTOGRAPHY

and

outdoes
it
or

be
of

sciences.

will

not,
knowledged
ac-

tography
pho-

STORY

THE

114

OF

PHOTOGRAPHY.

CHAPTER

XIII.

"HOTO-BLOCK

of

NUMBER

applying

plates, from

by

purely

are

to

methods.

kinds.

surfaces

show

is

thereof

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film

so

in

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transferred

portions

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and
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and

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ner
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in

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great

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PRINTING,

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photograph.

ii6

THE

flat

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PHOTOGRAPHY.

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has

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OF

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STORY

described
made

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photo-blcx:k

erably

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pair

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laid

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117

process.

transparency

carbon;
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printing.

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much

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block

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copperplate.
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1880

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to

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glass

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plate

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Woodbury's
Major

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Burton

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out

Photographic

materially

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Il8

THE

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STORY

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of

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wetted

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perchloride

of

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and

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PHOTOGRAPHY.

film

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rich

very

OF

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relief,
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PHOTO-BLOCK

make
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PRINTING.

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1

86

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to

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posed
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print-

STORY

THE

I20

ing,

namely,

which

could

the

transferred

chiefly for

taken

the

map

from

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to

in

and

papyrotype,
based

R.E.,

by

of

means

chromated
is

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soluble

photography
in

type

for

the

under
the

by

is

of

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line

thing
all

time
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the

of

late

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efforts

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and

relief

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is

quite

long

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difficulty
has

success

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were

attended

photo-engraving

Practical

Guide

for

to

Poitevin

were

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also

blocks

workers

thoughtful

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Woodbury
of

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earliest

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better

years

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half-tone.

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but

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this

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tions,
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in

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only

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book-work.
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popular

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in

form

is the

J. Husband,

production

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with

of

name

description

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Burton.*

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on

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PHOTOGRAPHY.

limited

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Photography,"

in

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PHOTO-BLOCK

using

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periodicals
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Burton

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late, however,

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principles
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STORY

THE

122

of

ence

relief

half-tone

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

on

surface

more

less

or

compressible, and
consisting of a series of slight
eminences
a
forming
grain, as, for example,
paper
surface
like
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something
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having
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eminences

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than

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;

ished
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THE

124

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

STORY

to the
tography, and
be
applied to the
will not
be entirely

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industrial
lost

of.

sight

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"

sixty

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and

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rays.

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than

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anent

the
"

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by

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us

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of

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stars,

drawings

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re-

photography

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for

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already

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of

zone

but

years.

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have

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sciences

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after

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ment
announce-

Ni^pce,

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has

"

the

chemist

as

ence
sci-

During

since
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of
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industry

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light

and

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to

of

joint discovery

Fox-Talbot,

branch

name

photography.

have

that

the

to

department
from

years

APPLICATIONS.

AND

difficult

benefited

not

XIV.

DISCOVERIES

would

It

photogravure

arts,

CHAPTER

RECENT

it may

in which

ways

mark
ments
move-

not

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DISCOVERIES

RECENT

their

out

physical

and

of

One

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with

acquainted

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probable
existence.

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he

photography

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line

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round

all

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the

world

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aid

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whole

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More-

the

"

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the

the

rings,
in

system
of

the

the

planet

throughout
is

photography
the

heavens

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the

is considered

"

the

us

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observatories

of

ken
This

glasses.

establish

rotation

rotation

the

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give

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revolution

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to

sun."

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of

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to

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it

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to

Keeley's

to

period

mean

orbits.
that

and

photographs

the

estimating

planet,

to

of
his

addition,

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in

able

was

constitution

meteoric

be

Professor

Suffice

working.

that

of

description

small

of

satellites

demonstration

needless

is

so

have

mathematical

the

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circular

telescope,

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onstration
dem-

small

in

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the

astronomy

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are

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we

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mathematical

rings

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immense

data

our

of
triumphs
J. E. Keeley's

students

Maxwell's

the

that

of

25

upon

meteoric

the

All

rings."

Saturn's

into

effects

Professor

"

an

moral

astronomical

latest

is perhaps
photography
proof of
spectroscopic

are

APPLICATIONS.

lives.

daily

of

AND

that

means

Photography

of

and

may

most

to

of

myriads
the

used

being

stars

powerful

seem

strange

astro-photography
the

Annual,"

telescope.
1896.

its

can

But

it

126

THE

be

to

ceases

that

STORY

the

plate

sensitive

exerts

see

may

fewer.

and

fewer

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place of
until
impressions,
have

may

seen

it

though

of

photo-micography
the
portraits,

lantern,
same

all

way

bodies

be, and

may

of

handmaid

is

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the

novelty

the

public
Most

caused

persons

art

of

optical
In

tissues
aid

the

for

are,

are

them

will

remember

the

civilised

throughout
of
the

of

the

tures
struc-

the

of

our

of

this

raphy,
photogthere

but

in

science

still

are

that

recent

so

in

fresh

mind.

that

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the

wonder

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of

anatomical

of

of

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their

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department

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by

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disease-bearing

and

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of

take

to

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parts

sciences.

the

of

upon

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enabled

means

enlarged

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aid

the

By

study

by

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to

vastitude

photography

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the

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number.

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have

to

so

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triumphs

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times

only

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the

tinues
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half-an-hour

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realm

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to

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end

thousand

Analogous
of

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at

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photographic

But

tiring,

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plate,

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stars,

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ing
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Thus,
first

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eye

of

photographic

the

mind

invisible

capable

action.

his

gaze

albeit

of

at

in

"

"

surface

watcher

observation
to

senses

cumulative

bear

we

energy

the

to

astronomical

an

when

other

or

impalpable

and

PHOTOGRAPHY.

surprising

light

any

OF

flesh

of

bones

had

by

means

spherical glass

tube

the

of
or

world

scientist.

German

Wtirzburg,

the

succeeded

hand
the

bulb.

rays

through

sensation

by

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nouncement
an-

Professor
in

its

proceeding

graphing
photoing
cover-

from

RECENT

DISCOVERIES

Some

twenty

electrode

the

the

light

the
when

the

tube

of

rays,

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that

the

the

weaker

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totally

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stance
circum-

fluorescence

invisible
of

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imperfec-

made

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tubes,

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at

oscillating

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by

to

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tion
descripfrom

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eye,

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German

two

tubes

vacuum

vacuum

became

caused

the

in

the

further,

noticed,

to

other,

became,

the

in

127

it should

ago,

Goldstein,

that

vacuum

carefully

more

years

and

visible

to

of

more

observed

light

the

or

Hittorf

explained,
physicists,

APPLICATIONS.

AND

origin.
Such

spherical
that

England

tubes

Professor

were

the

Photography

was

part

"

of

1894

Crookes'

36."

instruments
first

Lenard,

which

fixed

by

modestly
midst

of

was

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the

the

first

which

of

the

on

be

to

early
it

that

objects

and

New

the

In

showed

announced,
more

in

Crookes*

as

observed.

Bonn,

at

fact
and

was

by

photographic

ordinary

stance
circum-

Tube.

afterwards

could

the

them

with

shadows
secure
possible to
substances,
optically opaque
these
shadows
of
impression

plates

from

Crookes

experiment

to

Fig.

tubes

known

"

was

through

obtain

an

photographic
and

developed
methods.

however,

So
in

striking novelties,

the
that

128

THE

STORY

those

even

who

had

read

attention

of

announcement

with
that

the

all

the

of

the

of

name

first

there

in

the

that

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or

camera,

changed

there

of

so

even

in

of

their

physical

of

the

periments
ex-

of

range

of

of

the

object

is left

are

now

by

means

persons

which,

at

first

found

soon

it

rendering

foreign

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body,

metallic

substance

fracture

or

usual

in

malformation.

is

the

result

plate,

and

way.

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bullet,

the

system,

graphs
phototions,
radia-

Rontgen

of

in

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a

only,

curiosity

use

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with

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object
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photo-

are

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they

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be

to

light,

of

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action

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far

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permanent
Most

lens,

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made

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scene

extending

soon

experiments

only

were

the

was

stance
sub-

Photography.

new

In

an

but

world

an

Rontgen

scarcely

was

obtain

weeks

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sible,
pos-

upon

penetrating

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X-rays.

announcement

laboratory
the

and

to

mained
re-

was

light.

the

to

the

bone

it

hand

the

sensitive

invisible

these

to

tube,

of

that

the

word,

Crookes'

skeleton

the

ordinarily
gave

that, in

of

means

found

while

served
ob-

electrically
completely

not

He

rays.

and

opaque,

outline

did

the
covery.
dis-

R5ntgen

bulb

transparent,

were

by

tube,

plate

cathode

by

that, experimenting

1895

betwixt

sensitized

parts

held

their

sensational

of

end

until

subject

more

spherical

hand

and

charged
soft

Rontgen's
the

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to

lished
pub-

graphs"
shadow-

"

him,

by

afresh

towards

was

arrest

obtained

called

when

paper
that
such

forgotten

been

was

PHOTOGRAPHY.

Lenard's

well-nigh
had

It

OF

position

exact

needle,
or

to

by

surgery

or

other

examine

RECENT

DISCOVERIES

the

But

accidental

importance

discovery

instance

have

to

questions

up

theories

have

ultra-violet

light

Portion

"

Thumb.

the

the

of

large
the

of

theory

question

light, sound,
gravitation itself.

that

Photography
Q

be

to

the
have

the

phenomena
"

brought

and

another,

the
F.

Hicks,

of

Ball
R,

S.)

that

the

tudinal
longiif

which,

theory

be

million

missing

the

the

may

in

of

physics
electricity, or even

department

of

prove

may

up

opens

for

supposition

is the

"

open

those

by Prof.

Photograph

be
may
ether
the

in

would
as

not

Several

embedded

Needle

It

about

light;

first

does

"

X-rays

vibrations

with

Hand

the

account

the

ordinary

radiations
waves

true,

with

sensational,

Rontgen

in

appears

to

that

129

Rontgen's

is

K^From

most

it

advanced

than

greater

37.

for

"

been
One

Fig.

Professor

of

been

phenomena.
times

APPLICATIONS.

happy chance
applicability in surgery.
of
enormous
magnitude.

its

with

rest

AND

esis
hypoth-

Whatever

right

there

one,

in

involved
us

face

as

to

the

face

is

no

new

with

STORY

THE

130
facts

which

been

considered

Thus

been

would

disclosed,

tend
for

and

the

less

general
in

whither

it may

surprises

of

the

was

form

of

it may

have

idea

in

store

the

wheel-of-life

use

of

it

in

as

new

the

or

his

by
the
it

making

in

object
The

to

W.

first

in

half

the

the

of
throw

the

secure

half

moving

of

enlarged,

so

in

to

in

the

apparatus,

an

he

posed
pro-

graphs
photoand

band,

(2)

whereon,

screen,

give

action,

been

successive
as

moving

advance

whereby

the

rapidly

have

long

step

second.

for

upon

handle,

of

instantaneous

upon

motion.
loco-

introduced,

was

to

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series

scenes

moved

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of

made

objects

optical lantern,

take

to

of

as

while
Mean-

further

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his

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cameras.

of
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an

fraction

with

field

in

matter

film

ripe for
photographing

of

would

of

was

them,

means

the

battery

Friese-Greene

(i)

pictures
the

ance
appear-

life.

But,

Friese-Greene's

although

taken

the

public

to

smallest

camera,

by

matograph,
Cine-

Marey

touching

sensitized

highly
possible

moment

regard
and

means

raphy
photog-

the

been

long

carried
of

of

to

photography."

zootrope.

researches

Muybridge
further

it had

X-rays

etc., but

animated

"

to

not

was

the
surprise than
the development
the
Kinetoscope,

Theatrograph,

referred

popularly
The

public
the

was

impossible." *
has
exploration

knows

one

have

ago

us.

Hardly

to

if not

scientific

no

fresh

what

or

for

while

short

only a
improbable,

realm

new

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

by

in

out

actual

Edison's

Strand

1889,

he

original
anticipated

was

of

production

Kinetoscope.
Magazine

patent
as

invention

his

This

July, 1896.

may

gards
re-

in

be

THE

132

of

raphy

late

made

in

said

about

will

be

regard

image
in

when

wielder

the

and

operators

of

the

is to

in

is

to

it

gives

the

life
To

the

from

the

to

science
to

view

have

by
been

various

given

acted

is

he

are

is

however,

by

upon

so

at

his

does

easy
not

do

combined

the

bring

those

light

to

by

light

that

parts
the

this

metallic

means

of

the

as

to

disposal.

it would
an

it has

the

of

to

the

that

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not

for

is

sents
pre-

distinguished

action

in

to

fusing
in-

plate

impression

silver

enabled

ture
pic-

plate, and

photographer
the

his

out

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may

it

brush

sculptor:

exposed

The

and

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reducing

developer
case

will

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chemical

the

had

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to

on

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of

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of

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This

state.

which

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and

much
chisel

power

through

is said

the

ment
short, develop-

In

the

unexposed

received

tography
pho-

idea

who

developing

or

by

of

both

the

of

nothing

is

with

hiding-place

eye

and

development

anyone

lifelikeness

or

artist

the

statement.

the
the

an

and

painter,

from

an

image

photographer

him

such

one,

the

the

But

that,

study

that

said

photographic

endorse

latent

plate.

the

be

simply

the

than

more

would

has

experience

readily

about
is

out

it

but

words

exposed

is

been

camera.

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science

pages

brings

the

to

has

developer

which

is, he

latent

much

Much

further

few

say

advance

great

foregoing

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developer

Captain
of

to

if, that

"

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takes
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anyone
up
frees
his mind
from

sooner

better
as

in

applied

the

been

developers.

to

compound

truth

the

has

these

chemical

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

years

necessary
To
many

them.
a

STORY

be

the

question

best

to

one.

quarrel

The

with

employ
true

the

in

man,
craftswealth

DISCOVERIES

RECENT

of

implements

rather

them

himself
time

general

use

found

usually

are

number
all
be

of

of

Of

their

the

etc., it is

not

manuals

and

in

forth

set

It

For

may

rodinals,

in

any

tail.
de-

great

photographic

journals

be
added

is

recommended

preventing

as

it

Amidol

with

dissolved

which

acts

detail

and

as

in

for

Mr.

Wilson

"

solution

is

considers

tion
solu-

potash
citric

bromide

portrait

to

sodium

It

"

tones.
half-

for

over-exposure.

of

and

snap-shots

while

rapidity,

great

the

with

to

correcting

quick

delicate

preference

density,

good

with

useful

in

soft, albeit

eikonogen,

accelerator.

an

developer

and

accelerator

specially

acts

when

in
an

and

for

developer

detail,

1889

Meldola

(that is, opacity),

in

fog

in

Professor

picture,

strong

carbonate

introduced

fine

black

density

should

J. A.

and

tions
qualifica-

good

gives

thin,

hold

and

was

by

accounted

somewhat

Some

it

and,

metols,

speak

the

which

exposures.

acid

seen

light,

to

constitution

discovered
is

1881),

ments.
require-

have

uses,

late,
oxa-

These

ordinary

brought

to

all

more

Eikonogen,

(though

all

amidols,

their

in

admirers.

necessary

not

the

ferrous

and

special

special

for

purpose

however,

years,

eikonogens,

Are

for

their

have

fied
satis-

hydroquinone.

developers

new

them

added,

few

having

developers
acid

enough

last

The

the

added

be

may

his

quainted
ac-

aside.

pyrogallic

are

which

to

others

shown,

already

As

and

for

but

thoroughly

one,

best

the

lays the

being

by

133

command,

himself

one

tg

as

his

at

making

about
with

APPLICATIONS.

material

or

sets

AND

and

amidol

tives.
nega-

especially
sulphite,

yields excellent
specially useful
lantern-slides.

superior

to

THE

134

other

any

gives

fine

soft

carbonate

as

obtainable.

work

the

is

image

pyro

and

experience

"

it

by
and

crisper

showing

that

object

it because

to

yield
easily

to

is

which

using

amidol

either

harsh

of

excellent

producing
Glycin,

another

more

like

acts

has

well

under

gradually,

and

the

sity
densome

its tendency
is

fault

management,

tendency

with

fog

to

liberatio
dethan

capable

doubt,

slow

developing

newer

in

action,
to

Bringing

gathering

either

like

than

tendency

control.

but

results.

pyro

is very

It

metol.

of

oped
devel-

greater

This

is, without

and

developers,

films

er,
slow-

proceeding

less

gone

for

consider

careful

and

shows

has

Indeed,

negatives.

solution

dilute

gives

they
by

it

detail,

metoL

what

overcome

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most

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pyrogallic

negatives

it

or

graphic
photo-

is somewhat

It

while

pyro,

gested
sug-

of

of

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show

only

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gallic
pyro-

parlance,

year,

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as

acid.

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by

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hand

It

place

developer,

than

than

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1880,

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pyrogallic

the

that

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gradually,

superseding

on

easily

is,

in
where-

force

composition.

in

experts,
acid

much

so

intimately allied
briefly, in photographic

Captain

by

plates

time-exposures,

agent

chemical

in
"

for

and
exposure,
better
qualified

with

so

is

density

is

or,

"

'*

"

for

produced

Hydroquinone
acid

fair

ash
pot-

of

amidol,

not

With

useful

peculiarly

deliberate

more

detail.

good

than

is

development

rapid

minimum

with

hand-camera

with

is
a

along

Metol
paper.
in action, and

accelerator,

an

received

perhaps,

is

out

Metol

have

bromide

negative,

bringing

of

capable

PHOTOGRAPHY.

for

developer

that

OF

STORY

opacity

amidol

and, like
if

hardness
out

agents,

the
with

quinone,
hydro-

not

image
the

or

kept
very

appear-

DISCOVERIES

RECENT

of

ance

for

copying

and

maps
work

those

clear

potassium

acts

Rodinal

as

is

round

developer,
work,

camera

possible

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as

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may
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of
of

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rodinal
All

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plate

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This

twenty

harmony
given

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film

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some

action

of

metabisulphite
;

of
of

however,

if

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allowed

or
can

at

power

phite
sul-

sodium

obviate

to
to

act

upon

length

of

time,

they

silver

salt

which

had

the

light.

the

In

have

we

alkali

an

developing

presence

in

used

are

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of

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agent

fera

tally
to-

type.

compound
for

and

either

apart

have

to

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reduce

only

advantage

deposit

with

potassium

for

it does

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the

to

developers

conjunction
said

They

much

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ment
picture, develop-

the

the

hand-

bluish-black.

carbonate,

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hardly

of

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for

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regards

para-

good

protracted,

above-named

alkaline

of

getting

greatly

colour

in

solution,

of

sodium

Seeing

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for

plate.

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The

tive
nega-

bromide

adapted

considerably

negative

is great

form

It

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detriment,

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the

combined

well

agent

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there

alkali.

of

out

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very

and,

stance,
in-

to

of

glycin,

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caustic

and

sulphite

for

as,

concentrated

very

with

amidophenol,

ommended
rec-

restrainer.

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been

also

colour

black,

mechanical
photo-

hundredth

The

greyish
veiling.

from

freedom

second.

has

exposures,

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varying

of

thousandth

It

adapted

for

and

drawings,
brief

very

135

well

specially

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for

is

is

details, glycin

the

APPLICATIONS.

AND

first

was

dry-plates
years

by

ago.

suggested

Carey
It

was

Lea,

slow,

as

of

veloper
de-

delphia,
Phila-

however,

136

THE

gain

to

would

it

is

in

and
is

giving

is still

of."

for

unexposed
the

named

and

simplicity

the

with

augmented
of

sodium

of

in

increased

picture

the

to

the

only

in

beat.

the

extent

knowledge
taking

up

to

few

is

drops
thereby

high

the

and,

lights

itself
it

to

it is

time,

it still holds

fair
hard

very

other

all

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because

so

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it

because

velopers
de-

sesses
pos-

usefulness.
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perhaps,

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powerful

in

water,

is

the

best

such

serious

use

to

greater

a
a

or

sufficient

and

anyone

study

cannot

for

of

absorber

advantage,
essential

to

useful

substances

other

as

mously
enor-

for

degree

is

is

first

prefer

of

chemistry
photography
of

The

rivals,

proves

small

its cleanliness,

powerful
that

course,

be

once.

every

and
"

"

and

range

many

soluble

oxygen,

no

hardly,

development
less

of

wide

and

these

say

indeed,
in

very

need

It

race,

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to

to

"

Many,
"

used

the

the

"

developer

position
to

acid

pyrogallic

due

at

these

all

Notwithstanding

of

while

gards
re-

may

use,

negative

The

almost

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developer

strength,

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by

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as

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black

qualities

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ferrous-oxalate

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cies,
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Amongst

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**

found

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"

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metol

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"

paper

work

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tinent
Con-

places

of

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employed,

scientific

both

comers

bromide

it
in

the

on

in

of Photography^

required,

an

as

background

it holds

however,

Book

in
is

image

late

England,

extensively

and

the

although

before

Year

the

says

in

position

America,

useful

extremely

much

the

way
In

order.

England
partly,
difficulty of preparing

the

very

with

comparison

in

"

from

still

PHOTOGRAPHY.

favour

popular

appear

and

OF

STORY

COLOUR

be

PHOTOGRAPHY.

urged

Strongly

too

thorough

to

in

grounding

137

that

would

treatise

in

another

few

Every

months
the

to

has

problem
in

discovery

reported
before

end

the

is

it

they

have

accidents.
the

the

In

other

is made

is

which

printed

separate
be

"

found
are

of

several

of

satisfy
exceedingly

the

fine

the

dozen

section

film

other

the

tograph
pho-

on

is

mechanical
"

or

variation

colouration

These

some,

of

coloured

photographs

colour.

duced
pro-

plates;

merely

and

each

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whereby

familiar

the

of

faulty

some

have

or

it is

that

sections,

portion
to

the

oblivion.

gelatine
dividing

contrivance,

be

using
in

of

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form

another

by

it

or

on

cases

By

least

in

but

into

it.

occurred),

three-colour

back,

or

result

have

(such things
of

the

at

or

days;

kind

of

collodion
been

in

great

Possibly

quietly

much

been

nouncement
an-

photography

discussed,
few

is

be

the

length

fact.

is

fresh

some

that

and

be

colours

upon

at

sink

to

not

manipulation,

that

public, for

allowed

has

There

us

may

will

ever

brings

accomplished

an

though
al-

there

time,

present

solved,

out
with-

photography,

there

effect

been

is

colours

kept

the

reality, up to
Whether
thing.
question.

such

science.

incomplete

be

colour

about

something

no

PHOTOGRAPHY.

COLOUR

little

by

XV.

CHAPTER

This

himself

prepare
useful

the

only

process

the

picture

receiving
methods

and

in

several

but

the

result

its
may

the

is

sults
re-

col-

138

STORY

THE

cured

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

photograph,

the

not

of

photograph

natural

colours.

something
photography
have
given

Nevertheless,
colour

to

who

satisfy those
the
subject
Of

solved.

the

the

in

80

that

within

the

range

in

of

white

the
been

light

and

silver,

distinct
the
he

and

ceived
re-

which

had

chloride

of

subsequently

ceived
per-

Referring

colour.

of

to

Goethe,

following:

becomes

chloride

violet,

colouration

sometimes

In

the

takes

blue
a

more

well

extends

by

part

clear

beyond
of

blue

tion
posimeans,

any

violet

reddish-brown

from

constant

the

In

chloride

continued

be

whilst

properly

moist

is maintained

spectrum
the

I observe

by

upon

printing

minutes,

twenty

the

thrown

if the

paper,

for

chloride

is

prism
to

violet.

the

passed

of

produced

spectrum

silver

more

of

rays

surface

means

Ritter

by

Farbenlehre"

"

He

"

constructed

fifteen

the

raphy
photog-

to

"When

of

in

colour

prism,

he
of

traces

experiment
says

which

upon

tend

Seebeck

by

were

which

made

end

upon

sensitive

rendered

and

possibility.

of

through

spectrum

sults,
re-

observations

Jena,

this

To

ter
mat-

Victor,

ultra-violet

the

to

the
some

St.

direct

be

prominently

most

experiments

respect

solar-spectrum.
beam

of

view

the

into

achieved

certain

10

to

day

one

gone

out

to

attention

will

Becquerel,

Seebeck,

repeating
1

stand

the

encourage

is

18

as

Dr.

by

have

Herschel,

Lippmann.
As
early
made

and

gard
re-

possibly

careful

have

in

done

enough

"

who

that

of

been

problem

men

names

those

was

the

thoroughly,

most

are

that

has

light

the

(sometimes
blue),
the

the

tint,

this

and

limit

spectrum
which

of

the
the

fades

THE

I40

STORY

OF

His

Bccquerel.
plate, such

as

method

take

to

was

silver

in

used

was

its surface
prepare
of silver.
This
was

chlorine

PHOTOGRAPHY.

with

daguerrotype,
thin
coating of

done

either

by

and

chloride
it in

soaking

surface
of
a
by forming
of
acid
by means
hydrochloric
treated.
On
chemically
a
plate

water,

chloride
chlorine

prepared

or

an

spectrum

of

exposure

sufficient

was

few

minutes

impress

to

to

silver
and

thus
the

to

the

different

colours.
Other
tried

were

the

with

photographic
fix

he

be

only

have

we

his

form

plate

in

shortened

the

specimens

of

of

to

of

of

out

by

though
our

would

St.
to

vivid

preferable
He

for

also
sent

bition
Exhi-

the

while

but

few.

they

Victor

the

tions
reproduc-

colours;

directly

repeated

lime.

exposure.

remained

almost

hours,

exposed

were

light.

Poitevin,
others

of

chief

tints

the

faded

diffused

the

could

immersing

by

included

They

some

several

of

it

colour-photography

1862.

of

others

his

silver

chloride

of

period

found

He
of

solution

less

light, oxygen

St. Victor

de

Ni^pce

chloride

or

colours.*

the

seen,

secured.

they
they

and

the

as

Becquerel

he

that

light,

little

as

their

more

was

faint

experiments.

Becquerel's
to

about

destroying

speedily
As

air

before,

rendered

came

with

images

trouble

in

examined
the

stand

the

then

Davy

years

have

to

but

and

fifty

description

But

success.

coloured

the

appears

permanent

similar

Wedgwood

prints

not

Some

equal

Like

crux.

could

of

experiments

St.

experimented
Herschel,
without

acQuisitions

Hunt,

Becquerel,

adding
in

lines

the

on

respect

Abney,

Captain

Florent,

much
to

to

colour

ably

so

and

marked

Victor,

and

St.

the

volume

photography.

of

COIX"UR

it

PoitCTin,

PHOTOG"AFHT.

is tree,

acid,

Carey
very

hopes

Lea

ia

littie,

if

colours

the

others

189

however,

the

Gabriel
that

taken
is

takes

to

effect

the

the

it, and

the

brown
white

reflected
colours

as

the

oxidation

film

of
and

in

of

dep"osit
light,

towards

which

less.

the
of

appears

possessed

the

"*

Proceedings

of

the

Royal

by
fiim,

rays,

and

stationary.
in

the

own

structure

interior
structure

thus

silver, when
imbued
the

parted,
im-

viewed
with

image

camera.

ror.
mir-

is formed

waves

by

posure
Ex-

metallic

behind

their

tograph
pho-

substance,

any

falling

scribed
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as

the

coloured

impress

must

Photographic

which

light

virtue

be

grain

with

incident

by

it

method,

in

made

latter,

came

advance

Royal

mercury

are

by

obtained

Paris,

His

vibrations,

by

opinion
salts

the

results

contact

film,

h:s

as

to

distinct

be

the

after

wnen,

silver

of

The

of

us

natural

investigator

the

incident

sensitive

the

same

back

reflect

stationary

The

by

layer

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new

transparent

of

of

were

d:ic

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in

earned

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may

place

make

thus

have

he

-pon

ia

follows:

as

it

running

the

gave

before

him

is

to

photography.

by
is

e5cct

Lippmann,

we

colour

The

accosi-

researches

and

scene,

provided

br

s-Iph-r:c

hare

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in

were

In

1,

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obtained

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Society,

cf

10

than

Abaey

silver

actual

upon

nearer

the

admitted

of

but

any,

and

Professor

is

raised

1SS7

colours

Becquerel

upon

tures
pic-

"":t:s;t:Te

nitans

appears

were

research,

patient

oce

photography

by

that

no

br

of

c?:Ic-r5

feat.

the

High

"ied

be

the

ren-tred

paper

maj

althoug^h

plished

of

on

chloride

silver

thai

states

reproduced

141

Society,**1897.

the

in

THE

I4a

STORY

colours

These
the

or

mother-of-pearL

same

when

of
the

of

colours

The

and

development

can,

moreover,

fixing

be
be

action

the

of

be

to

Lippmann's
up

the

to

obtain
as

we

are

As

be

where

admitted

science, they
Mr.

the

of
is

three

He

harmonious

The
of

parts

almost

suggested
The

colours.
but

one

of
that

the

an

molecules

"

Thus,
matter

very

of

under

that

glasses

the

but

"

with

were

and
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very

to.
there-

the

several

their

appropriate
ing;
nothor
anything

suggestion
if

picture

truth

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trived
con-

ferent
dif-

under

is that

mean

the

must

are

approximation

select

in

it

taken

nature,

may

of

so

concerned,

specially

with

explanation

idea.

hence,

language

result

deceptive

see

can

to

attempts

is

lights

indeed
of

term

advance,

and

in

he
the

negative

the

though
al-

colour-photography.
there
is something

negatives

not

blending
and

taking

all

exact

shows

with
"

the

method

these

coloured

and

But,

obtained

called

three

colours,

seen

in

trichromic

conditions;

resist

to

as

process,

results

be

apparatus

They

were.

striking.

peculiarly

if exposure

decided

photography

cannot

Ives's

is

resisted

but, speaking

ing
alter-

Professor

way.

three-colour

that

thus

so

negatives,

we

tine
gela-

Development

usual

has

the

the

regards

beautiful

In

it

present

much

the

process

prints from
practical colour

far

fixed,

time.

in

affected

are

tive
nega-

the

of

conducted.

properly
and

deposit.

completely

light

is

origin
of

by his method,
perfectly true

produced

holds

Lippmann

their
tints

the

silver

the

soap-bubble

by reason
slightly, and

swelling

structure

is

that

damped,

film

the

the

such

fact

the

of

"

interference

**

by

hues

That

by

change,

the

as

way

demonstrated

produced

are

in

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

we

an

could
in

bration
adum-

imagine
sense

crys-

colour,

together,
would

present

together

facet,

another

and

wise

of

back

in

of

or

flect
re-

fell

they

presenting
colour,

and

difficult,
far

go

the

on

XVI.

rapid

in

The
wherein

which

to

and

drawings,
of

it

as

has

inventors,

long

and

of

partial

of

Cleveland,

to

were,

have

we

of

been

the

from

have

of

been

and

by
graphing
tele-

person
could

verify

at

time
is

his

aimed

end

It

line

the

presentment,'*

and

obtained.

success

friend

an

greatly

photographs,

counterfeit

stamp

days

transmission

that
a

new

thought

The

so

to
"

in

quite

these

triumphs

especially

his

in

nothing

turned.

been

transmit

time

is

takes

expectant

telephoning

or

order,

much

telegraph,

the

for

recent

many

achievement

its part

science

thing

new

of

tale

departure

developments

and

PHOTOGRAPHY.

plays

surprising

of

in

If

way,

not

writes, the

one

has

same

they

absorb

enormously

AND

investigation
means

fall

way,

another

is

theory

molecules

only.

does

photography

which

surprises.

won,

the

another

subject

TELEGRAPH

while

research

workable

theory.

Even

not

given

certain

have

investigator

THE

if

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CHAPTER

in

absorbing

that

should

we

the

But

on.

so

and

crystallised

or

that

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colour,

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in

facet

and

agglomerate

or

143

facets,

very
is, when

That

colouration.

of

many
of

power
arrive
at

might

we

so

the

had

facet

each

with

each

tallisations,

PHOTOGRAPHY.

AND

TELEGRAPH

THE

to

at

time

to
an

munication,
com-

by

heard

inventor
.

U.

S.

A., however,

that

we

are

in-

THE

144

debted
if
the

the

for

we

the

the

is

invention

the

the
of

is, under
Mr.
will

The

an

secret

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instrument

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supplied,

both

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receiving

apparatus,

seventy-five

dollars

claims

for

photographs
messages,

ordinary
of

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and

artograph,
be

and,

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one.

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at

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transmit

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the

sixteen

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use

39.

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Cleveland

accounts

simple,

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sending

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calls

Fig.

the

remarkable

published

exceedingly

of

of

report

very

patentee,
to

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

accomplishment

credit

may

stutz,

is

STORY

the

and

his

invention

rapidly

as

that

telegraph

artograph

lies

it

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as

permits

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the

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TELEGRAPH

THE

not

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new

PHOTOGRAPHY.

AND

to

one

who

anyone

145
knows

aught

picture, perfect in detail,

but
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lines."
for
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either
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The
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photograph

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more

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than

inventor's

aerograph,

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photographs,

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to

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etc.,"

146

STORY

THE

for

printing

first
an

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of

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of

sheet

substance.
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will
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by

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of

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at

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picture.

chemically
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terial,
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photograph.

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reproduced

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By

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to

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purposes.

automatically

to

paths
the

the

surface,

uneven

PHOTOGRAPHY.

other

or

forming

OF

be

substance.
paper

the

development.

end

In

paper.
used

in
In
lines
Mr.

case

order

to

case

of

will
Amstutz

be

148

THE

looks

for

STORY

the

machine,

aerograph.

it

of

hence

do

moisture.

by

the

of

remains

It

important

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to

There

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of

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to

certainly

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means

art,
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the

photography

up

of

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gledy-pig
hig-

certain

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box

and

specimens

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taken

not

carrying

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cunning
art

photography,
is

heaping

taste.

have

in

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meanings

deftly

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and

cabinet.

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royal
speedy

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difference.

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view-taker,

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fore
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intelligence

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ranty
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raphy
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carefully

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raphy.
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picture-producer,

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alone

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XVII.

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Fire

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to

There

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tarnish

permanence.

PHOTOGRAPHY

than

not

CHAPTER

in

engraving
engravings
duced
pro-

reproduced
photograph
will
aerograph
enjoy a sort of

every

his

The

celluloid

on

unaffected
them

PHOTOGRAPHY.

profit from

greatest

or

by

OF

mechanics

lay

disillusionment

thorough.
ago,"

says

the

author

of

recent

AND

PHOTOGRAPHY

article, "when

magazine
well

as

in

as

advertised

button

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nothing

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found

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taken

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character

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to

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photographer

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scope
;

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afford

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buttoner
desire

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to

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lies

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was

with

properly

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up

succeeded."

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master

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photographer,

up

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understood

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misrepresented
of
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many

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successful

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believe

firmly

they thoroughly
become

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many

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and

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it

how

good

feeling

photography

that

fool

any

created,

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convinced

that

fool

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cameras

result

it.

required

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only

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disappointment

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that

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larger

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the

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the

was

apparent

when

tried,

and

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that.

do

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It

were

there

that

it

when

only

pictures

and

root

button.

purchased

were

took

soon

tion
corporawhich

camera

pressed

photography,

pressing

soulless

be

to

idea

the

the

countries,

other

extensively
required

in

(/.^.,

149

photography
United
States)

amateur

here

infancy

its

in

was

ART.

subject

press
im-

extent

same

but

;
"

if

he

black

in

artist

work

even

he
he

can

will

THE

15"

STORY

patiently

only

OF

find

PHOTOGRAPHY.

the

out

spectrum-wielder

the

or

way

either

than

"

handler

of

the

monochrome

merely.
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out

colour

in

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the

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the

the

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Chatwood,

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luminosity,

Scientific/* by Robert
A.

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it
of

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tography,
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ject
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Photography

into

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very

thought

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deeply
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view

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foregoing
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gravest

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two

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are

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second

principles

and

themselves

first

in

forth

set

; in

divide

".

the
was

the
blue
it is

John*

PHOTCXJRAPHY

nevertheless

these
the

have

monochrome

other

In

the

words,

in

effect
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of

the

ordinary

the

resulting

real

object

colour

depicted.

is

obtained

picture

raphy
photog-

on

the

represent
parts

151

which

rays,

therefore

various

the

ART.

predominant

cannot

of

values

latter

is manifest

It

plates.

AND

not

true

one.

take

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instance:

an

blue, while

will

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yellow

the

is

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impressed

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print
taking

In
to

colours

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H.

Dr.

discovery
coralline,
the

Abney,

known

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rays,

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the

of

coloured

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of

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subjects

in

monochrome.

Abney.

of

til
un-

1873,

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to

to

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dyes,

remedy

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of

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with

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as

gave

not,

Berlin

with

soon

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and

was

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to

felt, especially

maximum

isochromatic

is, plates

that

one

chrome
mono-

their

sensitiveness

It

the

as

with

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experiment
of

the

experiments,

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red

that

graphed,
photo-

truthful

depend

of

defect.

Vogel

no

blue, it is evident

more

upon

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spectrum,*
and

Eder

W.

or

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lumi-

be

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a

combination

or

paintings,

of

the

overcoming

objects

two

that

greatly

speculation

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or

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lack

reproduction

the

and

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prevalent

to

subjects

named,

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yellow,

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sunset

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If, therefore,
first

In

are

plates,
yellow

practical

and

work,

representations

THE

152

STORY

Without
it may

going
stated

be

sensitive

be

the

to

and

violet

the

sensitiveness

with

the

red

action

that
of

the

it has

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fact

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sitiveness
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dye

PHOTOGRAPHY.

blue

slightly

erosin

OF

to

dicate
in-

pound.
com-

or

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plate

absorb.

besides

those

mentioned

are

PHOTOGRAPHY

and

available

include

ART.

to

for

and

more

cerulean,

green,

used

are

153

recourse

malachite

which

alizarin,

and

had

being

are

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more.

AND

sensitizing

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red.
whilst

But

colours

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eliminated

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the

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One
to

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of

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decided
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be

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to

as

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less

for

tween
be-

spectrum
well

as

spring

fidelity to
use
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plate

to

of

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prevailing
of
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with

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yellow

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reproduce

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can

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or

of

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sitiveness
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so

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possible

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of

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imparted

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sensitiveness
intensified

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thus

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way
pass
is to

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light yellow

of

the

coat

collodion

to

communicated.

surface

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of

is

to

paper

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allow
or

lens

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light
dayglass
with

;
a

tinge

THE

154

dyed

these

that

and

being

that

white

light,

light is

print,
of
and

be

differ

light in this

reason

front

will

be

of

the

lens, the

in appearance.
in the resulting

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greens

harmonious,

more

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instead
of
grey
white.
be
The

will

result

If, however,

instance,
a

yellow

any

plate, the

considerably

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the

large proportion

in

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ing
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between

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placed

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will

so

glass

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cloud

trees

yellow

blue

rendered

white

the

be

the

of

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whilst

the
is

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that

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The

on

and

glass

yellow

little difference

objects

the

that

"

without

plates

is very
obtained

there

PHOTOGRAPHY.

OF

Abney,*

If," says

"

STORY

be

may

in

the

view.**
Since

the

above

experimenter
him

in

has

in

small
all

of

proportion
colours,

usually
nor

to

makers

what

to

they

by

light-wielder

they

use

until

he

not

mind

enthusiastic

"

"

has

found

Treatise

enough

on

Photography

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in

For

plates.

to

out

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their

when

preparing
and
"

take

Photography."
Annual,

in

the
will

trouble, he

such
to

not

sensitive.

work

Hence,
a

trifling advantage

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experiment.

does

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specially

are

therefore

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qualifications

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approxi-

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any

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156

THE

fore, and
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STORY

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not

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the

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PHOTOGRAPHY.

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PHOTOGRAPHY

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158
of

THE

OF

STORY

thirty negatives.
of

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artist

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skill

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de

tour

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\.\i^ Photographic

enormous

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the

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The

PHOTOGRAPHY.

oi

Journal

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1858,

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to

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and
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ive;
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PHOTOGRAPHY

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to

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fresh

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her

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destitute

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Robinson

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l6o

STORY

THE

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the

set

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PHOTOGRAPHY.

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PHOTOGRAPHY

of

works

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like

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ticularly
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art

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kind

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the
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;
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skilful
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sentences

photographer

to

l62

STORY

TH?

of

Breadth

"*

produced

OF

PHOTOGRAPHY.

effect,"

says
of
extent

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only

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light or shade
vading
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ance
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;

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and

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Turner

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looking at

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landscapes,

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the

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fleecy
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air."

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figure photographs
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all

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Turner's

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warmth,

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But

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the

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PHOTOGRAPHY.

really exquisite

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at

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PHOTOGRAPHY

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goose-quill

the
are

men."

able

to

write

photographer
mighty

instruments

in

is

imagined

the

fact,

the
the

than

poet

rapher
photogand

calls

was

no

unthinking
pictures

make
in

wider

imagination.

the
to

the

not

for
of

of

imaginable
un-

speare
Shake-

were

of

from

beyond

then

may

from

nebulae

and

regions

it

is

art

invisible.

universe

the

H.
on

remote;

gone

camera

whole

in

unthinking

The

but

the

recognition

has

F.

"

the

realms

vast

Mr.

photographer

the

the

the

to

open

claims

it

worlds,

even

the
of

to

my

science.

infinitely

depicted

exhausted

of

range

nay,

"

close

photography,

of

atom

preceding

Robinson,

Mr.

The

the

thing
Some-

than

the

subjects

microscopic

most

space

for

said

to

plain
com-

almost

the

in

in

of

scope

the

to

of

remarks

fathers

limit.

no

infinitely

the

glance,"
that

view

better

do

the

nothing."

or

cause

subject

the

the

of

and

photography.

of

on

it

little

but
in

quoting

one

question

the

find

cannot

by

Robinson,

the

will

motto

science
in

is

there

possibilities

chapter;

"

that

the

Hence
combined

this

limitations,

the

has

this

All

that

boundless

little

up

"

does
of

takes

165

ART.

learner.

willing

who

one

art

be

the

of

AND

the

hands

of

INDEX.

Abbe,

Dr.,

Abney,

Camera

69.

^5, 86, lao,

the, 156,

39,

Academy,

Acres,

Calotype,

76.

Aberration,

Mr.

Actinism,
Albumen,
Albumen

131.

X45,

148.

triplet,

M.,

and,

157.

silver,

Astro-photography,

X35.

solution

of,

process,

X54.
xoz.

xoo,

M.,

35.
43.

Worlds

93.

Bauer, ir. Dr.,

Becqu'erel, 56, X38,

X38,
Becquerel,
dry-plat^
Beechey
Bennett,
Berard,

Chas.,

process,

Collodion,

80,

Collotype,

100.

87,

Photopnraphy,

56,

Colour

Sensitiveness,

xsx.

Crookes.

Prof.,

137.

Crookes^

tubes,

xaS.

X53.
X05.

9X.

76.

R.

Bitumen

J.,

34.

^3,

Blanquart-Evrard,

printing

Daguerre,

8x.

ofjudea,

Brittsh

40,

43i

M.,
45*

J. H.,

55.

Darlot,
process,

Journal

42.

Dallmeyer,

M.,

J.

S.

4X,

Burton,

John,
T.
W.

C,
K.,

Photography^

Davy,

Humphrey,
Mr.,

3X.

44.

x6x.

Eclipses,

xo3.

70,

77.

105.

of

Buigessjoo.
Burnet,

SO,

76.

Draper,

Burnett,

34.

D.

C,

Bingham,

Blue

x6o.

prints,

Cyanotype,

88.

137.

151.

Cyanin,

X4
xjow

85^

X53.

Colour

sS.

Berthiot,

X44.

X18.

Copper-plate

"

69.

X3X.

Ni6pce,

Claudet,

Coralline,

C";"tain,

9.

aberration,

Composition,
B.

Barr,

44.

Collodio-albumen

39.

75.

Autotype

gold,

of

Clic,

36,

Astigmatism,
Auromine,

of

Chloride

Cleveland

X04.

j3,

Chloride

Claude

148.

144.

Asphalt,

^x.

Cinematograph,
Exhibition,

Ardgue,

xa*

63.

Chromatic

77.

43.

Artograph,

Prof.,

Chevalier,

86.

X44.

Treasures

99.

3X.

Ccrulean,x55.

process,

photography

Art,

M.,

54.

M.,

X3.

56.

Process,**

Carbon

Chaussier,

Apochromatic

Art

the,

Charles,

Mr.,

Arago.

Camera,
'*

151.

Amstutz,

154.

39.

l)"er

Alizarin,

151,

Camot,

Birt,

Acrpg^ph,

140,

xo6.

49,

obscura,

zax,

155.

Eder,

X34.

X5X.

167

35,
73i

37,
^3fh

38,

39,

i68

Eikonosen,
Erosin

STORY

THE

OF

133.

a^et,

153.

"r"rthroftin,
Ettinghausen,

Keeley, J. E.,
154.

153,

Kennett,

Prof,

von,

73.

Ferrous-Oxalate"
Fheau,

164.

Lea,
106.

Lenard,
Lenses,

81.

add

Gamier,
Gaudin,

as

developer,

della

Giambattlsta
*'

49,

50.

101.

87.
Gelatine-bromide

plates,
Porta,

M.,

135-141.
55, 8z.

127.
19-20,

63-76.

Ljchtdriick,2x9.

G.
Gallic

230.

Carey.

Gray,

Le

Fowkes,
Capt., R. "., 58.
Mines
of, 9.
Freibeiv,
Friese-Greene,
W., 107, 130.

Fry, P. W.,

Light and shade, z6z.

Light as chemist, X24.
Linnell, 164.
Prof. Gabriel,
Lippmann,
Lithographv,
31.
Lumi"e, M., X3X.
Luna

154.

cornea,

9,

138,

241

zo.

14.

Giphantie,*'12.

Glycin,

90,

Como,
^6.
Landscape,
pnotographic,164.
Abbey, 45.
Laycock

44.

Fontayne,

and,

90.

Lake

135.

photography,

125.

Burgess

Kermetter,
Kinetotcope,

Fabricius, 10, ti.

Prof., 47.
Faraday,
"
Farbcnlehre/' 138.
Figure

PHOTOGRAPHY.

M.

134.

Goddard,
Goldstein,

Maddox,

43.

and,

Hittorf

Goupil process,
Z17.
Friese, 107,
Greene, W.
Grimaud,
76.
Sir W.
Grove,
R., 45.
Gum
Guaiacum,
11.

Marey,
Marion

130.

MetoL
"

of

76.

J., author
w,
Photography,"

Heliography,

X53.

green,
Z30.
"
Company,

xo6.

Maxwell,
20.
Meissenbacn,
Z2z.
Meldola,
Prof., 133.
Mercury,
40, 4X.

H.

Hamack,
Harrison,

Dr., 89.

Malachite

127.

of

"

tory
His-

13.

X34.

Photography,"

Modem

Monochrome,
W.
Morwm,

Muyoridge,

30,

255,

X50

T.,

106.

130.

Herr

Schott, 76.
Sir John,
Herschel,
Hittorf

41-zoi,

138.

N.

Goldstein, 127.
Horn
silver, 9.
Hunt,
Robert, 139.
Husband,
J., K. "., 120.

Iodine,

and

*"

New

photography,"

X28.

Mr., 59.
Newton,
Sir Isaac, 25.
Newton,
Ni^pce, M. Nic^phore,
3Z, et
Ni^pce St. Victor, 53-56, 238,
Norris, Dr., 85.

39.

seq^
240^

Isochromatic

plates. 151.
block printing,
process
Ives', Mr., trichromic
method,
Ives

of

i2z.

O.

143.

Obemetter,
**

James, Sir Henry,

1x9.
Jena glass, 76.
Johnson,
J. R., loi.
Journal
of the Royal
Society

Optics

53.

zz?;

Optical sensitizers."

\^

photograpny,
Oreanic
dyes, 252.
Orthochromatic
plates,
OttewiU's
folding camera,
of

24.

Z5x,

254.
59.

169

INDEX.

"

Printing,"

Silver

G.

Simpson,
"*

Papier

**

Pencil

Petzval,

velours," 104.
of Nature,"
46,

*'

printing,"

Photo-block

chemist,

Florent, iao.
Sulphuric acid,

91.

St.

103.

process,

solar, 26, 28, 151.

xx6.

Stannotype,
Stas, Bdgian

46.

Magazine^

Photo-aquatint

the

Spectrum,

74.

73,

Philosophical

103.

hyposulphate,X36.

Sodium,
52.

158.

Wharton,

X14.

drawing, 47.
Photogenic
and
Photography
art, 148.
Saenand
Artistic
Photography
;
tific," 155.
and
letterpress printing,
Photography

Swan,

141.

99.

T.

"

107.

Photogravure,
123.
Photo-lithography,

X23.
126.

Photo-micography,
"

Pictorial

Photography,"

Platinotype, 105.
Poitevin, 88, 120,
Mungo,
Ponton,
Pretch,

159.

140.

Fox, 45, 97, X39.

Talbot, Henry
Dr.
J. M., 85.
Taupenot,
and
photography,
Telegraph
143.
Theatrograph,
130.
"
of Life," 158.
Two
The
Ways
de la Roche,
Tiphaigne
12,
13,
Tissandier, M., 54.
Towson.
Mr., L,.
Traill-Taylor, Mr.. 73.

"'TwoWaysofLife,'^'x58.

X99.

164.

Turner,

120.

Pyrogallic add,

136.

133,

U.
xod.

Urie, John,
T. B., 51.
Reade, Rev.
Refraction, phenomena
158.
Rejlander,
Sir Joshua,
Reynolds,

Ritter, 11.
Robinson,

x6-x8.

transit of, X24.

Venus,

Voigtlander,
Vogel, Dr.

160.

F. H., 165.
Robinson,
de la,
Tiphaigne
Roche,
Rodinal,
135.
Prof., 126.
Rdntgen,

Wamerke,
Wedgwood,

xa.

63, 73.

Wilson,

Thomas,

73.

Whitehall

Royal Photographic
Dr., 76.
Rudolph,
Ruskin, 164.
Russell, Major C,

Society,

X4X.

86.

S.

Schroeder,

Dr.

Liverpool,

of

William,

20-24,

98.

104.

J. A.,

133.

62.

camera,

120.
Woodbury,
93,
Woodburytype,
100,
Major,
Woodhouse,
ix.
Wollaston,
xoa.
Wothly,
xoa.
Wothly-typc,

12a.

1x7,

87.

X-rays,

128,

X29,

Y.

Hugo.

163.

130.

11.

76.

Shadowgraphs,"

Shakespeare,

15*

X.

77.

Heinnch,
xo.
Johan
Schultze,
81.
Scott, Archer,
59,
Scott, Col. de C., R. E., 1x9.
colour, 153.
Screens,
Seebeck, 24, 138.
Senebier,
11.
**

Thomas,
Mr.

Andrew,

Herr,

151,

94-

93,

WillS, W.,

Ross,

Schott,

W.,

W.

Ross,

M., loi.
Salmon,
loi.
Sawyer,
Sayce " Bolton,
Scheele, Charles

76.

73,

H.

P., X58.

H.

Mr.

V.

of,

xaS.

Year

of

Book

Photography^

X36.
Z.

Zebs,

optician, 76.

Zentmayer,

75.

Zincography,
Zootrope, 130.
Zuccato, X22.

12a.

tht