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( ! *849 !
10
(rad)
p
(
(
10
(
(
=%
10
-0.35
-0.4
-0.45
Imaginery part of z
-0.5
-0.55
-0.6
-0.65
-0.7
-0.75
-0.8
-0.85
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
Real part of z
( ! *8?9
0.8
p
"
A-
0.85
0.9
0.95
10
10
10
10
10
-2
s p error (m)
dp error (m)
10
10
0.01m
0.02m
0.03m
0.06m
0.1m
-4
-6
10
10
10
10
10
-2
-4
10
10
tp error (rad)
10
10
10
10
10
10
error
p
10
-2
-4
-6
10
10
10
10
-5
10
10
( ! *8)@9
(
(
A$
10
10
s p error (m)
10
10
d error (m)
10
10
10
0.05m
0.2m
0.5m
2m
5m
-5
-10
10
10
10
10
-5
10
tp error (rad)
10
10
10
10
10
10
error
p
10
-2
10
-4
10
-6
10
10
10
10
10
-2
-4
-6
-8
10
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10
10
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10
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0 .
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( 5(0
10
0.05
0.3
1
3
10
s p error (m)
10
10
-5
d error (m)
10
10
10
10
-10
-15
10
-1
10
10
10
10
-5
-10
10
-1
5
10
10
10
10
10
error
p
10
10
-5
-5
t error (rad)
10
( 5()
(
(
10
10
-10
10
-1
10
10
10
10
10
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10
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10
10
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0
0.8
2
s p error (m)
10
d error (m)
10
10
-5
10
-10
10
-1
10
10
10
10
-5
-10
10
-1
5
10
10
10
10
10
error
p
10
-5
-5
t error (rad)
10
10
10
-10
10
-1
10
10
10
10
10
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-1
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10
10
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0 .
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(
(
10
10
10
-0.001
-0.003
-0.01
-0.03
-0.1
s p error (m)
10
d error (m)
10
10
-5
10
-10
10
-1
10
10
10
10
-5
-10
10
-1
10
5
10
10
10
10
10
error
p
10
-5
-5
t error (rad)
10
10
-10
10
-1
10
10
10
10
-10
10
-1
10
( ! *8)29
10
10
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-33.5
-34
-2
-34.5
600
700
800
900
1000
-4
1200
1100
Recieved Signal Phase (radians)
Recieved Signal Power (dBm)
-32.5
Frequency in MHz
Received power in dBm
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
Depth in metres
( ! *8)39
( 5(
-58
-59
-60
-61
-2
-62
600
700
800
900
1000
-4
1200
1100
Frequency in MHz
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
Depth in metres
( ! *8)19
( 5(
7
B-
-90
-95
600
700
800
900
1000
-5
1200
1100
-85
Frequency in MHz
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
Depth in metres
( ! *8)09
( 5(
-110
-112
-114
-116
-118
-120
-1
-122
-2
-124
-3
-126
600
700
800
900
1000
-4
1200
1100
Frequency in MHz
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
Depth in metres
( ! *8)49
( 5(
7
"0
B$
-140
-150
-160
-2
-170
600
700
800
900
Frequency in MHz
1000
-4
1200
1100
-130
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
Depth in metres
( ! *8)?9
( 5(
7
(
.
6
(
0 .
6
(
+ +
)
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(
'
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7
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(
0
/
6
(
(
"
(
)
B,
(
(
(
( 5(0
(
N
(
4
3.5
10
sp (m)
dp (m)
3
2.5
10
2
1.5
1
0
10
10
10
10
-2
10
10
10
0.1
0
-0.1
p
(rad)
p
-1
-2
-0.2
d =1.6m
1
d 2=2.1m
d =2.2m
-0.3
-3
0
10
10
10
-0.4
0
10
( ! *8*@9
10
B=
10
10
d =1.6m
1
d =2.1m
2
d 2=2.2m
10
sp (m)
dp (m)
10
10
-5
10
10
10
10
10
-2
-4
10
10
10
10
10
10
-2
-2
(rad)
p
10
10
10
10
10
-4
-6
10
10
10
10
-4
-6
10
10
( ! *8*)9
10
BA
0.9
Relative energy in singular values
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
=1 mS/m
m
m=5 mS/m
=10 mS/m
m
=20 mS/m
m
=30 mS/m
m
=40 mS/m
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
10
10
10
Number of principle eigenvectors, P
( ! *8**9
( 5(
'
)
# &?
1(
,0,,
'
7 )
*
0
7
)( /
0
!!
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(
(
)
(
( 5(
1 &0
)
*808*
&
*
0
(
BB
(
(
(
0
-30
-32
-34
600
700
800
900
1000
-5
1200
1100
Frequency in MHz
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
Depth in metres
( ! *8*/9
7
,0,@
(
(
(
0
,0,%
*808/
&
&
(
(
1 &)
1 0
+ +
)
(
(
(
7
(
B>
4 )
1 (
)
-36
-38
-40
-42
-44
-1
-46
-2
-48
-3
-50
600
700
800
900
1000
-4
1200
1100
Frequency in MHz
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
Depth in metres
( ! *8*29
7
B?
-34
-60
-80
600
700
800
900
1000
-5
1200
1100
Frequency in MHz
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
Depth in metres
( ! *8*39
7
B@
-40
-100
-150
600
700
800
900
1000
-5
1200
1100
Frequency in MHz
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
Depth in metres
( ! *8*19
7
B%
-50
-120
-140
-160
-2
-180
600
700
800
900
1000
-4
1200
1100
Frequency in MHz
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
Depth in metres
( ! *8*09
7
>-
-100
4
3.5
10
sp (m)
dp (m)
3
2.5
10
2
1.5
1
10
-2
10
10
-2
10
-2
Imag( )
Imag( )
0.1
1
-0.1
p
(rad)
p
10
-0.2
-1
d =1.6m
1
d 2=2.1m
d =2.2m
-2
-0.3
-3
10
-2
10
-0.4
10
Imag( )
10
Imag( )
( ! *8*49
(
-2
>$
0.95
Relative energy in singular values
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
Im( )=-0.01
r
Im( )=-0.1
r
Im( )=-0.2
r
Im( )=-0.4
r
Im( )=-0.6
r
Im( )=-0.8
0.6
0.55
0.5
0
10
10
10
Number of principle eigenvectors, P
( ! *8*?9
6
,0,= 6 ,0,?
(
(
O 8
'
(
7
,0,@
0
0
(
,0$B 6 ,0$@ O
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8
(
+ +
(
1
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6
(
0
)
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8
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(
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0
>,
'
'
0 .
'
(
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(
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(
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7
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(
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0
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'
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(
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0 .
'
0 &
'
+
0
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4
+ 40
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(
(
+ 4
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(
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(
(
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>=
0
(
Pipe
x
0.3m
RX
TX
( ! *8/@9 +
Antennas
'
0
0.08
0.5
0.06
0.04
Depth in meters
0.02
1.5
0
2
-0.02
-0.04
2.5
-0.06
3
-0.08
-0.1
3.5
-0.12
4
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
Azimuth position in meters
( ! *8/)9
>A
)
0 .
'
'
'
*
0 .
4 "
(
'
,0=,
' /
*
(
*
-30
-32
-34
-36
-38
-40
-1
-42
-2
-44
-3
-46
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
-4
1200
)
0
' /
Frequency in MHz
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
Depth in metres
( ! *8/*9
+ +
8
'
(
'
(
(
0 &
(
(
'
4
'
4
)'
(
(
8
8
0
,0== 6 ,0=B
()
(
*
(
0
>B
(
1
6
(
+ +
5
!+
'
0
.
,0==
9
(
' (
*
*
5
/
0
0
9
(
*
(
( (
-30
-40
-50
-60
-2
-70
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
-4
1200
Frequency in MHz
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
Depth in metres
( ! *8//9
.
'
,0=A
*
,0=B
' (
9
(
2
&
(
('
+ +
0 .
' 0 .
)
0
,A
(
9
(
>>
9
1
0
0
(
-40
-60
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
-5
1200
-20
Frequency in MHz
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
Depth in metres
$%
-20
-40
-60
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
-5
1200
( ! *8/29
Frequency in MHz
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
Depth in metres
( ! *8/39
*
>?
*:
*: "
4(
,0=>0
0.35
PV 1
PV 2
0.3
Relative amplitude in volts
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
( ! *8/19 &(
+ +
(
(
4(
(
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(:
+ +
,0=? "
'"
0 .
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9
0 0
'
*
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(
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9
,0=@
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5
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(
1(
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>@
4(
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6
)
(a)
(b)
0
0.06
0.5
0.5
0.05
1
0.04
1.5
0.03
2.5
Depth in meters
Depth in meters
1.5
2.5
0.02
3
0.01
3.5
3.5
0.5
( ! *8/09 .(
"
0.5
'"
>%
' /
(
(
'
0
0
+ +
0.9
Spacing between scatterers in meters
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
( ! *8/49
'
4(
4(
*8?
.( !%
,0=%
! -! ( ! !
(
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1(
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(
(
4
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+ 40 &
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4
+ +
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'
'
(
(
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(
)
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(
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6
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.
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+ 4
P5 P
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)
Antennas
TX
x
z
RX
0.1m
0.1m
Pipe
1m
( ! *8/?9 +
( ! *82@9
'
'
'
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,0A$ "
9
9
,0A$ '"
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('
0 &
9
'
)
'
,0=?0
-0B()
(
'
'
6
8
(a)
(b)
0.03
0.02
0.2
0.2
Depth in metres
Depth in metres
0.01
0.4
0
0.6
0.4
0.6
-0.01
0.8
-0.02
-0.03
1
0.5
0.8
1.5
0.5
Azimuth position in metres
1.5
( ! *82)9 .(
"
(
(
' /
0
+ +
'
'"
0
,0A,
'
4(
0
1(
'
(
(
9
(
"0
,0=?
(
?,
'
0.9
Spacing between scatterers in metres
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
( ! *82*9
'
(
4(
0
.
(
4(
,0A= "
)
9
'
'
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,0=? "
(
()
'
(
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(
(
(
(
1(
0
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(
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(
/
1
)
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(
'
+ +
0
'
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1
(
(
(
1
(b)
0.02
0.2
0.01
0.2
0.4
0.6
-0.01
0.6
0.8
-0.02
0.8
-0.03
1
0.5
Depth in metres
Depth in metres
(a)
0.4
1.5
0.5
1.5
( ! *82/9 ,
"
(
(
(
0
?A
' /
0
+ +
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(
(
(
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(
(
(
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(
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1
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8
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6
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(
4
(
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4
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4
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(
(
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(
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6
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(
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(
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4
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The Design of Hardware and Signal Processing For A Stepped Frequency Continuous Wave Ground Penetrating Radar - Alan Langman

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The Design of Hardware and Signal Processing For A Stepped Frequency Continuous Wave Ground Penetrating Radar - Alan Langman

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!

%) $-) $$) $,) $=G)

"0 & '

F$?) =B) =>) =?G0

F=) A%) B-G0 +

Approximation error (percentage of exact value)

FBB) B>) B?) B@) B%) >-) >$)

Percentage model error

2 way medium loss in dB/m

( F?,) >?) >%) >>) ?=) =@) ?AG0

+ +" F?=) >%G

Percentage model error

Recieved Signal Phase (radians)

Recieved Signal Power (dBm)

Received power in dBm

Recieved Signal Phase (radians)

Recieved Signal Power (dBm)

Received power in dBm

Recieved Signal Phase (radians)

Recieved Signal Power (dBm)

Received power in dBm

Recieved Signal Phase (radians)

Recieved Signal Power (dBm)

Received power in dBm

Recieved Signal Phase (radians)

Recieved Signal Power (dBm)

Received power in dBm

Relative energy in singular values

Number of principle eigenvectors, P

Recieved Signal Power (dBm)

Recieved Signal Phase (radians)

Received power in dBm

Received power in dBm

Recieved Signal Phase (radians)

Recieved Signal Power (dBm)

Received power in dBm

Recieved Signal Phase (radians)

Recieved Signal Power (dBm)

Received power in dBm

Recieved Signal Phase (radians)

Recieved Signal Power (dBm)

Received power in dBm

Recieved Signal Phase (radians)

Recieved Signal Power (dBm)

Relative energy in singular values

Number of principle eigenvectors, P

Azimuth position in meters

Recieved Signal Power (dBm)

Received power in dBm

Recieved Signal Phase (radians)

Recieved Signal Power (dBm)

Received power in dBm

Recieved Signal Phase (radians)

Recieved Signal Power (dBm)

Received power in dBm

Recieved Signal Phase (radians)

Recieved Signal Power (dBm)

Received power in dBm

Relative amplitude in volts

Azimuth position in meters

Azimuth position in meters

Azimuth position in meters

Spacing between scatterers in meters