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literature:
1. Patton (1990):
"a phenomenological studyis one that focused on
descriptions of what people experience and how it is that
they experience what they experience. One can employ a
general phenomenological perspective to elucidate the
importance of using methods that capture people's
experience of the world without conducting a
phenomenological study that focuses on the essence of
shared experience." (p.71)
2. Creswell (1998):
"Researchers search for essentials, invariant structure (or
essence) or the central underlying meaning of the experience
and emphasize the intentionality of consciousness where
experiences contain both the outward appearance and inward
consciousness based on memory, image and meaning."
(p.52)
3. Rossman and Rallis (1998):
"Phenomenology is a tradition in German philosophy with a
focus on the essence of lived experience. Those engaged in
phenomenological research focus in-depth on the meaning of
a particular aspect of experience, assuming that through
dialogue and reflection the quintessential meaning of the
experience will be reviewed. Language is viewed as the
primary symbol system through which meaning is both
constructed and conveyed (Holstein & Gubrium, 1994). The
purposes of phenomenological inquiry are description,
interpretation, and critical self-reflection into the "world as
world" (Van Manen, 1990) Central are the notions of
intentionality and caring: the researcher inquires about the
essence of lived experience." (p. 72)
The phenomenological inquiry is particularly appropriate to address
meanings and perspectives of research participants. The major
concern of phenomenological analysis is to understand "how the
everyday, inter-subjective world is constituted" (Schwandt, 2000)
from the participants' perspective. The basic philosophical
assumption underlying this inquiry has most often been illustrated
by Husserl's (1962) statements - "we can only know what we
Moustakas inlcudes:
MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS
ABOUT
SELF
AND
Individuals are not born with a sense of self but develop self-concepts
through social interaction
Self-concept is developed through the process of interaction and
communication with others
Self-concept is shaped by the reactions of significant others and by our
perceptions of their reactions
Self-concept, once developed, provides an important motive for
behavior.
Self-fulfilling prophecy is the tendency for our expectations, and/or
others expectations of us to evoke expected responses
Humans interact and develop roles in the family according to symbols
used to describe the family.
These roles are based on the symbolic meaning attached to each role.
How family members react to a situation is determined by how they
interpret the situation. So, it is important to understand the symbols
the family uses to understand their interactions and behaviors.
In a family, complicated sets of meanings are transmitted through
symbols that permit each member to communicate with each other
and share experiences (Peterson, 1986).
CORE PRINCIPLES
OF
1 MEANING
2 Language
3 Thought or Minding
An ability distinctly different from animals in that we have the ability
to think about things rather than simply reacting instinctually
An inner conversation with oneself
A reflective pause through which we modify our interpretation of
symbols
an ability to take the role of The Other
Major Premises of Symbolic Interaction Theory
1. Human beings act toward things on the basis of the meaning
they have
Looking Glass Self - the mental image that results from taking the
role of the other, imaging how we look to another person.
The Self
O According to Mead, self does not exist at birth but is developed
through interaction with others
o emerges from the social interaction of humans in which the
individual takes on the role of the "other" and internalizes the
attitudes and perceptions of others through those interactions
o The interaction of an individuals self-conception ("I") and the
generalized, perceived view that others have of the individual
("Me")
O The ongoing process of combining the I and the ME.
I
o An individuals self-conception
o The subjective self