Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
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Rescue Technician
Trench Rescue
Operations
Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute
University of Maryland
Steven T. Edwards
Fall 2009
Copyright 2009 by the Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute. All rights reserved. No part of this book may by copied or reproduced in any form
or by any means without written permission of the Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute.
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 1
Overview
Technical Rescue Disciplines
The Big Three
The Specialized Training Cycle
Service Levels
Additional Requirements for Certification Levels
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 2
Overview
The Risk-Benefit Analysis
The FAILURE Acronym
Types of Service Levels
The Team
Getting Your Equipment to the Scene
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 3
Overview
OSHA Subpart PExcavations, 29 C.F.R.
1926
General Requirements of Trench Rescue
OSHA and Trench Rescue
Trench Collapse Emergencies
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 4
Overview
The Trench Incident Management System
Levels of the Incident Management System
Logistics Support Functions
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 5
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 6
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 7
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 8
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 9
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 10
Service Levels
Awareness responders are
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 11
Service Levels
Operations responders
Are at the lowest level of certification
May be responsible for initial and long-term
rescue operations
Are called support personnel
May place sheeting or shoring systems in
some trenches
May function as sector officers
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 12
Service Levels
Technician responders have
Additional trench rescue training
Additional responsibilities
Technical rescue skills package training
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 13
Service Levels
Instructors
Have received certification
Are certified in course development
Should be active rescue team members
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 14
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 15
Operations
Trench rescue operations
Rope rescue operations
Vehicle and machinery rescue
operations
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 16
Technician
Trench rescue technician
Confined space technician
Vehicle and machinery rescue
technician
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 17
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 18
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 19
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 20
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 21
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 22
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 23
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 24
The Team
The team members must be:
Physically fit
Mentally fit
The team must have:
Members that are proficient in construction
skills
Medical personnel as members
People that think on their feet
People in the best positions for their abilities
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 25
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 26
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 27
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 28
10
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 30
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 31
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 32
11
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 33
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 34
12
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 36
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 37
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 38
13
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 39
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 40
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 41
14
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 42
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 43
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 44
15
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 45
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 46
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 47
16
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 48
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 50
17
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 51
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 52
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 53
18
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 54
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 55
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 56
19
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 57
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 58
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 59
20
Review
Technical Rescue Disciplines
The Big Three
The Specialized Training Cycle
Service Levels
Additional Requirements for Certification Levels
The Risk-Benefit Analysis
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 60
Review
The FAILURE Acronym
Types of Service Levels
The Team
Getting Your Equipment to the Scene
OSHA Subpart PExcavations, 29 C.F.R.
1926
The General Requirements of Trench Rescue
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 61
Review
OSHA and Trench Rescue
Trench Collapse Emergencies
The Trench Incident Management System
Levels of the Incident Management System
Logistics Support Functions
RES 206-PPT-1-1. 62
21
RES 206-PPT-2-1.1
Overview
Soil Physics
Non-entry Rescue Scenario
Physical Forces Associated with Collapse
Conditions and Factors that Lead to Collapse
RES 206-PPT-2-1.2
Overview
Spoil Pile Slide
Slough Failure
Rotational Failure
Shear Wall Collapse
Toe Failure
Bell Pier Condition
Wedge Failure
RES 206-PPT-2-1.3
Overview
The Importance of Soil Classification
Types of Soil
Soil Testing Procedures
RES 206-PPT-2-1.4
Soil Physics
Gravity is the force that draws everything to the
center of the earth
Hydrostatic pressure is the increased pressure
caused by the addition of water to the soil
profile
Dry soil weighs between 60 and 80 lbs per
cubic foot
Water-saturated soil may weigh up to 150
lbs per cubic foot
RES 206-PPT-2-1.5
Soil Physics
Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) is the
amount of resistance the soil has to pressure
A higher UCS reflects a more cohesive soil
A lower UCS reflects a less cohesive soil
RES 206-PPT-2-1.6
Soil Physics
Active soil has a tendency to move due to
The failure or removal of a protective
system
The inability of the soil to hold its own
weight
Passive soil does not have a tendency to
move
RES 206-PPT-2-1.7
RES 206-PPT-2-1.8
RES 206-PPT-2-1.9
RES 206-PPT-2-1.10
Lateral pressure
Is about 33% of the vertical pressure at a
given depth
Is 132 pounds per square foot at four feet
deep
Is distributed at about a 45 angle from
the bottom of any given plane
Is responsible for rotational failure
RES 206-PPT-2-1.11
Rotational failure
Is the most prevalent type of collapse
Is caused by lateral pressure
Is most dangerous 1/4 of the depth up
from the bottom of the trench
RES 206-PPT-2-1.12
Shoring pressure
Acts to transmit pressures from one side
of the trench to the other
Acts to equalize pressures
May be overcome by lateral pressure,
causing
A collapse
Shoring failure
RES 206-PPT-2-1.13
RES 206-PPT-2-1.14
RES 206-PPT-2-1.15
RES 206-PPT-2-1.16
RES 206-PPT-2-1.17
RES 206-PPT-2-1.18
RES 206-PPT-2-1.19
RES 206-PPT-2-1.20
RES 206-PPT-2-1.21
RES 206-PPT-2-1.22
RES 206-PPT-2-1.23
RES 206-PPT-2-1.24
Slough Failure
Is a loss of part of the trench wall
Is a type of rotational failure
May have a scoop-shaped appearance
May be a result of unconfined hydrostatic
pressure
RES 206-PPT-2-1.25
Slough Failure
RES 206-PPT-2-1.26
Slough Failure
May be due to the spoil pile being too close to
the trench lip, causing vertical and lateral
pressure
May be indicated by cracks in and around the
surface
May be indicated by multiple soil layers
May occur suddenly and without warning
RES 206-PPT-2-1.27
Rotational Failure
May have a half-moon shape that starts back
from the trench lip
May result in large sections of trench wall
falling
May appear to have been dug by a spoon
May create a very difficult problem to overcome
with a rescue system
RES 206-PPT-2-1.28
RES 206-PPT-2-1.29
10
RES 206-PPT-2-1.30
Toe Failure
Is a slough that occurs at the bottom of the
trench
Is characteristic of a cantilever
May be caused by a sand pocket
RES 206-PPT-2-1.31
Toe Failure
May be caused by the effects of water at the
bottom of the trench
May not be detected if a rescuer is standing
above it
Is hard to correct until a protective system is in
place
RES 206-PPT-2-1.32
11
Toe Failure
RES 206-PPT-2-1.33
RES 206-PPT-2-1.34
RES 206-PPT-2-1.35
12
Wedge Failure
Occurs in intersecting trenches
Is characterized by an angle section of the
trench wall falling from the corner of two
intersecting trenches
Can be sudden
Can be catastrophic
RES 206-PPT-2-1.36
Wedge Failure
RES 206-PPT-2-1.37
RES 206-PPT-2-1.38
13
RES 206-PPT-2-1.39
Types of Soil
Stable rock
Is the least dangerous
Is a natural solid material that can remain
standing after excavation
May fall on a worker after being excavated
and set in a loose pile
May present with other emergencies
Falls
Equipment failure
RES 206-PPT-2-1.40
Types of Soil
Type A soils
Are cohesive materials with an unconfined
compressive strength of 1.5 tons per
square foot or greater
RES 206-PPT-2-1.41
14
Types of Soil
RES 206-PPT-2-1.42
Types of Soil
Types of Soil
RES 206-PPT-2-1.44
15
Types of Soil
Type B soils
May be cohesive materials with an
unconfined compressive strength greater
than 0.5 tsf but less than 1.5 tsf
RES 206-PPT-2-1.45
Types of Soil
RES 206-PPT-2-1.46
Types of Soil
Type B soils
May be previously disturbed soil
May be downgraded type A soil
RES 206-PPT-2-1.47
16
Types of Soil
Type C soils
Are cohesive materials with an unconfined
compressive strength of 0.5 tsf or less
RES 206-PPT-2-1.48
Types of Soil
RES 206-PPT-2-1.49
Types of Soil
C-60 soil
Was designated by Speed Shore
Is a moist cohesive soil or a dense granular
soil that does not fit into type A or type B
classifications
May be cut near vertically and will stand
long enough to allow shoring to be properly
installed
Is permitted because OSHA allows for other
classification tables
RES 206-PPT-2-1.50
17
RES 206-PPT-2-1.51
RES 206-PPT-2-1.52
RES 206-PPT-2-1.53
18
RES 206-PPT-2-1.55
19
RES 206-PPT-2-1.58
RES 206-PPT-2-1.59
20
RES 206-PPT-2-1.62
21
RES 206-PPT-2-1.63
RES 206-PPT-2-1.64
Review
Soil Physics
Non-entry Rescue Scenario
Physical Forces Associated with Collapse
Conditions and Factors that Lead to Collapse
RES 206-PPT-2-1.65
22
Review
Spoil Pile Slide
Slough Failure
Rotational Failure
Shear Wall Collapse
Toe Failure
Bell Pier Condition
Wedge Failure
RES 206-PPT-2-1.66
Review
The Importance of Soil Classification
Types of Soil
Soil Testing Procedures
RES 206-PPT-2-1.67
23
RES 206-PPT-2-2.1
Overview
Personal Protective Equipment
Development of a Safe Culture
Equipment for Trench Rescue Operations
Calculating the Weight of an Object
Gravity
Movement
Mechanics
RES 206-PPT-2-2.2
Overview
Air Bags for Trench Rescue
Cribbing
Wedges
Time of Alarm
Arrival at the Scene
Assessment During the Emergency
RES 206-PPT-2-2.3
RES 206-PPT-2-2.4
RES 206-PPT-2-2.5
RES 206-PPT-2-2.6
RES 206-PPT-2-2.7
RES 206-PPT-2-2.8
RES 206-PPT-2-2.9
RES 206-PPT-2-2.10
Hearing protection
Blocks out high frequencies
Allows for communication
RES 206-PPT-2-2.11
Skullcaps
Are worn under the helmet
Allow for the cooling action of sweat
Are cooled with water
RES 206-PPT-2-2.12
Leather chaps
Should be used in the cutting area
Might prevent or deflect a chain saw
injury
RES 206-PPT-2-2.13
RES 206-PPT-2-2.14
RES 206-PPT-2-2.15
RES 206-PPT-2-2.17
RES 206-PPT-2-2.18
RES 206-PPT-2-2.19
Placement
Tie a rope through the panel holes and
lower the panel vertically
Form a loop through which the
strongback can be vertically lowered
RES 206-PPT-2-2.20
RES 206-PPT-2-2.21
RES 206-PPT-2-2.22
RES 206-PPT-2-2.24
Shovel
Entrenching tool
Hammer
Duplex nails
Chain saw
Electric powered ventilation equipment
Ladders
Dewatering devices
RES 206-PPT-2-2.25
RES 206-PPT-2-2.26
Gravity
Gravitational terms
Gravity The tendency of an object to be
attracted to another object in direct
proportion to its mass
Lifting the action necessary to move
anything
Lowering controlling the descent of an
object
RES 206-PPT-2-2.27
Gravity
RES 206-PPT-2-2.28
Gravity
Center of Gravity
RES 206-PPT-2-2.29
10
Movement
Moment of force
Is mass multiplied by the distance away
from the turning point or fulcrum
Is the amount of force rotating around the
fulcrum times the distance from the fulcrum
RES 206-PPT-2-2.30
Movement
The teeter-totter
The balance can be determined by
multiplying the bigger childs weight by the
distance he is from the fulcrum (100 lbs 4
feet equals 400 lbs)
The smaller childs weight is divided into the
400 lbs to determine the distance he should
sit from the fulcrum (400 lbs divided by 50
lbs equals 8 feet)
RES 206-PPT-2-2.31
Mechanics
The Theory of Mechanics
Energy
Is the capacity for doing work and
overcoming resistance
Is how hard it is to push or pull something
a distance
Is measured in feet/pounds, either in
kinetic or potential energy
Is what it takes to accomplish work
RES 206-PPT-2-2.32
11
Mechanics
Work
Is the distance times force or force as it is
applied to set it in motion
Is explained by the climbing of a
mountain the climbing is the work
RES 206-PPT-2-2.33
Mechanics
Application of Mechanics
The creation of a positive output in a given
situation (mechanical advantage)
The ratio of the output of force a machine
exerts compared with the input force
furnished to that machine to do the work
RES 206-PPT-2-2.34
Mechanics
Types of Machines
Class 1 lever
Has the fulcrum placed between the
force and the load
Has a calculated mechanical
advantage
RES 206-PPT-2-2.35
12
Mechanics
RES 206-PPT-2-2.36
Mechanics
Class 2 lever
Is most effective when moving objects on
a horizontal plane
Has the load between the force and the
fulcrum
RES 206-PPT-2-2.37
Mechanics
RES 206-PPT-2-2.38
13
Mechanics
Class 3 lever
Is the hardest to understand
Has the force located between the load
and the fulcrum
RES 206-PPT-2-2.39
Mechanics
RES 206-PPT-2-2.40
Mechanics
Inclined planes
Are a form of simple machine
Work by reducing the required force over
time
May be ladders in the trench rescue
environment
RES 206-PPT-2-2.41
14
Mechanics
RES 206-PPT-2-2.42
RES 206-PPT-2-2.43
RES 206-PPT-2-2.44
15
RES 206-PPT-2-2.46
RES 206-PPT-2-2.47
16
RES 206-PPT-2-2.48
RES 206-PPT-2-2.49
RES 206-PPT-2-2.50
17
RES 206-PPT-2-2.51
RES 206-PPT-2-2.52
RES 206-PPT-2-2.53
18
Cribbing
May become brittle when natural moisture
content is lost
Is required for anything being lifted in a rescue
Should be no more than an inch from the item
being lifted
RES 206-PPT-2-2.54
Cribbing
May be made from construction grade lumber
2 4
4 4
6 6
RES 206-PPT-2-2.55
Cribbing
RES 206-PPT-2-2.56
19
Cribbing
May be cut in varying lengths
May be used in a cribbing system
4-point crib system
9-point crib system
Full-box crib system
RES 206-PPT-2-2.57
Cribbing
Will support varying amounts of weight
4 4 cribbing will support 6,000 lbs per
contact point
6 6 cribbing will support 15,000 lbs per
contact point
RES 206-PPT-2-2.58
Cribbing
RES 206-PPT-2-2.59
20
Cribbing
Is dependent on the quality of the ground
Is used by stacking timbers in alternating rows
to build systems
The rows should have a slight overhang to
the previous row
The height should be no more than three
times the diameter of the base
RES 206-PPT-2-2.60
Wedges
Are cut pieces of lumber that form an inclined
plane
Are used to fill voids of varying sizes
Are used until a full piece of lumber will fit in the
cribbing system
RES 206-PPT-2-2.61
Wedges
RES 206-PPT-2-2.62
21
Wedges
Are used to tighten objects
Are used to take up space between wales and
uprights
Are used to tighten shores to uprights
RES 206-PPT-2-2.63
Time of Alarm
What happened?
Why was the excavation work being done?
Is the victim completely buried?
Is the situation a trench collapse or some other
form of injury in the trench?
Will I have access problems?
How is the weather?
RES 206-PPT-2-2.64
RES 206-PPT-2-2.65
22
RES 206-PPT-2-2.66
RES 206-PPT-2-2.67
23
RES 206-PPT-2-2.69
RES 206-PPT-2-2.70
RES 206-PPT-2-2.71
24
RES 206-PPT-2-2.72
Review
Personal Protective Equipment
Development of a Safe Culture
Equipment for Trench Rescue Operations
Calculating the Weight of an Object
Gravity
Movement
Mechanics
RES 206-PPT-2-2.73
Review
Air Bags for Trench Rescue
Cribbing
Wedges
Time of Alarm
Arrival at the Scene
Assessment During the Emergency
RES 206-PPT-2-2.74
25
RES 206-PPT-3-1.1
Overview
Hazard Categories
Hazard Control Phases
Atmospheric Monitoring for Trench Rescue
Action Guidelines
Specific Monitoring Measurements
Standard Operating Guidelines
Hazard Control Using Ventilation
Atmospheric Monitoring Concepts
RES 206-PPT-3-1.2
Overview
Non-Entry Rescue and Victim Self-Rescue
Pre-entry Briefing
Gaining Access to Your Victim
Patient Care Considerations
Termination and Post-Incident Considerations
RES 206-PPT-3-1.3
Overview
Ground Pads
Sheeting
Shoring
Isolation Tunnels, Shafts, and Engineered
Systems
Commercial Techniques
RES 206-PPT-3-1.4
Hazard Categories
Mechanical hazards
Mechanical hazards may involved machines or
other entrapping mechanisms
Everything must be brought to zero mechanical
state
Removing the keys
Locking out electrical devices
Removing machines from the collapse zone
RES 206-PPT-3-1.5
Hazard Categories
Chemical hazards
May have been unearthed during digging
operations
May have been carried into the trench by a
worker
RES 206-PPT-3-1.6
Hazard Categories
RES 206-PPT-3-1.7
Hazard Categories
Manmade hazards
Are usually the reason for the collapse
Are part of the normal work that takes
place
May be the spoil pile and equipment
location
RES 206-PPT-3-1.8
Hazard Categories
Electrical hazards
Should be controlled by a professional
Come in many forms
Power lines
Telephone lines
Should be clearly marked by a utility location
service
RES 206-PPT-3-1.9
Hazard Categories
Water hazards (from groundwater or rain)
Build a cover for the trench
Divert rain
Dewater
Deploy an inflatable tent to cover trench
RES 206-PPT-3-1.10
Hazard Categories
Hazard markings
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Pink
White
RES 206-PPT-3-1.11
RES 206-PPT-3-1.13
RES 206-PPT-3-1.14
RES 206-PPT-3-1.15
Hazmat personnel
Support function personnel
RES 206-PPT-3-1.16
RES 206-PPT-3-1.17
RES 206-PPT-3-1.18
Action Guidelines
Guidelines outlined in OSHA 1910.146
Indicate that you should take specific actions
when monitor readings reach certain levels
Are based on preset alarms on your
monitors that will alert when a certain level,
parameter, or product is detected
RES 206-PPT-3-1.20
Action Guidelines
General monitoring guidelines
Rule 1 Monitor in order
Oxygen
Flammability/combustibility
Toxicity
RES 206-PPT-3-1.21
Action Guidelines
Rule 2 Always monitor at multiple levels in
the trench
Action Guidelines
Rule 3 Know your monitors limitations
Rule 4 Understand the relationship between
flammability and toxicity
Rule 5 A substance that comes after you is
much more dangerous than one that expects
you to come to it
Rule 6 Know your monitors operational
parameters
RES 206-PPT-3-1.23
Action Guidelines
Rule 7 Check batteries every shift
Rule 8 Zero and field calibrate your
instrument in clean air
Oxygen level should read 20.9%
Flammability should read 0% of LEL
Toxicity should read 0 PPM
RES 206-PPT-3-1.24
Action Guidelines
Rule 9 Sample from upwind
Rule 10 Always assign a competent person to
perform atmospheric monitoring
RES 206-PPT-3-1.25
RES 206-PPT-3-1.26
RES 206-PPT-3-1.28
RES 206-PPT-3-1.29
10
RES 206-PPT-3-1.30
RES 206-PPT-3-1.31
RES 206-PPT-3-1.32
11
RES 206-PPT-3-1.33
RES 206-PPT-3-1.34
RES 206-PPT-3-1.35
12
RES 206-PPT-3-1.37
RES 206-PPT-3-1.38
13
RES 206-PPT-3-1.39
RES 206-PPT-3-1.40
RES 206-PPT-3-1.41
14
RES 206-PPT-3-1.42
RES 206-PPT-3-1.43
RES 206-PPT-3-1.44
15
RES 206-PPT-3-1.45
RES 206-PPT-3-1.46
RES 206-PPT-3-1.47
16
RES 206-PPT-3-1.48
Cardiac arrest
Defibrillation
Ensure that the atmosphere is clear of
flammable gases
Dry the victims chest
Asystole
Consider termination protocol
Contact medical control
RES 206-PPT-3-1.50
17
Ground Pads
Are used to distribute the weight of rescuers
and equipment around the lip of the trench
Come in varied sizes
2 X 12 boards
4 X 8 pieces of plywood
RES 206-PPT-3-1.53
18
Ground Pads
RES 206-PPT-3-1.54
Ground Pads
Must be correctly placed
Start at the corner of the trench
Stand on a ground pad
Level the ground in front of you
Step back and move the ground pad forward
Repeat the process of leveling the ground
and advancing the ground pads until all are
in place
Do not step off of the ground pad
RES 206-PPT-3-1.55
Sheeting
Is usually a Shorform or FinnForm panel
May have a strongback attached
Requires an almost vertical trench wall
May not always be necessary
Provides a level of comfort for the rescuer
May eliminate running debris
May be unattached from strongback for storage
RES 206-PPT-3-1.56
19
Sheeting
Sheeting must be properly installed
Same side panel installation
Place ropes on the panel and prepare for
installation
Place the panel at the lip of the trench
and hold the ropes as the panel is
advanced into the trench
Use ropes to slowly lower the panel into
the trench and then to adjust the panel
RES 206-PPT-3-1.57
RES 206-PPT-3-1.58
RES 206-PPT-3-1.59
20
RES 206-PPT-3-1.60
Sheeting
RES 206-PPT-3-1.61
RES 206-PPT-3-1.62
21
Sheeting
RES 206-PPT-3-1.63
Sheeting
Sheeting
Must be placed at the victim first
Must extend one panel to either side of the
victim
RES 206-PPT-3-1.64
Shoring
Is the component of the system that transfers
forces across the trench, through the
strongback, and into the opposite trench wall
Completes the protective system
Provides a safe area in which to work
RES 206-PPT-3-1.65
22
RES 206-PPT-3-1.66
Shoring
Pneumatic shoresinstallation
Connect the air system to the shore
Lower the shore using ropes at each end
Position the shore
Give the signal to shoot and hold
Shoot and lock the shore
Toe nail the shore to the strongback
RES 206-PPT-3-1.67
Shoring
Pneumatic shore placement
Follow manufacturers recommendations
Follow department SOGs
RES 206-PPT-3-1.68
23
Shoring
Number of shores: Shoot three shores for
trenches 6 feet deep or more, regardless of
soil type
RES 206-PPT-3-1.69
Shoring
RES 206-PPT-3-1.70
Shoring
RES 206-PPT-3-1.71
24
Shoring
Timber shores
Measure, cut, and scab after placement
Install
Top shore first
Middle shore next
Bottom shore last
RES 206-PPT-3-1.72
Shoring
RES 206-PPT-3-1.73
Shoring
Wales
Are horizontal members that are used to
span openings along trench walls
May be located inside or outside of the
strongback and panel system
May be made of timber, metal, or ladders
RES 206-PPT-3-1.74
25
Shoring
Inside wales
Use in a T trench
Lower inside the panel
Place up against the strongback
Shoot the shores
RES 206-PPT-3-1.75
RES 206-PPT-3-1.76
Shoring
Outside wales
Place against the trench wall before
placement of panels
Use to span openings created by a
slough of the trench wall
Backfill after installation of the wales and
panels but before the shores are shot
RES 206-PPT-3-1.77
26
RES 206-PPT-3-1.78
Shoring
Supplemental sheeting and shoring
Is necessary to fill voids
Is additional shoring
RES 206-PPT-3-1.79
Shoring
RES 206-PPT-3-1.80
27
RES 206-PPT-3-1.82
RES 206-PPT-3-1.83
28
Commercial Techniques
Consider using commercial techniques and
professional help if
The trench is deeper than 15
There has been a massive cave-in
Workers are trapped in running debris
Environmental conditions prohibit the rescue
effort
RES 206-PPT-3-1.84
Commercial Techniques
Commercial techniques are based on certain
factors
Adjacent structures
Existing hazards
Soil type
Water profile and hydraulic table
Depth and width of the trench
RES 206-PPT-3-1.85
Commercial Techniques
Commercial techniques may be described as
Sloping
Trench box
Rabbit box
Soldier pile and lag shoring
Sheet piling shoring
Modular shoring
RES 206-PPT-3-1.86
29
Commercial Techniques
Commercial techniquessloping and benching
systems
Sloping
Decreases the angle of a wall to prevent
collapse
Helps to prevent active soil movement
Creates a safe opening
Should be at least 1.5 horizontal to 1
vertical
RES 206-PPT-3-1.87
RES 206-PPT-3-1.88
Commercial Techniques
Benching
Is similar to cutting steps
Must follow parameters
RES 206-PPT-3-1.89
30
Commercial Techniques
RES 206-PPT-3-1.90
Commercial Techniques
Support, shield, and other systems
A trench box or shield
Is designed to be moved along the
trench with an excavator
Allows walls to be cut at steeper angles
Requires less backfill
Is difficult to use around existing utilities
RES 206-PPT-3-1.91
RES 206-PPT-3-1.92
31
Commercial Techniques
RES 206-PPT-3-1.94
Commercial Techniques
Modular aluminum or steel shoring
May come in fixed sizes
May be adjustable
May come in various shapes and
configurations
RES 206-PPT-3-1.95
32
RES 206-PPT-3-1.96
RES 206-PPT-3-1.97
Overview
Hazard Categories
Hazard Control Phases
Atmospheric Monitoring for Trench Rescue
Action Guidelines
Specific Monitoring Measurements
Standard Operating Guidelines
Hazard Control Using Ventilation
Atmospheric Monitoring Concepts
RES 206-PPT-3-1.98
33
Overview
Non-Entry Rescue and Victim Self-Rescue
Pre-entry Briefing
Gaining Access to Your Victim
Patient Care Considerations
Termination and Post-Incident Considerations
RES 206-PPT-3-1.99
Overview
Ground Pads
Sheeting
Shoring
Isolation Tunnels, Shafts, and Engineered
Systems
Commercial Techniques
RES 206-PPT-3-1.100
34
RES 206-PPT-3-2.1
Overview
Generic Steps for all Trench Types
Straight-Wall Trench
Timber Shores
Pneumatic Shores
Outside Wales
RES 206-PPT-3-2.2
Overview
Inside Wales
The T-Trench
The L-Trench
The Deep Wall Trench
RES 206-PPT-3-2.3
RES 206-PPT-3-2.4
RES 206-PPT-3-2.5
Straight-Wall Trenches
Require a minimum of three sets of panels
One set protecting the victim
A set on each side of the initial set
RES 206-PPT-3-2.6
Straight-Wall Trenches
RES 206-PPT-3-2.7
Straight-Wall Trenches
Procedure
Using either the same side or opposite side
panel set, place first set of panels directly
over the victim
Create a safe zone around the victim
RES 206-PPT-3-2.8
Timber Shores
Are a minimum or 4 6 lumber
Are set from the top down
RES 206-PPT-3-2.9
Timber Shores
RES 206-PPT-3-2.10
Timber Shores
Procedure
Work from a ladder
Never be more than waist deep
Cut shores longer than necessary
Prenail the bottom scabs
Apply 2 4 rails to the strongback
RES 206-PPT-3-2.11
RES 206-PPT-3-2.12
Timber Shores
Procedure (continued)
Install the top shore at between 12 and 18
of the top lip
Add middle shore
Add bottom shore
Begin digging operation in protected area
RES 206-PPT-3-2.13
RES 206-PPT-3-2.14
Timber Shores
Procedure (continued)
Add next set of panels
Middle shore
Bottom shore
Top shore
Ensure all shores are tight
Ensure all shores are wedged and scabbed
RES 206-PPT-3-2.15
Timber Shores
RES 206-PPT-3-2.16
RES 206-PPT-3-2.17
Pneumatic Shores
May be installed from outside of the trench
Should be lowered into place
Should be activated remotely
RES 206-PPT-3-2.18
Pneumatic Shores
RES 206-PPT-3-2.19
Pneumatic Shores
Follow manufacturers guidelines and SOGs
RES 206-PPT-3-2.20
RES 206-PPT-3-2.21
Outside Wales
Use on a single-wall slough
Procedure
Place pickets to hold wales
Lower and tie off wales
Apply panels to protect the victim
Fill voids
Set panels
Fill existing voids
RES 206-PPT-3-2.22
Outside wales are used in systems where a single-wall slough has occurred
Outside Wales
RES 206-PPT-3-2.23
Inside Wales
Are used to span a set of panels
Are used to make room for digging and
equipment
Are the preferred technique in recoveries
requiring a lot of digging
RES 206-PPT-3-2.24
Inside Wales
RES 206-PPT-3-2.25
Inside Wales
Procedure
The T-Trench
Is a very unstable trench
Requires
The quick capture of the corners
The use of inside wales
A minimum of seven panels
RES 206-PPT-3-2.27
The T-Trench
RES 206-PPT-3-2.28
The T-Trench
Procedure
Set two panels at the top of the Ts leg
Attach ropes to the bottom wale and place in
the bottom of the trench
Place the remaining five panels
Shoot the middle shores on the top of the T
with full pressure
RES 206-PPT-3-2.29
10
The T-Trench
Procedure (continued)
Raise and hold the bottom wale into
position and install shores
Lower and shore the top wale
Reshoot the original three shores and
check all shores to ensure that they are
solid
RES 206-PPT-3-2.30
RES 206-PPT-3-2.31
RES 206-PPT-3-2.32
11
RES 206-PPT-3-2.33
RES 206-PPT-3-2.34
RES 206-PPT-3-2.35
12
RES 206-PPT-3-2.36
RES 206-PPT-3-2.37
The L-Trench
Is two trenches that intersect at the ends and
form a right angle
Creates a difficult rescue scenario
RES 206-PPT-3-2.38
13
The L-Trench
Procedure
Place wales in the bottom of the trench
secured to ropes
Set the first panels at the inside L corners
and hold in place with pickets and shoot with
50 to 75 lbs
Use a thrust block in the outside corner for
shooting shores
Toe nail thrust blocks to strongbacks
RES 206-PPT-3-2.39
The L-Trench
Procedure (continued)
Install kick plates on the outside panels
Install outside panels
Position and tie off the bottom wale
Use a corner block in the outside corner at
the wales
Secure the corner block in place
Complete the trench
RES 206-PPT-3-2.40
RES 206-PPT-3-2.41
14
The L-Trench
RES 206-PPT-3-2.42
RES 206-PPT-3-2.43
RES 206-PPT-3-2.44
15
RES 206-PPT-3-2.45
RES 206-PPT-3-2.46
RES 206-PPT-3-2.47
16
RES 206-PPT-3-2.48
RES 206-PPT-3-2.49
RES 206-PPT-3-2.50
17
RES 206-PPT-3-2.51
RES 206-PPT-3-2.52
RES 206-PPT-3-2.53
18
RES 206-PPT-3-2.54
RES 206-PPT-3-2.55
RES 206-PPT-3-2.56
19
RES 206-PPT-3-2.57
RES 206-PPT-3-2.58
RES 206-PPT-3-2.59
20
RES 206-PPT-3-2.60
RES 206-PPT-3-2.61
RES 206-PPT-3-2.62
21
Review
Generic Steps for all Trench Types
Straight-Wall Trench
Timber Shores
Pneumatic Shores
Outside Wales
Inside Wales
The T-Trench
The L-Trench
The Deep Wall Trench
RES 206-PPT-3-2.63
22
RES 206-PPT-4-2.1
Overview
Incident Action Plan
Command Structure
Know Your Group
Site-Specific Safety Concerns
Communications
RES 206-PPT-4-2.2
Overview
Personal Protective Equipment
Real Emergency
Directions to Trench Location
Debriefing
RES 206-PPT-4-2.3
RES 206-PPT-4-2.4
Command Structure
ICprimary instructor
Operationssecondary instructor
Safety officertertiary instructor
All other positions as assigned by the IC
RES 206-PPT-4-2.5
RES 206-PPT-4-2.6
RES 206-PPT-4-2.7
Communications
Advising the 911 center of training in a live
trench
Radio communications
Specialized communications
Using FOR REAL in the event of a real
emergency
RES 206-PPT-4-2.8
RES 206-PPT-4-2.9
RES 206-PPT-4-2.10
Real Emergency
Medical/injury not in the trench will be handled
by standby crew
RES 206-PPT-4-2.11
Real Emergency
Trench collapse/incident requiring rescue
IC will conduct a scene size-up
IC will notify 911 communications of an
incident FOR REAL
IC will manage the incident
Students will follow directives of IC
RES 206-PPT-4-2.12
RES 206-PPT-4-2.13
Debriefing
Concluding thoughts
Questions
RES 206-PPT-4-2.14
RES 206-PPT-4-2.15
Review
Incident Action Plan
Command Structure
Know Your Group
Site-Specific Safety Concerns
Communications
RES 206-PPT-4-2.16
Review
Personal Protective Equipment
Real Emergency
Directions to Trench Location
Debriefing
RES 206-PPT-4-2.17