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Normalization
Chapter 14 - Objectives
The purpose of normalization.
How normalization can be used when
designing a relational database.
The potential problems associated with
redundant data in base relations.
The concept of functional dependency, which
describes the relationship between attributes.
The characteristics of functional dependencies
used in normalization.
Chapter 14 - Objectives
How to identify functional dependencies for a
given relation.
How functional dependencies identify the
primary key for a relation.
How to undertake the process of
normalization.
How normalization uses functional
dependencies to group attributes into relations
that are in a known normal form.
Chapter 14 - Objectives
How to identify the most commonly used
normal forms, namely First Normal Form
(1NF), Second Normal Form (2NF), and Third
Normal Form (3NF).
The problems associated with relations that
break the rules of 1NF, 2NF, or 3NF.
How to represent attributes shown on a form
as 3NF relations using normalization.
Purpose of Normalization
Normalization
Purpose of Normalization
Characteristics
include:
the minimal number of attributes necessary
to support the data requirements of the
enterprise;
attributes with a close logical relationship
are found in the same relation;
minimal redundancy with each attribute
represented only once with the important
exception of attributes that form all or part
of foreign keys.
Pearson Education 2009
Purpose of Normalization
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In
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relation
Insert new members
Insert new branch with no members of staff
Ok with Staff and Branch relation
Can insert new members directly into Staff
relation
Can insert new branch directly into Branch
relation
StaffBranch
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relation
Delete staff SA9
Information on branch B007 will be deleted
Staff
relation
Just delete staff SA9
StaffBranch
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relation
Change address for branch B003
Need to update all rows related to B003
Branch
relation
Just change the address for B003
StaffBranch
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Update Anomalies
StaffBranch
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Functional Dependencies
Important
Functional
For
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representation.
functionally determines B
The determinant of a functional dependency refers
to the attribute or group of attributes on the lefthand side of the arrow.
A is the determinant of B
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Based
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staffNo sName
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This
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Transitive Dependencies
Important
Transitive
Transitive
StaffBranch
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This
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semantics of attributes in
StaffBranch relation (see Slide 12). Assume
that position held and branch determine a
member of staffs salary.
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Important
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(fd1)
(fd2)
(fd3)
(fd4)
(fd5)
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An
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The
To
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The
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The
(A,
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UNF to 1NF
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UNF to 1NF
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1NF to 2NF
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2NF to 3NF
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Third
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StaffBranch Relation
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