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The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) designates SAE steel grades. These are four digit numbers which
represent chemical composition standards for steel specifications. The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
originally started a very similar system. Over time they used the same numbers to refer to the same alloy, but the AISI
system used a letter prefix to denote the steelmaking process. The prefix "C" denoted open-hearth furnace, electric arc
furnace or basic oxygen furnace, while "E" denotes electric arc furnace steel.[1][2]
Prior to 1995 the AISI was also involved, and the standard was designated the AISI/SAE steel grades. The AISI
stopped being involved because it never wrote any of the specifications.[3]
Contents
Ductile iron
Gray iron
Malleable iron
White iron
[4]
An "H" suffix can be added to any designation to denote hardenability is a major requirement. The chemical requirements are loosened but hardness values defined for
various distances on a Jominy test.[2]
Major classifications of steel[1]
SAE designation
1xxx
2xxx
3xxx
4xxx
5xxx
6xxx
7xxx
8xxx
9xxx
Type
Carbon steels
Nickel steels
Nickel-chromium steels
Molybdenum steels
Chromium steels
Chromium-vanadium steels
Tungsten steels
Nickel-chromium-vanadium steels
Silicon-manganese steels
Carbon and alloy steel grades[5]
SAE designation
Type
Carbon steels
10xx Plain carbon (Mn 1.00% max)
11xx Resulfurized
12xx Resulfurized and rephosphorized
15xx Plain carbon (Mn 1.00% to 1.65%)
Manganese steels
13xx Mn 1.75%
Nickel steels
23xx Ni 3.50%
25xx Ni 5.00%
Nickel-chromium steels
31xx Ni 1.25%, Cr 0.65% or 0.80%
32xx Ni 1.25%, Cr 1.07%
33xx Ni 3.50%, Cr 1.50% or 1.57%
34xx Ni 3.00%, Cr 0.77%
Molybdenum steels
40xx Mo 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.25% Mo & 0.042 S[3]
44xx Mo 0.40% or 0.52%
Chromium-molybdenum (Chromoly) steels
41xx Cr 0.50% or 0.80% or 0.95%, Mo 0.12% or 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.30%
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
43xx Ni 1.82%, Cr 0.50% to 0.80%, Mo 0.25%
43BVxx Ni 1.82%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.12% or 0.35%, V 0.03% min
47xx Ni 1.05%, Cr 0.45%, Mo 0.20% or 0.35%
81xx Ni 0.30%, Cr 0.40%, Mo 0.12%
81Bxx Ni 0.30%, Cr 0.45%, Mo 0.12%[3]
86xx Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.20%
87xx Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.25%
88xx Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.35%
93xx Ni 3.25%, Cr 1.20%, Mo 0.12%
94xx Ni 0.45%, Cr 0.40%, Mo 0.12%
97xx Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.20%, Mo 0.20%
98xx Ni 1.00%, Cr 0.80%, Mo 0.25%
Nickel-molybdenum steels
46xx Ni 0.85% or 1.82%, Mo 0.20% or 0.25%
48xx Ni 3.50%, Mo 0.25%
Chromium steels
50xx Cr 0.27% or 0.40% or 0.50% or 0.65%
50xxx Cr 0.50%, C 1.00% min
50Bxx Cr 0.28% or 0.50%[3]
51xx Cr 0.80% or 0.87% or 0.92% or 1.00% or 1.05%
51xxx Cr 1.02%, C 1.00% min
51Bxx Cr 0.80%[3]
52xxx Cr 1.45%, C 1.00% min
Chromium-vanadium steels
61xx Cr 0.60% or 0.80% or 0.95%, V 0.10% or 0.15% min
Tungsten-chromium steels
72xx W 1.75%, Cr 0.75%
Silicon-manganese steels
92xx Si 1.40% or 2.00%, Mn 0.65% or 0.82% or 0.85%, Cr 0.00% or 0.65%
High-strength low-alloy steels
9xx Various SAE grades
xxBxx Boron steels
xxLxx Leaded steels
Stainless steel
Main article: Stainless steel
Type 439ferritic grade, a higher grade version of 409 used for catalytic converter exhaust sections. Increased chromium for improved high temperature
corrosion/oxidation resistance.
Type 440a higher grade of cutlery steel, with more carbon, allowing for much better edge retention when properly heat-treated. It can be hardened to
approximately Rockwell 58 hardness, making it one of the hardest stainless steels. Due to its toughness and relatively low cost, most display-only and
replica swords or knives are made of 440 stainless. Available in four grades: 440A, 440B, 440C, and the uncommon 440F (free machinable). 440A,
having the least amount of carbon in it, is the most stain-resistant; 440C, having the most, is the strongest and is usually considered more desirable in
knifemaking than 440A, except for diving or other salt-water applications.
Type 446For elevated temperature service
Type 2205the most widely used duplex (ferritic/austenitic) stainless steel grade. It has both excellent corrosion resistance and high strength.
Stainless steel designations[7]
SAE
designation
UNS
designation
% Cr
% Ni
%C
% Mn
% Si
%P
%S
Austenitic
5.57.5 0.75
0.06 0.03
7.5
0.75
0.06 0.03
10.0
201
S20100
1618
3.55.5
0.15
202
S20200
1719
46
0.15
205
S20500
16.518
11.75
0.12
0.25
254[8]
S31254
20
18
0.02 max -
301
302
302B
S30100
S30200
S30215
1618
1719
1719
68
810
810
0.15
0.15
0.15
303
S30300
1719
810
303Se
304
304L
304Cu
S30323
S30400
S30403
S30430
1719
1820
1820
1719
810
810.50
812
810
304N
S30451
305
308
309
309S
310
310S
314
316
316L
%N
Other
0.25
0.25
0.06 0.03
0.32
0.40
0.20
2
2
2
0.75
0.75
2.03.0
0.15
0.15
0.08
0.03
0.08
2
2
2
2
1
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.15
0.2
min
0.2 0.06
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
1820
810.50 0.08
0.75
0.045 0.03
S30500
S30800
S30900
S30908
S31000
S31008
S31400
S31600
S31603
1719
1921
2224
2224
2426
2426
2326
1618
1618
10.5013
1012
1215
1215
1922
1922
1922
1014
1014
0.12
0.08
0.2
0.08
0.25
0.08
0.25
0.08
0.03
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0.75
1
1
1
1.5
1.5
1.53.0
0.75
0.75
316F
S31620
1618
1014
0.08
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.10
0.2
min
316N
S31651
1618
1014
0.08
0.75
0.045 0.03
317
317L
321
329
S31700
S31703
S32100
S32900
1820
1820
1719
2328
1115
1115
912
2.55
0.08
0.03
0.08
0.08
2
2
2
2
330
N08330
1720
3437
0.08
347
S34700
1719
913
0.08
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
1.50
0.75
348
S34800
1719
913
0.08
384
S38400
1517
1719
0.08
1415.5 0.75
0.1
-
Mo 0.60 (optional)
0.1
0.1
0.10
0.16
0.10
0.10
0.15 Se min
34 Cu
2.03.0 Mo
2.03.0 Mo
1.752.50 Mo
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.04 0.03
0.10
0.16
0.10 max
0.10 max
0.10 max
-
3.04.0 Mo
3.04.0 Mo
Ti 5(C+N) min, 0.70 max
12 Mo
0.04 0.03
0.045 0.030
0.75
0.045 0.030
0.045 0.03
2.03.0 Mo
Ferritic
405
S40500
409
S40900
429
430
S42900
S43000
11.514.5
10.5
11.75
1416
1618
0.08
0.04 0.03
0.05
0.08
0.045 0.03
0.75
0.75
0.12
0.12
1
1
1
1
0.04 0.03
0.04 0.03
430F
S43020
1618
0.12
1.25
430FSe
434
436
442
446
S43023
S43400
S43600
S44200
S44600
1618
1618
1618
1823
2327
0.25
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.2
0.2
1.25
1
1
1
1.5
403
410
S40300
S41000
0.15
0.15
414
S41400
11.513.0 0.60
11.513.5 0.75
1.25
11.513.5
2.50
416
S41600
1214
416Se
420
S41623
S42000
420F
0.15
min
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.60 Mo (optional)
0.15 Se min
0.751.25 Mo
0.751.25 Mo; Nb+Ta 5 x C min, 0.70 max
-
1
1
1
0.06
1
0.04
1
0.04
1
0.04
1
0.04
Martensitic
0.5
0.04 0.03
1
0.04 0.03
0.15
0.15
1.25
1214
1214
0.15
1.25
0.15 min 1
1
1
S42020
1214
422
S42200
11.012.5 0.501.0
431
S41623
1517
1.25
2.50
440A
S44002
1618
440B
S44003
1618
440C
S44004
1618
0.060 Mo (optional)
0.15 Se min
-
0.2
0.04 0.03
0.04 0.03
0.75 Mo
0.04 0.03
0.75 Mo
0.04 0.03
0.75 Mo
Heat resisting
1
0.04 0.03
1
0.04 0.03
Duplex
0.400.65 Mo
0.400.65 Mo
0.15
0.28
0.60
0.75
0.75
0.95
0.95
1.20
0.10 min 1
0.1
1
2205[8]
S31803
S32205
22
0.03 max -
0.025 0.025
46
46
25
0.15
min
0.06 0.06
0.04 0.03
0.15
0.06
min
0.06
0.51.0 0.5
S50100
S50200
S32750
0.04 0.03
0.20
0.25
501
502
2507[8]
0.06
0.03 max -
Super duplex
-
See also
ASTM International
EN standard
Steel grades
Unified numbering system
References
Notes
1. ^ a b Jeffus, p. 635.
2. ^ a b Degarmo, p. 115.
3. ^ a b c d e Bringas, John E. (2004), Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards: Third Edition (http://www.astm.org/BOOKSTORE/PUBS/DS67B_SampleChapter.pdf)
(3rd. ed.), ASTM International, p. 14, ISBN 0-8031-3362-6, http://www.astm.org/BOOKSTORE/PUBS/DS67B_SampleChapter.pdf
4. ^ Degarmo, p. 113
5. ^ Oberg, p. 406.
6. ^ a b c "Stainless Steel Fasteners" (http://www.assda.asn.au/asp/index.asp?pgid=18732). Australian Stainless Steel Development Association.
http://www.assda.asn.au/asp/index.asp?pgid=18732. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
7. ^ Oberg, pp. 411-412.
8. ^ a b c "What is Stainless Steel?" (http://www.nickelinstitute.org/index.cfm/ci_id/11021.htm). Nickel Institute. http://www.nickelinstitute.org/index.cfm/ci_id/11021.htm.
Retrieved 2007-08-13.
Bibliography
Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.), Wiley, ISBN 0-471-65653-4.
Jeffus, Larry F. (2002), Welding: Principles and Applications (http://books.google.com/books?id=zeRiW7en7HAC), Cengage Learning, ISBN 1401810462,
http://books.google.com/books?id=zeRiW7en7HAC.
Oberg, E.; et al. (1996). Machinery's Handbook (25th ed.). Industrial Press Inc.