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Original Article
Key words
Behavior, dental fear, factors
Introduction
Dental fear in children has been recognized as a source
of problems in patient management.[1] Information on
the origin of dental fear and uncooperative behavior in
a child patient prior to the treatment procedures may
help the pediatric dentist plan appropriate behavior
management and treatment strategy.[2] Dental fear
and behavior are likely to have multifactorial origins
Website:
www.jisppd.com
DOI:
10.4103/0970-4388.84679
PMID:
**********
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Suprabha, et al.: Role of enviormental factors in child dental fear and behaviour
Variables studied
In the first step, mother/father/guardian who
accompanied the child patient were asked to complete
the questionnaire which included questions on family
situation, general medical history, and past dental
experiences of the child. Specific questions pertaining
to first dental visit of the child were also included.
Childs own dental fear was recorded using Childrens
Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSSDS). This is a psychometric method of assessing
dental fear in children developed by Cuthbert and
Melamed.[11] The children filled the CFSS-DS which
consists of 15 items, before commencement of dental
treatment. The reliability and validity of the CFSS-DS
scale is shown to be satisfactory.[12] The score can range
from 15 to 75 and scores of 38 and above are indicative
of dental fear.[13]
All the treatment procedures were carried out by a
single trained dentist. The behavior of the children
was rated by an independent trained pediatric dentist
who was unaware of their dental fear scores, using
Frankl Behaviour Rating Scale.[14] Children showing
positive and definitely positive behavior were grouped
as cooperative and children with negative and definitely
negative behavior were grouped as uncooperative. The
Frankl scale is reported to have good reliability and the
scale correlates moderately well with questionnaires
assessing dental anxiety and fear.[12] The intraexaminer
reliability was checked with a sample of ten children
before carrying out the final study.
Data analysis
Data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows release
11.5 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Association of fear
and behavior with age, gender, family characteristics,
past medical history, and previous dental experience
was determined using chi square test. Binary logistic
regression analysis was done to determine the
relationship of various independent variables with
dental behavior and dental fear. The level of significance
was set at 5% (i.e., P<0.05).
Results
Effect of age and gender on dental fear and
behavior
The mean age of the sample was 9.9 2.0 years with
58 boys (mean age = 10.4 years, s.d 1.9) and 67
girls (mean age = 9.5 years, s.d 1.9). There was no
statistically significant difference in age between boys
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Suprabha, et al.: Role of enviormental factors in child dental fear and behaviour
Table 1: Effect of family characteristics, previous medical experience, and previous dental experience on dental fear
Variable
CFSS-DS <38
CFSS-DS 38
Total
X2 value
P value
Type of family
Nuclear
Joint
Total
69
33
102
15
8
23
84
41
125
0.050
0.50
Presence of sibling
Yes
No
Total
86
16
102
15
8
23
101
24
125
4.412
0.04*
First born
Yes
No
Total
50
52
102
13
10
23
63
62
125
0.423
0.33
Yes
No
Total
66
36
102
11
12
23
77
48
125
2.261
0.13
Hospital admission
Yes
No
Total
25
77
102
9
14
23
34
91
125
2.026
0.12
Yes
No
Total
93
9
102
18
5
23
111
14
125
3.009
0.09
5
>5
Total
56
37
93
14
4
18
70
41
111
1.385
0.50
Pleasant
Unpleasant
Total
62
31
93
13
5
18
75
36
109
3.365
0.49
5
>5
Total
26
67
93
7
11
18
33
78
111
0.705
0.95
Pleasant
45
10
55
3.695
0.29
Unpleasant
Total
48
93
17
18
56
111
*P<0.05 - significant
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Suprabha, et al.: Role of enviormental factors in child dental fear and behaviour
Table 2: Effect of family characteristics, previous medical experience, and previous dental experience on behavior
Variable
Type of family
Presence of sibling
First born
Hospital admission
Cooperative
Uncooperative
Total
X2 value
P value
Nuclear
64
20
84
3.110
0.06
Joint
25
16
41
Total
89
36
125
Yes
73
28
101
No
16
24
Total
89
36
125
Yes
42
13
63
No
47
10
62
Total
89
36
125
Yes
54
23
77
No
35
13
48
Total
89
36
Yes
21
13
34
No
68
23
91
Total
89
36
Yes
83
28
111
No
14
Total
89
36
125
49
21
70
>5
34
41
Total
83
28
111
Pleasant
62
12
75
Unpleasant
20
16
36
Total
83
28
111
24
33
>5
59
19
78
Total
83
28
111
Pleasant
45
10
55
Unpleasant
38
18
66
Total
83
28
111
0.298
0.37
1.273
0.17
0.112
0.45
2.028
0.11
6.386
0.01*
3.018
0.22
9.882
0.04*
5.575
0.23
12.447
0.006*
*P<0.05 - significant
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Suprabha, et al.: Role of enviormental factors in child dental fear and behaviour
P value
Odds ratio
Gender
0.975
0.979
89
Age
0.012*
0.094
35
Type of family
0.873
1.068
125
First born
0.327
2.108
Presence of sibling
0.162
3.745
Visited pediatrician
0.009*
7.699
Hospital admission
0.026*
0.178
0.028*
30.379
0.421
0.700
0.950
0.972
0.049*
0.506
0.117
1.785
CFSS- DS score
<38
CFSS-DS score
38
Total
Cooperative
79
10
Uncooperative
23
13
Total
102
23
P value
Odds ratio
Gender
0.694
0.808
Age
0.021*
0.216
Type of family
0.547
1.231
Presence of sibling
0.892
1.101
First born
0.650
0.771
Visited pediatrician
0.557
1.419
Hospital admission
0.171
0.442
0.816
1.362
0.746
0.891
0.682
0.901
0.005*
2.361
0.458
1.172
Dental fear
0.853
0.884
*P<0.05: significant
Discussion
Fear of injections has been shown to be the major
cause of dental fear and uncooperative behavior in
7- to 14-year-old children.[15] Therefore, in this study,
only children undergoing dental treatment under local
anesthesia were included.
Variable
*P<0.05: significant
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Suprabha, et al.: Role of enviormental factors in child dental fear and behaviour
Conclusions
Under the conditions of this study, it can be concluded
that in 7 to 14 year olds, though dental fear can
significantly influence dental behavior, the factors
affecting them are not the same. While dental fear
decreases and dental behavior improves with age,
experiences at the first dental visit and subsequent
visits seem to influence dental fear and behavior,
respectively. However, past medical experiences are
likely to influence dental fear, but not dental behavior.
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