Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Bellegarde-Smith, Patrick. "Toussaint Louverture." World Book Student. World Book, 2014.
Web. 21 Nov. 2014. This secondary source article was a short, easy to read summary of
Toussaint's life. It was an article that helped us learn in the beginning about him and
helped us learn how to pronounce his name.
Cellule de Toussaint Louverture au Fort de Joux. La Route des Abolitions de l'Esclavage et des
Droits de l'Homme. Route des Abolitions, 2007. Web. 20 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.abolitions.org/index.php?IdPage=abolitions>. This picture was useful for
our section on our website titled 'The Capture.' It showed us the conditions of Toussaint's
death.
Dunkel, Greg. "Haiti's Impact on the United States -- what 'voodoo economics' and high school
textbooks reveal." IACenter. The International Action Center, 2003. Web. 1 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.iacenter.org/haiti/impact.htm>. This secondary source article was useful to
us because it showed us that Toussaint Louverture influenced the American Civil War,
which was important to us. It was included in our website in the legacy paragraphs, and it
pointed out that Louverture influenced other places besides the place he left a legacy,
Haiti.
Fagg, John E. "Toussaint Louverture." Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, 21
Nov. 2014. Web. 24 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/600902/Toussaint-Louverture>. This
secondary source had lots of useful background information, specifically about how his
early life led to his success in Haiti later in his life.
"FAQs Who was Toussaint-Louverture?" unesco.org. unesco, 2014. Web. 9 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/dialogue/the-slave-route/resistances-and-
for our legacy page to show how he is remembered. The statue shows that Toussaint
Louverture is still remembered today in various pages.
Hutchins, Zachary. "The Life of Toussaint L'Ouverture, the Negro Patriot of Hayti: Comprising
an Account of the Struggle for Liberty in the Island, and a Sketch of Its History to the
Present Period." Documenting the American South. University Library, 17 Dec. 2014.
Web. 15 Jan. 2015. <http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/beardj/summary.html>. This is a
secondary source about John Relly Beard's perspective on Toussaint Louverture.
"Image Ownership: Public Domain." Black Past. Black Past, 2011. Web. 20 Jan. 2015.
<http://www.blackpast.org/gah/haitian-revolution-1791-1804>. This photo is one of the
Haitian Revolution that we included on our website in the section called the Night of
Fire.
James, C. L. R. The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution.
2nd ed. New York: Vintage, 1989. Print. C.L.R. James' book The Black Jacobins is a
great secondary source. He gives great incite to the life of Haitians and Toussiant
Louverture himself. He also adds geography of the island as well as crops grown there.
Louverture, Toussaint. The Haitian Revolution. Comp. Jean-Bertrand Aristide and Nick Nesbitt.
London: Verso, 2008. Print. This book is made of a series of primary sources. This book
was extremely important to our project because most of the documents are written by
Toussaint Louverture.
- - -. "Letter to Dessalines." Letter to Jean-Jacques Dessalines. 8 Feb. 1802. TS. This primary
source letter from Louverture to Dessalines was helpful in our research because it proved
to us that Toussaint really wanted to defeat the French. He ordered Dessalines to defeat
the French even though he can't because he has been captured and sent to Fort de Joux.
- - -. Letter to Etienne Laveaux. 18 May 1794. TS. This letter from Toussaint Louverture to
General Laveaux shows the time in which Toussaint changed allegiances from the
Spanish to the French. His expression of regret towards the French General was very
helpful in seeing his true character. It was beneficial to our research because it clearly
showed how he wanted to fight for the French since the Directory abolished slavery in
the colony of St. Domingue.
- - -. "Letter to Napoleon from Fort de Joux." Letter to Napoleon Bonaparte. 17 Sept. 1802. TS.
This primary source letter from Louverture to Napoleon was useful to us because it
showed Toussaint's contradictory position or mindset. He apologized to Napoleon, yet he
told Dessalines to fight back against Napoleon.
"L'Ouverture, Toussaint (1742-1803)." Black Past. Black Past, 2007-2011. Web. 17 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.blackpast.org/gah/loverture-toussaint-1742-1803>. This article was a
secondary source that gave us lots of background information about Toussaint
Louverture. It gave a clear description of his early life and a brief description of his fight
against Napoleon. This helped our website because there was plenty of useful
information that helped us describe Louverture's life in detail.
McNally, Deborah. "Dessalines, Jean-Jacques (1758-1806)." BlackPast.org. BlackPast.org, 2007.
Web. 9 Dec. 2014. <http://www.blackpast.org/gah/dessalines-jean-jacques-1758-1806>.
This secondary source held important information and benefited our website because it
told us about Jean-Jacques Dessalines and about what he did when he replaced Toussaint
Louverture's place in the government of Haiti.
Picture of Toussaint's coin. Tumblr. Tumblr, 2015. Web. 22 Jan. 2015.
<http://37.media.tumblr.com/96c0daee2b731266f44d1575ea35f22e/tumblr_n2266nUQX
"Toussaint L'Ouverture." History Wiz. History Wiz, 1998-2008. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.historywiz.org/searchresults.html?cx=partner-pub9161040710096656%3Absiurkiu2f3&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=ISO-88591&q=toussaint+l%27overture&sa=Search&siteurl=historywiz.com
%2Fsearch.htm&ref=historywiz.com
%2F&ss=9080j8606734j20&siteurl=historywiz.com
%2Fsearch.htm&ref=historywiz.com%2F&ss=9080j8606734j20>. This secondary source
article held important information that aided us in our research. We were informed of the
tensions between Napoleon and Louverture.
"Toussaint Louverture." Media Lib. Media Lib, 2015. Web. 21 Jan. 2015.
<http://a66c7b.medialib.glogster.com/media/f4/f41138d18ea5e69472deb0f812fabe24ac5
ccdb357c2d8cd437370e4f3808002/0-0-400-500.jpg>. This image was used in our
PowerPoint presentation as our main photo of Toussaint Louverture.
Williams, Kevin. "Toussaint Louverture." Historical Text Archive. Donald J. Mabry/Historical
Text Archive, 1990-2015. Web. 29 Jan. 2015.
<http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?action=read&artid=630>. This secondary
source was beneficial to our project because reliable information about the Night of Fire
was scarce. This source was rich in well-researched information that helped our project
immensely.