Module1 - Introduction To Instrumentation

Slides for ECE 2014 Students
Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704) (Module 1: Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation)
of Mahatma Gandhi University.
1
Page 1 of 80
Gathered by:
Jaison, C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE), Amal Jyothi College of Engineering Koovappally - 686518.
EC 010 704
ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION
(Syllabus)
3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week
References
1.
Measurement Systems:
Ernest Doeblin & Dhanesh N Manik, 5th Edn Tata Mc Graw Hill Pub
2.
Electronic Instrumentation:
H S Kalsi, 2nd Edn, Tata Mc Graw Hill Pub.
3.
Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement techniques:

Albert D Helfrick & William D Cooper, Pearson Education.
4.
Measurement & Instrumentation Principles:

Alan S Morris, Elsevier.
5.
Transducers & Instrumentation:

D.V. S Murthy, 2nd Edn, Prentice Hall of India.
2
Page 2 of 80
Gathered by:
EC 010 704
(Syllabus)
References
6.
Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements:

David A Bell, 2nd Edn, Oxford.
7.
InstrumentationDevices and Systems:

C S Rangan, SG R arma & V S V Mani, 2nd Edn , Tata McGraw Hill.
8.
Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation:

R K Rajput, S Chand.
9.
Measurements and Instrumentation:

U A Bakshi, A V Bakshi, 2nd Edn Technical Pub.
10. A Course in Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation:

A K Sawhney, 19th Edn Dhanpat Rai &Co.
3
Page 3 of 80
Gathered by:
EC 010 704
(Syllabus)
References
11. A Course in Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation:

J B Gupta, 13th Katson Books.
4
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Gathered by:
EC 010 704
(Syllabus)
Module 1(12 hrs)
Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation

Objectives of Engineering Measurement
Basic Measuring System
Block Diagram and Description
Performance Characteristics of Instruments
Static and Dynamic.
Errors in Measurement
Error Analysis.
Units
Dimensions
Standards.
Instrument Calibration
5
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Gathered by:
Introduction to Measurement and Instrumentation

oMeasurement is
othe act, or
othe result of
oa quantitative comparison between
oa predetermined standard and
oan unknown magnitude.
oThe procedure and apparatus employed
ofor obtaining the comparison,
ohowever, must be provable;
othe procedure for this
ois called calibration.
6
Page 6 of 80
Gathered by:
Measurand
oThe physical quantity or
othe characteristic condition
owhich is the object of
omeasurement in an instrumentation system
oIs termed as
o"measurand",
omeasurement variable",
o"instrumentation variable" or
o"process variable"
7
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Gathered by:
Measurement Process
8
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Gathered by:
Measurand
9
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Gathered by:
Basic Requirements for Getting

Meaningful Result of Measurement
1. The standard employed for comparison purpose
o must be accurately defined and
o should be commonly acceptable.
2. The standard must be of
o the same character as the measurand and
o usually, but not always, is prescribed and defined by a
o legal or recognized agency or organisation
o e.g., Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) or
o the International Organisation of Standards (ISO).
3. The apparatus used and method adopted
o for the comparison purposes
o must be provable.
10
Page 10 of 80
Gathered by:
Instrumentation
oThe technology of
o using instruments
oto measure and control
othe physical and chemical properties
oof materials
ois called
o"instrumentation".
11
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Gathered by:
Process Instrumentation
oWhen instruments are used for the

omeasurement and control of
oindustrial manufacturing,
oconversion or treatment process,
othe term
o"process instrumentation
ois used.
12
Page 12 of 80
Gathered by:
Control System
oWhen the measuring and

ocontrolling instruments
o are combined so that
omeasurements provide
oimpulses for
oremote automatic action,
othe result is called a
ocontrol system.
13
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Gathered by:
Modes of Measurement
oPrimary measurements.
oSecondary measurements.
oTertiary measurements.
14
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Gathered by:
Primary Measurement
oValue of a parameter is determined by

ocomparing it directly with
o"reference standards".
oNo conversion of measurand
oin terms of length.
oE.g.:
oMeasurement of time by counting
o the number of strokes of a clock.
oMatching of two lengths when determining the length
oof an object with a ruler.
15
Page 15 of 80
Gathered by:
Secondary Measurement
oIndirect measurements
oinvolving 'one translation'
oare called
osecondary measurements.
E.g. :
oPressure measurement
o by manometers.
oTemperature measurement
oby mercuryinglass thermometers.
16
Page 16 of 80
Gathered by:
Tertiary Measurement
oIndirect measurements involving
o'two conversions' are called
o tertiary measurements.
oE.g.:
oMeasurement of temperature of
oan object by thermocouple
17
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Gathered by:
Generalised Measurement System and

its Functional Elements
18
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Gathered by:
Primary sensing element

oAn element sensitive to
omeasured variable.
oSense the
ocondition,
ostate or
ovalue of the
oprocess variable by
oextracting a small part of energy
ofrom the measurand, and
oproduces an output
owhich reflects this
ocondition, state or value of the
omeasurand.
19
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Gathered by:
Variable conversion of transducer element
o Converts the signal from

oone physical form to another
owithout changing the
oinformation content of the signal.
20
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Gathered by:
Manipulation element
oOperates on the signal

oaccording to some mathematical rule
owithout changing the physical nature of
othe variable.
21
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Gathered by:
Data transmission element
oTransmits the signal from

oone location to another
owithout changing its
oinformation contents.
22
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Gathered by:
Data presentation element
oProvides a display record or indication of

othe output from the
omanipulation elements.
23
Page 23 of 80
Gathered by:
Data presentation element
oProvides a display record or indication of

othe output from the
omanipulation elements.
24
Page 24 of 80
Gathered by:
Performance Characteristics
oCharacteristics that show the
operformance of an instrument.
oE.g.:
oaccuracy,
oprecision,
o resolution,
o sensitivity.
oAllow users to select the
omost suitable instrument for
ospecific measuring jobs.
oTwo basic characteristics :
oStatic
oDynamic
Page 25 of 80
6
Gathered by:
Static Characteristics
oAccuracy
odegree of exactness (closeness) of measurement
ocompared to the expected (desired) value.
oResolution
osmallest change in a measurement variable
oto which an instrument will respond.
oPrecision
omeasure of consistency or repeatability of measurement,
oi.e. successive reading do not differ.
7
Page 26 of 80
Gathered by:
Static Characteristics
oError
odeviation of the true value
ofrom the desired value.
oSensitivity
oratio of change in the output (response) of instrument
oto a change of input or measured variable.
8
Page 27 of 80
Gathered by:
Error in Measurement
o Measurement always introduce error

o Error may be expressed either as
o absolute or percentage of error
o Absolute error
eY X
n
n
o where ,
o
Y expected value
n
X measured value
n
o Therefore;
o
Page 28 of 80
Y X
n 100
% error = n
Y
n
Gathered by:
9
Yn X n
oRelative accuracy, A 1
Yn
o% Accuracy, a =
100% - % error = A 100
oPrecision, P = 1
Xn Xn
Xn
oWhere,
o X n value of the nth measurement
o
Xn
average set of measurement

10
Page 29 of 80
Gathered by:
Yn X n
oRelative accuracy, A 1
Yn
o% Accuracy, a =
100% - % error = A 100
oPrecision, P = 1
Xn Xn
Xn
oWhere,
o X n value of the nth measurement
o
Xn
average set of measurement

11
Page 30 of 80
Gathered by:
Example 1.1
Given expected voltage value across a resistor is 80V.
The measurement is 79V.

Calculate,
Page 31 of 80
The absolute error

The % of error
The relative accuracy
The % of accuracy
Gathered by:
Solution (Example 1.1)

Given that , expected value = 80V
measurement value = 79V

i. Absolute error, e =Yn X n
= 80V 79V = 1V
Yn X n
80 79
100
100
ii. % error = = = 1.25%
Yn
80
Yn X n
A 1
iii. Relative accuracy, = 0.9875
Yn
A 100%
iv. % accuracy, a = = 0.9875 x 100%=98.75%
Page 32 of 80
Gathered by:
Example 1.2
o
o
o
o
From the value in table 1.1 calculate

o
the precision of 6th measurement?
Solution
the average of measurement value
98 101 .... 99 1005
100.5
Xn
10
10
Xn Xn
the 6th reading Precision = 1
Xn
No
Xn
98
101
102
97
101
100
103
98
106
10
99
Table 1.1
Page 33 of 80
100 100 .5
0 .5
1
0 .995
100 .5
100 .5
Gathered by:
Significant Figures
Significant figures convey

o
actual information regarding the
o
magnitude and precision of quantity
More significant figure represent
greater precision of measurement
Example 1.3
Find the precision value of X1 and X2?
X n 101
X 1 98
===>> 2 s.f
X 2 98.5 ===>> 3 s.f
Page 34 of 80
Gathered by:
Solution (Example 1.3)

X n 101
X 1 98
===>> 2 s.f
X 2 98.5 ===>> 3 s.f
98 101
1
0.97
X 1 Precision =
101
98.5 101
1
0.975
X 2 Precision =
101
Page 35 of 80
Gathered by:
===>more precise
Significant Figures (cont)

Rules for significant figures
Page 36 of 80
All nonzero digits are significant
Zeros between two nonzero digits are significant
Leading zeros are not significant
Trailing zeros are significant
Gathered by:
Significant Figures (cont)

Example
Page 37 of 80
1, 20 and 300 have 1,2,3 significant figures
123.45 has 5 significant figures
1001 has 4 significant figures
Gathered by:
Types of Static Error

Types of error in measurement:
1) Gross error/human error
2) Systematic Error
3) Random Error
1) Gross Error
o
caused by human mistakes in reading/using instruments
Page 38 of 80
cannot eliminate but can minimize
Gathered by:
Types of Static Error (Cont)

2) Systematic Error
due to shortcomings of the instrument
(such as defective or worn parts)
Page 39 of 80
3 types of systematic error :

(i)
Instrumental error
(ii)
Environmental error
(iii)
Observational error
Gathered by:

(i) Instrumental error
o inherent while measuring instrument
o because of their mechanical structure
o (bearing friction, irregular spring tension, stretching of spring, etc)
o can be avoided by:

(a) selecting a suitable instrument for the
particular measurement application
(b) apply correction factor by
determining instrumental error
(c) calibrate the instrument against standard
Page 40 of 80
Gathered by:

(ii)
Environmental error
o due to external condition effecting the measurement

o including surrounding area condition
o such as change in temperature, humidity,
o barometer pressure, etc
o to avoid the error :
(a) use air conditioner
(b) sealing certain component in the instruments
(c) use magnetic shields
Page 41 of 80
Gathered by:

(iii)
Observational error
ointroduce by the observer
o
most common :
o parallax error and estimation error
o(while reading the scale)
Page 42 of 80
Gathered by:

3) Random error
o due to unknown causes, occur when
o all systematic error has accounted
o accumulation of small effect, require
o a high degree of accuracy
o can be avoided by
o increasing number of reading
o use statistical means to obtain
o best approximation of true value
Page 43 of 80
Gathered by:
Dynamic Characteristics
o Instruments rarely respond instantaneously to
o changes in the measured variables
o due to such things as
o mass,
o thermal capacitance,
o fluid capacitance or
o electrical capacitance.
Page 44 of 80
Gathered by:
oThe three most common variations
oin the measured quantity:
oStep change
oLinear change
oSinusoidal change
Page 45 of 80
Gathered by:
oStep change
oprimary element is subjected to
oan instantaneous and finite change
oin measured variable
Page 46 of 80
Gathered by:
oLinear change
oprimary element is following
oa measured variable,
ochanging linearly with time.
Page 47 of 80
Gathered by:
oSinusoidal change
o primary element follows
oa measured variable,
othe magnitude of which changes
oin accordance with
oa sinusoidal function
oof constant amplitude.
Page 48 of 80
Gathered by:
o The dynamic characteristics of an instrument are:
o Speed of response
o rapidity with which
oan instrument responds
oto changes in the measured quantity.
Page 49 of 80
Gathered by:
o Dynamic error
oThe difference between the
otrue and measured value
owith no static error.
Page 50 of 80
Gathered by:
o Lag
o delay in the response of

oan instrument to
ochanges in the measured variable.
Page 51 of 80
Gathered by:
o Fidelity
o the degree to which an instrument
o indicates the changes in
o the measured variable
o without dynamic error
o (faithful reproduction).
Page 52 of 80
Gathered by:
Limiting Error
o The accuracy of measuring instrument is
o guaranteed within a certain percentage (%) of
o full scale reading
o E.g. manufacturer may specify the instrument

o to be accurate at 2 %
o with full scale deflection
o For reading less than full scale,

o the limiting error increases
Page 53 of 80
Gathered by:
Limiting Error (Cont)

Example 1.6
o Given a 600 V voltmeter with accuracy 2% full scale.
o Calculate limiting error when the instrument is

o used to measure a voltage of 250V?
Solution
o The magnitude of limiting error,=
o 0.02 x 600 = 12V
o Therefore, the limiting error for 250V =

o (12/250) x 100 = 4.8%
Page 54 of 80
Gathered by:
Limiting Error (Cont)

Example 1.7
o Given for certain measurement,
o a limiting error for voltmeter at 70V is 2.143% and
o a limiting error for ammeter at 80mA is 2.813%.
o Determine the limiting error of the power.
Solution
o The limiting error for the power =
o 2.143% + 2.813%
o = 4.956%
Page 55 of 80
Gathered by:
Standard
o A standard is a
o known accurate measure
oof physical quantity.
o Standards are used to determine
o the values of other physical quantities
oby the comparison method.
Page 56 of 80
Gathered by:
Standard
o All standards are preserved at the
o Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
o(BIPM)
o International Bureau of Weight and Measures
oParis.
Page 57 of 80
Gathered by:
Standard
o Four categories of standard:
o International Standard
o Primary Standard
o Secondary Standard
o Working Standard
Page 58 of 80
Gathered by:
International Standard
o International Std
o Defined by International Agreement
o Represent the
oclosest possible accuracy attainable by the
ocurrent science and technology.
Page 59 of 80
Gathered by:
Primary Standard
o Primary Std
o Maintained at the National Std Lab
o (different for every country)
o Function:
othe calibration and verification

oof secondary std
o Each lab has its own secondary std
owhich are periodically checked and certified by
othe National Std Lab.
Page 60 of 80
Gathered by:
Secondary Standard
o Secondary Std
o basic reference standards used by
o measurement and calibration laboratories
o in industries.
o They maintained by
o the particular industry
o to which they belong.
o Each industry has
o its own secondary standard.
Page 61 of 80
Gathered by:
Working Standard
o Working Std
oUsed to
ocheck and calibrate lab instrument
ofor accuracy and performance.
Page 62 of 80
Gathered by:
Calibration
oprocedure for
odetermining the correct values
oof measurand
oby comparison with
othe standard ones.
Page 63 of 80
Gathered by:
Calibration
o The standard of device with which
ocomparison is made is called
oa standard instrument.
oThe instrument which is unknown
and
ois to be calibrated is called
otest instrument.
Page 64 of 80
Gathered by:
Calibration
o There are two fundamental methodologies
o for obtaining the comparison between
otest instrument and standard
instrument.
oDirect comparisons
oIndirect comparisons
Page 65 of 80
Gathered by:
Direct Comparison
o a source or generator applies
o a known input to the meter under test.
o The ratio of what
o meter is indicating and
othe known generator values
ogives the meter's error.
o In such a case meter is test instrument
o while
ogenerator is the standard instrument.
Page 66 of 80
Gathered by:
Direct Comparison
Page 67 of 80
Gathered by:
Direct Comparison
oWith the help of direct comparison
oa generator or source also can be calibrated.
oIn such calibration ,
othe meter acts as a standard instrument
owhile the generator
oacts as a test instrument.
Page 68 of 80
Gathered by:
Direct Comparison
Page 69 of 80
Gathered by:
Indirect Comparison
oTest instrument is compared with the
oresponse of standard instrument
oof same type
oi.e.
oif test instrument is meter,
ostandard instrument is also meter,
oif test instrument is generator,
ostandard instrument is also generator
Page 70 of 80
Gathered by:
Indirect Comparison
Page 71 of 80
Gathered by:
Units (Fundamental & Supplementary)

ounits which are
oindependently chosen and
onot dependent on any other units
Page 72 of 80
Gathered by:
Units
(Derived)
oderived from the
ofundamental and supplementary units.
Page 73 of 80
Gathered by:
Units (Derived)
Page 74 of 80
Gathered by:
Units (Derived)
Page 75 of 80
Gathered by:
SI Prefixes
oThe use of powers of ten
osimplifies the specification
oof any quantity.
oThe representation can be
ofurther simplified by
othe use of prefixes.
Page 76 of 80
Gathered by:
SI Prefixes
Page 77 of 80
Gathered by:
SI Prefixes
Page 78 of 80
Gathered by:
Instrument Application Guide

o Selection, care and use of the instrument :
o
Before using an instrument,

othoroughly familiarize
owith its operation
o** read the manual carefully
o Select an instrument to provide the

odegree of accuracy required
o(accuracy + resolution + cost)
Page 79 of 80
Gathered by:
Instrument Application Guide

o Selection, care and use of the instrument :
o Before using any selected instrument,
o do the inspection for
o any physical problem
o Before connecting the instrument
o to the circuit,
o make sure the function switch and
o the range selector switch
o has been setup at the
o proper function or range
Page 80 of 80
Gathered by:

Module1 - Introduction To Instrumentation

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Slides for ECE 2014 Students

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704) (Module 1: Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation)

of Mahatma Gandhi University.

Slides for ECE 2014 Students

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704) (Module 1: Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation)

of Mahatma Gandhi University.

3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week

Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement techniques:

Measurement & Instrumentation Principles:

Transducers & Instrumentation:

Slides for ECE 2014 Students

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704) (Module 1: Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation)

of Mahatma Gandhi University.

3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week

Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements:

InstrumentationDevices and Systems:

Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation:

Measurements and Instrumentation:

10. A Course in Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation:

Slides for ECE 2014 Students

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704) (Module 1: Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation)

of Mahatma Gandhi University.

3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week

11. A Course in Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation:

Slides for ECE 2014 Students

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704) (Module 1: Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation)

of Mahatma Gandhi University.

Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation

Slides for ECE 2014 Students

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704) (Module 1: Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation)

of Mahatma Gandhi University.

Introduction to Measurement and Instrumentation

Slides for ECE 2014 Students

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704) (Module 1: Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation)

of Mahatma Gandhi University.

Slides for ECE 2014 Students

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704) (Module 1: Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation)

of Mahatma Gandhi University.

Slides for ECE 2014 Students

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704) (Module 1: Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation)

of Mahatma Gandhi University.

Slides for ECE 2014 Students

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704) (Module 1: Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation)

of Mahatma Gandhi University.

Basic Requirements for Getting

Slides for ECE 2014 Students

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704) (Module 1: Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation)

of Mahatma Gandhi University.

Slides for ECE 2014 Students

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704) (Module 1: Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation)

of Mahatma Gandhi University.

oWhen instruments are used for the

Slides for ECE 2014 Students

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704) (Module 1: Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation)

of Mahatma Gandhi University.

oWhen the measuring and

Slides for ECE 2014 Students

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704) (Module 1: Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation)

of Mahatma Gandhi University.

Slides for ECE 2014 Students

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704) (Module 1: Introduction to Electronic Instrumentation)

of Mahatma Gandhi University.

oValue of a parameter is determined by