CH 04

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Chapter 4
Algebraic Techniques
This chapter deals with operations involving algebraic terms
including indices.
After completing this chapter you should be able to:
add, subtract, multiply and divide algebraic fractions
apply the index laws to simplify algebraic expressions
establish the meaning of the zero index
define indices for square root and cube root
establish the meaning of negative indices
simplify expressions involving fractional and negative indices
remove grouping symbols and simplify by collecting like terms
factorise by determining common factors.
Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1, 5.2.1

W M: S5. 1. 1S5. 1. 5, S 5 .2 .1 5 .2 .5
92
Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 4) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1, 5.2.1
Diagnostic Test
Which of the following is not true?

2x
4x
2x
10x
A ------ = -----B ------ = --------3
5
3
15
2x
4x
2x
6x
C ------ = -----D ------ = -----3
6
3
9
12a
When reduced to its simplest form ---------- =
18a
12
2a
A -----B -----18
3a
2
4
C --D --3
6
3x
5x
------ + ------ =
11 11
8x
8x
A -----B -----22
11
8x
88x
C ---------D --------121
11
2x
x
------ + --- =
3
4
3x
3x
A -----B -----7
12
11x
11x
C --------D --------12
7
3m
4
-------- ------ =
7
5y
34m
12m
A ----------B ----------75y
35y
12my
34my
C -------------D -------------35
75
12ab 10
When simplified ------------- ------ =
5
3a
120ab
8ab
A ----------------B ---------15a
a
40b
C ---------D 8b
5
a b
--- --- =
3 2
ab
A -----6
2a
C -----3b
6
B -----ab
3b
D -----2a
5xy 3x
--------- ------ =
8
2
5y
A -----12
2
15x y
C --------------16
12
B -----5y
16
D -------------2
15x y
Which of the following does not simplify
to t20?
A t4 t5
B t 30 t 10
C (t 4)5
D t16 t 4
3 4
10
11
12
(a )
---------------- =
4
2
a a
A a2
B a4
A 8a7b 9
B 8a12b 20
C 8ab16
D 8(ab)16
(2m 5)3 =
2m 8 B 8m 8
B 3
17
1
--2
1
--2
D 9
B ( 4y ) C 2y
The meaning of y
1
--3
1
--2
D 4y2
is:
1
D ----3y
Which of the following is equivalent
1
to ----3- ?
1
a
--3
1
A 3a
B -----C a
D a 3
3a
A
16
C 5
4 y may be written in index form as:

A 4y
15
C 2m15 D 8m15
3k0 + 2 =
A 2
14
D 16
4a 3b 5 2a 4b 4 =
A
13
C a6
1
--3
B 3y
3m 2 is equivalent to:
1
3
A 6m B ----------2- C ------29m
m
1
D -------3m
93
18
8y 5 2y
1
--4
A
19
21
1
--4
C 4y
D 4y
The highest common factor of

6y 2 and 12y is:
A 6
B 3y
C 6y
D 12
2p 2(5p 2 + 3pq) =
A 10p 2 6pq
B 10p 2 6p 3q
C 10p4 + 6p 3q
D 10p4 6p 3q
22
When fully factorised 12ab 3a + 9a2 =

A 3a(4b 1 + 3a) B 3(4ab a + 3a2)
C a(12b 3 + 9a) D 3ab(4 1 + 3a)
20
When expanded and simplified

3(2m 1) (m + 5) =
A 5m 8
B 5m + 2
C 5m 6
D 5m + 4
If you have any difficulty with these questions, refer to the examples and questions in the sections
listed in the table.
Question
18
9, 10
11, 12
13
Section
14, 15 16, 17
E
18
19, 20 21, 22
A. ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS
Example 1
Complete the following equivalent fractions.
2
a --- = -----3 15
3n
b ------ = -----7
14
2ab
---------- = -----5
20
2 5 10
a --- --- = -----3 5 15
3n 2 6n
b ------ --- = -----7
2 14
2ab 4 8ab
---------- --- = ---------5
4
20
Exercise 4A
1
Complete the following equivalent fractions.

7k
2y
4m
a ------ = -----b -------- = ---c ------ = -----4
20
5
15
3
6
3t
d ------ = ---------10 100
5a
e ------ = -----2
12
Example 2
Reduce to its simplest form:
15
a -----20
c
7a
-----9a
Dividing the numerator

and denominator by
the same number is
sometimes called cancelling.
8t
b -----12
6ab
d ---------9a
94
a Dividing the numerator and

denominator by 5,
b Dividing numerator and

denominator by 4,
15
15
------ = --------420
20
3
= --4
8t
8 t
------ = --------312
12
2t
= ----3
c Dividing numerator and

denominator by a,
d Dividing numerator and

denominator by 3 and by a,
2 1
7a 7a
------ = --------19a 9a
7
= --9
6ab
6 a b
---------- = -------------3 1
9a
9 a
2b
= -----3
Reduce to its simplest form:

6x
3m
a -----b -------12
9
6a
3p
f -----g ---------7a
10p
5t
-----20
8x
h --------12x
10y
d --------15
8ab
i ---------4a
9b
e -----12
12pq
j ------------9q
Example 3
Simplify:
7
4
a ------ + -----15 15
5x
4x
b ------ + -----11 11
7
4
7+4
a ------ + ------ = ------------15 15
15
11
= -----15
5x
4x
5x + 4x
b ------ + ------ = ------------------11 11
11
9x
= -----11
Simplify:
3x
4x
a ------ + -----10 10
9m 6m
d -------- -------10
10
7b 8b
b ------ + -----11
11
11k 3k
e ---------- -----12
12
c
c
7a 2a
------ -----10 10
7a 2a 7a 2a
------ ------ = ------------------10 10
10
5a
= -----10
a
= --2
2a 3a
------ + -----15
15
Example 4
Simplify:
3 2
a --- + --4 3
5n 2n
b ------ + -----6
3
3 2
3 3 2 4
a --- + --- = --- --- + --- --4 3
4 3 3 4
9
8
= ------ + -----12 12
17
= -----12
7m m
-------- ---8
3
5n 2n
5n 2n
2
b ------ + ------ = ------ + ------ --6
3
6
3
2
5n 4n
= ------ + -----6
6
9n
= -----6
3n
= -----2
5
= 1 ----12
7m m 7m 3 m 8
-------- ---- = -------- --- ---- --8
3
8
3
3
8
21m 8m
= ----------- -------24
24
13m
= ----------24
Simplify:
2x
a ------ +
3
3t
f ------ +
10
x
--4
2t
----9
5k 3k
b ------ + -----6
4
4w
w
g ------- -----3
12
7b b
------ --8
4
3v 4v
h ------ + -----2
3
c
3a
a
d ------ + -----5
10
11e 3e
i ---------- -----10
5
4z 2z
e ------ -----5
3
5x 3x
j ------ -----6
8
Example 5
Simplify:
2 5
a --- --3 9
2a b
b ------ --3
9
2 5 25
a --- --- = -----------3 9 39
10
= -----27
2a b 2a b
b ------ --- = ---------------3
9
39
2ab
= ---------27
Simplify:
m n
a ---- --3
4
k m
b --- ---5
3
2p q
------ --3
5
c
c
3h
4
------ -------7
5m
3h
4
3h 4
------ -------- = -----------------7
5m 7 5m
12h
= ----------35m
3a
4
d ------ -----5
7b
2b 5d
e ------ -----3c 7e
95
96
Example 6
Simplify:
8 15
a --- -----9 16
8a
15
b ------ ---------9
16b
1
8 15
8
15
a --- ------ = -----3 --------29 16
9
16
5
= --6
4 1
12ab 10
------------- -----5
3a
8a
15
8 a
15
- -----------b ------ ---------- = -------3
2
9
16b
16 b
9
5a
= -----6b
2
12ab 10
12 a b
10
------------- ------ = ----------------- ----------1
1 1
5
3a
3 a
5
8b
= -----1
= 8b
Simplify:
3m 10n
a -------- ---------5
7
5y
9
f ------ -----3
2y
2k 6n
b ------ -----9
5
7
3z
g ------ -----2z 14
4w 9z
------- -----3
8
2ab
6
h ---------- -----3
2b
c
8a
d ------
5
8mn
i -----------9
15b
---------16
15
-------3m
3t 10
e ----- -----5
9u
6pq 25
j ---------- -----5
3q
Example 7
Simplify:
2 5
a --- --3 8
a 5
b --- --4 b
To divide by a fraction, we multiply by its reciprocal.

5
8
a The reciprocal of --- is --- , hence
8
5
2 5 2 8
--- --- = --- --3 8 3 5
16
= -----15
5
b
b The reciprocal of --- is --- , hence
b
5
a 5 a b
--- --- = --- --4 b 4 5
ab
= -----20
1
= 1 ----15
Simplify:
a b
a --- --5 7
w z
b ---- --6 2
p 5
--- --4 q
3
n
d ---- --m 8
a c
e --- --b d
Example 8
Simplify:
2a 6b
a ------ -----3
7
b
1
2a 6b
2 a
7
a ------ ------ = --------- -------3
3
7
3
6 b
7a
= -----9b
8
Simplify:
2x 8y
a ------ -----3
5
16
8
e ------- ------9w 3w
4xy 2x
i --------- -----3
5
3a 6b
b ------ -----2
7
6k 7k
f ------ -----5
2
9
6
j --------------- -------10km 5m
5pq 3p
---------- -----8
2
1
5p 10q
------ ---------3
9
4m 2m
g -------- -------3
5
c
B. THE INDEX LAWS

The index laws for numbers were established in chapter 2:
1 When multiplying numbers with the same base, we add the indices.
For example, 36 34 = 36 + 4 = 310
2 When dividing numbers with the same base, we subtract the indices.
For example, 36 34 = 36 4 = 32
3 When raising a power of a number to a higher power, we multiply the indices.
For example, (36)4 = 36 4 = 324
If we use letters to represent numbers then the rules can be generalised:

am an = am + n
am an = am n
(a m)n = a mn
5pq 3p 5p q
2
---------- ------ = ----------- --------14
8
2
3p
8
5q
= -----12
7
3
d ------ --------5v 10v
7
m
h -------- ---2m
8
97
98
Example 1
Show by writing in expanded form that:
a m4 m3 = m7
b m5 m2 = m3
a m4 m3 = (m m m m) (m m m)
=mmmmmmm
= m7
c (m4)3 = m12
1
c (m4)3 = (m m m m) (m m m m) (m m m m)
=mmmmmmmmmmmm
= m12
Exercise 4B
1
Show by writing in expanded form that:

a m 2 m4 = m6
b m6 m 2 = m4
(m 2)4 = m8
Example 2
a Use a calculator to evaluate the following expressions when a = 3.
i a4 a3
ii a7
b Does the value of a4 a3 = the value of a7?
a i
a4 a3 = 34 33
= 81 27
m m mmm
b m5 m2 = ----------------------------------------------------1
1
m m
mmm
= -------------------------1
3
=m
ii a7 = 37
= 2187
= 2187
b Yes
2
a Use a calculator to evaluate the following expressions when a = 2.

ii a9
i a5 a4
b Does the value of a5 a4 = the value of a9?
a Use a calculator to evaluate the following expressions when m = 5.

i m8 m2
ii m6
8
b Does the value of m m2 = the value of m6?
a Use a calculator to evaluate the following expressions when n = 3.

i (n4)2
ii n 8
b Does the value of (n4)2 = the value of n 8?
Example 3
Use the index laws to simplify:
a y7 y3
b y 18 y 17
a y7 y3 = y7 + 3
b y 18 y 17 = y 18
= y 10
c
17
(b5)3
c (b5)3 = b5 x 3
= y1
= b15
=y

a m3 m6
b q8 q7
c t 10 t 9
d b15 b b 4
e v v5 v7

a a12 a10
b x15 x 5
c w8 w2
d b6 b 5
e z 20 z 19

a (b4)2
b (h 5)3
c (k 8)2
d (z10)6
e (n 2)4

a m4 m 2
b x9 x 6
8
7
f n n
g b8 b
c (b4)6
h (y 5)5
d m 3 m6 m4
i t10 t20 t
e (v 7)10
j a12 a6
Example 4
Explain why the index laws cannot be used to simplify:
a p3 q4
b m6 n4
a p3 q4 = p p p q q q q
= p 3q 4
Since the bases are not the same we cannot simplify further.
mmmmmm
b m6 n4 = -----------------------------------------------------------nnnn
6
m
= ------4n
Again, since the bases are different we cannot simplify further.
Explain why the index laws cannot be used to simplify:

a k5 m 3
b x9 y6
99
100
10
Are the following statements true or false?

a b4 b 3 = b7
b m 5 m 2 = m10
c p 4 p 5 = p 20
d e 6 e10 = e16
e a4 b 5 = ab 9
z10 z 2 = z 8
6
4
p
p
----2- = ----q
q
g p12 p 3 = p4
h t8 t7 = t
k (b7)2 = b14
w15 w 3 = w 5
(n10)3 = n13
C. APPLYING THE INDEX LAWS

Example 1
Simplify:
5
5 4
(a )
b ---------------3
2
a a
p p
a ----------------8
p
5 4
54
(a )
a
------------b ---------------=
3
2
3+2
a
a a
5+6
p p
p
a ----------------= ----------8
8
p
p
11
20
p
= ------8
p
= p11 8
a
= ------5
a
= a20 5
= p3
= a15
Exercise 4C
1
Simplify:
5
x x
a ---------------6
x
7
a a
e ---------------8
2
a a
k
-----------------16
5
k k
11
y y
-----------------10
8
y y
(m ) m
30
10
w w
b --------------------8
w
2 3
16
k k
d -----------------8
5
k k
10
16
x
h ---------------3
4
x x
14
z z
g -----------------10
7
z z
4 5
3 4
k (a ) (a )
4
10
a a a
n ------------------------------12
8
a a a
5 5
y )
m (----------20
y
m m
-------------------10
m
20
30
b b b
o -----------------------------------4 5
(b )
Example 2
Simplify:
4
a 5m 3m
2k 4k 3k
5 6
(t )
----------10
t
5m 3m
= 53m m
= 15 m
= 15m
2k 4k 3k
7
= 243k k k
4+6
= 24 k
10
= 24k
7+3+5
15
Simplify:
5
a 4m 3m
d 10a
12
7a
b
4
g 3z 4z 2z
3t 6t
10
5b 6b b
d 6d 3d
5p 2p
e 4w 6w
3
h 2q 5q 8q
4
8
Example 3
Simplify:
8
10
12m
a ------------6
3m
b
8
10
12m
------------6
3m
20a
-------------4
16a
12 m
= ------------------6
3m
20 a
= -------------------4
16 a
10
20 a
= ------ ------16 a 4
10
12 m
= ------ ------63 m
= 4m
= 4m
20a
-------------4
16a
6
5
= --- a
4
5a
= --------4
Simplify:
7
6m
a ----------23m
10
9e
----------66e
12
10a
b -------------7
5a
8
2m
g ----------36m
10
12w
--------------8
4w
12
8z
d ----------86z
15
6a
h -------------10
12a
16k
e -----------312k
13
9t
----------612t
11
15b
-------------6
20b
101
102
Example 4
3 5
Simplify ( 2a )
3 5
( 2a )
3
= 2a 2a 2a 2a 2a
3
= 22222a a a a a
3 5
= 2 (a )
= 32a
15
Simplify:
4 3
b ( 2m )
3 2 5
g (m n )
a ( 3a )
(x y )
3 6
c ( 7p )
5 2
4 6 3
h (p q )
2 4
d ( 10k )
7 3 4
4 10 2
(a b )
Example 5
Simplify:
2 4
10 8
5 8
a 5m n 3m n
2 4
10 8
5 8
5m n 3m n
2
7 12
= 15m n
12
10
y
12 x
= ------ ------6- ----28
x
y
= 53m m n n
= 15 m n
12x y
------------------6 2
8x y
= 5m n 3m n
2
12x y
------------------6 2
8x y
3
--2
x4 y6
4 6
3x y
= -------------2
11 3
e ( 5t )
j
5 2 3
( 2x y )
Simplify:
3 2
5 3
b 5m n 2m n
5 8
6 7
d 10x y 3x y
a 4a b 2a b
c 3p q 4p q
10 12
e 2w z
4 5
6w z
10 9
4 3
5 6
6a b
-------------3 2
4a b
7
15x y
g ------------------6 2
5x y
Remember to add
indices when multiplying
and subtract them
when dividing.
12
2k m
h ------------------3 6
10k m
11 6
6 7
7 8
9a b
----------------8
12a b
12m n
------------------6 8
15m n
D. THE ZERO INDEX

Example 1
a Use the index laws to simplify a5 a5.
b Hence show that a0 = 1.
a Using the index laws,
a5 a5 = a5 5
= a0
b But a5 a5 = 1 (Since any number divided by itself = 1)
Hence a0 = 1
Exercise 4D
1
a Use the index laws to simplify a4 a4.
b Hence show that a0 = 1.
a Use the index laws to simplify k 7 k 7.
b Hence show that k0 = 1.
103
104
Example 2
Evaluate:
a x0
b (3x)0
c 3x 0
a x0 = 1
b (3x)0 = 1
c 3x 0 = 3 x 0
=31
=3
Evaluate:
a y0
f (6z)0
k 3m0 + 1
b (3y)0
g (10m)0
l 9e0 3
c 3y 0
h 10m0
m 6p0 + 7
d 4k 0
i 8b0
n 3a0 + 2b0
e 9t 0
j (7q)0
o 6x 0 4y 0
E. INDICES FOR SQUARE ROOTS AND CUBE ROOTS

Example 1
2
a Show that ( 6 ) = 6.
1
--2 2
b Use the index laws to show that ( 6 ) = 6.

1
--2
c Hence show that

a ( 6)
6 = 6 .
1
--2
1
--- 2
2
66
= 61
36
=6
( 6 )2 = 6
=6
1
--2
c Since ( 6 ) = 6 and ( 6 )2 = 6 then
1
--2
6 =6 .
Exercise 4E
1
c Hence show that

2
1
--2
a Show that ( 5 )2 = 5.
b Use the index laws to show that ( 5 )2 = 5.

1
--2
5 =5 .
1
--2
a Show that ( a )2 = a.
c Hence show that
b Use the index laws to show that ( a )2 = a.

1
--2
a =a .
Example 2
Write in index form:
a
23
23 = 23
1
--2
t =t
1
--2
7t
d 7 t
7t = ( 7t )
1
--2
d 7 t =7
=7 t
= 7t

a
3
5k
e
12
b
f 5 k
x
c
g 6 y
1
--2
1
--2
m
6y
d
h
Example 3
Write down the meaning of:
a 5
1
--2
b ( 7z )
1
--2
a 5 =
1
--2
1
--2
b ( 7z ) =
7z
7z
7z
1
--2
1
--2
=7 z
=7
1
--2
=7 z

a 8
1
--2
e ( 3z )
b 13
1
--2
1
--2
( 2m )
c p
1
--2
1
--2
g 5k
d q
1
--2
1
--2
h 4t
1
--2
Example 4
3
a Show that ( 3 5 ) = 5.
1
--3
b Use the index laws to simplify ( 5 )3.

c Hence show that
1
--3
5 =5 .
105
106
1
--- 3
3
555
= 51
125
=5
1
--3
a (3 5) =
b ( 5 )3 = 5
=5
1
--3
c Since ( 3 5 ) = 5 and ( 5 )3 = 5 then
1
--3
5 =5 .
1
--3
a Show that ( 3 6 ) = 6.
c Hence show that
b Use the index laws to simplify ( 6 )3.

1
--3
6 =6 .
1
--3
a Show that ( 3 a ) = a.
c Hence show that
b Use the index laws to simplify ( a )3.

1
--3
a =a .
Example 5
a
=7
1
--3
=e
4z
4z
1
--3
d 43 z
d 43 z = 4
= ( 4z )
1
--3
=4 z
= 4z
z
1
--3
1
--3

a
5y
53 y
9m
h 93 m
Example 6
a 8
1
--3
b n
1
--3
( 5x )
1
--3
d 5x
1
--3
a 8
1
--3
b n
1
--3
c
n
( 5x )
=
1
--3
d 5x
1
--3
=5x
=5
5x
1
--3
= 53 x

a 12
1
--3
b 35
e ( 6m )
9
c k
1
--3
6m
47
e 5 x
63 x
1
--3
g ( 7v )
d d
1
--3
1
--3
h 7v
1
--3

a
10
1
--3
1
--3
d 83 p
h 33 r
g 4 x

a 5
e
1
--3
b 6
( 5p )
1
--2
1
--2
( 6r )
c x
1
--3
1
--3
g ( 5xy )
d t
1
--2
h ( 4pq )
F. NEGATIVE INDICES
Example 1
4
a
a Use the index laws to simplify ----5- .
a
1
1
c Hence show that a = --- .
a
4
= a1
4
a
b Expand and simplify ----5- .
a
a
a a a a
b ----5- = -------------------------------------------------1
1
1
1
a a a a a
a
1
= --a
a
a ----5- = a4 5
a
a
a
1
1
c Since ----5- = a1 and ----5- = --- then a1 = --- .
a
a
a
a
1
--2
1
--3
107
108
Exercise 4F
3
a
a
1
c Hence show that a1 = --- .
a
3
a
a
1
2
c Hence show that a = ----2- .
a
2
a
a
1
3
---c Hence show that a = 3 .
a
2
a
a
1
c Hence show that a4 = ----4- .
a
a
a
1
c Hence show that a5 = ----5- .
a
a
a
3
a
a
2
a
a
2
a
a
a
a
From the above exercises, it can be seen that, in general,

1
an = ----n
a
Example 2
a k9
b m15
1
a k9 = ----9k
1
b m15 = -------15
m

a y 2
b k 1
c m3
Example 3
Write with a negative index:
1
a ----5a
1
b ----7y
1
a ----5- = a5
a
1
b ----7- = y 7
y
d x 6
e t 10
Write with a negative index:

1
1
a ----8b ----2k
a
1
-----11
x
1
d ------14
n
1
e -----20
z
Example 4
a 3m2
b (3m)2
a 3m2 = 3 m2
1
b (3m)2 = ---------------2
( 3m )
1
= ----------29m
3
1
= --- ------21 m
3
= ------2m

a 3k 1
b (3k)1
5
d (2y)
e 3t 4
2y 5
(3t)4
c
f
G. FURTHER USE OF THE INDEX LAWS

Example 1
1
--2
1
--2
1
--2
1
--2
a 3y 2y
1
--3
1
--3
1
--3
1
--3
b 10 n 5 n
1
--2
a 3y 2y = 3 y 2 y
1
--2
=32 y y
=6 y
1 1
--- + --2 2
= 6 y1
= 6y
1
--2
1
--2
1
--3
10n
b 10 n 5 n = -----------1
5n
--3
1
--3
10 n
= ------ -----1
5
--3
n
=2 n
1 1
--- --3 3
= 2 n0
=21
=2
109
110
Exercise 4G
1

1
--2
a 2z 6z
d 12 a
1
--3
1
--2
1
--2
b 8p 2p
4a
1
--3
1
--2
1
--3
1
--3
2m 3m 4m
1
--3
k
e ---------------1
1
--2
k k
--2
Example 2
a m6 m2
b q2 q7
c (x 3)5
a m6 m2 = m6 + 2
b q2 q 7 = q2 (7)
c (x 3)5 = x 3 5
= m4
2
= q5

5
2
3
7
a a a
b y y
e b
i
2 4
(y )
w w
(t )
= x 15
c e e
g z
d n n
h k
5 4
Example 3
Simplify:
a 5m3 6m7
b 4y 7 5y 2
a 5m3 6m7 = 5 6 m3 m7
= 30 m3 + 7
= 30 m4
= 30m4
c (5y 2)3 = 5y 2 5y 2 5y 2
= 5 5 5 y 2 y 2 y 2
3
2 3
= 5 (y )
= 125y 6
c (5y 2)3
7
4y
b 4y 7 5y 2 = ---------2
5y
7
4
y
= --- -----5 y 2
4
= --- y 7(2)
5
4
= --- y 9
5
9
4
4y
= --- y 9 or -------5
5
Simplify:
a 10a 5 9a 3
e 6p4 2p 2
i (3w 6)2
b 6b5 3b2
f 3k 4 8k 2
j 4n3 3n4 6n5
c 3v 6 2v 2
g (5z 4)3
d 8y 5 2y 1
h (2m3)5
Example 4
State whether the following are true or false.
a m3 m5 = m2
b 3y 0 = 1
1
d 2p3 = --------32p
c 6k4 2k4 = 3
a m3 m5 = m3 5
b 3y 0 = 3 y 0
=31
= m2
Statement is false.
=3
Statement is false.
6 k
c 6k 4 2k 4 = --- ----42 k
= 3 k4 4
d 2p3= 2 p3
1
= 2 ----3p
2
= ----3p
Statement is false.
= 3 k0
=31
=3
Statement is true.

a 6m 0 = 1
b a4 a7 = a 3
8t 9 2t 9 = 4
1
d 3c 2 = --------23c
6
g 5x x 6 = 5x
e 4k 0 = 4
b b6 = b5
4
h 4y 3 = -----3
y
8
(2p 1)3 = ----3p
Example 5
By substituting a = 5, show that a2 2a.
111
112
1
a2 = ----2a
1
= -----2
5
1
= -----25
2a = 2 5
= 10
Hence a2 2a
5
By substituting a = 3, show that:

a a 2 2a
d a3 3a
g a2 a2 a0
b a3 3a
e a2 a a2 + a
h 5a2 3a 5a2 + 3a
c
f
a2 2a
a2 + a2 a4
H. REMOVING GROUPING SYMBOLS

Example 1
Expand:
a 3(x + 5)
b 4(3y 2z)
Expand means to write

the expression without
the grouping symbols.
a 3(x + 5) = (x + 5) + (x + 5) + (x + 5)
=x+x+x+5+5+5
=3x+35
= 3x + 15
b 4(3y 2z) = (3y 2z) + (3y 2z) + (3y 2z) + (3y 2z)
= 3y + 3y + 3y + 3y 2z 2z 2z 2z
= 4 3y 4 2z
= 12y 8z
From the examples above we can see that, in general:

a (b + c ) = a b + a c
that is, to remove the grouping symbols we multiply each term inside them by the number at
the front.
This result is known as the distributive law.
Example 2
Use the distributive law to expand:
a 5(2y + 3)
b 7(3y 4w)
a 5(2y + 3) = 5 2y + 5 3
b 7(3y 4w) = 7 3y 7 4w
= 10y + 15
= 21y 28w
Exercise 4H
1
Use the distributive law to expand:

a 3(2w + 5)
b 6(3z 2)
2
e 10(x + 6)
f 7(ab 2a 2)
i 5(4b + 2a + 3)
j 3(5x 3y 2z)
c 5(4a + 3b)
g 4(m 2 + n 2)
d 2(4x 3y)
h 2(m 3 3mn)
Example 3
Expand:
a 3w(2y + 4z)
b 2a(3a 4b)
a 3w(2y + 4z) = 3w 2y + 3w 4z
c 4m2(m3 + 2m5)
b 2a(3a 4b)= 2a 3a 2a 4b
= 6a2 8ab
= 6wy + 12wz
c 4m 2(m 3 + 2m5) = 4m 2 m3 + 4m 2 2m5
= 4m5 + 8m7
Expand:
a 3a(2b + 4c)
e y2(y3 4)
i 2p5(p2 + 3p3)
b 4x(3x 2y)
f 6x(2y 5x2)
j 5x2(2x3 3xy)
c 10k(6k 4m)
g 3k2(2k2 + 5)
d m(m2 + 2)
h a3(5a2 2)
Example 4
Expand:
a 3(2w + 5)
b 2(4a 3b)
c (4m + 3n)
113
114
a 3(2w + 5) = 3 2w + 3 5
b 2(4a 3b) = 2 4a 2 3b
= 6w + 15
= 8a 6b
= 6w 15
= 8a + 6b
c (4m + 3n) = 1 4m + 1 3n
= 4m + 3n
= 4m 3n
Expand:
a 2(y + 3)
e (t + 3)
i (7w + 3)
b 5(a + 2)
f (b + 6)
j (4x 1)
c 3(w + 4)
g 3(2k + 5)
d 4(m 7)
h 2(4m 5)
Example 5
Expand:
a 3a(5a2 + 2ab)
b n3(2n4 5n2p)
a 3a(5a2 + 2ab) = 3a 5a2 + 3a 2ab
b n3(2n4 5n2p) = n3 2n4 n3 5n2p
Expand:
a 2a(3a 2 + 2ab)
d y3(4y2 3xy)
= 15a3 + 6a2b
= 2n7 5n5p
= 15a3 6a2b
= 2n7 + 5n5p
b 4x(2x 2 3xy)
e 3m4(2m 2 + 5mn)
Example 6
Expand and simplify by collecting like terms.
a 3(a + 2) + 7
b 3 + 2(3n 5)
a 3(a + 2) + 7 = 3a + 6 + 7
= 3a + 13
Remember to
multiply before
adding!
b 3 + 2(3n 5) = 3 + 6n 10
= 7 + 6n or 6n 7
3p 2(3p 2 + 4pq)
Expand and simplify:

a 4(a + 3) + 6
e 6(3z 1) + 4
i 4 + 3(2w 4)
b 2(3b 12) + 12
f 10 + 2(4x + 3)
j 16 + 5(4e 6)
c 3(4w + 2) 7
g 12 + 2(3b 5)
d 5(2y 3) 2
h 13 + 4(y + 5)
Example 7
Expand and simplify 5 2(4y 3).
5 2(4y 3) = 5 8y + 6
= 11 8y or 8y + 11
6

a 12 2(a + 5)
e 20 3(2w + 5)
i 5 3(3 + 4z)
b 8 3(y 2)
f 2 5(3t 4)
j 3 10(1 2w)
c 9 4(b + 3)
g 4 3(5x + 2)
d 7 2(v 6)
h 10 2(3k 1)
Example 8
Expand and simplify 4(2m 3) + 3(m 2).
4(2m 3) + 3(m 2) = 8m 12 + 3m 6
= 11m 18
7

a 5(2k + 3) + 3(k 2)
c 4(2p 1) + 2(3p + 5)
e 2(5x 3) + 5(3x 1)
g (6v 1) + 3(2v 5)
i 7(2a 3b) + 3(3a + 4b)
b
d
f
h
j
2(6m + 7) + 3(m 1)
3(3a + 2) + 4(a 3)
3(4y 2) + (2y + 7)
4(3x + 2y) + 2(5x 3y)
3a(2a + 6) + 4a(3a 5)
Example 9
a 2(3p + 4q) 4(2p 3q)
b 3(4m 1) (m + 4)
a 2(3p + 4q) 4(2p 3q) = 6p + 8q 8p + 12q

= 2p + 20q or 20q 2p
b 3(4m 1) (m + 4) = 12m 3 m 4
= 11m 7
115
116

a 3(2k + 5) 2(k + 3)
c 2(6t + 1) 3(t + 4)
e 2(a + 5) 4(a 1)
g 4(3x + y) (2x 7y)
i 2q(q 5) 4(q 5)
b
d
f
h
j
5(w + 4) 3(w 2)
3(5z 1) (2z + 5)
5(d 3) 3(2d + 1)
3(2a 3b) (2a + 3b)
4z(3z + 2) (z 1)
I. FACTORISING
Use the distributive property to expand 2(3a + 5) = 2 3a + 2 5
= 6a + 10
Reversing the process, 6a + 10 = 2 3a + 2 5
= 2 (3a + 5)
= 2(3a + 5)
The reverse process to expanding is called factorising.
Note that the 2 is the

HCF of 6a and 10.
Example 1
Factorise:
a 3y + 12
b 20k 8
a The HCF of 3y and 12 is 3, hence
b The HCF of 20k and 8 is 4, hence
3y + 12 = 3 y + 3 4
20k 8 = 4 5k 4 2
= 3 (y + 4)
= 4 (5k 2)
= 3(y + 4)
= 4(5k 2)
Note that as 2 is a common factor of
20k and 8,
20k 8 = 2 10k 2 4
= 2(10k 8)
While this is a correct equivalent expression
for 20k 8, it has not been fully factorised.
20k 8 = 4(5k 2).
Exercise 4I
1
Factorise:
a 8a + 10
e 4w 12
i 24k 18n
b 6x 4
f 16m 8
j 16x 2 + 24y2
c 3a + 6b
g 12ab + 8
d 5x + 10y
h 10m 20n
Example 2
Factorise:
a 3u + 12v + 9w
b 12a 8b + 20c
a The HCF of 3u, 12v and 9w is 3, hence

3u + 12v + 9w = 3 u + 3 4v + 3 3w
= 3(u + 4v + 3w)
b The HCF of 12a, 8b and 20c is 4, hence
12a 8b + 20c = 4 3a 4 2b + 4 5c
= 4(3a 2b + 5c)
Factorise:
a 5x + 15y + 10z
d 12m 6n 18r
b 3p 6q + 9r
e 20xy + 50z + 30
4a + 12b 8c
Example 3
Complete the following factorisations and check by expanding.
a y 2 + 2y = y (__ + __)
b 12a2 8ab = 4a (__ __)
a Since y 2 + 2y = y y + y 2, then
y 2 + 2y = y(y + 2)
Check: y(y + 2) = y y + y 2
= y 2 + 2y
Since 12a 2 8ab = 4a 3a 4a 2b, then

12a 2 8ab = 4a(3a 2b)
Check: 4a(3a 2b) = 4a 3a 4a 2b
= 12a 2 8ab

a y 2 + 7y = y (__ + __)
b m 2 3m = m (__ __)
c 3mn + 4m = m (__ + __)
d 9p 5pq = p (__ __)
2
f 2bc b 2 = b (__ __)
e x + 5xy = x (__ + __)
117
118
g 6m 2 3m = 3m (__ __)
i 16pq 12p 2 = 4p (__ __)
h 12a 2 10ab = 2a (__ __)

j 12k 2 +18k = 6k (__ + __)
Example 4
a y2 + 7y = __ (y + 7)
b 2m2 8m = __ (m 4)
a The HCF of y2 and 7y is y, hence
b The HCF of 2m2 and 8m is 2m, hence
y2 + 7y = y(y + 7)
2m2 8m = 2m(m 4)
Check: y(y + 7) = y y + y 7
Check: 2m(m 4) = 2m m 2m 4
= y2 + 7y
= 2m2 8m

a p2 + 3p = __ (p + 3)
b k2 2k = __ (k 2)
2
c 3w + 2w = __ (3w + 2)
d 2z2 z = __ (2z 1)
e 4mn 3m2 = __ (4n 3m)
f 2x2 + 8x = __ (x + 4)
2
g 4pq 12p = __ (q 3p)
h 8pq 12pr = __ (2q 3r)
2
i 10z 5z = __ (2z 1)
j 6km 8m2 = __ (3k 4m)
Example 5
Explain why the following factorisation is incorrect.
18x2y + 12xy2 = 6xy(3x + 2)
6xy (3x + 2) = 6xy 3x + 6xy 2
= 18x2y + 12xy
18x2y + 12xy2
Explain why the following factorisations are incorrect.

a y2 + 7y = 7(y2 + y)
b 24ab + 8a = 8a(3b 1)
d 15x2y + 12xy 2 = 3xy(5x + 4)
c x2 6xy = 6x(x y)
e 10ab2 5a2b = 5ab(2b2 a)
Example 6
Factorise:
a w 2 + 5w
b 3y 2 6y
a The HCF of w 2 and 5w is w, hence
c 4a 2 + 8ab
b The HCF of 3y 2 and 6y is 3y, hence
w 2 + 5w = w w + w 5
3y 2 6y = 3y y 3y 2
= w(w + 5)
= 3y(y 2)
c The HCF of 4a 2 and 8ab is 4a, hence

4a 2 + 8ab = 4a a + 4a 2b
= 4a(a + 2b)
Factorise:
a x 2 + 4x
e 2k 2 + 4k
i 12pq 18p 2
b y 2 7y
f 3y 2 12y
j 16km + 24k 2
c a 2 + ab
g 10b 2 + 5ab
d m 2 5mn
h 9w 2 6w
Example 7
Factorise 18ab 3a + 9a2.
The HCF of 18ab, 3a and 9a 2 is 3a, hence
18ab 3a + 9a 2 = 3a 6b 3a 1 + 3a 3a
= 3a(6b 1 + 3a)
Factorise:
a 2ab + 4a + 4a 2
d 5xy 10x 5x 2
b 6x 2 + 3x + 9xy
e 8k 2 6k 10km
2m 6m 2 + 4mn
119
120
Language in Mathematics
Three of the words in the following list have been spelt incorrectly. Find these words and
write the correct spelling.
reduse, simplify, subistute, aply, numerator, equivalent
Complete the following words used in this chapter by replacing the vowels:
a f __ ct __ r
b z __ r __
c __ nd __ x
d __ lg __ br __ __ c
e f __ ct __ r __ s __
Using an example, explain the meaning of:

a reciprocal
b highest common factor
Write in words:
x3
Write down the names of the following grouping symbols:

a ()
b []
x2
{}
Match each word with its meaning.

a equivalent
A go backwards
b expand
B the same as
c reverse
C a letter used to represent numbers
d evaluate
D remove the grouping symbols
e pronumeral
E find the value of
How many words of three or more letters can you make from the word
DISTRIBUTIVE. (No proper names or plurals allowed.)
Glossary
algebraic
apply
base
cancel
check
common
cube root
denominator
distributive law
equivalent
evaluate
expand
expression
factor
factorise
grouping symbols
index
indices
negative
numerator
power
reciprocal
reduce
reverse
simplify
square root
substitute
value
zero
121
CHECK YOUR SKILLS

1
Which of the following is not true?

3x
9x
A ------ = -----5
15
5a
C -----81
45a
D ---------9
11x
B --------15
11x
C --------8
3x
D -----15
45a
B ---------21b
28ab
C ------------15
20ab
D ------------21
xy
C -----6y
x
D --6
5x
B -----3y
5y
C -----3x
xy
D -----15
14a
B ---------15
35ab
C ---------------54
x y
--- --- =
5 3
7ab 5b
---------- ------ =
9
6
54
D ---------------235ab
Which of the following does not simplify to k15?

A (k5)3
7
10
5a
B -----18
5 3xy
When simplified ------ --------- =
9y 10
15xy
15x
A -----------B --------90
90
15
A ---------14a
9
3xy
D --------2x
4a 5
------ ------ =
3 7b
3x
A -----5y
8
3y
C -----2
2x x
------ + --- =
5 3
20a
A ---------21b
6
3x
6x
D ------ = -----5
8
4a a
------ + --- =
9 9
3x
A -----8
5
3x
15x
C ------ = --------5
25
9xy
When reduced to its simplest form --------- =
6x
9y
A -----B 3y
6
5a
A -----9
4
3x
6x
B ------ = -----5
10
B k
10
C k
30
3 5
D (k )
b b
----------------=
2 4
(b )
A b55
B b2
C b8
D 18
122
9 8
11
12x y
----------------=
6 2
8x y
3 6
A 4x3y6
12
17
18
1
--2
20
21
22
D 9m7
B 20
C 3
D 8
B ( 9a )
1
--2
C 3a
1
--2
The meaning of 2a is:

3
2a
C -----3
B 23 a
2a
1
Which of the following is equivalent to ------2- ?
m
1
A -------B m2
2m
2
C ---m
2c2 is equivalent to:

2
A ----2c
B 4c
1
C --------22c
3xy
-----------2
B 3m2
1
C --- m2
3
D 9a
D 2a
D m
6m 3 2m5 =
A 3m2
19
C 3m7
1
--3
A
16
B 9m10
9 a may be written in index form as:

A 9a
15
5y 0 + 3 =
A 4
14
3x y
C -------------2
(3m5)2 =
A 3m10
13
3 4
3x y
B -------------2
3k(2k 2 4km) =
1
--2
1
D --------24c
1
D --- m2
3
A 6k 2 + 12km
6k 2 12km
C 6k 3 + 12k 2 m
D 6k 3 + 12k 2 m
When expanded and simplified 2w(w 6) + 3(w 5) =

B 2w2 9w 15
C 7w 15
A 2w2 3w 15
The highest common factor of 10pq and 12p2 is:
A 2p
B 2
C p
When fully factorised 4x2 6x =

A 2x2 (2x2 3)
B 2(2x2 3x)
C x(4x 6)
D 7w2 15
D 2pq
D 2x(2x 3)
If you have any difficulty with these questions, refer to the examples and questions in the sections
listed in the table.
Question
18
9, 10
11, 12
13
Section
14, 15 16, 17
E
18
G
19, 20 21, 22
H
REVIEW SET 4A
Reduce to simplest form:

12a
9xy
a ---------b --------15
6x
Simplify:
4a 7a
a ------ + -----13 13
2m 5m
b -------- + -------3
8
Simplify:
a y 10 y 7
e (5m4 )3
b k 11 k 5
f 3a 5 b 3 2ab 6
c (p7 )2
t t
d -------------3
4
t t
Evaluate:
a v0
b 5v 0
c (5v)0
d 2v 0 + 1
10
11
12
4w 2w
------- ------5
3
5x y
d ------ --6 3
7
Write the meaning of:

a x
3mn
------------ = -----4
20
Complete:
2x
------ = -----9
18
1
--2
b 3x
1
--2
c ( 3x )

a z 3
b 2z 3
Simplify:
a y 3 y5
d 6b2 3b7
b e6 e2
e 4k5 2k3
1
--2

a 4q 0 = 4
b a 5 a7 = a2
4
2
d 4b = ----2e n2 n = n2 + n
b
Expand:
a 5(2v 4w)
b a3 (2a2 + 4a)
a 4(m 2) + 3(2m + 5)
b 3(3a b) (2a b)
Factorise:
a 8w + 20
b x2 + 9x
d x
1
--3
c (2z)3
(n4 )5
6m5 3m5 = 2m
3(4x + 5)
4pq 12q2
e 2x
1
--3
123
124
REVIEW SET 4B
3x
a ------ = -----7
21
Complete:

8m
4ab
a -------b ---------12
2a
Simplify:
2a 7a
a ------ + -----9
9
3y 2y
b ------ + -----4
3
Simplify:
a m14 m6
e (2m7 )4
b t25 t5
f 4p3 q7 5p4q
c (z6 )4
(b )
d ----------------7
4
b b
Evaluate:
a s0
b 4s 0
c (4s)0
d 4s 0 1
10
11
12
3k 2m
------ -------5
3
3w 2w
d ------- ------5
3
5 6

a c
2ab
---------- = -----3
18
1
--2
b 2c
1
--2
c ( 2c )

a e4
b 3e4
Simplify:
a k 6 k2
d 5n3 4n8
b m4 m1
e 2a5 4a8
1
--2

b b6 b9 = b3
a 3w 0 = 1
1
d 2t 2 = -------2e p 2 = 2p
2t
Expand:
a 10(4p + 3)
b m2 (3m5 m3)
a 3(2q + 6) 2(q 7)
b 2a(2a 5) (3a + 1)
Factorise:
a 12x 18
b 2y2 7y
d c
1
--3
c (3e)4
(n3)5
a7 a7 = a
a(2a 5)
4a2 3ab + 2a
e ( 2c )
1
--3
REVIEW SET 4C

8w
5mn
a ------b -----------24
7n
Simplify:
2d 6d
a ------ + -----7
7
7b 3b
b ------ -----8
4
Simplify:
a p6 p8
e (3v7 )3
b y16 y 8
f 3x8 y9 6x2y5
c (t5 )6
c c
d -----------------4 5
(c )
Evaluate:
a a0
b 7a0
c (7a)0
d 7a0 + 5
10
11
12
6x 10y
------ --------5
9
3w 2w
d ------- ------4
5
12

a q
4xy
--------- = -----3
12
Complete:
3h
------ = -----5
20
1
--2
b 4q
1
--2
c ( 4q )
1
--2
d q

a b 5
b 3b 5
c (3b)5
Simplify:
a d 5 d 3
e 6m3 9m4
b n 2 n3
c (k 2)3

a 7h0 = 7
b a a5 = a5
3
4
d 3s = ----4e n2 + n2 = n4
s
Expand:
a 4(5w + 2x)
b k4 (2k3 4k)
a 2(5t 1) + 3(2 3t)
b 10(x 2y) 5(2x y)
Factorise:
a 15n 20
b 4b2 + 6b
1
--3
1
2p5 6p5 = --- p
3
(4s 7)
12m2 + 14mn
e 4q
1
--3
d 5a6 3a3
125
126
REVIEW SET 4D

20h
4pq
a ---------b ---------16
6q
Simplify:
10k 5k
a ---------- -----11 11
2w w
b ------- ---9 6
Simplify:
a y8 y5
e (9h5 )2
b k16 k10
f 6a7 b8 a6b 3
c (p5 )10
c c
d -----------------4 2
(c )
Evaluate:
a w0
b 8w 0
c (8w) 0
d 8w 0 9
10
3a 4b
------ -----2
5
9x 4x
d ------ -----10 3
3
13

a m
7pq
---------- = -----2
10
Complete:
5b
------ = -----8
24
1
--2
b 6m
1
--2
c ( 6m )

a x 2
b 2x 2
Simplify:
a y 2 y 5
d 5z4 3z7
b n6 n8
e 6m4 9m7
1
--2

b a9 a7 = a2
a 2b0 = 1
7
d 7n3 = ----3e (2m)2 = 4m2
n
Expand:
a 2x(6y 3z)
b m3(3a3 4m2)
11

a 5(3 + 5n) + 2(4 3n) b a(6a + 1) 2a(a + 1)
12
Factorise:
a 24x + 18
b h2 8h
d m
1
--3
c (2x)2
(p3)5
2p6 10p6 = 2
2(5 2a)
3y2 + 6y 9
e ( 6m )
1
--3

CH 04

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LEY_bk9_04_finalpp Page 91 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:32 AM

Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1, 5.2.1

LEY_bk9_04_finalpp Page 92 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:32 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 4) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1, 5.2.1

Which of the following is not true?

4 y may be written in index form as:

LEY_bk9_04_finalpp Page 93 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:32 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 4) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1, 5.2.1

The highest common factor of

When fully factorised 12ab 3a + 9a2 =

When expanded and simplified

Complete the following equivalent fractions.

d ------ = ---------10 100

Dividing the numerator

LEY_bk9_04_finalpp Page 94 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:32 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 4) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1, 5.2.1

a Dividing the numerator and

b Dividing numerator and

c Dividing numerator and

d Dividing numerator and

Reduce to its simplest form:

LEY_bk9_04_finalpp Page 95 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:32 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 4) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1, 5.2.1

LEY_bk9_04_finalpp Page 96 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:32 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 4) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1, 5.2.1

To divide by a fraction, we multiply by its reciprocal.

LEY_bk9_04_finalpp Page 97 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:32 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 4) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1, 5.2.1

B. THE INDEX LAWS

If we use letters to represent numbers then the rules can be generalised:

LEY_bk9_04_finalpp Page 98 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:32 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 4) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1, 5.2.1

Show by writing in expanded form that:

a Use a calculator to evaluate the following expressions when a = 2.

a Use a calculator to evaluate the following expressions when m = 5.

a Use a calculator to evaluate the following expressions when n = 3.

LEY_bk9_04_finalpp Page 99 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:32 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 4) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1, 5.2.1

Use the index laws to simplify:

Use the index laws to simplify:

Use the index laws to simplify:

Use the index laws to simplify:

Explain why the index laws cannot be used to simplify:

LEY_bk9_04_finalpp Page 100 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:32 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 4) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1, 5.2.1

Are the following statements true or false?

C. APPLYING THE INDEX LAWS

LEY_bk9_04_finalpp Page 101 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:32 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 4) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1, 5.2.1

LEY_bk9_04_finalpp Page 102 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:32 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 4) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1, 5.2.1

LEY_bk9_04_finalpp Page 103 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:32 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 4) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1, 5.2.1

D. THE ZERO INDEX

a Use the index laws to simplify a4 a4.

b Hence show that a0 = 1.

a Use the index laws to simplify k 7 k 7.

b Hence show that k0 = 1.

LEY_bk9_04_finalpp Page 104 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:32 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 4) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1, 5.2.1

E. INDICES FOR SQUARE ROOTS AND CUBE ROOTS

b Use the index laws to show that ( 6 ) = 6.

b 12a2 8ab = 4a ( )