CH 03

LEY_bk9_03_finalpp Page 57 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:28 AM
Chapter 3
Data Representation
and Analysis
This chapter deals with grouping data to aid analysis, and constructing
frequency and cumulative frequency tables and graphs.
After completing this chapter you should be able to:
construct a cumulative frequency table for grouped and ungrouped data
construct cumulative frequency histograms and polygons
find the median using a cumulative frequency polygon
group data into class intervals
find the mean using the class centres
find the modal class.
Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1

WM: S5.1.1S5.1.5
58
Data Representation and Analysis (Chapter 3) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1
Diagnostic Test
Use the table below to answer questions 14.
Score
10
Frequency
12
17
11
The mean of the data in the table above is

closest to:
A 7
B 7.7
C 8
The cumulative frequency for the 4049

class is:
A 64
B 44.5
C 26
D impossible to determine without the

exact scores
7
An estimate for the median is closest to:

A 4049 class
D 7.5
B 50
C 46
2
The median of the data in the table above

is closest to:
A 17
B 7.7
D 7.5
C 8
D 7.5
The cumulative frequency for the score of

8 is:
Which frequency distribution table

represents the following scores?
12, 30, 38, 49, 13, 28, 33, 17, 21, 31, 23,
32, 25, 26, 39, 36, 42, 46, 36, 50, 48, 32,
45, 57, 43, 51, 49, 53, 42, 33
A
Class
Frequency
1019
2029
3039
4049
5059
Class
Frequency
1019
120
2029
100
3039
10
4049
5059
A 40
5
C 8
The mode of the data in the table above is

closest to:
A 7
B 7.7

exact scores
B 17
C 8
D 23
The ogive is the:

A frequency polygon
B frequency histogram
C cumulative frequency polygon
D cumulative frequency histogram
Cumulative frequency
Here is a cumulative frequency histogram and

polygon for questions 6 and 7.
histogram
80
60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Class boundaries
Use this table to answer questions 1012.

Class
Frequency
Class
1019
1016
2029
1723
15
3039
2430
4049
3137
12
5059
3844
Class
Frequency
1019
2029
3039
10
4049
5059
Class centre
A 27
C 70
C 5
D 1044
B 10
C 8.6

exact scores
The modal class is:
A 2430
C 2430
The class centre for the 3238 class is:

B 38
B 42
The mean for the data is closest to:
11
12
A 32
fx
10
A 84
Frequency
D 35
B 1723
D 3137
If you have any difficulty with these questions, refer to the examples and questions in the sections
listed in the table.
Question
14
5, 6
912
Section
A. UNGROUPED DATA
This section reviews some important aspects of DS4.2 that are needed for this section.
Example 1
For the scores in this table, find the:
a mode
b mean
c median.
Score
10
11
12
13
14
15
Frequency
12
18
14
a The mode is 11 as this is the score with the highest frequency of 18.
b Add an fx column to find the mean.
59
60
Score (x)
Frequency (f)
fx
24
45
10
12
120
11
18
198
12
14
168
13
65
14
28
15
15
f = 60
fx = 663
means
sum of.
fx
Mean = -------f
663
= ---------60
= 11.05
c To find the median add a cumulative frequency cf column.
Score (x)
Frequency (f)
Cumulative frequency (cf)
3+5=8
10
12
8 + 12 = 20
11
18
20 + 18 = 38
12
14
38 + 14 = 52
13
52 + 5 = 57
14
57 + 2 = 59
15
59 + 1 = 60
There are 60 scores so the middle scores are the 30th and 31st scores. These are
both 11. The median is 11.
Exercise 3A
1
Add an fx column and find the mean for each frequency distribution table.
a
17
11
40
18
41
15
19
11
42
17
20
43
21
44
10
22
45
46
47
48
Write the mode for each frequency distribution table in question 1.
Add a cumulative frequency column to each table in question 1 and find the median.
Use the statistics function of your calculator to find the mean from the tables in question 1.
The table shows the number of glasses of water drunk by 9 Orange in a day.
Number of glasses
Frequency
10
a Copy the table and add a cumulative frequency column.

b Calculate the median number of glasses of water consumed.
c Use the cumulative frequency column to find the number of students who drank:
i less than 3 glasses of water
ii less than 4 glasses of water
d Use your answer from part c i to find the number of students who drank 3 or more glasses
of water.
e Draw a frequency histogram and polygon for the data.
The
histogram is
like a column
graph.
61
62
Here is a frequency histogram showing the number of days absent for the 28 students in
9 Blue over a term.
Absences
9
8
7
Frequency
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
Days absent
a
b
c
d
Here is a frequency histogram showing the number of days that the families of students in
Year 9 hired a video in a week.
Videos hired
10
Frequency
Draw a frequency distribution table showing this information.

Add a cumulative frequency column to the table.
How many students had 2 or less days absent?
After 3 days absent a note is sent home. How many notes were sent home? No student
receives more than one note per term.
0
1
Number of days
a
b
c
d
Draw a frequency distribution table showing this information.

Add a cumulative frequency column to the table.
How many students hired less than 2 videos?
How many families hired more than 5 videos?
Investigation 1
WM: Applying Strategies, Communicating
Graphics calculator exercise

This is written for a Casio CFX 9850GB PLUS.
1
Here is a list of the number of hours of sleep on Friday night for each student in 9M3.
8, 8, 7, 6, 8, 10, 10, 9, 8, 6, 4, 5, 5, 8, 8, 8, 9, 7, 9, 5, 3, 4, 8, 6, 9, 8, 8, 5, 5, 3
a Select STAT from the main menu.
b Enter the data into list 1.
List 1 List 2 List 3 List 4
1
8
To clear old data press
2
F6 to next menu and
3
4
DEL-A the YES .
5
c Select GRPH using F1 . Use F6 to get back to this menu after deleting.
d Use SET F6 to give the menu to select the graph type to Hist. Press EXIT to return.
e Select GPH 1 F1 to next screen, ignore Set Interval, press DRAW F6 . The histogram
is drawn.
Set Interval
Start: 3
pitch: 0.778
F6 (DRAW)
DRAW
1 VAR
F4
Select IVAR F1 to obtain statistics data display.
1Variable
x
=
x
=
x2
=
xn
=
-1
xn
=
n
=
6.9
207
1545
1.97230829
2.0060254
30
DRAW
g Note that the mean is 6.9. Scroll down to see the median is 8 and the mode is 8.
h Use EXIT to return.
i
2
Use F6 to next menu and DEL-A F4 to delete.
Collect information on hours slept and use the graphics calculator to draw the histogram and
calculate the mean, mode and median. Discuss your results.
Note: It may be necessary to set the data lists.

From the list press CALC F2 then SET F6 .
Have the display read as shown.
1Var
1Var
2Var
2Var
2Var
XList
Freq
XList
YList
Freq
:List1
:1
:List1
:List2
:1
List1 List2 List3 List4 List5 List6
63
B. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DIAGRAMS

In stage 4 you drew frequency histograms and polygons. This section involves drawing cumulative
frequency histograms and cumulative frequency polygons for grouped data.
Ogive is the correct
name for cumulative
frequency polygon.
Example 1
This table shows the height of Year 9 students in a particular school.
The information is shown in groups.
Class
Frequency
Cumulative
frequency
140146
147153
154160
12
161167
12
24
168174
30
175181
32
182188
34
Draw a cumulative frequency

histogram and ogive.
Class boundaries
are used for
the columns.
Height of year 9 students

40
35
64
Use the lowest value as the first number and

the class boundaries to form the columns.
First draw the cumulative frequency histogram.
A histogram has no gaps between the columns.
Next join the bottom left corner to the top right
corner of each column to form the polygon,
called an ogive.
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
140 147 154 161 168 175 182 189
Class boundaries
Note: There are three ways of displaying the class values.

1 Write the class boundaries starting from the lowest value. The last value will be
the start of the next class after the final class in the table.
2 Use class centres in the middle of the columns.
3 Write the whole class below each column.
We will use the first method as it makes finding the median in section C easier.
Exercise 3B
1
For each of the following grouped frequency tables with cf columns, draw a cumulative
frequency histogram and ogive.
a
Class
Frequency
140146
147153
Cumulative
frequency
Class
Frequency
7078
7987
13
154160
11
8896
19
161167
15
26
97105
23
168174
11
37
106114
27
175181
44
115123
34
182188
52
124132
43
Class
Frequency
Cumulative
frequency
Class
Frequency
Cumulative
frequency
4049
16
16
2024
5059
13
29
2529
13
20
6069
15
44
3034
26
7079
12
56
3539
17
43
8089
21
77
4044
45
9099
82
4549
53
Cumulative
frequency
65
Example 2
Use this cumulative frequency polygon to complete the frequency distribution table.
60
Class
66
Frequency
50
Cumulative
frequency
1016
40
1723
30
2430
20
3137
10
0
10
3844
17
24
31
38
45
Score
First read the values from the graph and complete the cumulative frequency column.
Class
Frequency
Cumulative
frequency
1016
1723
21
2430
27
3137
34
3844
52
Then subtract the values in the cf column to get the frequencies.

Class
Frequency
Cumulative
frequency
1016
1723
12
21
2430
27
3137
34
3844
18
52
21 9 = 12
27 21 = 6
34 27 = 7
52 34 = 18
Use these cumulative frequency histograms to complete the frequency distribution tables.
a
Class
Frequency
45
Cumulative
frequency
2024
40
2529
35
3034
30
3539
25
4044
20
4549
15
10
5
0
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Score
Class
50
7078
45
7987
40
8896
35
97105
30
106114
25
115123
20
15
10
5
0
70
79
88
97
Score
106
115
124
Frequency
Cumulative
frequency
67
Class
Frequency
Cumulative
frequency
Frequency
Cumulative
frequency
45
4049
40
5059
35
6069
30
7079
25
8089
20
9099
15
10
5
0
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Score
Class
80
2024
70
68
2529
60
3034
50
3539
40
4044
30
4549
20
10
0
20
25
30
35
Score
40
45
50
Investigation 2
WM: Communicating, Reflecting, Reasoning
Reading level
1
Select a section of a newspaper or magazine article of about 100 words.

a Complete a frequency distribution table with the number of letters per word.
b Add a cumulative frequency column.
c Find the number of words with:
i less than 3 letters
ii less than 5 letters
iii more than 6 letters.
d Use a graphics calculator or otherwise calculate
the mean, median, and mode number of letters
per word.
e Draw a frequency histogram.
f Draw a cumulative frequency histogram.
(You need to enter these values into the
graphics calculator.)
a Compare your newspaper or magazine article and discuss

the summary statistics with others in the class.
b Discuss any results of your comparisons.
There are various reading level tests. Investigate some of these and how they are used.
C. CALCULATING THE MEDIAN

While the median can be calculated for ungrouped data using a cumulative frequency column, only the median
class can be found in this way for grouped data.
The cumulative frequency polygon, the ogive, can be used to find an estimate for the median of grouped data.
To do this, first draw an ogive for the grouped data, draw a line across at the halfway point until it meets the
ogive: the value obtained is the estimate for the median.
69
Example 1
Find the median class and
estimate the median for the
data in this table.
Class
Frequency
110
1120
19
27
2130
32
59
3140
16
75
4150
25
100
To find the scores in the median class,

n + 1 100 + 1
use ------------ = ------------------- = 50.5
2
2
we look for the 50th and 51st scores.
The class containing the median, called the
median class, is the 2130 class because it
contains the 50th and 51st scores.
Note: To estimate the median we use an
ogive or the cumulative frequency polygon.
Draw a line across at 50 to the ogive.
Then draw the line down to the axis.
Estimate the median from the
scale median 28.
The columns form the

cumulative frequency
histogram, and the line
graph is the ogive.
Remember:
The ogive is drawn
by joining the top right
corner of each column,
not the centre of each
column.
Usually halve
the number
of scores.
100
90
70
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1
11
21
31
Scores in class intervals
41
51
Exercise 3C
1
By drawing a line across at 50, find an estimate for the median of each of these distributions
with 100 scores.
a
b
120
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71
100
80
60
40
20
0
3 10 17 24 31 38 45 52
Score
Score
d
120
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
5 14 23 32 41 50 59 68
100
80
60
40
20
0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Score
Score
These ogives are for distributions with 60 scores. The line to find the estimate for the median
is drawn across at 30. Find estimates for the median from these ogives.
a
70
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 11 21 31 41 51 61
Score
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
5 11 17 23 29 35 41
Score
71
72
d
70
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
4 11 18 25 32 39 46
0
22 30 38 46 54 62 70
Score
Score
These ogives are for different numbers of scores. By halving the highest number, find an
estimate for the median.
a
b
90
45
80
40
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
3 12 21 30 39 48 57
0
1 11 21 31 41 51 61
Score
Score
124
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135
Score
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
9 18 27 36 45
Score
The results for 60 students in a geography test are given in the table.
Score
09
1019
2029
3039
4049
Frequency
15
31
a Add a cumulative frequency column.

c Draw a cumulative frequency polygon.
5
The management of a small production

business carried out a survey on the
production level of its employees.
The results appear in the table opposite.
b Find the median class.
c Draw a cumulative frequency polygon
(ogive).
d Estimate the median from the ogive.
A survey was conducted on the age
structure of a small country town,
with the following results.
c Draw a cumulative frequency polygon.
d Estimate the median from the ogive.

d Estimate the median from the polygon.
Number of items
Frequency
1120
2130
17
3140
27
4150
5160
Age last birthday
Frequency
09
165
1019
112
2029
103
3039
129
4049
94
5059
85
6069
73
7079
22
8089
D. GROUPED DATA
In stage 4 stem-and-leaf plots were often used when there was a large spread of data. This section uses groups
to collect data into frequency distribution tables.
Example 1
a Organise this data into a grouped frequency distribution table. Use groups 2029,
3039 and 4049.
33
38
23
36
30
41
47
49
35
26
24
34
23
35
41
37
42
40
48
27
35
33
31
42
b Construct a frequency histogram for this data.
73
74
Group
Tally
Frequency
2029
3039
12
4049
7
Frequency histogram
15
Frequency
10
0
20
30
40
50
Class boundaries
Exercise 3D
1
a Complete this frequency distribution table using this data.

Group
Tally
Frequency
1019
2029
3039
4049
10
33
22
18
28
36
23
41
37
35
47
25
37
33
31
19
28
43
42
19
33
48
41
48
16
33
34
20
39
15
b Draw a frequency histogram.

2
a Organise this data into a frequency distribution table using the classes 410, 1117,
1824, 2531, 3238.
17
5
15
6
6
12
21
19
19
15
15
12
23
23
28
18
34
25
17
15
36
24
15
22
25
33
38
23
11
31
23
31
18
7
37
33
38
19
36
37
a Organise the data from question 2 into a frequency distribution table using the classes
412, 1321, 2230, 3139.
c Compare your histogram with that from question 2. Explain any differences.
E. FINDING THE MEAN AND MODE

This section revises the method for finding the mean in a frequency distribution table and then extends that to
grouped data.
When using grouped data, the class with the highest frequency is called the modal class.
The mean is calculated by using the class centres. (There will be more on class centres later in the section.)
Example 1
For the following
distribution, find:
a the mode
b the mean
The mode is
the score with
the highest
frequency.
Score
Frequency
19
20
21
22
23
24
5
4
8
11
2
6
a To find the mode look for the highest number in the frequency column, and the
mode is the score with that frequency. The highest frequency is 11, the
mode = 22.
b To find the mean you need to add an fx column to the frequency distribution table.
The fx column stands for frequency (f ) times score (x). This column groups all of
the scores of each value and finds the total value for each.
Score (x)
Frequency (f )
fx
19
20
21
22
23
24
5
4
8
11
2
6
19 5 = 95
20 4 = 80
21 8 = 168
22 11 = 242
23 2 = 46
24 6 = 144
Totals
f = 36
fx = 775
means
sum of. It is
the Greek letter
sigma.
75
76
fx
or ------------
f
sum of fx column
x = ------------------------------------------------------sum of the f column
775
x = ---------36
x = 21.527778
x = 21.5
(to 1 d.p.)
The mean is the

total of the fx column
divided by the total
of the frequency
column i.e.
fx
_
x = ------------f
Example 2
Find the mean and mode for
this frequency distribution table.
35
36
37
38
39
We include an fx column.
x
fx
35
36
37
38
39
8
7
4
9
2
280
252
148
342
78
f = 30
fx = 1100
1100
mean = ------------30
36.7 (to 1 d.p.)
mode = 38 (since 38 has the highest
frequency of 9)
Exercise 3E
1
Copy the following tables, complete the fx column and find the mean.
a
b
c
x
f
x
f
x
8
9
10
11
12
1
6
5
10
3
121
122
123
124
125
4
11
11
3
1
85
86
87
88
89
f
1
10
8
4
16
Find the mode for each frequency distribution table in question 1.
Example 3
Find the mean of this data
using a scientific calculator.
Score
19
20
21
22
23
24
Frequency
11
Instructions are for a Sharp calculator.

To find the mean, using the statistics function of the calculator:
1 Set the calculator to statistics mode SD by pressing 2ndF
Mode
1 .
2 Make sure the statistics memory is clear by pressing 2ndF DEL.

3 Enter the scores by pressing the score then STO then the frequency and the
M+ key. (Do not press = .)
4 When all the scores have been entered, press the appropriate buttons for the
x
mean RCL
4.
5 Press the appropriate keys to check that the correct number of scores have been
n
entered RCL
0 .
6 For this example the calculator steps are:

Mode
2ndF
or
Mode
SD
or the appropriate key for your calculator.
to clear the contents of the memory.
2ndF DEL
19 STO
M+
20 STO
M+
21 STO
M+
22 STO 11
M+
23 STO
M+
24 STO
M+
Always enter the

score first, followed
by the frequency.
to enter the scores.
x
_
Using the keys for the mean RCL , 4 , x = 21.52778.
n
Using the keys for the number of scores RCL

check that n = 36.
77
78
By following the correct calculator steps for your calculator, find the mean for these
frequency distribution tables.
a
b
c
d
x
f
x
f
x
f
x
f
63
64
65
66
67
68
4
10
2
5
7
3
10
20
30
40
50
8
6
12
8
11
35
40
45
50
55
11
7
5
8
12
840
850
860
870
880
890
900
11
3
7
2
5
4
7
Find the mode for each frequency distribution table in question 3.
Example 4
Find the class centre for the classes:
a 19
b 2029
c 2125
To find the class centre, average the class boundaries.

a
1+9
------------2
10
= -----2
=5
Class centre is 5
20 + 29
------------------2
49
= -----2
= 24 1--2Class centre is 24 1--2-
Find the class centre for each of these classes.

a 1119
b 2030
c 3440
f 3540
g 5059
h 1422
21 + 25
------------------2
46
= -----2
= 23
Class centre is 23
d 2130
i 1624
e 2630
j 1724
Example 5
The following information appears in a
grouped frequency distribution table.
Find:
a the mean
b the modal class
Class
Frequency
110
1120
2130
3140
4150
8
19
32
16
25
To find the mean use the class centres and the frequency. Enter these into the
calculator. The assumption is that the scores within a class are evenly distributed
throughout the class. You may use this method or the statistics function on your
calculator.
Class
Class centre (x)
Frequency (f )
fx
= 5.5
44.0
110
1 + 10
---------------2
1120
11 + 20
------------------2
= 15.5
19
294.5
2130
21 + 30
------------------2
= 25.5
32
816.0
3140
31 + 40
------------------2
= 35.5
16
568.0
4150
41 + 50
------------------2
= 45.5
25
1137.5
f = 100
fx = 2860.0
Totals
fx 2860
a Mean = ------------ = ------------- = 28.6
100
f
b There is no single score as the mode,
but the class with the highest frequency
is the modal class. The modal class is 2130.
The class with the

highest frequency
is the modal class.
Class centres are

equally spaced, just
as the classes are.
a Complete the frequency

distribution table.
b Find the modal class.
c Find the mean age of the population.
Class
Class centre
Frequency
610
1115
13
1620
18
16
2125
12
2630
3135
79
80
The management of a small business carried out the following survey on the production level
of its employees and came up with the following.
No. of items produced
Frequency
1120
2130
3140
4150
5160
18
26
a Draw a frequency distribution table including the class centre column.

b Find the mean number of items produced.
8
A survey was carried out on the age structure of the population of a country town and the
following results were obtained. Find the mean age of the population.
Age last birthday
Frequency
09
170
1019
107
2029
111
3039
121
4049
104
5059
75
6069
63
7079
32
8089
The ages of a class completing the ICDL (International Computer Drivers Licence) are listed.
49, 18, 36, 21, 33, 42, 26, 25, 60, 19, 22, 20, 36, 43, 39, 21, 22, 57,
20, 34, 28, 18, 39, 55, 41, 21, 31, 31, 40, 63, 65, 30, 30, 34, 33
a Using class intervals 1625, 2635, 3645, 4655, 5665, construct a frequency
distribution table and draw a histogram to represent the data.
b Using class intervals 1620, 2125, 2630, 3135, 3640, 4145, 4650, 5155, 5660,
6165, construct a frequency distribution table and draw a histogram.
c Compare the two histograms and comment on their shapes.
d The next ICDL class has these ages.
17, 35, 43, 54, 18, 33, 38, 22, 26, 36, 28, 37, 39, 30, 31, 44, 41, 47,
51, 41, 55, 53, 37, 40, 62, 48, 56, 54, 58, 63, 47, 65, 38, 47, 53
i Sort these ages into frequency tables using the same classes as parts a and b.
ii Draw histograms.
iii Compare the two classes.
iv Comment on your displays.
e Calculate the mean in each of the four groupings. Comment on your answers.
f Calculate the modal class for each. Comment on the differences.
g Add a cumulative frequency column and find estimates for each of the four medians.
Comment on your answers.
Example 6
a The mean of 5 scores is 12.2. What is the sum of the scores?
b Find x if 10, 7, 3, 6 and x have a mean of 8.
a Let S = sum of scores
S
--- = 12.2
5
b There are 5 scores.

10 + 7 + 3 + 6 + x
--------------------------------------------- = 8
5
26 + x
--------------- = 8
5
26 + x = 40
S = 12.2 5
S = 61
x = 14
i.e. the sum of scores is 61.

10
a The mean of 8 scores is 7.5. What is the sum of the scores?

b The mean of 9 scores is 11.6. What is the sum of the scores?
c While on an outback safari Bill drove, on average, 262 km per day for a period of 12 days.
How far did Bill drive in total while on safari?
d The mean monthly sales for a clothing store is $15 467. Calculate the total sales of the
store for the year.
11
a
b
c
d
e
Find x if 8, 11, 5, 7 and x have a mean of 8.

Find x if 3, 15, 7, 9, 11 and x have a mean of 10.
Find x if 5, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17 and x have a mean of 12.
Find a, given that 3, 0, a, a, 4, a, 6, a and 3 have a mean of 4.
Over the complete assessment period, Jenny averaged 35 out of a possible 40 marks for
her eight maths tests. However, when checking her files, she could only find 7 of the tests.
For these she scored 29, 36, 32, 38, 35, 34 and 39. Can you determine how many marks
out of 40 she scored for the eighth test?
Example 7
A cricketer played 12 innings at an average of 38.5, and then scored 12 and 71 in the
next two innings. Find the cricketers new average.
There are 12 scores. Let S = sum of scores
S
------ = 38.5
12
S = 462
462 + 12 + 71
new average = -----------------------------------14
545
= ---------14
38.9
12
(There are now 12 + 2 = 14 scores in total.)
a Lili played 14 games of netball and had an average of 16.5 goals per game. In the final
two games of the season Lili threw 21 goals and 24 goals. Find Lilis new average.
81
82
b A cricketer played 11 matches and had an average of 23 runs per game. In the last two
games she scored 41 and 35 runs. Find her new average.
c A tennis player averaged 8 aces per match in her first six matches. In the next three
matches she served 6, 11, 13 aces. Find her new average.
Extension:
13
A sample of 12 measurements has mean 16.5 and a sample of 15 measurements has mean
18.6. Find the mean of all 27 measurements.
14
15 of 31 measurements are below 10 cm and 12 measurements are above 11 cm. Find the
median if the other 4 measurements are 10.1 cm, 10.4 cm, 10.7 cm and 10.9 cm.
15
The mean and median of a set of nine measurements are both 12. If seven of the measurements are 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17 and 19, find the other two measurements.
Investigation 3
WM: Reasoning, Communicating, Reflecting
Grouping data
1
A drive-through fast food outlet boasts that the time taken to fill an order is 4 minutes. To
support this claim, a survey was done on the times taken to fill the orders of 50 customers
on their busiest day. The following results were recorded in minutes.
3.1 2.5 2.9 4.6 5.2 1.9 2.3 6.4 4.1 3.8 3.8 6.2 5.4
1.5 3.4 4.2 2.2 4.4 5.3 1.4 6.7 2.2 1.9 2.4 1.8 3.7
5.5 5.7 6.4 3.4 4.9 3.3 2.9 4.5 5.2 7.3 5.5 3.1 2.2
8.6 4.4 4.9 2.8 5.1 3.9 4.1 6.5 2.6 2.2 4.6
a Put this information into a frequency distribution table using the classes 1.01.9,
2.02.9, 3.03.9, and so on.
b Calculate the mean time taken.
c Draw an ogive and estimate the median time taken.
d Find the modal class.
e Do these results support the drive-through outlets claim?
f Which of these results is most useful when commenting on this claim?
Repeat question 1 using the classes 1.42.3, 2.43.3, 3.44.3, 4.45.3, and so on.
Using the data in question 1:

a Calculate the true mean using all the scores.
b How does it compare to the means in questions 1 and 2?
c Calculate the true median.
d How does it compare to the medians in questions 1 and 2?
By analysing the answers to questions 1, 2 and 3, how do the class groupings affect:
a the mean
b the median
c the modal class?
non-calculator activities
17
Write ------ as a mixed numeral.
5
Write 45.876 correct to two decimal places.
Find the value of 543 30.
Increase $630 by 10%.
If 5 2 =
How many weeks are there in two years?
1
Write 7 --- as a mixed fraction.
8
What is the value of 0.05 0.3?
341.786 10 =
10
6, what is the missing number?
90% is the same as:

9
1
A -----B --10
9
C 0.9
D both A and C
11
The fraction ------ has a value of 9. What is the missing number?

4
12
What fraction is 3 kg of 9 kg? Give your answer in simplest fraction form.
13
The temperature at 6 p.m. in Jindabyne was 3C but it fell 2C each hour for the next 6 hours.
What was the temperature at midnight?
14
59.8
Estimate the value of ----------------------- giving your answer as a whole number.
3.2 + 2.8
15
Find the missing number in the box.

32.7057 = 32 + 0.7 + 0.005 +
16
If John earns $150 for 10 hours work, how much will he receive for 4 hours work?
17
Erin knows that 342 76 = 25 992. Use this data to find the answer to Erins question
25 992 342 =
18
What is
19
What is the next number in the sequence:

85, 77, 69, 61, ____
20
What is the average of 30, 33 and 87?
81 + 4 2 ?
83
84
21
3 + 12 3 =
22
Katie solved the equation 7x 6 + 2x 1 and got the answer x = 1. Is Katie correct?
23
The product of two numbers is 48. If one number is 6, what is the other number?
24
What is the area of a triangle with a base of 6 cm and a perpendicular height of 8 cm?
25
Peter reverses the digits in the number 9564 and subtracts them from the original number.
What is the answer?
Language in Mathematics
Read the article about Hanna Neumann and answer the
questions. Write your answers in complete sentences.
Hanna Neumann (19141971)

Hanna Neumann was born Hanna von Coemmerer
in Berlin. She was the daughter of a historian with
teaching qualifications, who was killed in World
War 1. As a result her family was very poor, and
from the age of 13 she helped support her family
by tutoring younger children. Hanna became an
extremely capable student and commenced studies
at the University of Berlin in 1932. Her main area of
study was mathematics but she also had time for
physics, philosophy, history and religion.
Here she met her husband Bernhard, who in 1933 left for England after deciding that living in
Germany under the Nazis had become too dangerous. She secretly travelled to England in 1934
to become engaged and then returned to continue her study in Berlin. Eventually, in 1938 after
completing her studies and working as a research student at Gottingen University, she travelled
to England and married Bernhard.
Hanna worked extremely hard and was recognised as being an excellent teacher. In 1948 she
started opening her house in the evenings for others to come and discuss mathematics. She
continued to be involved in teaching and studying mathematics, and in 1964 joined Bernhard at
the Australian National University in Canberra.
In her position at the university, Hanna was recognised as having an enormous capacity for work
and a great concern for those whom she taught. She held a number of administrative positions
within professional mathematical bodies and travelled delivering lectures. Unfortunately, at the age
of 57, on a lecture tour in Canberra she became ill suddenly and died. She is remembered not only
for her mathematical ability, but also for the willingness with which she was prepared to devote her
time to her teaching and her students.
a
b
c
d
Complete these glossary terms by inserting the vowels.

a c__m__l__t__v__
b m__d__ __n
c __g__v__
e fr__q__ __ncy
f __st__m__t__
Where and when was Hanna Neumann born?

What were her main areas of interest?
For what is she remembered?
Construct a timeline of her life.
d h__st__gr__m
Rearrange these words into sentences. The word with the capital letter starts the sentence.
a The the is mean average
b The the score median is middle
c The the calculate centre used mean class is to
d class class frequency modal highest with is the The the
e frequency name ogive cumulative The another for is polygon
f estimate data ogive grouped mean used is to the for The
Use every third letter to reveal a message.

AJTSEHTBEMIMUTEEDAASNQAMWEORLDPDEVUAISNACDRNM
KYEWDDTVINBAZXNATAHIRLPEORCWEETFNGHTBFRSWAAXL
QRTTBODQTCIHOAESHSRITPLUNGDDSYFGODGFSDSAETGHA
JKTRTIYUSIHTFDISACQSS
Glossary
analyse
estimate
histogram
modal class
statistics
class centres
frequency
interpret
mode
class intervals
frequency table
mean
ogive
CHECK YOUR SKILLS
cumulative frequency
grouped data
median
polygon
Use the table below to answer questions 14.

Score
10
11
12
13
Frequency
11
18
12
16
10
85
The mean of the data in the table above is closest to:

A 10
B 10.5
C 10.6
D 12.3
86
The median of the data in the table above is closest to:

A 10
B 10.5
C 11
D 12
The mode of the data in the table above is closest to:

A 10
B 10.5
C 10.6
D 12.3
The cumulative frequency for the score of 12 is:

A 16
B 25
D 65
C 50
Which is used to calculate an estimate for the median of grouped data:

A frequency polygon
B frequency histogram
C cumulative frequency polygon
D cumulative frequency histogram
This cumulative frequency histogram and polygon is for questions 68.

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
7 14 21 28 35 42 49
Score
The cumulative frequency for the 2127 class is:

A 63
B 27.5
C 23
D impossible to determine without the exact scores
The frequency for the 1521 class is:

A 63
B 27.5
C 23
An estimate for the median is closest to:

A 1623 class
B 16
C 20
Which frequency distribution table represents the following scores?

12, 30, 38, 49, 13, 28, 33, 17, 21, 31, 23, 32, 25, 26, 39, 46, 42, 46, 36, 50, 48, 32, 45, 57,
43, 51, 49, 53, 42, 33
10
Class
Frequency
Class
1019
1019
2029
2029
3039
3039
4049
4049
5059
5059
Class
Frequency
1019
1019
2029
2029
3039
3039
10
4049
4049
5059
5059
Class
Class centre
Frequency
1018
1927
21
2836
13
3745
25
4654
11
D 35
C 13
D 1054
fx

A 64
B 32
12
The mean for the data is closest to:

A 34
B 10
C 8.6
13
The modal class is:

A 1927
B 2836
Frequency
C 70
Use this table to answer questions 1113.

Class
Frequency

A 32
B 38
87
C 3745
D 4654
If you have any difficulty with these questions, refer to the examples and questions in the section
listed in the table.
Question
14
57
1013
Section
88
REVIEW SET 3A
1
a Find the mean, mode and median for the scores in this table.
Score
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Frequency
15
18
11
b Use a graphics calculator to check your calculations.

2
The table below shows the number of times the students of 9 Red ate take-away for dinner
over 39 days.
Number of days
Frequency
04
12
59
1014
1519
2024
2529
3034
3539

b Draw a cumulative frequency histogram
and polygon.
c What is the modal class?
d Calculate the mean.
e Find the median using the cumulative
frequency column.
REVIEW SET 3B
1
Score
10
11
12
13
14
15
Frequency
23
16
12
a Use this cumulative frequency histogram to complete the frequency distribution table.
Class
70
Frequency
2025
60
2631
50
3237
40
30
20
10
0
20 26 32 38 44 50 56 62
Score
b
c
d
e
f
How many scores were more than 37?

Why cant you find the number of scores greater than 29?
Make an estimate for the median.
Calculate the mean.
What is the modal class?
REVIEW SET 3C
1
Score
Frequency
12
18
23
11

2
The table shows the height of Year 9 Red students.

Class
Frequency
b Draw a cumulative frequency
140149
5
histogram and ogive.
150159
9
c Use the ogive to make an estimate for
the median.
160169
12
d Calculate the mean.
170179
3
180189
190199
89
REVIEW SET 3D
1
Score
20
21
22
23
24
25
Frequency
14

2
The histogram shows the number of videos hired in a week by families of a class.
a Complete this frequency distribution table.
Videos hired
Score
10
Frequency
90
8
6
0
0
No. of videos
b
c
d
e
f
g
4
5
Add a cumulative frequency column.

How many families hired less than 3 videos in a week?
How many families hired more than 3 videos in a week?
Calculate the mean number of videos hired.
Use the cumulative frequency column to find the median.
Find the mode.
Frequency

CH 03

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LEY_bk9_03_finalpp Page 57 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:28 AM

Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1

LEY_bk9_03_finalpp Page 58 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:28 AM

Data Representation and Analysis (Chapter 3) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1

The mean of the data in the table above is

The cumulative frequency for the 4049

D impossible to determine without the

An estimate for the median is closest to:

The median of the data in the table above

The cumulative frequency for the score of

Which frequency distribution table

The mode of the data in the table above is

D impossible to determine without the

The ogive is the:

Here is a cumulative frequency histogram and

LEY_bk9_03_finalpp Page 59 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:28 AM

Data Representation and Analysis (Chapter 3) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1

Use this table to answer questions 1012.

D impossible to determine without the

The class centre for the 3238 class is:

The mean for the data is closest to:

The class centre for the 3844 class is:

LEY_bk9_03_finalpp Page 60 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:28 AM

Data Representation and Analysis (Chapter 3) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1

Cumulative frequency (cf)

LEY_bk9_03_finalpp Page 61 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:28 AM

Data Representation and Analysis (Chapter 3) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1

Write the mode for each frequency distribution table in question 1.

a Copy the table and add a cumulative frequency column.

LEY_bk9_03_finalpp Page 62 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:28 AM

Data Representation and Analysis (Chapter 3) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1

Draw a frequency distribution table showing this information.

Draw a frequency distribution table showing this information.

LEY_bk9_03_finalpp Page 63 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:28 AM

Data Representation and Analysis (Chapter 3) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1

Graphics calculator exercise

Select IVAR F1 to obtain statistics data display.

Use F6 to next menu and DEL-A F4 to delete.

Note: It may be necessary to set the data lists.

List1 List2 List3 List4 List5 List6

LEY_bk9_03_finalpp Page 64 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:28 AM

Data Representation and Analysis (Chapter 3) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1

B. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DIAGRAMS

Draw a cumulative frequency

Height of year 9 students

Use the lowest value as the first number and

LEY_bk9_03_finalpp Page 65 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:28 AM

Data Representation and Analysis (Chapter 3) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1

Note: There are three ways of displaying the class values.

LEY_bk9_03_finalpp Page 66 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:28 AM

Data Representation and Analysis (Chapter 3) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1

Then subtract the values in the cf column to get the frequencies.

LEY_bk9_03_finalpp Page 67 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:28 AM

Data Representation and Analysis (Chapter 3) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1

LEY_bk9_03_finalpp Page 68 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:28 AM

Data Representation and Analysis (Chapter 3) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1

LEY_bk9_03_finalpp Page 69 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:28 AM

Data Representation and Analysis (Chapter 3) Syllabus reference PAS5.1.1

Select a section of a newspaper or magazine article of about 100 words.

a Compare your newspaper or magazine article and discuss

C. CALCULATING THE MEDIAN

LEY_bk9_03_finalpp Page 70 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 10:28 AM