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Chapter 15
Surds and Indices
This chapter deals with defining the system of real numbers, distinguishing between rational
and irrational numbers, performing operations with surds, using integers and fractions for
index notation, and converting between surd and index form.
After completing this chapter you should be able to:
define real numbers and distinguish between rational and irrational numbers
simplify expressions involving surds
expand expressions involving surds
rationalise the denominators of simple surds
use the index laws to define fractional indices
translate expressions in surd form to expressions in index form and vice versa
evaluate numerical expressions involving fractional indices
use the calculator to evaluate fractional powers of numbers
evaluate a fraction raised to the power of 1
prove some general properties of real numbers.
474
Diagnostic Test
1
10
4 = 2
4 = 2
12
B 225
C 15
30
40
---------- =
5
A 8
13
32 =
180
10 2 6
2( 5 2 3) =
150 D
900
14
1
B --8
C 2 2 D
D 2 1--9-
B 10 10 2 5
C 8 5
D 2 15 + 6 10
17
B 4 2
C 2 3+ 2
D 2 5
10 4 3
D 10 2 6
( 5 + 2) =
B 7 + 2 10
14
D 2 7
15
---------- C
6
5
------3
10
---------6
1
--2
10 =
1
B --5
In index form,
B k
1
10 D ---------10
C
4
4
--3
k =
C k
3
--4
D k7
2
--3
When evaluated, 27 =
A 18
18 + 2 =
20
A k12
16
A 8 15
10 2 3
A 5
35
15
C 4 1--3-
5
----------- =
2 3
5
A ------6
4 10 2 5 + 6 10 =
D 9 5
n, 5 6 =
180 C
1
4 --- =
9
37
A ---------- B 2 1--33
C 10 30
A 7
(3 5 )2 =
B 30 2
11
A 2 8 B 8 2 C 16 2 D 4 2
5
A 30 6
C 4 = 2
2 35 6 =
3
---
5
B 9
C 6
D 40.5
3
B --5
5
C --3
A 1 2--3-
=
1
-----15
If you have any difficulty with these questions, refer to the examples and questions in the sections
listed in the table.
Question
37
8, 9
1012
13
1416
17
Section
Example 1
Write down:
a the square root of 81
81
c 81
81 = 9
c 81 = 9
Exercise 15A
1
Write down:
a the square root of 4
d the square root of 25
g the square root of 49
j the square root of 64
4
25
49
64
b
e
h
k
c
f
i
l
4
25
49
64
Example 2
Find, where possible:
a
9 =3
c
b
9 = 3
c
h
m
x = 0 for x = 0
4
36
64
d
0
i 36
n 100
e
j
o
16
36
1
475
476
Example 1
Show that the following are rational numbers:
3
a 2 --b 0.637
c 3
4
d 0. 4
e 3.1
3
11
a 2 --- = -----4
4
a
3
This is in the form --- , where a and b are integers, hence 2 --- is a rational number.
b
4
637
b 0.637 = ------------1000
a
This is in the form --- , where a and b are integers, hence 0.637 is a rational number.
b
3
c 3 = --1
a
This is in the form --- , where a and b are integers, hence 3 is a rational number.
b
4
d 0. 4 = --- (You learnt how to convert recurring decimals into fractions in chapter 5.)
9
a
This is in the form --- , where a and b are integers, hence 0. 4 . is a rational number.
b
1
e 3.1 = 3 ----10
31
= -----10
a
This is in the form --- , where a and b are integers, hence 3.1 is a rational number.
b
From Example 1 we note that:
Any terminating or recurring decimal is a rational number.
Exercise 15B
1
a
Show that the following are rational numbers by expressing them in the form --- .
b
a 4 2--3b 0.91
c 5
d 0. 7
e 5 1--2f
4
16
--g 0. 5 3
h 2.6
i
j
k 30%
l
9
2.84
69%
1
--7
7.3%
477
Example 2
Convert the following real numbers to a decimal and discuss whether they are
rational or irrational.
a
Using a calculator
a
2 = 1.414 213 562
b
5 = 2.236 067 978
Since neither decimal terminates or recurs (although we have only been able to show
an answer to 9 decimal places, the limit of the calculator display) these numbers
cannot be expressed as the ratio of two integers and hence are not rational. They are
irrational numbers.
Example 3
Determine whether the following real numbers are rational or irrational.
16
a
6
b
-----49
a
6 = 2.449 897 43
Since the decimal neither terminates nor recurs, it cannot be expressed as the
ratio of two integers, hence 6 is an irrational number.
4 4 16
16 4
------ = --- (since --- --- = ------ )
7 7 49
49 7
a
This is in the form --- , where a and b are integers, hence
b
16
------ is a rational number.
49
5
-----16
Example 4
Using a calculator
statements:
a
6 = 2.44
6 = 2.449
6 = 2.4494
478
Using a calculator
a
2 = 1.41
2 = 1.414 213 562 Write true or false for the following statements:
b 2 = 1.414
c
2 = 1.4142
151
a Using a ruler and set square, copy the diagram below into your exercise book.
P1
1
3
O
0
1 Q 2
2 on the number
O
0
1
1 Q 2
4,
5,
6,
Extension:
Proof that
2 is irrational
In example 2 we cannot be certain that the decimal form of 2 does not terminate or recur after some large
number of decimal places, hence it is not a proof that 2 is irrational. Work through the following proof with
your teacher.
a
Assume that 2 is rational. That is, assume that 2 can be written in the form -- , where a and b are integers
b
and the fraction is written in its simplest form (i.e. a and b have no common factors).
a
If
2 = -b
2
a
2 = ----2b
a 2 = 2b 2 . (1)
i.e. a
a2
4k 2
b2
= 2k
= 4k 2
= 2b 2
= 2k 2
C. PROPERTIES OF SURDS
In section B we distinguished between rational and irrational numbers. The set of irrational numbers contains
numbers such as 2 , 3 2 , etc. Irrational numbers that contain the radical sign
are called surds.
When working with surds we may use the
following properties:
If x > 0 and y > 0,
2
1 ( x) = x =
A set is a group
of objects
(numbers, letters,
names ).
xy = x y
x
x
- = -----y
y
2
3
Example 1
Simplify:
2
( 5)
c (3 5 )2 = 3 5 3 5
= 9 ( 5 )2
=95
= 45
c (3 5)
b
5 = 25
=5
479
480
Exercise 15C
1
Simplify:
a ( 11 )2
f (3 2 )2
c ( 8 )2
h (5 2 )2
b
11
g (2 3 )2
d
8
i (10 7 )2
e ( 6 )2
j (4 5 )2
Example 2
Simplify:
a
5 3
Simplify:
2 7
a
d
7 11
g
7 5 10
b
e
6 7
6 7 =
=
67
42
3 10
13 17
c
f
5 2
3 2 5
Example 3
Simplify:
a
28
45
Using property 2:
a
28 = 2 14 or 4 7
= 2 14 or 4 7
Since 4 is a perfect square, 4 simplifies to 2 and we choose the second product.
i.e.
28 = 4 7
= 2 7
= 2 7
b We look for factors of 45, one of which is a perfect square.
45 = 9 5
= 3 5
Simplify:
a
12
f
90
k
24
b
g
l
20
50
32
c
h
m
18
75
48
d
i
n
27
200
72
e
j
o
8
98
128
Example 4
Simplify:
a
3 12
2 6
3 12 = 36
= 6
2 6 =
12
4 3
= 2 3
4
Simplify:
a
8 2
f
14 2
b
g
2 32
8 5
c
h
5 20
15 3
d
i
2 10
15 5
10 5
3 8
e
j
Example 5
Express 3 5 in the form
3 5 =
=
n.
9 5
45
c 4 5
5 2
10 7
Example 6
Simplify:
16
a
-----25
Using property 3:
16
16
a
------ = ---------25
25
4
= --5
Simplify:
9
a
-----16
f
21
-----9
11
-----25
21
---
4
11
11
------ = ---------25
25
11
= ---------5
c 21
--- =
4
9
--4
1
3
= --- = 1 --2
2
9
-----25
17
-----25
5
-----16
11
-----16
61
---
4
17
---
9
13
---
4
25
---
9
481
482
Example 7
Simplify:
12
a ---------3
15
---------5
15
---------- =
5
40
---------5
40
---------- =
5
Using property 3:
12
a ---------- =
3
12
-----3
= 4
= 2
7
40
-----5
8
= 2 2
Simplify:
24
a ---------6
18
b ---------2
30
---------6
24
g ---------3
24
h ---------2
f
8
15
-----5
18
---------3
20
d ---------10
i
24
e ---------8
32
---------2
54
---------3
Determine whether the following statements are true or false. Give a reason.
2
a ( 5) = 5
e
20 5 = 10
b 3 7 =
f
12
---------- =
2
c (4 2) = 8
21
6
18 = 2 3
1
1
1 --- = 1 --4
2
8 52 5
a 3 2+5 2 = 8 2
8 52 5 = 6 5
Exercise 15D
1
Simplify:
a 5 3+4 3
b 7 11 + 6 11
c 7 53 5
e 6 3+4 3+5 3
8 3+5 37 3
g 15 6 3 6 4 6
5 10 7 10
8 53 5+2 5
3 58 5+2 5
d 9 74 7
Example 2
Simplify:
a 4 2+5 3+3 2
7 6+4 73 65 7
7 6+4 73 65 7 = 4 6 7
Simplify:
a 5 2+4 3+6 2
b 7 3+4 5+3 5
c 6 2+5 2+2 3
d 5 7 2 10 + 3 7
e 6 5 + 2 11 3 5
7 10 4 6 6 10
g 5 2+6 33 2+ 3
6 3+2 75 34 7
4 11 3 10 6 11 2 10
10 5 4 3 5 3 + 2 5
Example 3
Simplify:
a
18 + 2
50 18
18 + 2 = 3 2 + 2
50 18 = 5 2 3 2
= 2 2
= 4 2
Simplify:
a
18 + 4 2
12 + 5 3
20 2 5
45 + 20
54 24
48 12
24 + 3 6 4 6
75 48 27
6 2 18 2 2
d 6 2 8
Simplify:
a 5 6 + 24 3 5
e 7 5 20 + 45 5 6
28 + 27 + 63 + 12
50 + 6 3 8
c 8 10 + 4 5 90
Determine whether the following statements are true or false. Give reasons.
a
5+ 3 =
d 4 3 + 2 7 = 6 10
b 3 52 5 = 1
e 6 2 =
72
24 6 =
483
484
E. MULTIPLICATION OF SURDS
Example 1
Simplify:
a 43 7
b 3 52 3
6 23 8
d 5 84 3
b 3 5 2 3 = (3 2) ( 5 3)
a 43 7 = 43 7
= 6 15
= 12 7
d 5 8 4 3 = (5 4) ( 8 3)
c 6 2 3 8 = (6 3) ( 2 8)
= 20 24
= 18 16
= 18 4
= 72
= 20 2 6
= 40 6
Exercise 15E
1
Simplify:
a 52 3
b 26 2
e 3 36 2
f
j
6 2 3 18
m 5 32 8
c 4 7 10
d 2 65
10 5 3 7
g 6 77 6
h 5 12 2 3
2 32 5 2
o 6 62 2
5 3 20
3 64 3
p 3 10 2
Example 2
Simplify:
a 3( 7 + 2 6)
a
2( 7 3 5)
3( 7 + 2 6) = 3 7 + 3 2 6
4 3(2 5 + 3 2)
2( 7 3 5) =
=
= 3 7+6 6
2 7 23 5
14 3 10
c 4 3 (2 5 + 3 2) = 4 3 2 5 + 4 3 3 2
= 8 15 + 12 6
Simplify:
a 5( 6 + 3)
d
3( 5 + 2)
g 3 2( 7 4 3)
j
2 10 ( 6 2 3 10 )
b 2( 5 + 4 3)
c 4 ( 2 10 3 2 )
5( 6 4 3)
2(3 5 + 2 7)
h 4 3 ( 2 5 + 5 10 )
3 5(2 3 + 4 5)
k 5 2(3 5 2 6)
3 6(4 3 + 2 8)
485
Example 3
Simplify:
a ( 5 + 3)( 5 4)
b (2 3 2 5)(4 3 + 5)
a ( 5 + 3)( 5 4) =
( 7 + 3)
5( 5 4) + 3( 5 4)
= 5 4 5 + 3 5 12
= 7
b
( 7 + 3) = ( 7) + 2 7 3 + ( 3)
= 7 + 2 21 + 3
= 10 + 2 21
Simplify:
a ( 3 + 5)( 3 + 2)
b ( 7 + 3)( 7 4)
c ( 10 6 ) ( 10 1 )
d ( 5 3)( 5 + 3)
e (2 3 + 5)( 3 + 1)
(3 2 + 4)(2 2 7)
g (2 5 3)(4 5 + 3)
h (5 2 2 3)(3 2 + 4 3)
(3 7 + 5 2)( 7 4 2)
k (3 5 + 4 2)(3 5 3 2)
(2 7 + 5)(2 7 5)
(2 6 4 3)(3 6 3)
m (4 5 3 2)(4 5 + 3 2) n ( 3 + 6)
p ( 10 5 )
4
o ( 5 + 2)
q (2 5 + 3)
r (3 7 2 5)
Determine whether the following statements are true or false. Give reasons.
a 2 33 2 = 6 6
d
7( 2 3) =
14 3
b 4 3 5 = 12 60
c 3 12 5 3 = 90
e ( 5 + 3) = 8
3
------7
5 3
----------7
486
1
7
1
a ------ = ------- ------7
7
7
7
= ------7
5 7
= ----------7
3
7
3
------- = ------- ------7
7
7
5 3
7
5 3
d ----------- = ----------- ------7
7
7
5 21
= -------------7
21
= ---------7
Exercise 15F
1
1
b ------3
8
------7
3
g ------5
7
h ------3
3 2
----------5
3 7
m ----------6
5 5
n ----------2
4 3
----------10
1
---------10
5
d ------2
3
e ------6
11
---------6
2
------7
4 10
o -------------3
Example 2
Rationalise the denominator of:
1
5
a ----------b ----------4 7
4 7
1
7
1
a ---------- = ----------- ------4 7
7
4 7
5
7
5
----------- = ----------- ------4 7
7
4 7
7
= ------28
5 3
----------4 7
5 3
7
5 3
----------- = ----------- ------4 7
7
4 7
5 7
= ----------28
5 21
= -------------28
1
----------2 3
1
----------3 5
4
----------5 2
8
----------3 7
5
----------3 2
10
----------4 3
5 7
-------------3 10
6 2
----------5 3
3 5
-------------2 11
2 7
----------5 6
Extension
Example 3
a Expand and simplify ( 5 + 3 ) ( 5 3 ) .
1
b Hence rationalise the denominator of
i --------------------5+ 3
1
ii --------------------5 3
a ( 5 + 3 ) ( 5 3 ) = 5 15 + 15 3
= 2
b i
1
5 3
1
--------------------- = --------------------- --------------------5+ 3
5 3
5+ 3
ii
1
5+ 3
1
--------------------- = --------------------- --------------------5 3
5+ 3
5 3
5+ 3
= --------------------2
5 3
= --------------------2
3
Remember that
2
2
(a + b)(a b) = a b
1
a --------------------( 6 2)
3
b ----------------------------( 10 + 2 )
( 10 2 )
d ------------------------10 + 2
(2 5 + 3 2)
e --------------------------------(2 5 3 2)
1
ii ------------------------( 7 2)
1
ii -----------------------10 3
1
ii --------------------( 5 2)
10
ii --------------------(6 3)
7
ii ----------------------------(2 3 2)
ii
( 5 + 1)
c ---------------------3 2
(3 2 4)
------------------------(3 2 5)
487
488
G. FRACTIONAL INDICES
Example 1
1 4
--4-
a Use the index laws to simplify a .
4
b Simplify ( 4 a ) .
a
1 4
--4-
a
= a
= a
c
b
1
--- 4
4
1
--4
(4 a) =
a.
a4 a4 a4 a
= a
1
= a
1 4
--4-
c Since a
1
--4
= ( 4 a ) = a , then a =
Exercise 15G
1 2
--2-
a Use the index laws to simplify a .
2
b Simplify ( a ) . 1--2
c Hence show that a = a .
1 3
--3-
a Use the index laws to simplify a .
3
b Simplify ( 3 a ) . --13
c Hence show that a = 3 a .
Example 2
Write in surd form:
a k
a
1
--5
1
--5
k =
1
-----10
1
-----10
10
1
--4
e 17
1
--6
b y
f
1
--2
25
c p
1
--4
1
--3
g 62
d t
1
--3
1
--8
h a
1
--n
Example 3
Evaluate:
a 25
1
--2
25 = 25
= 5
1
--4
256
256 = 4 256
= 4 ( since 4 4 4 4 = 256 )
1
--4
Evaluate:
a 49
f
1
--2
1
--2
b 27
1
--3
1
--3
h 121
c
1
--2
625
81
1
--4
d 32
1
--4
64
1
--5
e 1000 000
1
--3
k 1
1
-----10
1
--3
b 2
1
--4
c 298
1
--5
d 41
1
--2
e 831
Example 4
Write in index form:
a
a
7
7 = 7
1
--3
b
f
3
3
m = m
1
--5
c
g
7
y
Example 5
Write in index form:
a ( m)
3
1
--3 2
1 3
--2-
( m) = m
3
= m
= m
1
--- 3
2
3
--2
m = (m )
= m
= m
1
3 --2
3
--2
4
5
5
k
d
h
38
m
1
--6
1
--6
489
490
m
4
c (3 m)
e ( a)
(4 t)
Example 6
Write down the meaning of:
a k
3
--4
--4-
k = k
1
--3 4
1 3
3
--4
5
--3
1 5
5
--3
1
--5 3
--3-
b w = w
or ( k )
= ( 4 k ) or
= (3 w)
or ( w )
5
or
2
--3
4
--3
3
--2
3
--5
Example 7
Evaluate:
a 8
5
--3
5
---
a 83 = ( 3 8 )
25
25 = ( 25 )
3
--2
= 5
= 125
Evaluate:
a
e
10
= 2
= 32
3
--2
9
4
3
--2
5
--2
8
8
2
--3
c 16
4
--3
g 49
3
--4
d 27
3
--2
h 32
a 729 3
3
---
b 16 807 5
13
------
c 1024 10
4
--3
3
--5
5
--2
5
---
2
6
---
5
9
---
7
2
---
3
3
---
4
a 1
b
Show that --- = --- .
b
a
If a and b are real numbers, determine whether the following statements are true or false. If
false give a counter example.
A counter example
(Hint: Try several different pairs of real
is an example that
numbers to test the truth of the statements.)
demonstrates the
statement is false.
a i a + b is a real number
ii a b is a real number
iii a b is a real number
iv a b is a real number
b i a+b=b+a
ii a b = b a
iii a b = b a
iv) a b = b a
c i (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
ii (a b) c = a (b c)
iii (a b) c = a (b c)
iv (a b) c = a (b c)
d i a0=0
ii a + 0 = a
iii a 1 = a
iv a a = 1
If m and n are rational numbers, determine whether the following statements are true or
false. If false give a counter example.
a m + n is always rational
b m n is always rational
c m n is always rational
d m n is always rational
a Show that any even number can be written in the form 2k, where k is an integer.
b Show that any odd number can be written in the form 2k + 1, where k is an integer.
c Hence prove the following properties of numbers:
i the sum of any two even numbers is even
ii the sum of any two odd numbers is even
iii the sum of an even number and an odd number is odd
iv the product of two even numbers is even
v the product of an odd number and an even number is even
vi the product of two odd numbers is odd.
491
492
Language in Mathematics
1
m2
a real number
ii
iii m
b rational number
1
---
iv m 2
What is a:
c irrational number?
Use words from the list below to complete the following statements.
radical, terminating, false, rationalising, recurring
a Every rational number can be expressed as a ___ or ___ decimal.
b Converting the denominator of a fraction into a rational numbers is called ___ the
denominator.
c The mathematical sign
is called the ___ sign.
d A counter example is an example which demonstrates that a statement is ___ .
a Find the
i sum and
b What is the quotient when 13 is divided by 5?
Use a dictionary to write down two meanings of each of the following words:
general, property, index
Three of the words in the following list have been spelt incorrectly. Rewrite them with the
correct spelling.
ratio, convurt, indixes, recur, fractional, intejer
ii product of 5 and 9.
Glossary
approximation
fractional
integer
property
rational
recurring
consecutive
general
irrational
quotient
rationalise
square
convert
index
perfect square
radical sign
real
square root
counter example
indices
product
ratio
recur
surd
493
10
11
12
9
-----16
C 3 3--4-
=
B 36
80 =
B 8 10
n, 2 7 =
B 28
10
C 6
25 = 5
D 21
C 2 20
D 4 5
98
196
C 2 5
D 5 2
B 3 1--2-
C 3 1--4-
D 9 1--2-
6 52 3+3 5 =
A 7 7
B 9 52 3
C 7 2
D 4 2+3 5
12 + 27 =
A
39
B 5 3
C 5 6
D 3 5
4 35 2 =
A 20 6
B 60 2
C 5 24
D 120
5(3 2 3) =
A 3 10 3 5
C 3 10 15
D 3 10 3 5
C 5 2 14
D 9 2 14
1
9 --4
A
17
(2 3)
A 12
C 25 = 5
37
---------2
30 15
( 7 2) =
A 5
B 25
494
13
3 2
Expressed with a rational denominator, ----------- =
2 5
3 2
3 2
A ----------B ----------10
5
3 10
-------------10
12
6
-------------2 10
1
---
14
15
12 2 =
A 6
In index form,
A k
16
1
B --6
3
k =
12
B k
When evaluated, 16
3
--4
4
---
3
4
--3
C k
3
--4
B 21 1--3-
C 8
1
B -----12
3
C --4
1
D --8
4
A --3
D k
A 12
17
1
D ---------144
3
D --4
If you have any difficulty with these questions, refer to the examples and questions in the sections
listed in the table.
Question
37
8, 9
1012
13
Section
1416
17
a ( 2)
b (5 2)
Simplify: a
18
2 32 = 8
c
b
a 2 5
16
-----25
1
--3
d 3 1--2-
17
-----25
20
---------5
6 7
20
3 12
1
2 --4
4
1 --9
24
g ---------3
15
45 = 5 3
20
---------- =
2
1
1
4 --- = 2 --4
2
b 8 26 6+4 6
c 5 74 7 =
Simplify:
a 2 85 2
b 6 82 3
27 6 =
21
50 18
c 4 5 10
f ( 6 + 3)( 6 2)
8 3
b 5 2
b 3 5 =
e
16
-----9
d 3 52 7
Simplify:
a 5 3+7 32 3
e 3 2(2 5 3 3)
13
n:
15
e ---------3
Write true or false.
2
a
7 = 7
d
12
16
11
Simplify:
10
c 16
a
Show that the following are rational numbers by expressing them in the form --- .
b
a 3 1--4b 5
c 0.83
d 0. 5
16
g (3 7 + 4)
3
-------------2 10
d 2 5 + 20
d
2
5( 7 + 2)
495
496
14
15
16
17
1
--3
1
--5
c k
3
--4
d k
2
--3
Evaluate:
a 25
18
1
--2
b 8
5
Write as a fraction ---
4
4
--3
c 343
2
--3
36
c 36
36
a
Show that the following are rational numbers, by expressing them in the form --- .
b
1
a 3 --b 4
c 0.27
d 0. 3
3
Simplify:
2
a ( 3)
b (5 3)
45
n:
b 4 3
2
--3
1
d 4 --2
16
-----9
5 6
d 2 76 2
8 2
8 6
10
11
12
13
14
15
Simplify:
9
a
--4
18
e ---------6
17
1
3 --4
10 = 10
b 5 3 =
15
54 = 6 3
2 18 = 6
20
---------- =
4
1
1
9 --- = 3 --4
2
Simplify:
a 4 2 + 5 2 10 2
b 5 36 54 5
27 12 =
Simplify:
a 2 12 5 3
e 2 5(2 3 3 5)
f ( 7 + 3)( 7 2 3)
45 20
15
4 62 3
d 3 6 + 24
c 6 65 6 = 1
c 37 2
g (2 6 5)
3 ( 10 3 )
b n
1
--4
c n
4
--3
d n
Evaluate:
a 49
18
7
1 --9
24
g ---------2
11
-----4
24
---------6
a n
16
1
--2
3 1
Write as a fraction --- .
5
b 16
3
--4
c 324
3
--2
3
--5
497
498
c 9
a
Show that the following are rational numbers by expressing them in the form --- .
b
7
a 1 --b 2
c 0.314
d 0. 6
8
10
11
12
Simplify:
2
a ( 7)
b (2 7)
54
5
--9
2
d 5 --3
5 11
d 3 62 5
20 5
24 2
5
1 -----16
n:
Simplify:
9
a
-----16
30
e ---------10
Write true or false.
2
b 3 7
b
f
9
1 -----16
48
g ---------6
17
-----16
27
---------3
3 = 3
b 4 3 =
12
63 = 7 3
27 3 = 9
40
---------- =
4
10
4
2
1 --- = 1 --9
3
Simplify:
a 2 5+8 5 5
Write true or false.
a
10 + 10 = 20
Simplify:
a 2 85 8
e 5 2(3 5 2 2)
16
-----25
b 6 35 3+2 7
12 3 = 3
b 4 82 6
f ( 10 + 5 ) ( 10 6 )
32 18
3 + 27
c 9 58 5 = 1
c 32 7
2
g ( 5 + 2 3)
3( 6 + 5)
13
14
15
16
17
1
--3
c w
3
--2
d w
2
--3
Evaluate:
a 16
18
b w
1
--6
1
--2
b 25
3
--2
c 9261
4
--3
3 1
Write as a fraction --- .
8
81
c 81
81
a
Show that the following are rational numbers by expressing them in the form --- .
b
7
a 4 --b 6
c 0.09
d 0. 2
8
Simplify:
2
a ( 11 )
b ( 3 11 )
48
n:
b 3 3
5
--6
3
d 3 --4
25
-----36
8 7
d 4 29 5
2 18
21 3
499
500
Simplify:
25
a
-----36
21
---------3
Write true or false.
e
10
11
12
14
15
17
45
---------5
13
1 -----36
14
72 = 2 6
20 5 = 10
48
e ---------- =
8
1
1
6 --- = 2 --4
2
Simplify:
a 6 3+2 35 33 3 b 5 32 6+3 68 3
Write true or false.
a
1+ 5 = 6
Simplify:
a 5 72 7
20 10 =
b 2 15 3 3
f
17
1 -----36
60
---------5
b 2 7 =
50 8
d 5 3 + 27
c 2 11 11 = 1
10
c 72 3
( 3 + 2 2)(2 3 2)
2 ( 10 + 6 )
g ( 5 + 3 7)
b z
1
--3
c z
5
--2
d z
Evaluate:
a 8
18
5 = 5
a z
16
29
-----36
e 3 5(2 3 5)
13
1
--3
1
Write as a fraction 1 ---
2
b 4
1
5
--2
c 1296
3
--4
5
--3