BENDING

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Shear and moment diagrams

Bending Deformation of a Straight Member
The Flexure Formula
Unsymmetric Bending
Composite beams
Reinforced Concrete Beams

Shear and bending moment diagram

P
A
RA

B
L2

L1

MoC

L3

RB

P
RA

RA - P

x1

L3- x1

RB
M

RAL1 + (RA-P)L2
RAL1
x
RAL1 + (RA-P)L2 - Mo
2

Example 1
Draw the shear and moment diagram for the beam shown.

8 kN

12 kN

3 kN/m

A
C

B
4m

4m

4m

8 kN

12 kN

3 kN/m

A
RA

B
4m

4m

4m

RD

+ MA = 0:
-8(4) -12(8) - (3x4)(10) + RD(12) = 0
RD = 20.67 kN
+

Fy = 0:
RA - 8 -12 - (3x4) + 20.67 = 0
RA = 11.33 kN

12 kN 3(4) = 12 kN

8 kN
A
11.33 kN

B
4m

4m

20.67 kN

4m

V(kN)
11.33
+11.33(4) = 45.32

3.33
+3.3(4) = 3..32

-8.67

(1/2)(8.67+20.67)(4)
= 58.64

-20.67
M(kNm)
45.32

58.64
x
5

Example 2
Draw the shear and moment diagram for the beam shown.

10 kN
8 kNm

3 kN/m

A
C

B
3m

3m

D
2m

10 kN
8 kNm

3 kN/m

A
RA

B
3m

3m

RC

D
2m

+ MA = 0:
-10(3) - 8 - (0.5x3x3)(3+(2/3)x3) + RC(6) - (3x2)(7) = 0
RC = 17.08 kN
+

Fy = 0:
RA - 10 - (0.5x3x3) + 17.08 - (3x2) = 0
RA = 3.42 kN

6 kN
3 kN/m

10 kN
4.5 kN
8 kNm

3.42 kN

3m

17.08 kN
2m

3m

V(kN)
6

3.42
+3.42(3) = 10.26

+(1/2)(2)(6)=6

-6.58
-11.08
M(kNm)

18.26
10.26
x
-6
8

Bending deformation of A Straight Member

Before deformation

Horizontal lines
become curved

M
Vertical lines remain
straight, yet rotate

After deformation

 Strain ( )

z
Neutral axis
M

2 max
x

max =

d
y
2
y

max

c
Neutral axis

Longitudinal axis

max =

d
2

d
)c
2
d

max c
=

y
= max

2(

=
=

y
c

c y
( )
c
y

10

y
d
z
Neutral axis
M

max
c

Longitudinal axis

max

Neutral axis

y
c
y
max
c

Notes :
= f (y )
max
= constant
c

11

The Flexure formula

max

max

y
c

= y

c
M

max
c

For positive bending moment M:

= y

max
c

Note :
= f (y )
max
= constant
c

12

M
max

dA
y
dF

NA

NA = 0

NA
M

Bending Stress diagram

General formula

Neutral axis (NA) : A definition

dM = ydF = y (dA)

y
M = y ( max )dA
c
A
=
=

max
c

max
c

0 = dA
A

y
0 = ( max )dA
c
A

2
y
dA

Ix =

My
=
I

is compression when +M

= 0 = dF

0=

Ix

max
c

ydA
A

ydA = 0
A

yA = 0;

y = 0, A 0

Pure Bending : = 0 at neutral axis

13

 Stress and Strain Distribution for Pure Bending

M

NA
z

NA

max

NA = 0

Stress Distribution

=
max c

M
x
max

NA = 0

Strain Distribution

max

y
c
14

Beam
P
A

P
Ax

NC

A
C
Ay

VC

VC
MC

MC

D ND

NC C

MD

VD

P
Ax

ND

A
D
Ay

VD

MD
15

Example 3
The simply supported beam has the cross-sectional area shown. Determine
the absolute maximum bending stress in the beam and draw the stress distribution
over the cross section at this location.
17.5 kN
5 kN/m

30 kNm

300 mm
4m

4m

250 mm

16

17.5 kN
5 kN/m

Internal Loading
30 kNm

17.5 kN

4m

4m

20 kN

V (kN)
17.5

17.5
x(m)
40

M(kNm)

-20
x (m)

-30
Neutral Axis

(max)C
40 kNm

NA = 0
(max)T

17

0.15 m
0.3 m
0.15 m

Neutral Axis 0.075 m

(max)C = 10.7 MPa

40 kNm
5.33 MPa
NA = 0
5.33 MPa
(max)T = 10.7 MPa

0.25 m
Section Property
I = ( I + Ad 2 ) =

1
( 0 . 25 m )( 0 . 3 m ) 3 + 0 = 0 . 0005625 m 4
12

Bending Stress
max =

B =

Mc ( 40 kN m )( 0 . 15 m )
=
= 10 . 7 MPa (C)
I
(. 5625 10 3 m 4 )

My B
( 40 kN m )( 0 . 075 m )
=
= 5 . 33 MPa (C)
I
(. 5625 10 3 m 4 )
18

Example 4
The simply supported beam has the cross-sectional area shown. Determine
the absolute maximum bending stress in tension and also in compression in the
beam, and draw the stress distribution over the cross section at the mid-span.
17.5 kN
5 kN/m

30 kNm

250 mm
20 mm
300 mm

4m

4m
20 mm

19

 Section property
250 mm
20 mm

NA

300 mm

y'

dfrange

dweb

310 mm

150 mm

20 mm
y =

y A (150 )( 300 20 ) + ( 310 )( 250 20 )

=
= 222 . 7 mm
A
( 300 20 ) + ( 250 20 )

y ' = 320 222.7 = 97.3 mm

I NA = ( I + Ad 2 )
=[

1
1
(20)( 300) 3 + (20 300)( 222.7 150) 2 ] + [ (250)( 20) 3 + (250 20)( 310 222.7) 2 ]
12
12

= .1150x109 mm4 = .1150x10-3 m4

20

17.5 kN
5 kN/m

Internal Loading
30 kNm

17.5 kN

4m

4m

20 kN

V (kN)
17.5

17.5
x(m)
40

M(kNm)

-20

x (m)
-30
The positive maximum bending M+ = 40 kNm
The maximum negative bending M - = -30 kNm
21

 The Bending Stress in the Maximum Bending in Tension (M = 40 kNm)

250 mm
20 mm

97.3 mm NA

B
300 mm

40 kNm

(max)C = 33.8 MPa

222.7 mm
(max)T = 77.5 MPa
20 mm

( max ) C =

Mc 1 ( 40 kN m )( 0 . 0973 m )
=
= 33 . 8 MPa (C)
3
4
I
(. 115 10 m )

( max )T =

Mc 2 ( 40 kN m )( 0 . 2227 m )
=
= 77 . 5 MPa (T )
3
4
I
(. 115 10 m )

22

 The Bending Stress in Maximum Bending in Compression (M = -30 kNm)

250 mm
20 mm

97.3 mm NA

B
300 mm

30 kNm

(max)T = 25.4 MPa

222.7 mm
(max)C = 58.1 MPa
20 mm

( max )T =

Mc 1 ( 30 kN m )( 0 . 0973 m )
=
= 25 . 4 MPa ( T)
3
4
I
(. 115 10 m )

( max ) C =

Mc 2 ( 30 kN m )( 0 . 2227 m )
=
= 58 . 1 MPa ( C)
I
(. 115 10 3 m 4 )

23

 The absolute maximum bending stress in tension and also in compression in the beam
250 mm
(max)C = 33.8 MPa
20 mm

97.3 mm

300 mm

40 kNm

NA

222.7 mm
(max)T = 77.5 MPa
20 mm

(max)T = 25.4 MPa

NA

30 kNm

(max)C = 58.1 MPa

By comparison,
The maximum bending stress in tension;

(max)T = 77.5 MPa (T)

The maximum bending stress in compression;

(max)C = 58.1 MPa (C)

24

Example 5
The simply supported beam has the cross-sectional area shown. Determine
the absolute maximum bending stress in the beam and draw the stress distribution
over the cross section at this location.

30 kNm

4m

17.5 kN
5 kN/m
500 mm

300 mm
250 mm

2.25 m

4m

250 mm

25

 Internal Loading

30 kNm

17.5 kN
5 kN/m

4m

A
C
2.25 m

17.5 kN

D
4m

20 kN

V (kN)
17.5

17.5
x(m)

M(kNm)

9.38

40

-20
x (m)

-30

26

(max)T = 9.33 MPa

0.15 m

NA

0.3 m

30 kNm

0.15 m
(max)C = 9.33 MPa

0.25 m
Section Property
I = ( I + Ad 2 ) =

1
( 0 . 25 m )( 0 . 3 m ) 3 + 0 = 0 . 0005625 m 4
12

Bending Stress at A
max =

Mc ( 30 kN m )( 0 . 15 m )
=
= 9 . 33 MPa
I
(. 5625 10 3 m 4 )

27

(max)C = 3.84 MPa

0.25 m

NA

0.5 m

40 kNm

NA = 0

0.25 m
(max)T = 3.84 MPa

0.25 m
Section Property
I = ( I + Ad 2 ) =

1
( 0 . 25 m )( 0 . 5 m ) 3 + 0 = 0 . 002604 m 4
12

Bending Stress at D
max =

Mc ( 40 kN m )( 0 . 25 m )
=
= 3 . 84 MPa
3
4
I
( 2 . 604 10 m )

Maximum bending stress occurs at D

max = 9 . 33 MPa
28

30 kNm

4m

17.5 kN
5 kN/m
B

A
C
2.25 m

17.5 kN
M(kNm)

9.38

D
4m

20 kN

40
x (m)

-30
0.15 m
0.3 m

(max)T = 9.33 MPa

NA

30 kNm

0.15 m
0.25 m

(max)C = 9.33 MPa

Maximum bending stress occurs at A

max = 9 . 33 MPa
29

Unsymmetric Bending
Moment Applied Along Principal Axis

max

dA
y
z

dF = dA
C
M
x

Normal Strain Distribution

(Profile View)

max

Bending Stress Distribution

(Profile View)

c M

30

 Moment Arbitrarily Applied

Mz = M cos
y

z
x

M
z

y
x
My = M sin
=

Mz y M yz
+
Iz
Iy

z
x

31

[(x)max - (x)max]

(x)max
[(x)max + (x)max]
z

(x)max

z
[(x)max + (x)max]

Mz

A
x
[(x)max - (x)max]

y
My
(x)max

(x)max

32

 Orientation of the Neutral Axis (

)

[(x)max - (x)max]

[(x)max + (x)max]
A
F

[(x)max + (x)max]

B
F

H
C

x
[(x)max - (x)max]

G
D

= tan 1 (

FH
)
HO
33

Example 6
The rectangular cross section shown is subjected to a bending moment of
M = 12 kNm. Determine the normal stress developed at each corner of the
section, and specify the orientation of the neutral axis.
x
0.2 m
0.2 m
0.1 m

M = 12 kNm.
D5
3

0.1 m

34

0.2 m
0.2 m
0.1 m

(4/5)(12) = 9.60 kNm.

M = 12 kNm.
D5
3

(3/5)(12) = 7.20 kNm.

0.1 m

N
0.2 m

Iy =

1
( 0 . 4 m )( 0 . 2 m) 3 = 0 . 2667 (10 3 ) m 4
12

Iz =

1
( 0 . 2 m )( 0 . 4 m ) 3 = 1 . 067 (10 3 ) m 4
12

Bending Stress : =

2.25 MPa
z B

Section Properties

My
I

M = 7 . 20 kN m :

7 . 2 (10 3 ) N m ( 0 . 2 m )
=
= 1 . 35 MPa
1 . 067 (10 3 )m 4

M = 9 . 60 kN m :

9 . 60 (10 3 ) N m ( 0 . 1 m )
=
= 3 . 60 MPa
0 . 2667 (10 3 ) m 4

4.95 MPa
A
E
2.25 MPa
D

M = 7.2 kNm M = 9.6 kNm

B = ( - 1.35 MPa ) + ( + 3.60 MPa ) = 2.25 MPa (T)

C
4.95 MPa

C = ( - 1.35 MPa ) + ( - 3.60 MPa ) = -4.95 MPa (C)

D = ( + 1.35 MPa ) + ( - 3.60 MPa ) = -2.25 MPa (C)
E = ( + 1.35 MPa ) + ( + 3.60 MPa ) = 4.95 MPa (T) 35

 Orientation of Neutral Axis

4.95 MPa

4.95 MPa
c A
2.25 MPa
D

2.25 MPa

2m

z B
N

D
-2.25 MPa

FD
2
=
; FD = 0 . 625 m
2 . 25 ( 4 . 95 + 2 . 25 )

4.95 MPa

0.2 m
2.25 MPa
B

G
2m

y
F

C
-4.95 MPa

62.5 mm
GC
2
=
; GC = 1 . 375 m
4 . 95 ( 4 . 95 + 2 . 25 )

D
400 mm

NA

z
B

137.5 mm

= tan 1 (

400
) = 79.4 o
137.5 62.5)
36

Example 7
A T-beam is subjected to the bending moment of 15 kNm as shown. Determine
the maximum normal stress in the beam and the orientation of the neutral axis.
z

30 mm
M = 15 kNm
100 mm

30o
y

80 mm
40 mm 80 mm
37

Section Properties

Mz = 15 sin 30o = 7.5 kNm

B
30 mm

M = 15 kNm
100 mm

30o
z

C
z

y
My = 15 cos 30o = 13 kNm

80 mm
40 mm 80 mm

z A ( 0 . 05 m )( 0 . 1 m 0 . 04 m ) + ( 0 . 115 m )( 0 . 03 m 0 . 2 m )

=
=
= 0 . 0890 m

A
(
0
.
1
m
0
.
04
m
)
(
0
.
03
m
0
.
2
m
)

Iz =

1
1
( 0 . 10 m )( 0 . 04 m ) 3 +
( 0 . 03 m )( 0 . 20 m ) 3 = 20 . 53 (10 6 ) m 4
12
12

Iy =[

1
( 0 . 04 m )( 0 . 10 m ) 3 + ( 0 . 04 m 0 . 10 m )( 0 . 089 m 0 . 05 m) 2 ]
12
1
+ [ ( 0 . 20 m )( 0 . 03 m ) 3 + ( 0 . 2 m 0 . 03 m )( 0 . 115 m 0 . 089 m ) 2 ] = 13 . 92 (10 6 ) m 4 38
12

 Maximum Normal Stress, : =

My
I

Mz = 7.5 kNm

B
0.041 m

I z = 20 . 53 (10 6 ) m 4 0.089 m

y
My = 13 kNm

I y = 13 . 92 (10 6 ) m 4

C
0.02 m
z
Mz = 7.5 kNm

0.1 m

0.08 m

My = 13 kNm

B =

(+7.5 kNm) (0.10 m)

20 . 53 (10 6 ) m 4

(+13 kNm) (0.041 m)

13 . 92 (10 6 ) m 4

= 74.8 MPa (T)

C =

(-7.5 kNm) (0.02 m)

20 . 53 (10 6 ) m 4

(-13 kNm)(0.089 m)
13 . 92 (10 6 ) m 4

= -90.4 MPa (C)

D =

(-7.5 kNm) (0.10 m)

20 . 53 (10 6 ) m 4

(+13 kNm) (0.041 m)

13 . 92 (10 6 ) m 4

= 1.76 MPa (T)

39

 Orientation of Neutral Axis

z

D = 1 . 76 MPa
Mz = 7.5 kNm

0.1 m

0.041 m

e = 0.00273 m
A
D
0.041 m
y

0.089 m

y
My = 13 kNm
C

B = 74 . 8 MPa

0.1 m

N
74.8 MPa
1.76 MPa

0.1 m
B

D
0.2 m

0.2 + e
e
=
,
1 . 76
74 . 8
tan =

e = 2 . 738 (10 3 ) m

( 0 . 10 m + 0 . 002738 m )
,
0 . 0410 m

= 68 o
40