Wireless communications

Lecture 3

Radio Capacity
Assume that the propagation constant n = 4
and the minimum carrier-to-interference ratio
is 18 dB.
Substituting the values of n and C/I in the
last equation, N = 7 cells/cluster.
Therefore, the total allocated bandwidth Bt is
divided into N groups of channels.
With Bc denoting the channel bandwidth, the
radio capacity of the system is defined as the
number of channels per cell or
radio capacity k = Bt/(NBc) channels/cell

Other Capacity Measures:

1. For a given blocking probability, k
channel per cell, the traffic A in Erlangs per
cell can be determined from Erlang B tables.
2. If the cell area is a square km, the resulting
traffic density is A/a Erlang/km2
3. Knowing the average number of calls per
user in the busy hour and the average
holding time, the cell capacity defined as the
total number of users per cell can be
calculated as well as the number of users per
square km.
4. The system capacity can be calculated by
multiplying the cell capacity by the total area
of the system.

trunking
User traffic=
the total offered traffic intensity
The maximum possible carried traffic is
the total number of channels, C, in
Erlangs.
blocked calls cleared type (Erlang B)

Erlang B Table

 How many users can be supported for 0.5%

blocking probability for the following number
of trunked channels in a blocked calls cleared
system? (a) 1, (b) 5,(c) 10, (d) 20, (e) 100.
Assume each user generates 0.1 Erlangs of
traffic.
a) one user could be supported on one
channel
b) Given C = 5 , GOS = 0.005, A = 1 .I 3
U = A/Au = 1.13/0.1 = 11 users
(c) Given C = 10, A = 3.96
U = A/Au =3.96/0.1=39 users
d) Given C=20, A=11.1, U=111 users
e) Given C=100, A=80.0, U=809 users

Example
Assume that the radio capacity k = 45
channel/cell, blocking probability = 0.002,
cell area =12.5 square km, average holding
time =100 s, average arrival rate is 0.8
calls/user in a busy hour, and the total area
is 7000 square km.
From Erlang table, traffic/cell = 36.5 Erlang
traffic per user =100*0.8/3600 Erlang
traffic density = 35.6/12.5 = 2.86 Erlang/km2
and number of users/km2 =128.75 users/km2
total number of users in the system =
128.75*7000= 901,250 users.

Example 3.5
System A has 394 cells with 19 channels each.
system B has 98 cells with 57 channels each,
and system C has 49 cells. each with 100
channels. Find the number of users that can be
supported at 2% blocking if each user averages
2 calls per hour at an average call duration of 3
minutes.
Traffic intensity per user, Au = H = 2 x (3/60) =
0.1 Erlangs

 For system A, GOS = 0.02 and C = 19, A=12

Erlangs.and U=120 users
total number of subscribers=120 x 391 = 17280.
For system A, GOS = 0.02 and C = 57, A=45
Erlangs.and U=450 users
total number of subscribers=450x 98 = 44 100.
For system A, GOS = 0.02 and C =100 , A=88
Erlangs.and U=880 users
total number of subscribers =880x 49 = 43 120
total number of subscribers in the 3 systems
=47280 + 44100 + 43 120 = 134500 users.

Adjacent channel interference

Adjacent channel interference can be
minimized through careful filtering and
channel assignments.
By keeping the frequency separation
between each channel in a given cell as
large as possible, the adjacent channel
interference may be reduced considerably.
separate adjacent channels in a cell by as
many as N channel bandwidths

Adjacent channel interference

the near-far effect

1
dn / d f =
20

dn

df

For a path loss exponent n = 4, this is equal to -52 dB

Adjacent channel interference

Adjacent channel interference can be
minimized through careful filtering and
channel assignments.
a channel separation greater than six is
needed to bring the adjacent channel
interference to an acceptable level

Improving Capacity in Cellular

Systems
Cell Splitting

Sectoring

only 2 of them interfere with the center cell.