1

Impact of Battery Energy Storage on Power

System with High Wind Penetration
H. Daneshi, Member, IEEE, A.K. Srivastava, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract The penetration of renewable resources in power

system has been increasing in recent years. Many of these
resources are uncontrollable and variable in nature, wind in
particular, are relatively unpredictable. At high penetration
levels, volatility of wind power production could cause problems
for power system to maintain system security and reliability. One
of the solutions being proposed to improve reliability and
performance of the system is to integrate energy storage devices
into the network. In this paper, unit commitment and dispatch
schedule in power system with and without energy storage is
examined for different level of wind penetration. Battery energy
storage (BES) is considered as an alternative solution to store
energy. The SCUC formulation and solution technique with wind
power and BES is presented. The proposed formulation and
model is validated with eight-bus system case study. Further, a
discussion on the role of BES on locational pricing, economic,
peak load shaving, and transmission congestion management had
been made.
Index Terms Security-constrained unit commitment
(SCUC), wind energy, battery energy storage (BES), renewable
energy, energy storage.

I. NOMENCLATURE

T
I

min
FFT

Minimum fuel consumption of fuel type FT

max
FFT
E smax

Maximum fuel consumption of fuel type FT

Pi ,t

Real power generation of unit i at time t

Qi , t

Reactive power generation of unit i at time t

System emission limit

Pi ,min , Pi ,max Minimum/maximum real power generation

Qi , min , Qi , max Minimum/maximum reactive power generation
MU i , MDi Minimum up/down time of a unit
RU i , RDi Ramping up/down limit of a unit
SDi ,t
Shutdown cost of unit i at time t
STi ,t

Startup cost of unit i at time t

rui ,t

Regulation up of unit i at time t

rdi ,t

Regulation down of unit i at time t

sri ,t

Spinning reserve of unit i at time t

nri ,t

Non-spinning reserve of unit i at time t

TU i ,0 , TCi ,0 Number of hours a unit has been on/off at

the beginning of the scheduling period
Number of hours a unit need to remain on/off at
the beginning of the scheduling period
Forecasted load at time t
Forecasted wind power at time t
System losses at time t
System regulation up requirement at time t
System regulation down requirement at time t

FT
u i ,t

Number of hours for the scheduling period

Set of thermal units
Set of BESs
Number of buses
Number of lines
Denote a thermal unit
Denote a BES unit
Denote a wind unit
Time index
Line index
Bus index
Index for fuel type
Unit status indicator (1 is ON and 0 is OFF)

y i ,t

Startup indicator

Vb, t

Maximum line flow

Voltage magnitude at bus b

z i ,t

Shutdown indicator

Vbsmax , Vbsmin

Maximum/minimum voltage magnitude at bus b

Fi (.)

Production cost function of unit i

Pkch,t

Charging power of battery k at time t

PkDch
,t

Discharging power of battery k at time t

Ak ,t

Battery capacity level at time t

Ak ,max

Maximum capacity of the battery in MWh

Ak ,min

Minimum capacity of the battery in MWh

Round-trip efficiency of battery k (%)

Nb
L
i
k
w
t
l
bs

Fi (.)

Fuel consumption function of unit i

Fie (.)

Emission function of unit i

Hossein Daneshi is with Southern California Edison, Rosemead, CA,

91770, USA (e-mail: hossein.daneshi@sce.com)
Anurag K Srivastava is with the School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering
at
Washington
State
University,
USA
(e-mail:
asrivast@eecs.wsu.edu)

978-1-4673-1935-5/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE

UTi , DTi
PD ( t )
W( t )

PL (t )
RRU (t )
RRD (t )

RS (t )
RN (t )

System spinning reserve requirement at time t

System non-spinning reserve requirement at t

FLl ,t

Line flow at line l

FLmax
l

II. INTRO
ODUCTION

IND pow
wer is currently
y the fastest growing
g
sourcee of
electricity
y in the U.S. an
nd other counttries. The increease
in world installed wind
d capacity hass been impresssive
wiith an average annual growth
h of more than 30% over the last
fivve years [1]-[4]]. Integration of
o wind resourcces into the pow
wer
syystem brings neew challenges to the plannin
ng, operation, and
a
coontrol of powerr system in eith
her short-term or long-term tiime
intterval. Its beccause of naturaal characteristiccs of wind pow
wer
plaants which difffer from conv
ventional unitss. Basically, wind
w
ennergy is availab
ble when the wind
w
blows, an
nd the power leevel
deepends on wind
d speed. Thereefore, they aree not dispatchaable
in the traditionaal sense. Utilitties generally struggle to meet
m
fluuctuating dem
mand, and add
ding generatorss that cannot be
coontrolled effectively causes more
m
complexity to this probleem.
Thhis problem iss magnified ass the penetration level of wind
w
ennergy on the utility
u
system increases.
i
In particular,
p
optim
mal
coommitment and
d dispatch of other units neeed to be revissed.
Addditional reserv
ves must be alllocated to guarrantee operatio
onal
relliability and en
nhance system
m security. Assessing the imp
pact
off wind powerr on unit commitment an
nd dispatch iss a
funndamental issu
ue when integ
grating more wind power into
i
poower systems. The integratio
on of intermitttent wind pow
wer
intto existing power systems may
m impact bo
oth, the techniical
opperation of the system, and itts development over time. Most
M
im
mportant is thaat to cope wiith winds intermittency, otther
avvailable units have
h
to be operated more fleexibly to mainttain
syystem reliability
y.
Another issue regarding wind operation is availability.. In
maany areas in U.S., for exaample in Texas, highest wind
w
geeneration generrally occurs during
d
off-peak
k hours when the
deemand is low as
a presented in
n Figure 1. Thiis profile is baased
onn actual hourrly wind gen
neration and load data frrom
044/21/2009 to 04/27/2009
0
reeported by Ellectric Reliabiility
Coouncil of Texass (ERCOT) [5]].
In a system with
w
larger sh
hare of wind generation, co
ostefffective way of storing electricity
e
en
nhances system
ms
relliability. Therre are differeent types off energy storrage
tecchnologies. Allthough examiining all thesee technologiess is
infformative, thiss paper focusess only on batteery energy storrage
(B
BES) wherein chemical enerrgy is convertted into electriical
ennergy and vicee versa. Curren
ntly, significan
nt developmen
nt is
gooing on in the BES technolo
ogy. Different types of batterries
aree being dev
veloped, of which, somee are availaable
coommercially wh
hile some are still
s in the expeerimental stagee.

Fig. 1: Hourly wind generaation and hourly lo

oad profile [5]

Fig.. 2: Wind Power G

Growth for the Woorld and Selected C
Countries [4]

This ppaper presentss a formulationn for solving the Security

Constraained Unit C
Commitment (SCUC) prooblem with
emphasiis on wind pow
wer and BES. The objective of SCUC in
a restruuctured powerr system is tto obtain a ccommitment
schedulee at minimum production cost with severall unit/system
constraiints. Unit connstraints includde minimum oon/off time,
rampingg up/down, miinimum/maxim
mum generationn limit, fuel
and em
mission limitt. The systtem constrainnts include
transmisssion security constraints ssuch as voltagge limits on
buses, power flow limits on selected lines aand selected
interfacees [6]-[12].
The rrest of this paaper is organizzed as follow:: Section III
gives ann outlook of w
wind energy annd backgroundd description
of enerrgy storage. T
The detail forrmulation andd model are
presenteed in section IIV. The propoosed model is validated in
section V by test case examplees, and at thhe end the
conclusiions are drawnn in section VI..
III. BACKGRO
OUND
A. Windd energy outloook
Over 38 GW of new
w wind powerr generation caapacity came
online w
worldwide in 2009, bringinng the total gglobal wind
power ccapacity to oveer 158 GW throough the end oof 2009. The
status oof wind powerr deployment and the growtth rate until
2009 is illustrated in F
Figure 2. It shoows the exponeential growth
for the world as a w
whole and U.S
S. in particulaar. The U.S.
became the world leadder in cumulattive wind capaacity in 2008
with 25 .1 GW installeed, overtaking Germany, whiich had been
the leadder since 20011. The U.S. m
maintained its position as
global leeader in installled capacity inn 2009, growinng to over 35
GW. Chhina added thhe most new ccapacity in 20009, slightly
edging out Germany to become thhe nation withh the second
most innstalled wind capacity. Bothh nations now
w have 25.8
GW, thhough China has slightly more capaciity, making
Germanny third in insstalled capacityy, followed byy Spain and
India. W
Wind projectss installed thhrough the ennd of 2008
generateed over 1.8% oof U.S. electriccity in 2009 [4]].
In 20008, the U.S. D
Department of E
Energy (DOE)) published a
report tthat examines the technical feasibility of using wind
energy tto generate 200% of the natioon's electricityy demand by
2030. T
The report exxamines the costs, major im
mpacts, and
challengges associated with producingg 20% wind ennergy or 300
GW off wind generaating capacity by 2030. Inn its energy
outlook 2007, the US energy inform
mation administtration (EIA)

esttimates that US
U electricity demand
d
will grrow by 39% frrom
20005 to 2030. Reeaching 5.8 billlion megawattt-hours (MWh)) by
20030. To meet 20%
2
of that demand, US win
nd power capaccity
woould have to reeach more than
n 300. This gro
owth representss an
inccrease of moree than 290 GW within 23 yearrs.
The impacts of wind poweer generation in power systtem
opperations have been studied for several yeears. As installled
wiind capacity grows
g
more th
han 10% of the
t demand in
n a
reggion, the interm
mittency of win
nd energy beco
omes a significcant
isssue. This is beecause wind speed
s
and direection varies over
o
tim
me periods thatt ranges from minutes to seaasons. In additiion,
thee electrical ch
haracteristics of
o some wind generators afffect
syystem operation
n and can mak
ke grid intercon
nnection difficcult.
Foortunately, a number
n
of new
w technologiess and deploym
ment
strrategies are making
m
wind energy
e
friendly
y, and promissing
coontinued growtth in its share of total energ
gy. These inclu
ude
beetter wind forecast, advanced
d power electro
onic devices, and
a
ennergy storage.
B. Energy storag
ge
Although pow
wer system operates efffectively with
hout
stoorage, cost-efffective ways of
o storing elecctrical energy can
heelp make thee grid more efficient and
d reliable. Also
A
coombining wind generation wiith energy storaage system (ESS)
proovides a pro
oper solution for mitigatin
ng volatility and
a
inttermittency off wind energ
gy. But its difficult
d
to sttore
eleectricity directtly; electric energy
e
can bee stored in otther
forrms, such as potential, ch
hemical, magn
netic, or kineetic
ennergy. ESS can address additional flexibility
y to the system
m:
Load manageement: ESS like dispatchabble loads can add
a
siggnificant flexib
bility to the sysstem. They can
n be used to sttore
exxcess electricity
y generated at off-peak hourss and then deliiver
it at peak hourrs. It will red
duce need for peak generattion
(paarticularly from
m expensive peaking
p
plantss) and better lo
oad
maanagement.
Ancillary serrvices: Most electric utilitiees are responsiible
to provide sufficcient ancillary
y services (AS) to maintain the
seccurity and reliiability of the system. The available AS
S is
deetermined by system reliaability study. Increasing wind
w
geeneration requiires increase in
n regulation an
nd load follow
wing
cap
apability. ESSss are offering AS services su
uch as regulattion
upp and down, voltage
v
supporrt, and spinnin
ng reserves. Each
typpe of technolo
ogy has its un
nique responsee rate and can be
used for certain purpose.
p
Transmissionn enhancement
nt: ESS can im
mprove congesttion
annd reliability of
o transmission
n system by increasing
i
usee of
exxisting lines. It can store electtricity when traansmission line is
coongested and discharge wh
hen adequate transmission is
avvailable.
Wind generaation matching
ng: Wind energgy is a desiraable
ressource because its cheap
p and clean. However, its
inttermittent, and
d the profile of
o energy gen
neration does not
coorrelate with the demand cycle. ESS can be used to match the
ouutput of wind with
w any load profile. It incrreases the amo
ount
off off-peak load
d on the system
m that could take
t
advantagee of
thee off-peak enerrgy production
n from wind gen
neration.

Fig. 3: Storage technologyy comparison [13]

Envirronmental imppact: ESS has the advantage of not using

fossil fuuels. If the ennergy in storagge comes from
m renewable
resourcees, they are saaving the greenn energy and delivering it
back to the system whhen it is neededd.
Econo
nomy: Adding ESS increasess efficiency off the system
and low
wer cost of m
meeting the load. It deliverss the stored
energy at peak hourrs which reduuces need forr expensive
generatiion dispatch.
Todayy, different typ
ypes of ESS teechnologies w
with different
characteeristics are bbeing developped of whichh some are
availablle commerciaally while oothers are sttill in the
developpment stage. Their characcteristics including their
advantaages and disadvvantages have bbeen comparedd in [13].
The capacity and discharge rrate of differrent storage
technoloogies and theiir applications can be seen in Figure 3.
Out of the many avaiilable technoloogies, only a ffew of them
are capaable of meeting the requirem
ments of storingg energy for
wind bbalancing as w
well as beingg cost effective. Though
advanceed technologies such as flyw
wheels and ultrra-capacitors
have thee capability too provide shortt duration servvices related
to poweer quality and stabilization, tthey are not coost effective
options for wind geneeration support,, whereas pum
mped storage,
CAES aand large batttery systems aare suitable foor both long
durationn as well as utillity scale appliications.
Amonng all feasiblee energy storrage technologgies, battery
systemss are the mosst developed and widely uused energy
storage device. Leadd-acid battery is the oldesst and most
mature battery storagge technology, which has beeen used for
most poower system aapplications. T
The Li-ion, NaS and NiCd
batteriess seem to reprresent the leadding technologgies in highpower-ddensity battery applications. T
The flow batteeries are also
promisinng for applications whichh require lonng duration
storagess due to its noon-self-discharrge capability.. Discussion
about thhe battery tecchnology to bbe used in poower system
applicattions and som
me of the featuures of these ttechnologies
have beeen presented inn [14].
IV. SCU
UC FORMULATIION WITH BES
This study emphassizes on the im
mpact of utiliziing BES for
peak lo ad shaving, sttabilizing LMP
P, managing ttransmission
congestiion in a systeem with high wind penetraation. In our
proposeed model, SC
CUC is decoomposed intoo two subproblem
ms. First probleem which is callled main SCU
UC optimizes
the com
mmitment and sschedule of alll units excludinng BESs for
supplyinng hourly loadd. Hourly eneergy and ancilllary service
(AS) prrice obtained fr
from main SCU
UC is used in second subm which is callled BES sub-prroblem to optiimize hourly
problem

schedule of battery with respect to hourly LMP at the bus BES

is located. The hourly schedule of BES will be used in the
main SCUC to reschedule the generation of the other units for
load balance. The iteration between two sub-problems will
continue until no further improvement in hourly LMP is
gained. Structure of the proposed approach is depicted in
Figure 4.
The main SCUC model is formulated as an optimization
problem that minimizes the cost of supplying energy and
ancillary services constrained by security requirement. The
objective function is formulated as follow:

[ Fi ( Pi,t ).ui,t + STi,t + SDi,t ]

Min

t =1 i =1

(1)

where represents thermal operating cost including fuel, startup

and shutdown costs. The constraints in the optimization
problem are:
-

System energy balance

I

i =1

k =1

k =1

ch
,t + W (t ) = PD (t ) + PL (t ) + Pk ,t
Pi,t + PkDch

t (2)

Ancillary service requirements

I

rsi,t RS (t )

(3)

(4)

i =1

nri,t RN (t )
i =1
I

ru

i ,t

i =1

RRU (t )

(5)

k ,t

RRD (t )

(6)

i ,t

i =1

k ,t

k =1

rd

ru

rd
k =1

Ramping constraints
Pi,t +1 Pi,t RUi (1 yi ,t ) + Pi, min yi,t , i, t

(7-a)

Pi ,t Pi ,t +1 RDi ( 1 zi ,t ) + Pi ,minzi ,t , i ,t

(7-b)

Minimum On/Off time constraints

UTi

(1 u

i ,t )

= 0,

t =1

yi,t +

max{T ,t + MUt 1}

i, j

(8-a)
1,

i, t = UTi + 1,..., T

j =t +1

UTi = MAX{0, MIN[T , (MUi TUi,0 )ui ,0 ]},

Active and reactive power generation constraints

(9)

Qi , min .ui ,t Qi ,t Qi , max.ui ,t , i, t

(10)

Line flow and bus voltage constraints

Vbmin Vb ,t Vbmax

l , t
b, t

(11)
(12)

We assume generation cost, fuel consumption, and

emission are expressed as a function of power dispatch.
Transmission line flow and bus voltage in (11) and (12) are
calculated through a DC power flow algorithm which is
embedded in the main SCUC problem. The electricity
generated from wind turbine in (2) is known through shortterm forecasting.
In the BES scheduling sub-problem following assumptions
are made:
- The rapid response enables BES to provide both energy and
regulation up/down. Participation in spinning and nonspinning reserve market requires high storage capacity
which enables the storage to provide energy for longer time.
- BES gets paid based on nodal price when its discharging
and pays zonal price when it is charging. When it is selected
for regulation it is paid based on AS market price.
- Current storage level is calculated based on available energy
at previous hour and charge/discharge rate at current hour.
We assumed the efficiency is split between charge and
discharge process, also probability of being called for
regulation has been taken into the account.
- BES can provide regulation up and down in charge,
discharge, and idle mode. While it is charging, the amount
of energy that charger is consuming will be considered as
regulation up, since in an emergency the charger could be
treated as interruptible load. In discharge mode, the
unloaded capacity could be considered to be regulation up.
Also in idle mode, if there is energy in the storage it can
quickly discharge.
The objective function of BES optimization sub-problem is
formulated to maximize the profit as follow:
T

Max

max
[ Fi f ( Pi ,t ).u i ,t + STi ,ft + SDi ,ft ] FFT

t =1 i =1

[ F

t =1 i =1

( Pi ,t ).u i ,t + STi e,t + SDie,t ] E smax

(15)

ruk ,t . ASMPru ,t + rd k ,t . ASMPrd ,t ]

(13)

Emission constraints
T

ch
c
, t .LMPb , t .u k , t Pk , t .ZLMPt .u k , t +
[ PkDch
t =1 k =1

Fuel constraints
min
FFT

(8-b)

Pi, min .ui ,t Pi,t Pi , max.ui,t , i, t

FLmax
FLl ,t FLmax
l
l

Fig. 4: Structure of proposed SCUC model

(14)

Charge, discharge, and idle modes are represented with

following variables and constraint:
uk ,t : is 1 in discharge mode and 0 in either idle or charging
mode.

ukc,t

: is 1 in charge mode and 0 in idle mode.

u k ,t + u kc,t 1

k , t

(16)

Other constraints are presented as follow:

- Storage balancing constraints:

Ak ,t = Ak ,t 1 + Pkch,t .k PkDch
,t .(1/k ) +
rdk ,t .k .rd ruk ,t .(1/k ) .ru
Ak ,min Ak ,t Ak ,max , k , t
- Charge and discharge limits:
0 Pkch,t Pkch,max .ukc,t , k , t
Dch
k ,t

0 P

Dch
k ,max

(17)

k ,t

.uk ,t , k , t

(18)
(19)
(20)

- Regulation and energy constraints:

ch
c
Dch
PkDch
,t + ruk ,t Pk ,t (1 u k ,t ) Pk ,max , k , t

(21)

ch
Pkch,t + rdk ,t PkDch
,t (1 uk ,t ) Pk ,max , k , t

(22)

Mathematically SCUC is a decision problem with an

objective to be minimized with respect to a series of prevailing
equality and inequality constraints. The problem is largescaled, mixed-integer, and non-linear. Benders decomposition
technique is applied to decompose such an optimization
problem into a master problem for solving unit commitment
(UC), feasibility check sub-problems, and network security
check sub-problems as shown in Figure 5. Benders
decomposition is a popular optimization technique. In
applying the Benders decomposition algorithm, the original
large-scale optimization problem will be decomposed into a
master problem and several sub-problems. The detailed
discussion on Benders decomposition is presented in [13].
The master UC, which includes objective function (1) and
constraints (2)-(14), provides the schedule and dispatch
solution for minimizing the operation cost without
transmission security constraint. The hourly schedule of BES
in (2) is calculated in BES scheduling sub-problem. The
previous days schedule of BES is considered as an initial
schedule. In this study, CPLEX was employed to solve master
problem.
Once the master problem is solved, the network security
check is applied for every hour, as shown in Figure 5. This
sub-problem will check whether the current commitment and
dispatch solution of the master problem violates transmission
constraints (11) and (12). If any violations persist, the subproblem will form the corresponding Benders cut for the
master problem in the next iteration of UC. The mitigation of
violations will result in the final SCUC solution. After main
SCUC problem is solved the hourly energy and AS prices are
used to find the optimal dispatch of BES. The objective is to
maximize revenue potential by optimizing utilization of the
BES for both energy and AS. The optimal charge/discharge is
obtained by solving the optimization problem with objective
function (15) subject to constraints (16)-(22). The iteration
between the main SCUC and BES sub-problem will continue
until no further improvement in hourly price is achieved.

Fig. 5: Security Constrained Unit Commitment

Fig. 6: One-line diagram of eight-bus system

V. CASE STUDIES
In order to focus on key issues, a simple 8-bus system in
Fig. 6 is used. There are six thermal units (G1G7), one wind
unit (W1), a BES (S) and ten transmission lines. The wind unit
and storage are located at bus 2. The characteristics of BES,
thermal units, buses, and transmission lines are listed in
Tables 1-3, respectively. The 24-hour system load and
forecasted wind power are presented in Table 4.
As shown in Figure 6, system is divided into two zones. All
wind resources are in Zone 1, and far from load center. About
80% of total load is located in Zone 2. It is assumed there is
not enough transmission capacity to transfer all wind
generation at peak hours. The following scenarios are
discussed in this paper:
Case 1: Base case without BES unit. The example includes
six thermal units and a wind at bus 2.
Case 2: A BES is installed on Bus 2 close to the wind
resource.
Case 3: We also analyze the impact of BES by relocating it
from Bus 2 to Bus 8, close to load center.

6
TABLE 1: PARAMETERS OF THERMAL UNITS
Unit
G1
G2
G3
G4
7
Bus
1
6
8
A (MBtus/MW2h) 0.01
0.002 0.013 0.3
B (MBtu/MWh)
22.94 12.33 17.82 20
10.15 300
C (MBtu/h)
58.81
28
25
Pmin (MW)
25
50
30
70
250
100
150
Pmax (MW)
300
1600
500
500
ST ($)
2.08
0.83
2.5
Ramp up (MW/min) 0.42
1
5
5
3
Min On (hour)
1
5
5
3
Min Off (hour)
4
24
24
-5
IniT (hour)

TABLE 5: SCUC RESULT WITHOUT BES (CASE 1)

G5
4
0.27
18.5
250
30
120
500
2.5
3
3
10

G6
4
0.32
22
350
30
100
500
2.5
3
3
-5

TABLE 2: TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS

Line
No

From
Bus

To
Bus

X (pu)

Line Limit
(MW)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1
2
1
3
4
6
7
8
5
3

2
3
3
5
6
7
8
5
4
4

0.099
0.042
0.008
0.108
0.021
0.031
0.032
0.069
0.068
0.108

150
150
150
60
300
300
300
300
300
60

BES

Amin

ch
Dch
Amax Pmax
Pmax

(MWh)

(MWh) (MW) (MW)

50
20
20

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Wind
(MW)
162.17
162.99
151.82
168.00
161.94
144.18
168.00
168.00
148.53
113.60
114.90
125.01

Load
(MW)
509.10
469.74
441.92
423.57
409.33
402.32
401.92
409.15
410.64
441.44
480.02
512.38

Hour
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Wind
(MW)
142.30
148.29
96.90
72.27
42.20
42.20
53.96
63.39
74.21
79.62
102.90
131.22

TABLE 6: SCUC RESULT WITH BES AT BUS 2 (CASE 2)

Unit
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6

Unit
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6

90%

TABLE 4: FORECASTED LOAD DEMAND AND WIND POWER

Hour

Total Cost = $211,646.1

Hours (0-24)
000000000000001111111110
111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111
000000000000111111111111
110000000111111111111111
000000000000001111111110
Total Cost = $208,901.8
Hours (0-24)
000000000000001111111110
111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111
000000000000111111111111
110000000000111111111111
000000000000001111111110

TABLE 6: SCUC RESULT WITH BES AT BUS 2 (CASE 8)

TABLE 3: PARAMETERS OF BES

Unit Bus

Unit
G1
G2
G3
G4
G5
G6

Load
(MW)
541.31
571.14
602.61
627.76
647.09
663.34
667.26
655.86
636.80
643.62
628.27
583.54

Case 1: SCUC result without BES

In this case, we assume there is no BES. With the given 8bus system the proposed SCUC problem is solved to
determine the commitment and dispatch of the units. The
commitment schedule is shown in Table 5 in which 1/0
represent hourly ON/OFF status of units. Results show the
least expensive units G2 and G3 are always committed to
supply the load. The more expensive unit G4 is committed
between hours 13 and 24, when wind is low and load is high.
Unit G5 is committed for 17 hours. Results show that wind is
curtailed at peak wind hours due to limited of transmission
capacity from Zone 1 to Zone 2. Daily generation dispatch
cost is $211,646.1.

Total Cost = $209,858.6

Hours (0-24)
000000000000001111111110
111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111
000000000000111111111111
110000000011111111111111
000000000000000111111110

Case 2: SCUC result with BES at Bus 2

To observe the impact of BES, we add a BES unit at bus 2
in which wind is located. The characteristic of BES is
presented in Table 3. Batterys storage capacity is 50 MWh,
and charge and discharge rate is 20 MW. The round-trip
efficiency factor is 90% which is split between charge and
discharge. In this study, it is assumed the probability of being
called for regulation is 20%.
In this case, the expensive unit G5 is committed for 14
hours which is less than Case 1. Wind curtailment is reduced
significantly. Because when transmission lines are congested
and cannot transfer wind to the load, BES uses wind generated
electricity to charge the battery. Lower generation dispatch
cost of $208,901.1is obtained in Case 2. These results show
the lower cost of using BES for supplying the load in the
system.
Case 3: SCUC result with BES at Bus 8
We analyze the impact of BES on the system when it is
located in Zone 2. Therefore, we relocate it from Bus 2 to Bus
8. In this case, BES can provide on-peak energy where load is
relatively high, and also provide reliable capacity close to
load. Generation dispatch cost of $209,858.6 is obtained
which is less than Case 1. Wind curtailment is lower than Case
1 but compare to Case 2 still have higher wind curtailment.
Impact of BES on LMP
Results show in Case 1 before adding BES on Bus 2, branch
3-5 is congested at peak load hours. When congestion occurs
the expensive thermal units may have to be committed and
dispatched in order to supply the load in Zone 2 since the
cheaper units in Zone 1 including wind cannot be fully
utilized.

80.00
70.00

212.00
211.50

Operation Cost (1000$)

LMP ($/MWh)

60.00
50.00
40.00

Case1

30.00

Case2

20.00
Case3
10.00
0.00
1

11

13

15

17

19

21

210.50
210.00
209.50
209.00
208.50
208.00

23

207.50

Hour

Case 1

Fig. 7: Hourly LMP ($/MWh) for Bus 5

Case 2

Case 3

Fig. 9: System dispatch cost ($)

30.0

Wind Curtailment (%)

211.00

25.0

Case 1

20.0

Case 2

15.0

Case 3

Impact of BES on mitigating branch contingency

10.0
5.0
0.0
1

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

Hour

Fig. 8: Wind Curtailment

Figure 7 shows hourly LMP at Bus 5 for above three cases.

Results indicate that BES degrades the peak and off-peak
price differential by raising off-peak prices and depressing
peak prices. The congestion on branch 3-5 is reduced by
utilizing the BES at bus 2 and 8 in the system. LMP change is
more significant in Case 2 when BES is located near wind
resource. The reduction in LMP will impact the cost of
supplying load at the corresponding bus.
Wind curtailment
In this section, wind energy curtailment is addressed and
impact of BES is analyzed. Wind curtailment is projected due
to the availability of adequate transmission to support the
available wind production. In this example, during off-peak
hours, when the wind is high, it cannot be fully dispatched
because of congestion on branch 3-5. BES stores wind
generated electricity when transmission line is congested and
restores it when adequate transmission capacity is available.
Figure 8 shows hourly wind curtailment in percentage. In Case
2, BES is located on Bus 2 close to wind resource and has
lowest wind curtailment.
BES and peak-shaving
BES increases the value of electricity generated from wind
resource by making it available regardless of when it was
generated. BES can provide peak-shaving capability or reduce
peak demand by storing energy during off-peak hours from
the grid or wind resource and release it on peak hours.
Impact of BES on system operation cost
The economic benefits with the addition of BES are
presented in this section. As a generation resource it can
provide saving in system dispatch cost. The operating costs
are shown in Figure 9. Case 2 has lowest cost of $208,901.8
compared to $211,646.1for Case 1.

Strategic location of a BES might be important from a

transmission perspective. For example, BES could relieve
congestion of highly loaded lines by storing energy during
hours of congestion. When its located close to wind resource
it has the potential to significantly reduce or eliminate
congestion and increase grid efficiency by storing the wind
energy and releasing it when wind is low and more
transmission capacity is available. Results show branch 3-5 is
congested most of the time in Case 1 before adding BES.
Congestion on branch 3-5 is mitigated by installing BES at
Bus 2 to store wind energy when it is high and there is no
transmission capacity.
VI. CONCLUSION
A SCUC problem has been developed for analyzing the
impact of BES on a system with high wind penetration. Case
studies based on eight-bus system demonstrated the
effectiveness of the proposed model, and also the advantage of
BES. It was shown that BES reduces wind curtailment as wind
penetration increases in a system, thereby reduces the
operating costs. We observed that BES can impact the peak
load reduction, system operating cost, LMP, transmission
congestion, commitment and dispatch of the units.
Results also showed that if the daily load profile creates
sufficient price differences between peak and off-peak load
periods, BES will be charged during off-peak periods and
discharged during peak periods for economic operation.
Otherwise, battery will retain its idle state during the
scheduling horizon.
The proposed model can be used for operation planning in
the day-ahead as well as the long-term planning of wind unit
integrated with BES.
VII. REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]

US Department of Energy: http://www.eere.energy.gov

Energy Information Administration : http://www.eia.doe.gov
National Renewable Energy Laboratory: http://www.nrel.gov
American Wind Energy Association: http://www.awea.org
Electric Reliability Council of Texas: http://www.ercot.com
J. Wood, F. Wollenberg, Power Generation Operation and Control,
John Wiley and Sons, 1996.
M.Shahidehpour, H.Yamin, Z.Li, Market Operations in Electric Power
Systems, John Wiley and Sons, 2002.
J. J. Shaw,A direct method for security-constrained unit commitment,
IEEE transactions on power systems, Vol.10, No.3, Aug 1995.

8
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]

[14]
[15]
[16]

[17]

Y. Fu, M. Shahidehpour, Security-constrained unit commitment with

AC constraints, IEEE transactions on power systems, Vol.20, No.2,
May 2005.
H. Ma, M. Shahidehpour, Unit commitment with transmission security
and voltage constraints, IEEE transactions on power systems, Vol.14,
No.2, May 1999.
Z. Li, M. Shahidehpour, Security-constrained unit commitment for
simultaneous clearing of energy and ancillary services markets, IEEE
transactions on power systems, Vol.20, No.2, May 2005.
T. Li, M. Shahidehpour, Price-based unit commitment: a case of
Lagrangian relaxation versus mixed integer programming, IEEE
transactions on power systems, Vol.20, No.4, November 2005.
C. Doetsch, S. Berthold, D. Wolf, T. Smolinka, J. Tulbke, P.
Bretschneider, and P. Radgen, "Electrical energy storage from 100 kW
state of the art technologies, realisations, fields of use," in Second
International Renewable Energy Storage Conference (IRES II) Bonn,
Germany, 2007.
K.C. Divya, Jacob Ostergaard, Battery energy storage technology for
power systems An overview, Electric Power Systems Research, Dec
2008.
L. A. Schienbein, Energy storage and wind energy conversion
systems, International Journal Global Energy Issues, Vol.9, No.3,
1997.
J. Ma, D. Hammerstorm, and V. Viswanathan, "Wide-Area Energy
Storage and Management System to Balance Intermittent Resources in
the Bonneville Power Administration and California ISO Control
Areas," PNNL Project Report December 2007.
H. Daneshi, A. K. Srivastava, A. Daneshi, Generation Scheduling with
Integration of Wind Power and Compressed Air Energy Storage,
Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, 2010 IEEE
PES.

VIII. BIOGRAPHY
Hossein Daneshi received his BS in E.E. from Ferdowsi University,
Iran, in 1998, MS in power system from University of Tehran, Iran,
in 2001 and PhD in power system from Illinois Institute of
Technology, USA, in 2006. He is currently working with
Transmission group in Southern California Edison. Prior to that, he
was with LCG Consulting focusing mainly on developing power
system applications and providing consulting in electricity market.
His research interests include electricity market design, renewable
resource integration, and power system operation & economics.
Anurag K. Srivastava received his Ph.D. degree from Illinois
Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago, in 2005, M. Tech. from
Institute of Technology, India in 1999 and B. Tech. in Electrical
Engineering from Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, India in
1997. He is working as Assistant Research Professor at Mississippi
State University since September 2005. Before that, he worked as
research assistant and teaching assistant at IIT, Chicago, USA and as
Senior Research Associate at Electrical Engineering Department at
the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India as well as Research
Fellow at Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand. His
research interest includes real time simulation, power system
modeling, power system security, power system restructuring and
artificial intelligent application in power system. Dr. Srivastava is
member of IEEE, IET, Power Engineering Society, Sigma Xi and Eta
Kappa Nu. He is vice chair of IEEE PES PEEC career promotion
subcommittee and secretary of IEEE PES PEEC students activities
subcommittee as well as active in several other IEEE PES technical
committees. He is recipient of several awards and serves as reviewer
for IEEE Transactions, international journals and conferences.