No. 14-2184
In The United States Court of Appeals For The First Circuit
A
DA
M
ERCEDES
C
ONDE
-V
IDAL
; M
ARITZA
L
OPEZ
-A
VILES
; I
RIS
D
ELIA
R
IVERA
-R
IVERA
;
J
OSE
A.
T
ORRUELLAS
-I
GLESIAS
;
T
HOMAS
J.
R
OBINSON
; Z
ULMA
O
LIVERAS
-V
EGA
;
Y
OLANDA
A
RROYO
-P
IZARRO
;
J
OHANNE
V
ELEZ
-G
ARCIA
; F
AVIOLA
M
ELENDEZ
-R
ODRIGUEZ
;
P
UERTO
R
ICO
P
ARA
T
OD
@
S
; I
VONNE
A
LVAREZ
-V
ELEZ
,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v. D
R
. A
NA
R
IUS
-A
RMENDARIZ
, in her official capacity as Secretary of the Health Department of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; W
ANDA
L
LOVET
,
in her official capacity as the Director of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Registrar of Vital Records; A
LEJANDRO
J.
G
ARCIA
P
ADILLA
,
in his official capacity as Governor of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, J
UAN
C.
Z
ARAGOZA
-G
OMEZ
, in his official capacity as Director of the Treasury in Puerto Rico,
Defendants-Appellees
. On Appeal from the United States District Court District of Puerto Rico No. 3:14-cv-1253 The Honorable Juan M. Perez-Gimenez
_________________________________________________________________________________
BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE HOWARD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW CIVIL RIGHTS CLINIC IN SUPPORT OF APPELLANTS
Aderson Bellegarde François, Supervising Attorney HOWARD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW CIVIL RIGHTS CLINIC 2400 Sixth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20059 Tel (202) 806-8082
●
Fax (202) 806-8436 Brad W. Seiling and Benjamin G. Shatz MANATT, PHELPS & PHILLIPS, LLP 11355 W. Olympic Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90064 Tel (310) 312-4000
●
Fax (310) 312-4224 BShatz@Manatt.com
Case: 14-2184 Document: 00116793542 Page: 1 Date Filed: 01/30/2015 Entry ID: 5883463
TABLE OF CONTENTS
i
MARRIAGE IS A SYMBOL OF CIVIL FREEDOM, A MARKER OF SOCIAL EQUALITY, AND A BADGE OF FULL CITIZENSHIP .................................................................................. 3
LIKE MARRIAGE FOR SAME-SEX COUPLES TODAY, INTERRACIAL MARRIAGE WAS ONCE WIDELY CONSIDERED A THREAT TO SOCIAL ORDER AND THE INSTITUTIONS OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY ........................... 5
LIKE SAME-SEX COUPLES TODAY, INTERRACIAL COUPLES WERE ONCE CONDEMNED AS UNNATURAL AND PATHOLOGICAL ................................................................. 10
Interracial Relationships Were Once Framed as Purely Sexual, Just as Same-Sex Relationships Are Framed Today .... 10
Pseudoscientific Arguments Were Used to Support Anti-Miscegenation Laws and Are Currently Being Used to Deny Same-Sex Couples the Right to Marry ....................................... 13
Judeo-Christian Theological Interpretations Often Have Been Invoked to Challenge Marriage for Both Interracial and Same-Sex Couples ....................................................................... 19
LIKE SAME-SEX PARENTING TODAY, INTERRACIAL PARENTING WAS ONCE CONSIDERED DAMAGING TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH OF CHILDREN .................................................................................... 23
Interracial Marriage Was Once Considered Harmful to Child Development, Just as Same-Sex Marriage Is Considered to Be Today ...................................................................................... 24
Children of Interracial Marriages Were Once Thought to Be in Danger of Psychological Trauma, Just as Children of Same-Sex Couples Today ............................................................ 25
Case: 14-2184 Document: 00116793542 Page: 2 Date Filed: 01/30/2015 Entry ID: 5883463
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)
ii
Case: 14-2184 Document: 00116793542 Page: 3 Date Filed: 01/30/2015 Entry ID: 5883463
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