13 SBE11e SM Ch13

Chapter13
ExperimentalDesignand
AnalysisofVariance
LearningObjectives
1.
Understandthebasicprinciplesofanexperimentalstudy.
2.
Understandthedifferencebetweenacompletelyrandomizeddesign,arandomizedblockdesign,
andafactorialexperiment.
3.
Knowtheassumptionsnecessarytousetheanalysisofvarianceprocedure.
4.
UnderstandtheuseoftheFdistributioninperformingtheanalysisofvarianceprocedure.
5.
KnowhowtosetupanANOVAtableandinterprettheentriesinthetable.
6.
Knowhowtousetheanalysisofvarianceproceduretodetermineifthemeansofmorethantwo
populationsareequalforacompletelyrandomizeddesign,arandomizedblockdesign,anda
factorialexperiment.
7.
Knowhowtousetheanalysisofvarianceproceduretodetermineifthemeansofmorethantwo
populationsareequalforanobservationalstudy.
8.
Beabletouseoutputfromcomputersoftwarepackagestosolveexperimentaldesignproblems.
9.
KnowhowtouseFishersleastsignificantdifference(LSD)procedureandFishersLSDwiththe
Bonferroniadjustmenttoconductstatisticalcomparisonsbetweenpairsofpopulationmeans.
131
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May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter13
Solutions:
1.
a.
x =(156+142+134)/3=144
k
SSTR n j x j x
j 1
=6(156144)2+6(142144)2+6(134144)2=1,488
b.
MSTR=SSTR/(k1)=1488/2=744
c.
s12 =164.4 s22 =131.2 s32 =110.4

k
SSE (n j 1) s 2j =5(164.4)+5(131.2)+5(110.4)=2030
j 1
d.
MSE=SSE/(nTk)=2030/(123)=135.3
e.
Source
ofVariation
Treatments
Error
Total
f.
Sum
ofSquares
1488
2030
3518
Degrees
ofFreedom
2
15
17
Mean
Square
744
135.3
F
5.50
pvalue
.0162
F=MSTR/MSE=744/135.3=5.50
UsingFtable(2degreesoffreedomnumeratorand15denominator),pvalueisbetween.01and.
025
UsingExcelorMinitab,thepvaluecorrespondingtoF=5.50is.0162.
Becausepvalue =.05,werejectthehypothesisthatthemeansforthethreetreatmentsare
equal.
2.
Source
ofVariation
Treatments
Error
Total
3.
a.
Sum
ofSquares
300
160
460
Degrees
ofFreedom
4
30
34
Mean
Square
75
5.33
F
14.07
pvalue
.0000
H0:u1=u2=u3=u4=u5
Ha:Notallthepopulationmeansareequal
b.
UsingFtable(4degreesoffreedomnumeratorand30denominator),pvalueislessthan.01
Becausepvalue =.05,werejectH0
132
ExperimentalDesignandAnalysisofVariance
4.
Source
ofVariation
Treatments
Error
Total
Sum
ofSquares
150
250
400
Degrees
ofFreedom
2
16
18
Mean
Square
75
15.63
F
4.80
pvalue
.0233
025
Becausepvalue =.05,werejectthenullhypothesisthatthemeansofthethreetreatmentsare
equal.
5.
Source
ofVariation
Treatments
Error
Total
Sum
ofSquares
1200
600
1800
Degrees
ofFreedom
2
44
46
Mean
Square
600
13.64
F
43.99
pvalue
.0000
Becausepvalue =.05,werejectthehypothesisthatthetreatmentmeansareequal.
6.
A
119
146.89
SampleMean
SampleVariance
B
107
96.43
C
100
173.78
8(119) 10(107) 10(100)

107.93
28
k
SSTR n j x j x
j 1
=8(119107.93)2+10(107107.93)2+10(100107.93)2=1617.9
MSTR=SSTR/(k1)=1617.9/2=809.95
k
SSE (n j 1) s 2j =7(146.86)+9(96.44)+9(173.78)=3,460
j 1
MSE=SSE/(nTk)=3,460/(283)=138.4
F=MSTR/MSE=809.95/138.4=5.85
133
Chapter13
equal.
7.
a.
Source
ofVariation
Treatments
Error
Total
b.
Sum
ofSquares
4560
6240
10800
Degrees
ofFreedom
2
27
29
Mean
Square
2280
231.11
F
9.87
pvalue
.0006
Becausepvalue =.05,werejectthenullhypothesisthatthemeansofthethreeassembly
methodsareequal.
8.
x =(79+74+66)/3=73
k
SSTR n j x j x
j 1
=6(7973)2+6(7473)2+6(6673)2=516
MSTR=SSTR/(k1)=516/2=258
s12 =34 s22 =20 s32 =32
k
SSE (n j 1) s 2j =5(34)+5(20)+5(32)=430
j 1
MSE=SSE/(nTk)=430/(183)=28.67
F=MSTR/MSE=258/28.67=9.00
Source
ofVariation
Treatments
Error
Total
Sum
ofSquares
516
430
946
Degrees
ofFreedom
2
15
17
Mean
Square
258
28.67
F
9.00
pvalue
.003
UsingExcelorMinitabthepvaluecorrespondingtoF=9.00is.003.
Becausepvalue =.05,werejectthenullhypothesisthatthemeansforthethreeplantsare
equal.Inotherwords,analysisofvariancesupportstheconclusionthatthepopulationmean
examinationscoreatthethreeNCPplantsarenotequal.
134
9.
50
33
32
SampleMean
SampleVariance
60
29
17.5
70
28
9.5
x =(33+29+28)/3=30
k
SSTR n j x j x
j 1
=5(3330)2+5(2930)2+5(2830)2=70
MSTR=SSTR/(k1)=70/2=35
k
SSE (n j 1) s 2j =4(32)+4(17.5)+4(9.5)=236
j 1
MSE=SSE/(nTk)=236/(153)=19.67
F=MSTR/MSE=35/19.67=1.78
UsingFtable(2degreesoffreedomnumeratorand12denominator),pvalueisgreaterthan.10
Becausepvalue> =.05,wecannotrejectthenullhypothesisthatthemeanyieldsforthethree
temperaturesareequal.
10.
Direct
Experience
17.0
5.01
SampleMean
SampleVariance
Indirect
Experience
20.4
6.26
Combination
25.0
4.01
x =(17+20.4+25)/3=20.8
k
SSTR n j x j x
j 1
=7(1720.8)2+7(20.420.8)2+7(2520.8)2=225.68
MSTR=SSTR/(k1)=225.68/2=112.84
k
SSE (n j 1) s 2j =6(5.01)+6(6.26)+6(4.01)=91.68
j 1
MSE=SSE/(nTk)=91.68/(213)=5.09
F=MSTR/MSE=112.84/5.09=22.17
135
Chapter13
Becausepvalue =.05,werejectthenullhypothesisthatthemeansforthethreegroupsare
equal.
11.
Paint 1
13.3
47.5
SampleMean
SampleVariance
Paint 2
139
.50
Paint 3
136
21
Paint 4
144
54.5
x =(133+139+136+144)/3=138
k
SSTR n j x j x
j 1
=5(133138)2+5(139138)2+5(136138)2+5(144138)2=330
MSTR=SSTR/(k1)=330/3=110
k
SSE (n j 1) s 2j =4(47.5)+4(50)+4(21)+4(54.5)=692
j 1
MSE=SSE/(nTk)=692/(204)=43.25
F=MSTR/MSE=110/43.25=2.54
UsingFtable(3degreesoffreedomnumeratorand16denominator),pvalueisbetween.05and.10
Becausepvalue> =.05,wecannotrejectthenullhypothesisthatthemeandryingtimesforthe
fourpaintsareequal.
12.
Italian
17
14.857
Sample Mean
Sample Variance
Seafood
19
13.714
Steakhouse
24
14.000
x = (17 + 19 + 24)/3 = 20
k
SSTR n j x j x
j 1
= 8(17 - 20) 2 + 8(19 - 20) 2 + 8(24 - 20) 2 = 208
MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 208/2 = 104

k
SSE (n j 1) s 2j = 7(14.857) + 7(13.714) + 7(14.000) = 298

j 1
MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 298 /(24 - 3) = 14.19

F = MSTR /MSE = 104 /14.19 = 7.33
136
Using the F table (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 21 denominator), the p-value is less than .
01.
Using Excel or Minitab the p-value corresponding to F = 7.33 is .0038.

Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean meal prices are the same for
the three types of restaurants.
13. a.
x =(30+45+36)/3=37
k
SSTR n j x j x
j 1
=5(3037)2+5(4537)2+5(3637)2=570
MSTR=SSTR/(k1)=570/2=285
k
SSE (n j 1) s 2j =4(6)+4(4)+4(6.5)=66
j 1
MSE=SSE/(nTk)=66/(153)=5.5
F=MSTR/MSE=285/5.5=51.82
Becausepvalue =.05,werejectthenullhypothesisthatthemeansofthethreepopulationsare
equal.
b.
1 1
ni n j
1 1
2.179 2.2 3.23
5 5
LSD t / 2 MSE
t.025 5.5
x1 x2 30 45 15 LSD;significantdifference
c.
1 1

n1 n2
x1 x2 t / 2 MSE
1 1

5 5
(30 45) 2.179 5.5
153.23=18.23to11.77
14. a.
Sample1
Sample2
Sample3
137
Chapter13
SampleMean
SampleVariance
51
96.67
77
97.34
58
81.99
x =(51+77+58)/3=62
k
SSTR n j x j x
j 1
=4(5162)2+4(7762)2+4(5862)2=1,448
MSTR=SSTR/(k1)=1,448/2=724
k
SSE (n j 1) s 2j =3(96.67)+3(97.34)+3(81.99)=828
j 1
MSE=SSE/(nTk)=828/(123)=92
F=MSTR/MSE=724/92=7.87
Actualpvalue=.0106
Becausepvalue =.05,werejectthenullhypothesisthatthemeansofthethreepopulationsare
equal.
b.
1 1
ni n j
LSD t / 2 MSE
1 1
t.025 92 2.262 46 15.34
4 4
x1 x3 51 58 7 LSD;nosignificantdifference
15. a.
Manufacturer1
23
6.67
SampleMean
SampleVariance
Manufacturer2
28
4.67
Manufacturer3
21
3.33
x =(23+28+21)/3=24
k
SSTR n j x j x
j 1
=4(2324)2+4(2824)2+4(2124)2=104
MSTR=SSTR/(k1)=104/2=52
k
SSE (n j 1) s 2j =3(6.67)+3(4.67)+3(3.33)=44.01
j 1
MSE=SSE/(nTk)=44.01/(123)=4.89
138
F=MSTR/MSE=52/4.89=10.63
UsingExcelorMinitab,thepvaluecorrespondingtoF=10.63is.0043
Becausepvalue =.05,werejectthenullhypothesisthatthemeantimeneededtomixabatch
ofmaterialisthesameforeachmanufacturer.
b.
1 1

n1 n3
LSD t / 2 MSE
1 1
t.025 4.89 2.262 2.45 3.54
4 4
Since x1 x3 23 21 2 3.54, theredoesnotappeartobeanysignificantdifferencebetween

themeansformanufacturer1andmanufacturer3.
x1 x2 LSD
16.
23283.54
53.54=8.54to1.46
17. a.
Marketing
Managers
5
.8
SampleMean
SampleVariance
Marketing
Research
4.5
.3
Advertising
6
.4
x =(5+4.5+6)/3=5.17
k
SSTR n j x j x
j 1
=6(55.17)2+6(4.55.17)2+6(65.17)2=7.00
MSTR=SSTR/(k1)=7.00/2=3.5
k
SSE (n j 1) s 2j =5(.8)+5(.3)+5(.4)=7.50
j 1
MSE=SSE/(nTk)=7.50/(183)=.5
F=MSTR/MSE=3.5/.50=7.00
UsingExcelorMinitab,thepvaluecorrespondingtoF=7.00is.0071
Becausepvalue =.05,werejectthenullhypothesisthatthemeanperceptionscoreisthesame
forthethreegroupsofspecialists.
b.
Since there are only 3 possiblepairwisecomparisonswewillusetheBonferroniadjustment.

139
Chapter13
=.05/3=.017
t.017/2=t.0085whichisapproximatelyt.01=2.602
1 1
ni n j
BSD 2.602 MSE
1 1
1.06
6 6
2.602 .5
x1 x2 5 4.5 .5 1.06;nosignificantdifference
x1 x3 5 6 1 1.06;nosignificantdifference
x2 x3 4.5 6 1.5 1.06;significantdifference
18. a.
Machine1
7.1
1.21
SampleMean
SampleVariance
Machine2
9.1
.93
Machine3
9.9
.70
Machine4
11.4
1.02
x =(7.1+9.1+9.9+11.4)/4=9.38
k
SSTR n j x j x
j 1
=6(7.19.38)2+6(9.19.38)2+6(9.99.38)2+6(11.49.38)2=57.77
MSTR=SSTR/(k1)=57.77/3=19.26
k
SSE (n j 1) s 2j =5(1.21)+5(.93)+5(.70)+5(1.02)=19.30
j 1
MSE=SSE/(nTk)=19.30/(244)=.97
F=MSTR/MSE=19.26/.97=19.86
Becausepvalue =.05,werejectthenullhypothesisthatthemeantimebetweenbreakdownsis
thesameforthefourmachines.
b.
Note:t/2isbasedupon20degreesoffreedom
1 1
ni n j
LSD t / 2 MSE
1 1
2.086 .3233 1.19
6 6
t.025 0.97
x2 x4 9.1 11.4 2.3 LSD;significantdifference
1310
19.
C=6[(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(2,3),(2,4),(3,4)]
=.05/6=.008and/2=.004
Sincethesmallestvaluefor/2inthettableis.005,wewilluset.005=2.845asanapproximation
fort.004(20degreesoffreedom)
1 1
BSD 2.845 0.97 1.62
6 6
Thus,iftheabsolutevalueofthedifferencebetweenanytwosamplemeansexceeds1.62,thereis
sufficientevidencetorejectthehypothesisthatthecorrespondingpopulationmeansareequal.
Means
|Difference|
Significant?
(1,2)
2
Yes
(1,3)
2.8
Yes
(1,4)
4.3
Yes
(2,3)
0.8
No
(2,4)
2.3
Yes
(3,4)
1.5
No
20. a. TheMinitaboutputisshownbelow:
One-way ANOVA: Attendance versus Division
Source
Division
Error
Total
S = 1141
DF
2
11
13
SS
18109727
14315319
32425045
MS
9054863
1301393
R-Sq = 55.85%
F
6.96
P
0.011
R-Sq(adj) = 47.82%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled

StDev
Level
North
South
West
N
6
4
4
Mean
7702
5566
8430
StDev
1301
1275
570
-+---------+---------+---------+-------(-----*------)
(-------*-------)
(-------*--------)
-+---------+---------+---------+-------4500
6000
7500
9000
Pooled StDev = 1141
Because p-value = .011 = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean attendance values are
equal.
b.
n1 = 6 n2 = 4 n3 = 4
t/2 is based upon 11 degrees of freedom
Comparing North and South
1 1
1 1
2.201 1, 301,393
1620.76
6
4
6 4
LSD t.025 1, 301,393
7702 5566 = 2136 > LSD; significant difference
1311
Chapter13
Comparing North and West
1 1
1 1
2.201 1, 301,393
1620.76
6
4
6 4
LSD t.025 1, 301,393
7702 8430 = 728 < LSD; no significant difference
Comparing South and West

1 1
1 1
LSD t.025 1,301,393 2.201 1,301,393
1775.45
4 4
4 4
5566 8430 = 2864 > LSD; significant difference
The difference in the mean attendance among the three divisions is due to the low attendance in the
South division.
21.
TreatmentMeans:
xg1 =13.6 xg2 =11.0 xg3 =10.6
BlockMeans:
x1g =9 x2 g =7.67 x3g =15.67 x4 g =18.67 x5g =7.67
OverallMean:
x =176/15=11.73
Step1
SST xij x
i
=(1011.73)2+(911.73)2++(811.73)2=354.93
Step2
SSTR b xgj x
j
=5[(13.611.73)2+(11.011.73)2+(10.611.73)2]=26.53
Step3
SSBL k xi g x
i
=3[(911.73)2+(7.6711.73)2+(15.6711.73)2+
(18.6711.73)2+(7.6711.73)2]=312.32
Step4
SSE=SSTSSTRSSBL=354.9326.53312.32=16.08
1312
Source
ofVariation
Treatments
Blocks
Error
Total
Sum
ofSquares
26.53
312.32
16.08
354.93
Degrees
ofFreedom
2
4
8
14
Mean
Square
13.27
78.08
2.01
F
6.60
pvalue
.0203
equal.
22.
Source
ofVariation
Treatments
Blocks
Error
Total
Sum
ofSquares
310
85
35
430
Degrees
ofFreedom
4
2
8
14
Mean
Square
77.5
42.5
4.38
F
17.69
pvalue
.0005
Becausepvalue =.05,werejectthenullhypothesisthatthemeansofthetreatmentsareequal.
23.
Source
ofVariation
Treatments
Blocks
Error
Total
Sum
ofSquares
900
400
500
1800
Degrees
ofFreedom
3
7
21
31
Mean
Square
300
57.14
23.81
F
12.60
pvalue
.0001
Becausepvalue =.05,werejectthenullhypothesisthatthemeansofthetreatmentsareequal.
24.
TreatmentMeans:
xg1 =56 xg2 =44
BlockMeans:
x1g =46 x2 g =49.5 x3g =54.5
OverallMean:
1313
Chapter13
x =300/6=50
Step1
SST xij x
i
=(5050)2+(4250)2++(4650)2=310
Step2
SSTR b xgj x
j
=3[(5650)2+(4450)2]=216
Step3
SSBL k xi g x
i
=2[(4650)2+(49.550)2+(54.550)2]=73
Step4
SSE=SSTSSTRSSBL=31021673=21
Source
ofVariation
Treatments
Blocks
Error
Total
Sum
ofSquares
216
73
21
310
Degrees
ofFreedom
1
2
2
5
Mean
Square
216
36.5
10.5
F
20.57
pvalue
.0453
UsingFtable(1degreeoffreedomnumeratorand2denominator),pvalueisbetween.025and.05
Becausepvalue =.05,werejectthenullhypothesisthatthemeantuneuptimesarethesame
forbothanalyzers.
25.
The prices were entered into column 1 of the Minitab worksheet. Coding the treatments as 1 for
CVS, 2 for Kmart, 3 for Rite-Aid, and 4 for Wegmans, the coded values were entered into column
2. Finally, the corresponding number of each item was entered into column 3. The Minitab output is
shown below:
Two-way ANOVA: Price versus Block, Treatment
Source
Block
Treatment
Error
Total
S = 0.6535
DF
12
3
36
51
SS
323.790
9.802
15.376
348.968
MS
26.9825
3.2672
0.4271
R-Sq = 95.59%
F
63.17
7.65
P
0.000
0.000
R-Sq(adj) = 93.76%
1314

The p-value corresponding to Treatment is 0.000; because the p-value < = .05, there is a
significant difference in the mean price for the four retail outlets.
26. a.
TreatmentMeans:
xg1 =502 xg2 =515 xg3 =494
BlockMeans:
x1g =530 x2g =590 x3g =458 x4g =560 x5g =448 x6g =436
OverallMean:
x =9066/18=503.67
Step1
SSTR b xgj x
SST xij x
i
=(526503.67)2+(534503.67)2++(420503.67)2=65,798
Step2
j
=6[(502503.67)2+(515503.67)2+(494503.67)2]=1348
Step3
SSBL k xi g x
i
=3[(530503.67)2+(590503.67)2++(436503.67)2]=63,250
Step4
SSE=SSTSSTRSSBL=65,798134863,250=1200
Source
ofVariation
Treatments
Blocks
Error
Total
Sum
ofSquares
1348
63,250
1200
65,798
Degrees
ofFreedom
2
5
10
17
Mean
Square
674
12,650
120
F
5.62
pvalue
.0231
025.
Becausepvalue =.05,werejectthenullhypothesisthatthemeanscoresforthethreepartsof
theSATareequal.
b.
27.
The mean test scores for the three sections are 502 for critical reading; 515 for mathematics; and
494 for writing. Because the writing section has the lowest average score, this section appears to
give the students the most trouble.
The Minitab output is shown below.
Two-way ANOVA: Heart Rate versus Method, Subject
Source
DF
SS
MS
1315
Chapter13
Method
Subject
Error
Total
3
9
27
39
S = 17.16
19805.2
2795.6
7948.8
30549.6
6601.73
310.62
294.40
R-Sq = 73.98%
22.42
1.06
0.000
0.425
R-Sq(adj) = 62.42%
The p-value corresponding to Method is .000; because the p-value = .000 < .05, there is a
significant difference in the mean heart rate among the four methods tested.
28.
Factor B
Level 1
Level 2
Factor A
Level 3
Means
Level 1
x11 = 150
x12 = 78
x13 = 84
x1g = 104
Level 2
x21 = 110
x22 = 116
x23 = 128
x2 g = 118
xg1 = 130
xg2 = 97
xg3 = 106
x = 111
Factor A
Factor B Means
Step1
SST xijk x
i
=(135111)2+(165111)2++(136111)2=9,028
Step2
SSA br x j g x
i
=3(2)[(104111)2+(118111)2]=588
Step3
SSB ar xgj x
j
=2(2)[(130111)2+(97111)2+(106111)2]=2,328
Step4
SSAB r xij xi g xgj x

i
=2[(150104130+111)2+(7810497+111)2+
+(128118106+111)2]=4,392
Step5
SSE=SSTSSASSBSSAB=9,0285882,3284,392=1,720
Source
Sum
Degrees
Mean
1316
ofVariation
FactorA
FactorB
Interaction
Error
Total
ofSquares
588
2328
4392
1720
9028
ofFreedom
1
2
2
6
11
Square
588
1164
2196
286.67
F
2.05
4.06
7.66
pvalue
.2022
.0767
.0223
Factor A: F = 2.05
Using F table (1 degree of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is greater than .10
Because p-value > = .05, Factor A is not significant
Factor B: F = 4.06
Using F table (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is between .05 and .10
Because p-value > = .05, Factor B is not significant
Interaction: F = 7.66
Using F table (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is between .01 and .
025
Because p-value = .05, Interaction is significant
29.
Source
ofVariation
FactorA
FactorB
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum
ofSquares
26
23
175
56
280
Degrees
ofFreedom
3
2
6
24
35
Mean
Square
8.67
11.50
29.17
2.33
F
3.72
4.94
12.52
pvalue
.0250
.0160
.0000
UsingFtableforFactorA(3degreesoffreedomnumeratorand24denominator),pvalueis.025
Becausepvalue =.05,FactorAissignificant.
UsingFtableforFactorB(2degreesoffreedomnumeratorand24denominator),pvalueis
between.01and.025
Becausepvalue =.05,FactorBissignificant.
UsingFtableforInteraction(6degreesoffreedomnumeratorand24denominator),pvalueisless
than.01
1317
Chapter13
Becausepvalue =.05,Interactionissignificant
30.
FactorAisadvertisingdesign;FactorBissizeofadvertisement.
FactorB
FactorA
Small
Large
x11 =10
x12 =10
x1g =10
FactorA B
x21 =18
x22 =28
x2g =23
x31 =14
x32 =16
x3g =15
Means
xg1 =14
xg2 =18
x =16
FactorB
Means
Step1
SST xijk x
i
=(816)2+(1216)2+(1216)2++(1416)2=544
Step2
SSA br xi g x
i
=2(2)[(1016)2+(2316)2+(1516)2]=344
Step3
SSB ar xgj x
j
=3(2)[(1416)2+(1816)2]=48
Step4

i
=2[(101014+16)2++(161518+16)2]=56
1318
Step5
SSE=SSTSSASSBSSAB=5443444856=96
Source
ofVariation
FactorA
FactorB
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum
ofSquares
344
48
56
96
544
Degrees
ofFreedom
2
1
2
6
11
Mean
Square
172
48
28
16
F
172/16=10.75
48/16=3.00
28/16=1.75
pvalue
.0104
.1340
.2519
UsingFtableforFactorA(2degreesoffreedomnumeratorand6denominator),pvalueisbetween
.01and.025
Becausepvalue =.05,FactorAissignificant;thereisadifferenceduetothetypeof
advertisementdesign.
UsingFtableforFactorB(1degreeoffreedomnumeratorand6denominator),pvalueisgreater
than.01
Becausepvalue> =.05,FactorBisnotsignificant;thereisnotasignificantdifferencedueto
sizeofadvertisement.
UsingFtableforInteraction(2degreesoffreedomnumeratorand6denominator),pvalueis
greaterthan.10
Becausepvalue> =.05,Interactionisnotsignificant.
31.
FactorAismethodofloadingandunloading;FactorBistypeofride.
Roller
Coaster
Factor B
Screaming
Demon
Factor A
Log
Flume
Means
Method 1
x11 = 42
x12 = 48
x13 = 48
x1g = 46
Method 2
x21 = 50
x22 = 48
x23 = 46
x2 g = 48
Means
xg1 = 46
xg2 = 48
xg3 = 47
x = 47
Factor A
Factor B
1319
Chapter13
Step1
SST xijk x
i
=(4147)2+(4347)2++(4447)2=136
Step2
SSA br xi g x
i
=3(2)[(4647)2+(4847)2]=12
Step3
SSB ar xgj x
j
=2(2)[(4647)2+(4847)2+(4747)2]=8
Step4

i
=2[(414646+47)2++(444847+47)2]=56
Step5
Source
ofVariation
FactorA
FactorB
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum
ofSquares
12
8
56
60
136
Degrees
ofFreedom
1
2
2
6
11
Mean
Square
12
4
28
10
F
12/10=1.2
4/10=.4
28/10=2.8
pvalue
.3153
.6870
.1384
Using F table for Factor A (1 degree of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is greater
than .10
Because p-value > = .05, Factor A is not significant
Using F table for Factor B (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is greater
than .10
UsingExcelorMinitab,thepvaluecorrespondingtoF=.4is.6870.
Because p-value > = .05, Factor B is not significant
Using F table for Interaction (2 degrees of freedom numerator and 6 denominator), p-value is
greater than .10
1320
Because p-value > = .05, Interaction is not significant
32.
Factor A is Class of vehicle tested (small car, midsize car, small SUV, and midsize SUV) and factor
B is Type (hybrid or conventional). The data in tabular format follows.
Small Car
Midsize Car
Small SUV
Midsize
SUV
Hybri
d
Conventional
37
28
44
32
27
23
32
25
27
21
28
22
23
19
24
18
Summary statistics for the above data are shown below:
Small SUV
Hybrid
Conventional
x11 = 40.5
x12 = 30.0
x21 = 29.5
x22 = 24.0
x31 = 27.5
x32 = 21.5
Midsize SUV
x41 = 23.5
x42 = 18.5
x4 g= 21.00
xg1 = 30.25
xg2 = 23.5
x = 26.875
Small Car
Midsize Car
x1g= 35.25
x2 g= 26.75
x3g = 24.50
Step 1
SST xijk x
i
= (37 - 26.875) 2 + (44 - 26.875) 2 + + (18 - 26.875) 2 = 691.75
Step 2
SSA br xi g x
i
= 2(2) [(35.25 - 26.875) 2 + (26.75 - 26.875) 2 + (24.5- 26.875) 2 +
(21.0- 26.875) 2] = 441.25

1321
Chapter13
Step 3
SSB ar xgj x
j
= 4(2) [(30.25 - 26.875) 2 + (23.5 - 26.875) 2 ] = 182.25
Step 4

i
= 2[(37 - 35.25- 30.25 + 26.875) 2 + (28 - 35.25- 23.5+ 26.875) 2
+ + (18 21.0 23.5 + 26.875) 2] = 19.25

Step 5
SSE = SST - SSA - SSB - SSAB = 691.75 441.25 182.25 19.25 = 49
Source
of Variation
Factor A
Factor B
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum
of Squares
441.25
182.25
19.25
49.00
691.75
Degrees
of Freedom
3
1
3
8
15
Mean
Square
147.083
182.250
6.417
6.125
F
24.01
29.76
1.05
p-value
.0002
.0006
.4229
Conclusions:
Factor A: Because p-value = .0002 < = .05, Factor A (Class) is significant
Factor B: Because p-value = .0006 < = .05, Factor B (Type) is significant
Interaction: Because p-value = .4229 > = .05, Interaction is not significant
The class of vehicles has a significant effect on miles per gallon with cars showing more miles per
gallon than SUVs. The type of vehicle also has a significant effect with hybrids having more miles
per gallon than conventional vehicles. There is no evidence of a significant interaction effect.
33.
FactorAistimepressure(lowandmoderate);FactorBislevelofknowledge(nave,declarative
andprocedural).
x1g =(1.13+1.56+2.00)/3=1.563
x2 g =(0.48+1.68+2.86)/3=1.673
xg1 =(1.13+0.48)/2=0.805
1322
xg2 =(1.56+1.68)/2=1.620
xg3 =(2.00+2.86)/2=2.43
x =(1.13+1.56+2.00+0.48+1.68+2.86)/6=1.618
Step1
SST=327.50(giveninproblemstatement)
Step2
SSA br xi g x
i
=3(25)[(1.5631.618)2+(1.6731.618)2]=0.4538
Step3
SSB ar xgj x
j
=2(25)[(0.8051.618)2+(1.621.618)2+(2.431.618)2]=66.0159
Step4

i
=25[(1.131.5630.805+1.618)2+(1.561.5631.62
+1.618)2++(2.861.6732.43+1.618)2]=14.2525
Step5
SSE=SSTSSASSBSSAB=327.500.453866.015914.2525
Source
ofVariation
FactorA
FactorB
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum
ofSquares
0.4538
66.0159
14.2525
246.7778
327.5000
Degrees
ofFreedom
1
2
2
144
149
Mean
Square
0.4538
33.0080
7.1263
1.7137
F
0.2648
19.2608
4.1583
pvalue
.6076
.0000
.0176
FactorA:UsingExcelorMinitab,thepvaluecorrespondingtoF=.2648is.6076.Becausepvalue
> =.05,FactorA(timepressure)isnotsignificant.
FactorB:UsingExcelorMinitab,thepvaluecorrespondingtoF=19.2608is.0000.Becausep
value =.05,FactorB(levelofknowledge)issignificant.
Interaction:UsingExcelorMinitab,thepvaluecorrespondingtoF=4.1583is.0176.Becausep
value =.05,Interactionissignificant.
1323
Chapter13
34.
x
92
30
SampleMean
SampleVariance
y
97
6
z
84
35.33
x =(92+97+44)/3=91
k
SSTR n j x j x
j 1
=4(9291)2+4(9791)2+4(8491)2=344
MSTR=SSTR/(k1)=344/2=172
k
SSE (n j 1) s 2j =3(30)+3(6)+3(35.33)=213.99
j 1
MSE=SSE/(nTk)=213.99/(123)=23.78
F=MSTR/MSE=172/23.78=7.23
Becausepvalue =.05,werejectthenullhypothesisthatthemeanabsorbencyratingsforthe
threebrandsareequal.
35.
SampleMean
SampleVariance
x
Physical
Therapist
63.7
164.68
Lawyer
50.0
124.22
Cabinet
Maker
69.1
105.88
Systems
Analyst
61.2
136.62
50.0 63.7 69.1 61.2

61
4
k
SSTR n j x j x
j 1
=10(50.061)2+10(63.761)2+10(69.161)2+10(61.261)2=1939.4
MSTR=SSTR/(k1)=1939.4/3=646.47
k
SSE (n j 1) s 2j =9(124.22)+9(164.68)+9(105.88)+9(136.62)=4,782.60
j 1
MSE=SSE/(nTk)=4782.6/(404)=132.85
F=MSTR/MSE=646.47/132.85=4.87
1324
Becausepvalue =.05,werejectthenullhypothesisthatthemeanjobsatisfactionratingisthe
sameforthefourprofessions.
36.
The Minitab output is shown below:

Analysis of Variance
Source
DF
SS
Factor
3
2.603
Error
36
10.612
Total
39
13.215
Level
Midcap
Smallcap
Hybrid
Specialt
N
10
10
10
10
MS
0.868
0.295
Mean
1.2800
1.6200
1.6000
2.0000
Pooled StDev =
F
2.94
P
0.046
Individual 95% CIs For Mean

Based on Pooled StDev
-------+---------+---------+--------(--------*--------)
(-------*--------)
(--------*--------)
(--------*--------)
-------+---------+---------+--------1.20
1.60
2.00
StDev
0.2394
0.3795
0.7379
0.6583
0.5429
Because p-value = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean expense ratios are equal.
37.

One-way ANOVA: Midwest, Northeast, South, West
Source
Factor
Error
Total
DF
3
71
74
SS
376.9
1203.3
1580.1
S = 4.117
MS
125.6
16.9
F
7.41
R-Sq = 23.85%
P
0.000
R-Sq(adj) = 20.63%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled
StDev
Level
Midwest
Northeast
South
West
N
16
16
25
18
Mean
12.081
8.363
12.016
6.989
StDev
3.607
4.194
4.714
3.522
+---------+---------+---------+--------(-------*--------)
(-------*--------)
(------*------)
(-------*-------)
+---------+---------+---------+--------5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
Pooled StDev = 4.117
Because the p-value = .000 is less than = .05, we reject the null hypothesis that the mean rental
vacancy rate is the same for each geographic region. The mean vacancy rates were highest (over
12%) in the Midwest and the South.
38.
Method A
90
98.00
SampleMean
SampleVariance
Method B
84
168.44
Method C
81
159.78
x =(90+84+81)/3=85
k
SSTR n j x j x
j 1
=10(9085)2+10(8485)2+10(8185)2=420
1325

Chapter13
MSTR=SSTR/(k1)=420/2=210
k
SSE (n j 1) s 2j =9(98.00)+9(168.44)+9(159.78)=3,836
j 1
MSE=SSE/(nTk)=3,836/(303)=142.07
F=MSTR/MSE=210/142.07=1.48
Becausepvalue> =.05,wecannotrejectthenullhypothesisthatthemeansareequal.
39. a.
Nonbrowser
4.25
1.07
SampleMean
SampleVariance
Light Browser
5.25
1.07
Heavy Browser
5.75
1.36
x =(4.25+5.25+5.75)/3=5.08
k
SSTR n j x j x
j 1
=8(4.255.08)2+8(5.255.08)2+8(5.755.08)2=9.33
MSTR=SSTR/(k1)=9.33/2=4.67
k
SSE (n j 1) s 2j =7(1.07)+7(1.07)+7(1.36)=24.5
j 1
MSE=SSE/(nTk)=24.5/(243)=1.17
F=MSTR/MSE=4.67/1.17=3.99
05
Becausepvalue =.05,werejectthenullhypothesisthatthemeancomfortscoresarethesame
forthethreegroups.
b.
1 1
1 1
2.080 1.17 1.12
ni n j
8 8
LSD t / 2 MSE
Sincetheabsolutevalueofthedifferencebetweenthesamplemeansfornonbrowsersandlight
1326
browsersis 4.25 5.25 1 ,wecannotrejectthenullhypothesisthatthetwopopulationmeansare
equal.
40. a.
TreatmentMeans:
x1 =22.8 x2 =24.8 x3 =25.80
BlockMeans:
x1 =19.67 x2 =25.67 x3 =31 x4 =23.67 x5 =22.33
OverallMean:
x =367/15=24.47
Step1
SST xij x
i
=(1824.47)2+(2124.47)2++(2424.47)2=253.73
Step2
SSTR b xgj x
j
=5[(22.824.47)2+(24.824.47)2+(25.824.47)2]=23.33
Step3
SSBL k xi g x
i
=3[(19.6724.47)2+(25.6724.47)2++(22.3324.47)2]=217.02
Step4
SSE=SSTSSTRSSBL=253.7323.33217.02=13.38
Source
ofVariation
Treatment
Blocks
Error
Total
Sum
ofSquares
23.33
217.02
13.38
253.73
Degrees
ofFreedom
2
4
8
14
Mean
Square
11.67
54.26
1.67
F
6.99
32.49
pvalue
.0175
Becausepvalue =.05,werejectthenullhypothesisthatthemeanmilespergallonratingsfor
1327
Chapter13
thethreebrandsofgasolineareequal.
b.
I
22.8
21.2
SampleMean
SampleVariance
II
24.8
9.2
III
25.8
27.2
x =(22.8+24.8+25.8)/3=24.47
k
SSTR n j x j x
j 1
=5(22.824.47)2+5(24.824.47)2+5(25.824.47)2=23.33
MSTR=SSTR/(k1)=23.33/2=11.67
k
SSE (n j 1) s 2j =4(21.2)+4(9.2)+4(27.2)=230.4
j 1
MSE=SSE/(nTk)=230.4/(153)=19.2
F=MSTR/MSE=11.67/19.2=.61
UsingExcelorMinitab,thepvaluecorrespondingtoF=.61is.4406.
Becausepvalue> =.05,wecannotrejectthenullhypothesisthatthemeanmilespergallon
ratingsforthethreebrandsofgasolineareequal.
Thus,wemustremovetheblockeffectinordertodetectasignificantdifferenceduetothebrandof
gasoline.Thefollowingtableillustratestherelationshipbetweentherandomizedblockdesignand
thecompletelyrandomizeddesign.
SumofSquares
SST
SSTR
SSBL
SSE
Randomized
Block Design
253.73
23.33
217.02
13.38
Completely
Randomized Design
253.73
23.33
doesnotexist
230.4
NotethatSSEforthecompletelyrandomizeddesignisthesumofSSBL(217.02)andSSE(13.38)
fortherandomizedblockdesign.Thisillustratesthattheeffectofblockingistoremovetheblock
effectfromtheerrorsumofsquares;thus,theestimateof fortherandomizedblockdesignis
substantially smaller than it is for the completely randomized design.
41.
The blocks correspond to the 15 items in the market basket (Product) and the treatments correspond
to the grocery chains (Store).
Analysis of Variance for Price
Source
DF
SS
MS
Product
14
217.236
15.517
Store
2
2.728
1.364
F
64.18
5.64
P
0.000
0.009
1328
Error
Total
28
44
6.769
226.734
0.242
Because the p-value for Store = .009 is less than = .05, there is a significant difference in the
mean price per item for the three grocery chains.
42.
The prices were entered into column 1 of the Minitab worksheet. Coding the treatments as 1 for
Boston, 2 for Miami, 3 for San Diego, 4 for San Jose, and 5 for Washington the coded values were
entered into column 2. Finally, the corresponding number of bedrooms was entered into column 3.
Two-way ANOVA: Rent versus Bedrooms, Area
Source
Bedrooms
Area
Error
Total
DF
2
4
8
14
S = 95.15
SS
874308
350202
72425
1296935
MS
437154
87550
9053
R-Sq = 94.42%
F
48.29
9.67
P
0.000
0.004
R-Sq(adj) = 90.23%
The p-value corresponding to Area is 0.004; because the p-value < = .05, there is a significant
difference in the mean fair market monthly rent for the five metropolitan areas.
43.
Factor B
Spanish
French
Factor A
German
Means
System 1
x11 = 10
x12 = 12
x13 = 14
x1g = 12
System 2
x21 = 8
x22 = 15
x23 = 19
x2 g = 14
xg1 = 9
xg2 = 13.5
xg3 = 16.5
x = 13
Factor A
Factor B Means
Step1
SST xijk x
i
=(813)2+(1213)2++(2213)2=204
Step2
SSA br xi g x
i
=3(2)[(1213)2+(1413)2]=12
Step3
SSB ar xgj x
j
=2(2)[(913)2+(13.513)2+(16.513)2]=114
Step4
1329
Chapter13

i
=2[(8129+13)2++(221416.5+13)2]=26
Step5
Source
ofVariation
FactorA
FactorB
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum
ofSquares
12
114
26
52
204
Degrees
ofFreedom
1
2
2
6
11
Mean
Square
12
57
12
8.67
F
1.38
6.57
1.50
pvalue
.2846
.0308
.2963
FactorA:UsingExcelorMinitab,thepvaluecorrespondingtoF=1.38is.2846.Becausepvalue
> =.05,FactorA(translator)isnotsignificant.
FactorB:UsingExcelorMinitab,thepvaluecorrespondingtoF=6.57.0308.Becausepvalue
=.05,FactorB(languagetranslated)issignificant.
value> =.05,Interactionisnotsignificant.
44.
Factor B
Manual
Machine 1
Automatic
Factor B
Means
x11 = 32
x12 = 28
x1g = 36
Machine 2 x21 = 21
x22 = 26
x2 g = 23.5
xg2 = 27
x = 26.75
Factor A
Factor B Means
xg1 = 26.5
Step1
SST xijk x
i
=(3026.75)2+(3426.75)2++(2826.75)2=151.5
Step2
SSA br xi g x
i
=2(2)[(3026.75)2+(23.526.75)2]=84.5
Step3
1330
SSB ar xgj x
j
=2(2)[(26.526.75)2+(2726.75)2]=0.5
Step4

i
=2[(303026.5+26.75)2++(2823.527+26.75)2]
=40.5
Step5
SSE=SSTSSASSBSSAB=151.584.50.540.5=26
Source
ofVariation
FactorA
FactorB
Interaction
Error
Total
Sum
ofSquares
84.5
.5
40.5
26
151.5
Degrees
ofFreedom
1
1
1
4
7
Mean
Square
84.5
.5
40.5
6.5
F
13
.08
6.23
pvalue
.0226
.7913
.0671
FactorA:UsingExcelorMinitab,thepvaluecorrespondingtoF=13is.0226.Becausepvalue
=.05,FactorA(machine)issignificant.
FactorB:UsingExcelorMinitab,thepvaluecorrespondingtoF=.08is.7913.Becausepvalue>
=.05,FactorB(loadingsystem)isnotsignificant.
value> =.05,Interactionisnotsignificant.
1331

13 SBE11e SM Ch13

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Chapter13

s12 =164.4 s22 =131.2 s32 =110.4

8(119) 10(107) 10(100)

= 8(17 - 20) 2 + 8(19 - 20) 2 + 8(24 - 20) 2 = 208

MSTR = SSTR /(k - 1) = 208/2 = 104

SSE (n j 1) s 2j = 7(14.857) + 7(13.714) + 7(14.000) = 298

MSE = SSE /(nT - k) = 298 /(24 - 3) = 14.19

Using Excel or Minitab the p-value corresponding to F = 7.33 is .0038.

(30 45) 2.179 5.5

Since x1 x3 23 21 2 3.54, theredoesnotappeartobeanysignificantdifferencebetween

Since there are only 3 possiblepairwisecomparisonswewillusetheBonferroniadjustment.

BSD 2.602 MSE

x2 x4 9.1 11.4 2.3 LSD;significantdifference

Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled

Pooled StDev = 1141

LSD t.025 1, 301,393

7702 5566 = 2136 > LSD; significant difference

LSD t.025 1, 301,393

7702 8430 = 728 < LSD; no significant difference

Comparing South and West

2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

SSAB r xij xi g xgj x

SSAB r xij xi g xgj x

SSAB r xij xi g xgj x

Summary statistics for the above data are shown below:

= (37 - 26.875) 2 + (44 - 26.875) 2 + + (18 - 26.875) 2 = 691.75

= 2(2) [(35.25 - 26.875) 2 + (26.75 - 26.875) 2 + (24.5- 26.875) 2 +

(21.0- 26.875) 2] = 441.25

= 4(2) [(30.25 - 26.875) 2 + (23.5 - 26.875) 2 ] = 182.25

SSAB r xij xi g xgj x

= 2[(37 - 35.25- 30.25 + 26.875) 2 + (28 - 35.25- 23.5+ 26.875) 2

+ + (18 21.0 23.5 + 26.875) 2] = 19.25

SSAB r xij xi g xgj x

50.0 63.7 69.1 61.2

The Minitab output is shown below:

Individual 95% CIs For Mean

The Minitab output is shown below:

Pooled StDev = 4.117

2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

SSAB r xij xi g xgj x

SSAB r xij xi g xgj x

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