PHILIPPINE SOCIETY AND CULTURE

FAMILY

A universal and significant element in mans social life

Basic institution of society.

o
Without the family, there is no point in talking about
societyfamily PROVIDES people for the society.

Serves as a link between individual and society

o
How you act in a society, is a reflection of how you are
raised.

Primary conduit for the transmission of culture.

KINDS OF FAMILY

Nuclear Composed of the mother, father, and

children.

Extended Composed of other relatives like the

grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and the like.

Polygamous Having second, third, fourth, etc.

families. This is culturally and lawfully acceptable for
Muslims. Having multiple families are a sign of wealth
(because it means they are able to support numerous
families).
FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY

To the Individual
o
Biological and psychological maintenance and
protection.
o
Provides basic needs like food, shelter, clothing, etc.
o
A source of love, affection, and emotional security.

To the Society
o
Perpetuation and continuity replacement of societys
members (reproductive functions).
o
Trains individuals to become functioning/productive
adults in the community.
o
Keeps societys members physically, psychologically
fit to participate actively in the society.

Sex and Reproduction

o
Most important function of the familyperpetuation,
preservation of the society.
o
Legitimately authorized to produce children.
o
Roles of children in Philippine society:

Children are seen as a source of economic support.

Furthering the family line.

Symbols of masculinity.

To do the household chores and taking care of

younger siblings.

Seen as a source of happiness, wealth, and gifts

from God.

Biological Maintenance
o
Provide basic necessities survival of the members
and to keep the members biologically fit to be able to
participate in societal activities.
o
Heavily depends on income.

Socialization
o
Life-long process whereby the individual acquires
accepted values, beliefs, norms, and behavior of the
family and society.
o
Values, customs, beliefs, traditions are transmitted
from one generation to another.

Status Placement
o
Members are classes or ranked according to economic
states, prestige, powered, and influence than others.
o
Transmits initial statues to the individual; statushierarchy is determined by familys standing.
EFFECTS OF SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS TO THE FAMILY

Religious system
o
Influences members philosophy in life, family,
planning methods, (non) marital sexuality, roles, and
relations

Education System
o
Childs socialization and training as well as family
members knowledge and skills in successful
participation in the community

Economic System
Determine level of living: affects income and
spending patterns

Political & Legal System

o
Defines the rights and obligations of members of the
family: influences marriage patterns, number of
spouses, legal age of marriage
o
Affects structure and functions of the family through
laws legitimacy, custody of children, separation,
divorce
o

ROLES
OF
FAMILY
IN
RELATION
TO
OTHER
INSTITUTIONS

Economic System family as a production,

distribution, and consumption unit.
o
Rural family self-contained; self-sufficient
o
Urban family work outside of the home for salaries in
order to afford things.

Citizenship & Political System

o
Home is the childs first government with parents
acting as officials who exercise authority and enforce
discipline.
o
Values and practices at home are carried over to
community and are reflected in political customs and
activities.

Religious System
o
Source of basic religious precepts and teachings and
settling for religious practices.

Education System
o
Teaches the values, customs, traditions, and the
proper way of doing things.
o
Specialization of function for each system.
KINSHIP SYSTEM

Provides a circle of socially-defined relatives

Presents a set of norms, usages, and patterns of

behavior.

Bases/Types:
o
Consanguinity blood relation
o
Affinital ties Marriage
o
Spiritual/Ceremonial also called the Compadrazgo
system; having ninongs and ninangs.

Structure of family and kin group and patter of

socialization can be affected by:
o
Decent System

Patrilineal Dad

Matrilineal Mom

Bilineal Both
o
Rules of Residence

Patrilocal Living closer to the fathers side of the

family.

Matrilocal Living closer to the fathers side of the

family.

Neolocal Living somewhere new that is far from

both sides of the family.

Bilocal Not leaving where the parents are fromno

change; it is the same place as before.
AUTHORITY PATTERNS

Differs from society to another

Types
o
Patriarchal
o
Matriarchal
o
Equalitarian

Filipino culture follow principle of generation or age

grading
o
Subordination Superordination
* Filipino kinship lies deep in the heart of every Filipino. It is
the nucleus of Filipino social organization. I affects the
formation structure, and functions of Filipino family.
ECONOMY

Production of goods

Distribution of goods and services along with Economic

resources
Consumption of goods and services.

PRE-HISPANIC GOODS AND SERVICES

Hand-to-mouth existence

Agriculture as the pre-dominant economic activity

Self-sufficient
o
No production of surplus goods.

Trade: barter
SPANISH PERIOD: GALLEON TRADE

Trade in oriental goods (a reason for Spanish

colonization)

1572-1815: Manila Acapulco trade

Commerce that saved the colony from bankruptcy.

First government monopoly

o
Spaniards closed trading ports to all countries except
to Mexico.

Goods: Chinese silk, cotton from India, Philippine Pina

cloth, Chinese porcelain, spices, medical herbs.

Only a small group of capitalists engaged in trading.

Spaniards focused on trading and neglected agriculture.

o
Natives served as workers on ships and ship builders.
o
Wood and resources needed to make ships came from
the Philippines.
o
Landowners sold their land to engage in trade.

The Philippines remained poor.

o
Only individual traders benefitted.
BRITISH OCCUPATION & THE END OF GALLEON TRADE

The British formed East India Company to engage in

Chinese trade.

War broke out between Spain and England.

September 22, 1762

o
Warships, British regulars and other volunteers
appeared in Manila.
o
There was no defense to protect Manila.

The British left after the end of the European war.

British invasion ruined Philippine economy.

No galleon left or arrived in the two years the British

occupied the Philippines.

The British captured 2 galleons.

Farmlands were burned or were left untilled.

The merchant class was left penniless.

SPANISH PERIOD: EARLY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Charles III of Spain

o
An able king with resourceful governors.
o
Initiated socio-economic development programs.

Consulado (Chamber of Commerce) of Manila 1769

o
Cared for the commercial interests of the colony.
o
Limited membership to the richest of the rich.
o
Blocked efforts to modernize the economy.

The members of the Consulado made decisions

that were biased towards their own businesses and
stuck to the status quo.

1770 Gov. Simon de Anda encouraged private

enterprise, subsidizing individual entrepreneurs.
o
Sociedad Economeica de Amigos del Pais (Patriotic
Economic Society)

Organized by Gov. Basco y Vargas 1778

Provided funds to improve agriculture

Provided profitable education.

o
By the 19th century, England and America were the
largest trading partners.
o
Mode of payment: pesos or the Mexican silver dollar.
SPANISH PERIOD: TOBACCO MONOPOLY

Introduced by Gov. Basco in 1781/1782

Second government monopoly

o
o

o
o
o

Government enjoyed sole control over production,

manufacturing, and trade of tobacco.
Ordered that only tobacco should be grown in Cagayan
or Nueva Ecija.
Since government wasnt able to stop tobacco farms
in Visayas or Mindanao, tobacco raisers were obliged
to sell their produce to the government.
Ended in 1883 due to the efforts of British consular
authorities and even some colonial officers for its
closure.
Positive effects:
The Philippines ceased being a burden on the royal
treasury.
Became a source of economic income.
Negative effects:
Tobacco growers were usually unpaid or were paid at
very low rates.
Corruption and abuse of authority
Smuggling not paying the proper taxes for a product

SPANISH PERIOD: SUGAR INDUSTRY

Island of Negros as principal sugar producers

July 13, 1856

o
Nicholas Loney 1st British consul in Iloilo, arrived with
English cotton to barter for sugar.
o
Loney brought funds and machinery to refine sugar
cane.

Mechanized milling processes and modernized

production.
SPANISH PERIOD: ABACA INDUSTRY

Demand for Abaca in the US ship makers developed

Abaca as an export crop.

Biggest buyers were American traders.

Development of Abaca production took place in the

Bicol provinces.

Became a prime commodity in international trade.

Had a high market value.

SPANISH PERIOD: RICE

Had a strong market in China

Export commodity only until 1870

o
After 1870, rice became an imported commodity

Factors that made rice and imported commodity:

o
Local situation: peasant uprisings, natural calamities,
local production
o
Saigon rice became competitive in the market.
o
The port in Sual, Pampanga ended.
o
Pressure on Filipino farmers in Luzon to produce
tobacco, sugar, Abaca, and other lucrative cash crops.
SPANISH PERIOD: CHINESE

Increase in population of Chinese mestizos between late

1700s and 1800s.

Spaniards were ambivalent towards the Chinese.

o
Attempts to convert then and assimilate them
o
Series of massacres and mass expulsions.

Suffered from unequal treatment.

o
Perceived by Spaniards as foreigners
o
Taxed twice as much as natives
o
Paid misc. expenses
o
Not allowed to transfer residences unless they
transfer to areas that were highly taxed.

Dominated trading in the Philippines

o
The Chinese and the Chinese mestizos controlled
domestic trade.
o
Chinese mestizos were retailers and landowners

Took advantage of tobacco, sugar, and Abaca export

industries.
o
Served as middlemen
o
Huge landowners due to pacto de retroventa

Pacto de Retroventa: Similar to the way banks

work with providing collateral. Land was usually
used as collateral.

Monopolies highly prized by the Chinese and mestizos:

o
Cockpit (Sabong)
o
Opium

SPANISH PERIOD: ISSUES & EFFECTS

Social differences became even more pronounced

o
Exports consisted of agriculture and thus only the
landed class gained money
o
Cacique (landed class), middle class, landless
peasants

Farmers felt the pressure to raise sailable/profitable

crops

In-migration: moving from one place to another but

within the same country.
AMERICAN PERIOD

Poll taxes
o
Formerly known as cedula personal

Polo was removed

o
Infrastructures began to be built by paid laborers

Monopolies were dissolved

Goal: make the Philippines as self-serving colony

o
Banking institutions were established: taught the
Filipinos to save

Free trade agreements

AMERICAN PERIOD: FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS

Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act 1909

o
Named after Sereno Payne and Nelson Aldrich
o
Tax-fee entry of Philippine products in the US except
for rice, tobacco, and sugar.

Rice was taxed while sugar and tobacco had

quotas.

Abaca was free from tax because this was

something the Americans enjoyed and wanted to
buy for cheaper.
o
Products from the US were not taxed

The Philippines earned nothing from the US.

Underwood-Simmons Act 1913

o
o
o

Removed all restrictions on exported goods from the

Philippines to the US

There was a quota for rice, sugar, and tobacco.

The Philippines is always on the losing end of these
agreements.
Advantages:
Increased in import revenue

$15M $47M $200M

Disadvantages:
Only the elites (landowners) benefitted from the free
trade acts
The Philippines was a foreign territory so there was
limited free trade)
American investors hesitated in investing in the
Philippines

Fear that once the Philippines gains their

independence, their investments would fail.

POST-COLONIAL PERIOD

Market economy
o
Private ownership
o
Economic decisions and activities are dictated by
interactions
o
Resources are owned by private sector or public
sectors.
PHILIPPINE ECONOMY UNDER PNOY

Growing economy as seen in GDP and foreign

investment
o
All time high in GDP

Dependence on remittances from OFWs

o
Increases private consumption

Growing social inequality

o
SOLUTION: Inclusive growth through the 4Ps: Pantawid
Pamilyang Pilipino Program

Beneficiaries are chosen by the government,

usually the poorest of the poor, and are given an
allowance monthly.

The beneficiaries become dependent on the

program and remain poor to be able to collect the
monthly allowance no one graduates from the
program