Important committees and commissions in India ..

What is the difference between a committee and a commission?

A committee is a group of people who meet and deliberate according to fixed rules in
order to make a decision or produce a document as a group. A commission is a group of
people who are entrusted (that is the etymology) by a government to carry out a task.
Sometimes the task is a specific one (like ascertaining a particular fact or resolving a
particular problem) and sometimes the task is more long-term (like the SEC, that is,
Securities and Exchange Commission). A commission is usually distinct from other kinds
of agency in two ways: it has no single, permanent administrator, and it has no
independent or constitutional authority of its own; it operates under the authority of
another part of the government. Of course, a commission can be a committee (like the
9/11 Commission), but very few committees are commissions, and some commissions
are not committees.

1. Palekar Tribunal

Journalists Pay reforms

2. U.C. Banerjee Commission

3. Sarkaria Commission :

Enquiry into Godhra carnage (railways)

Centre-State relations

4. Srikrishna Commission :
5. Thakkar Commission :

1992 Bombay riots

Indira Gandhi assassination case

6. Phukan Commission & Saharya Committee :

7. Malimath Commission :

Criminal Justice

8. Upendra Commission :
9. Malhotra Committee :

Tehelka tapes

Inquiry on rape and murder Thangjam Manorama Devi

Insurance Reforms

10. Janaki Ram Committee :

Security scam

11. Ajay Vikram Singh Committee :

Faster promotions in army

12. Rajinder Sachar Committee {1} :

Companies and MRPT Act

13. Rajindar Sachar Committee {2} :

status of the Muslims of India

Report on the social, economic and educational

14. Jyoti Basu Committee :

Report on Octroi abolition

15 Balwant Rai Mehta Committee : Recommendations on decentralization system

16. Sawant Committee :
Hazare

Enquiry on corruption, charges against ministers & Anna

17. Chelliah Committee :

Eradicating black money

18. Kothari Commission :

Educational reforms

19. Wanchoo Committee :

Tax enquiry

20. Bhanu Pratap Singh Committee :

21. Aggarwal Committee :

Nepotism in granting petrol pump, LPG connections

22. Rangarajan Committee :

Reforms in private sector

23. Naresh Chandra Committee :

24. Chakravarti Committee :
25. Rekhi Committee :

Agriculture

Corporate governance

Banking sector reforms

Structure of indirect taxation

26. G.V.Ramakrishna Committee :

27. Kelkar Committee :

Disinvestment in PSU shares

First committee on backward castes

28. P.C.Hotha Committee :

Restructuring of civil services

29. Justice B.N.Kirpal Committee :

30. Godbole Committee

: Enron Power Project

31. J.C.Kumarappa Committee :

32. Swaminathan Committee :
33. Rangarajan Committee :
34. Wardha Committee :

1st chairman National Forest Commission

Congress agrarian Reforms Committee

Population policy

Statistics

Inquiry on murder of Graham Staines

35. N.N. Vohra Committee : Criminalization of politics

36. Kelkar Committee {2} : Direct-Indirect Taxes
37. Alagh Committee :

Civil Service Examinations

38. Abid Hussain Committee :

Recommendations on Small scale industries

39. Narasimham Committee :

Banking sector reforms

40. Chelliah Committee : Tax reforms

41. Mashelkar Committee :
42. Boothalingam Committee
price policy

National Auto Fuel Policy

:

43. Omkar Goswami Committee :

44. Yashpal Committee :

Recommendations on integrated wages, income and

Industrial sickness

Review of School Education system

45. Ram Nandan Prasad Committee :

Castes

Constitution of creamy layers among Backward

46. Kelkar Committee{3}

: Enquiry on Kargil defense deals.

47. M.M. Punchhi Commission : Centre-State Relations [note- this committee has been
set up recently- after the sad demise of Justice (Retd.) Sarkaria]
48. Thorat Committee :

Caste-based discrimination against students in AIIMS

49. R.K.Raghavan Committee :

Ragging in colleges

51. James Lyngdoh Committee- Student politics and student-body elections in colleges.
52. E.M.S. Nachiappan Committee :

Reforms in the higher judiciary

53. Soli Sorabjee Committee : Police Reforms [it was constituted after the Judgement
of the Supreme Court in Parkash Singh vs Union of India (2006)]
54. Ganguli Committee :
and management

Review of health facility planning and healthcare engineering

55. Percy Mistry Committee :

Making Mumbai an IFC (International Financial Centre)

56. K.T. Thomas Committee- to look into ways of enhancing the effectives of the
Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act
57. Fali S. Nariman Committee- Accountability and damages with regard to destruction
of public property
58. Satwant Reddy Committee- review of laws relating to registration of pharmaceutical
drugs and clinical trials
59. Raghuram C. Rajan Committee- financial sector reforms
60. Shah Commission (1966)- reorganisation of States
61. Tarkunde Committee- composition of the Election Commission and other electoral
reforms
62. Dinesh Goswami Committee- electoral reforms
63. G.V.K. Rao Committee (1985) - set up by the planning commission in 1985, to look
into the Administrative Arrangement for Rural Development and poverty Alleviation
Programmes.
64. Butler Committee :
of Britain)
65. Hurtog Committee :

Relation between Indian states & paramount power (the Queen

Growth of British India education-its effects

66. Muddiman Committee :

Working of Diarchy as in Montague Chelmsford reforms

1. Central Information Commission

Receiving and inquiring into complaints from aggrieved persons.
2. Central Vigilance Commission
Probing offences by Central Government officers, Officers of societies, corporation and local authority
under the Central Government.
3. Commission for Centre-State Relations
Review of working of existing arrangements between Union and States i.e. power, functions, and
responsibilities in all spheres.
4. Commission of Enquiry (Tehelka Commission)
To enquire into the definite matter of public importance with the power of civil court.
5. Commission of Enquiry into Oil-for-Food Scam
To inquire into the Oil-for-Food Scam.
6. Commission on Criminal Justice
Reformation of criminal justice system, compensation to victims, and effective investment etc.
7. Committee on Reforming Bureaucracy
Best practices of Bureaucracy
8. Competition Commission of India
To curb monopolies, to ensure fair competition in India by prohibiting adverse trade practices and to
pass order for granting interim relief and to impose penalties in case of defaults.
9. Delimitation Commission
Readjustment of the allocation of seats in Lok Sabha to several States and total number of seats in
the Legislative Assembly of each State.
10. Election Commission
Preparation of the electoral rolls, direction, superintendence, and control of elections to Parliament
and State Legislatures, recognition of political parties and allotment of symbols and also conducting
elections to offices of Presidents and Vice-Presidents of India.
11. Finance Commission
Distribution of financial resources between Union and States, proceeds from taxes, principles
governing grants-in-aid to revenue of States out of consolidated fund of India, etc.
12. Justice Nanavati Commission
To inquire into 1984 Riot case (Indira Gandhi Assassination Riot).
13. Kalelkar Commission
Adhering to Article 340, the First Backward Classes Commission was set up by a presidential order on
January 29, 1953
14. Khosla Commission
A one-man commission headed by Justice GD Khosla established July 1970 to re-investigate the
circumstances surrounding the supposed death of Subhas Chandra Bose. The commission reached
the same conclusions as Shah Nawaz Committee.
15. Law Commission
To suggest for implementation and development in constitutional and legal matters including the
human way of death penalty
16. Liberhan Commission
To enquire into demolition of Babri Masjid in Ayodhya.

17. Mandal Commission

Headed by Bindheshwari Prasad Mandal to consider the question of seat reservations and quotas for
people to redress caste discrimination, and used eleven social, economic, and educational indicators
to determine "backwardness."
18. Mukherjee Commission
A one-man board of Justice Manoj Mukherjee, a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India which
was instituted in 1999 to enquire into the controversy surrounding the reported death of Subhas
Chandra Bose in 1945.
19. National Commission for Backward Classes
Inclusion of castes as backward class in OBC lists and to deal with the related matters.
20. National Commission for Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (NCDNSNT)
A national commission set under Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, to study various
developmental aspects of denotified and nomadic or semi-nomadic tribes in India.
21. National Commission for Scheduled Castes
To investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the SCs, to inquire into
specific complaints on deprivation of rights of SCs to participate and advice on the planning process
of socioeconomic development of SCs.
22. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
To investigate and monitor the matters relating to safeguards provided for STs, to inquire into specific
complaints on deprivation of rights of STs.
23. National Commission for Women
Investigation and examination of all matters relating to safeguards provided for women, take up cases
relating to women to other authorities and to look into complaints relating to deprivation of women's
rights.
24. National Commission on Labour
To review and suggest improvement of labour standard.
25. National Commission on Minorities
To evaluate the progress of the development of minorities under the Union and States, look into
complaints regarding the deprivation of minorities rights.
26. National Commission to Review the Working of Constitution of India
Study of working of Constitution. in key area.
27. National Forest Commission
Review and assessment of existing forest policy, legal frame work on scientific and economic point of
examination of current statutes of forest administration and institutions and policy on development and
wild life management.
28. National Human Rights Commission
Receiving complaint from victim, directions to Government, etc. and rehabilitation to victims.
29. National Judicial Commission
Appointment of Judges in high judiciary and transfer of High Court Judges.
30. National Knowledge Commission
On 13 June, 2005 , the Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh, constituted the National
Knowledge Commission, as a think-tank charged with considering possible policy that might sharpen
India's comparative advantage in the knowledge-intensive service sectors. The Commission was to
recommend reform of the education sector, research labs, and intellectual property legislation; as well
as consider whether the Government could itself upgrade its use of the latest techniques to make its
workings more transparent. The NKC website was launched in February 2006.

31. Planning Commission

To oversee the 5 years planning program for the economic development etc. in India.
32. Sahariya Commission
To review the POTA implementation in Centre and various States.
33. Sarkaria Commission
It was set up in June 1983 to examine the relationship and balance of power between state and
central governments in the country and suggest changes within the framework of Constitution of India.
It was headed by Justice Rajinder Singh Sarkaria, a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India.
34. Shah Commission
inquire into all the excesses committed in the Indian Emergency (1975 - 77). It was headed by Justice
J.C. Shah
35. Shah Nawaz
Committee was an enquiry committee established in 1956 to investigate the supposed death of Indian
Subhas Chandra Bose in August 1945. The Committee included Shah Nawaz Khan.
36. States Reorganisation Commission
constituted by the Central Government of India under the States Reorganisation Act and consisted of
Hon. Fazal Ali, K.M. Panikker, and H.N. Kunzru. The Report submitted by the Committee in 1955
known as SRC Report went in to the problems of Telangana and Andhra regions, and the arguments
for and against the merger of two regions.

1. Central Information Commission

Receiving and inquiring into complaints from aggrieved persons.
2. Central Vigilance Commission
Probing offences by Central Government officers, Officers of societies, corporation and local authority
under the Central Government.
3. Commission for Centre-State Relations
Review of working of existing arrangements between Union and States i.e. power, functions, and
responsibilities in all spheres.
4. Commission of Enquiry (Tehelka Commission)
To enquire into the definite matter of public importance with the power of civil court.
5. Commission of Enquiry into Oil-for-Food Scam
To inquire into the Oil-for-Food Scam.
6. Commission on Criminal Justice
Reformation of criminal justice system, compensation to victims, and effective investment etc.
7. Committee on Reforming Bureaucracy
Best practices of Bureaucracy
8. Competition Commission of India
To curb monopolies, to ensure fair competition in India by prohibiting adverse trade practices and to
pass order for granting interim relief and to impose penalties in case of defaults.
9. Delimitation Commission
Readjustment of the allocation of seats in Lok Sabha to several States and total number of seats in
the Legislative Assembly of each State.

10. Election Commission

Preparation of the electoral rolls, direction, superintendence, and control of elections to Parliament
and State Legislatures, recognition of political parties and allotment of symbols and also conducting
elections to offices of Presidents and Vice-Presidents of India.
11. Finance Commission
Distribution of financial resources between Union and States, proceeds from taxes, principles
governing grants-in-aid to revenue of States out of consolidated fund of India, etc.
12. Justice Nanavati Commission
To inquire into 1984 Riot case (Indira Gandhi Assassination Riot).
13. Kalelkar Commission
Adhering to Article 340, the First Backward Classes Commission was set up by a presidential order on
January 29, 1953
14. Khosla Commission
A one-man commission headed by Justice GD Khosla established July 1970 to re-investigate the
circumstances surrounding the supposed death of Subhas Chandra Bose. The commission reached
the same conclusions as Shah Nawaz Committee.
15. Law Commission
To suggest for implementation and development in constitutional and legal matters including the
human way of death penalty
16. Liberhan Commission
To enquire into demolition of Babri Masjid in Ayodhya.
17. Mandal Commission
Headed by Bindheshwari Prasad Mandal to consider the question of seat reservations and quotas for
people to redress caste discrimination, and used eleven social, economic, and educational indicators
to determine "backwardness."
18. Mukherjee Commission
A one-man board of Justice Manoj Mukherjee, a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India which
was instituted in 1999 to enquire into the controversy surrounding the reported death of Subhas
Chandra Bose in 1945.
19. National Commission for Backward Classes
Inclusion of castes as backward class in OBC lists and to deal with the related matters.
20. National Commission for Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (NCDNSNT)
A national commission set under Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, to study various
developmental aspects of denotified and nomadic or semi-nomadic tribes in India.
21. National Commission for Scheduled Castes
To investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the SCs, to inquire into
specific complaints on deprivation of rights of SCs to participate and advice on the planning process
of socioeconomic development of SCs.
22. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
To investigate and monitor the matters relating to safeguards provided for STs, to inquire into specific
complaints on deprivation of rights of STs.
23. National Commission for Women
Investigation and examination of all matters relating to safeguards provided for women, take up cases
relating to women to other authorities and to look into complaints relating to deprivation of women's
rights.

24. National Commission on Labour

To review and suggest improvement of labour standard.
25. National Commission on Minorities
To evaluate the progress of the development of minorities under the Union and States, look into
complaints regarding the deprivation of minorities rights.
26. National Commission to Review the Working of Constitution of India
Study of working of Constitution. in key area.
27. National Forest Commission
Review and assessment of existing forest policy, legal frame work on scientific and economic point of
examination of current statutes of forest administration and institutions and policy on development and
wild life management.
28. National Human Rights Commission
Receiving complaint from victim, directions to Government, etc. and rehabilitation to victims.
29. National Judicial Commission
Appointment of Judges in high judiciary and transfer of High Court Judges.
30. National Knowledge Commission
On 13 June, 2005 , the Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh, constituted the National
Knowledge Commission, as a think-tank charged with considering possible policy that might sharpen
India's comparative advantage in the knowledge-intensive service sectors. The Commission was to
recommend reform of the education sector, research labs, and intellectual property legislation; as well
as consider whether the Government could itself upgrade its use of the latest techniques to make its
workings more transparent. The NKC website was launched in February 2006.
31. Planning Commission
To oversee the 5 years planning program for the economic development etc. in India.
32. Sahariya Commission
To review the POTA implementation in Centre and various States.
33. Sarkaria Commission
It was set up in June 1983 to examine the relationship and balance of power between state and
central governments in the country and suggest changes within the framework of Constitution of India.
It was headed by Justice Rajinder Singh Sarkaria, a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India.
34. Shah Commission
inquire into all the excesses committed in the Indian Emergency (1975 - 77). It was headed by Justice
J.C. Shah
35. Shah Nawaz
Committee was an enquiry committee established in 1956 to investigate the supposed death of Indian
Subhas Chandra Bose in August 1945. The Committee included Shah Nawaz Khan.
36. States Reorganisation Commission
constituted by the Central Government of India under the States Reorganisation Act and consisted of
Hon. Fazal Ali, K.M. Panikker, and H.N. Kunzru. The Report submitted by the Committee in 1955
known as SRC Report went in to the problems of Telangana and Andhra regions, and the arguments
for and against the merger of two regions.

Committees in India

Butler Committee

Relation between Indian states & paramount power

Hurtog Committee

Growth of British India education -its effects

Muddiman Committee

Working of Diarchy as in Montague Chelmsford reforms

Malhotra Committee

Insurance Reforms

Janaki Ram Committee

Security Scam

Ajay Vikram Singh

Committee

Faster promotions in Army

Rajinder Sachar Committee 1

Companies and MRPT Act

Rajindar Sachar Committee

2

Report on the social, economic and educational status of the

Muslims of India.

Jyoti Basu Committee

Report on Octroi abolition.

Balwant Rai Mehta

Committee

Recommendations on decentralization system

Sawant Committee

Enquiry on corruption, charges against ministers & Anna Hazare

Chelliah Committee

Eradicating black money

Wanchoo Committee

Tax enquiry

Bhanu Pratap Singh

Committee

Agriculture

Agarwal Committee

Nepotism in granting petrol pump, LPG connections

Rangarajan Committee

Reforms in private sector

Naresh Chandra Committee

Corporate governance

Chakravarti Committee

Banking sector reforms

Rekhi Committee

Structure of indirect taxation

G.V.Ramakrishna Committee

Disinvestment in PSU shares

Kelkar Committee 1

First committee on backward castes

P.C.Hotha Committee

Restructuring of civil services

Justice B.N.Kirpal Committee

1st chairman National Forest Commission

Godbole Committee

Enron Power Project

J.C.Kumarappa Committee

Congress agrarian Reforms Committee

Swaminathan Committee

Population policy

Rangaraju Committee

Statistics

Wardha Committee

Inquiry on murder of Graham Staines

Vohra Committee

Criminalization of politics

Kelkar Committee 2

Direct - Indirect Taxes

Alagh Committee

Civil Service Examinations

Abid Hussain Committee

Recommendations on Small scale industries

Narasimham Committee

Banking sector reforms

Chelliah Committee

Tax reforms

Mashelkar Committee

National Auto Fuel Policy

Boothalingam Committee

Recommendations on integrated wages, income and price policy.

Omkar Goswami Committee

Industrial sickness

Yashpal Committee

Review of School Education system

Ram Nandan Prasad

Committee

Constitution of creamy layers among Backward Castes.

Kelkar Committee 3

Enquiry on Kargil defense deals.

Saharya Committee

Tehelka tape

Amendments to the Indian Constitution

Date of
Enforce
ment

Objectives

To fully secure the constitutional validity of zamindari abolition

laws.
To place reasonable restriction on freedom of speech.
1st
June 18,
A new constitutional device, called Schedule 9 introduced to
amendm
1951
protect laws that are contrary to the Constitutionally guaranteed
ent
fundamental rights.
These laws encroach upon property rights, freedom of speech and
equality before law

2nd
May 1,
amendm
1953
ent

A technical amendment to fix the size of each parliamentary

constituency between 650,000 and 850,000 voters.

3rd
Limits maximum no of seats in lok Sabha up to 500
February
amendm
States to be divided into constituencies such that one member of
22, 1955
ent
a constituency represents between 500000 and 750000 people

4th
April 27,
amendm
1955
ent

Restrictions on property rights and inclusion of related bills in

Schedule 9 of the constitution

5th
Decemb Provides for a consultation mechanism with concerned states in
amendm er 24, matters relating to the amendments to the territorial matters and
ent
1955
in the re-naming of the state

6th
Septemb
amendm er 11, Amended the Union and State Lists with respect to raising of taxes
ent
1956

7th
Novemb
amendm er 1,
ent
1956

Reorganization of states on linguistic lines

Abolition of Class A, B, C, D states
Introduction of Union Territories

8th
January
amendm
5, 1960
ent

Clarify state's power of compulsory acquisition and requisitioning

of private property
Include Zamindari abolition laws in Schedule 9 of the constitution

9th
Decemb
amendm er 28,
ent
1960

Minor adjustments to territory of Indian Union consequent to

agreement with Pakistan for settlement of disputes by
demarcation of border villages, etc.

10th

August

Incorporation of Dadra, Nagar and Haveli as a Union Territory

amendm
11, 1961
ent

after acquisition from Portugal

11th
Decemb
amendm er 19,
ent
1961

Election of Vice President by Electoral College consisting of

members of both Houses of Parliament, instead of election by a
Joint Sitting of Parliament.
Indemnify the President and Vice President Election procedure
from challenge on grounds of existence of any vacancies in the
electoral college

12th
Decemb
amendm er 20,
ent
1961

Incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu as a Union Territory, after

acquisition from Portugal

13th
Decemb
amendm er 1,
ent
1963

Formation of State of Nagaland, with special protection under

Article 371A

14th
Decemb
amendm er 28,
ent
1962

Incorporation of Pondicherry into the Union of India

Creation of Legislative Assemblies for Himachal Pradesh, Tripura,
Manipur and Goa

15th
October
amendm
5, 1963
ent

Raise retirement age of judges from 60 to 62

Other minor amendments for rationalizing interpretation of rules
regarding judges etc.

16th
October
amendm
5, 1963
ent

Make it obligatory for seekers of public office to swear their

allegiance to the Indian Republic and prescribe the various
obligatory templates

17th
June 20,
amendm
1964
ent

To secure the constitutional validity of acquisition of Estates and

place land acquisition laws in Schedule 9 of the constitution

18th
August Technical Amendment to include Union Territories in Article 3 and
amendm
27, 1966
hence permit reorganisation of Union Territories
ent

19th
Decemb
amendm er 11,
ent
1966

Abolish Election Tribunals and enable trial of election petitions by

regular High Courts

Indemnify & validate judgments, decrees, orders and sentences

passed by judges.
20th
Decemb
Validate the appointment, posting, promotion and transfer of
amendm er 22, judges except those not eligible for appointment under article 233.
ent
1966
Amendment was needed to overcome the effect of judgement
invalidating appointments of certain judges in the state of Uttar
Pradesh

21th
April 10,
amendm
1967
ent

Included Sindhi as a National Language

22nd Septemb
amendm er 25,
ent
1969

Provision to form Autonomous states within the State of Assam

23rd
January
amendm
23, 1970
ent

Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian

members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten
years i.e. up to 1980

24th
Novemb
amendm er 5,
ent
1971

Enable parliament to dilute fundamental rights through

amendments to the constitution

25th
April 20, Restrict property rights and compensation in case the state takes
amendm
1972
over private property
ent

26th
Decemb
amendm er 28,
ent
1971

Abolition of privy purse paid to former rulers of princely states

which were incorporated into the Indian Republic

27th
February Reorganization of Mizoram into a Union Territory with a legislature
amendm
15, 1972
and council of ministers
ent

28th
August
amendm
29, 1972
ent

Rationalized Civil Service rules to make it uniform across those

appointed prior to Independence and post independence

29th
June 9,
amendm
1972
ent

Places land reform acts and amendments to these act under

Schedule 9 of the constitution

30th
February Changes the basis for appeals in Supreme Court of India in case of
amendm 27, 1973 Civil Suits from value criteria to one involving substantial question

ent

of law

31th
Increased size of Parliament from 525 to 545 seats.
October
amendm
Increased seats went to the new states formed in North East India
17, 1973
ent
and minor adjustment consequent to 1971 Delimitation exercise

32nd
amendm
ent

July 1,
1974

Protection of regional rights in Telangana and Andhra regions of

State of Andhra Pradesh

Prescribes procedure for resignation by members of parliament

33rd
May 19,
and state legislatures
amendm
1974 Prescribes procedure for verification and acceptance of resignation
ent
by house speaker

34th Septemb
amendm er 7,
ent
1974

Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under

Schedule 9 of the constitution

35th
March 1,
amendm
1975
ent

Terms and Conditions for the Incorporation of Sikkim into the

Union of India

36th
April 26,
amendm
1975
ent

Formation of Sikkim as a State within the Indian Union

37th
May 3,
amendm
1975
ent

Formation of Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly

38th
August
amendm
1, 1975
ent

Enhances the powers of President and Governors to pass

ordinances

39th
August
amendm
10, 1975
ent

Negated the judgement of Allahabad High Court invalidating Prime

Minister Indira Gandhi's election to parliament.
Amendment placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of
Prime Minister

40th
May 27,
amendm
1976
ent

Enable Parliament to make laws with respect to Exclusive

Economic Zone and vest the mineral wealth with Union of India.
Place land reform & other acts and amendments to these act
under Schedule 9 of the constitution

41th Septemb
amendm er 7,
ent
1976

Raised Retirement Age Limit of Chairmen and Members of Union

and State Public Commissions from sixty to sixty two.

42nd
April 1,
amendm
1977
ent

Amendment passed during internal emergency by Indira Gandhi.

Provides for curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes
fundamental duties and changes to the basic structure of the
constitution by making India a "Socialist Secular" Republic

43rd
April 13,
amendm
1978
ent

Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the

Country.
Repeals some of the more 'Anti-Freedom' amendments enacted
through Amendment Bill 42

Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the

44th Septemb
Country.
amendm er 6,
Provides for human rights safeguards and mechanisms to prevent
ent
1979
abuse of executive and legislative authority.
Annuls some Amendments enacted in Amendment Bill 42

45th
January
amendm
25, 1980
ent

Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian

members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten
years i.e. up to 1990

46th
February
amendm
2, 1983
ent

Amendment to negate judicial pronouncements on scope and

applicability on Sales Tax

47th
August
amendm
26, 1984
ent

Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under

Schedule 9 of the constitution

48th
April 1,
amendm
1985
ent

Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to two years in

the state of Punjab

49th Septemb
amendm er 11,
ent
1984

Recognize Tripura as a Tribal State and enable the creation of a

Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council

50th Septemb Technical Amendment to curtailment of Fundamental Rights as per

amendm er 11,
Part III as prescribed in Article 33 to cover Security Personnel
ent
1984
protecting property and communication infrastructure

51th
June 16,
amendm

Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya,

ent

1986

Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies

52nd
March 1,
amendm
1985
ent

Anti Defection Law - Provide disqualification of members from

parliament and assembly in case of defection from one party to
other

53rd
February
amendm
20, 1987
ent

Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.

54th
April 1,
amendm
1986
ent

Increase the salary of Chief Justice of India & other Judges

Provisions for determining future increases without the need for
constitutional amendment

55th
February
amendm
20, 1987
ent

Special powers to Governor consequent to formation of state of

Arunachal Pradesh

56th
May 30,
amendm
1987
ent

Transition provision to enable formation of state of Goa

57th Septemb
Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya,
amendm er 21,
Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies
ent
1987

58th
Decemb
amendm er 9,
ent
1987

Provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of constitution

Provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of future
amendments

Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years

59th
in the state of Punjab
March
amendm
Articles 352 and Article 359A amended to permit imposing
30, 1988
ent
emergency in state of Punjab or in specific districts of the state of
Punjab

60th
Decemb
amendm er 20,
ent
1988

Professional Tax increased from a maximum of Rs. 250/- to a

maximum of Rs. 2500/-

61th
March
amendm
28, 1989
ent

Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to 18

62nd

Decemb

Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian

amendm
ent

er 20,
1989

members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten

years i.e. up to 2000

63rd
January
amendm 6, 1990

Emergency powers applicable to State of Punjab, accorded in

Article 359A as per amendment 59 repealed

64th
April 16,
amendm
1990
ent

Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years

and six months in the state of Punjab

65th
March
National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
amendm
12, 1992
formed and its statutory powers specified in The Constitution.
ent

66th
June 7,
amendm
1990
ent

Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under

Schedule 9 of the constitution

67th
October Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to four years in
amendm
4, 1990
the state of Punjab
ent

68th
March
Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to five years in
amendm
12, 1991
the state of Punjab
ent

69th
February
amendm
1, 1992
ent

To provide for a legislative assembly and council of ministers for

Federal National Capital of Delhi. Delhi continues to be a Union
Territory

70th
Decemb
amendm er 21,
ent
1991

Include National Capital of Delhi and Union Territory of

Pondicherry in electoral college for Presidential Election

71th
August
amendm
31, 1992
ent

Include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali as National Languages

72nd
Decemb
Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Tripura State Legislative
amendm er 5,
Assembly
ent
1992

73rd
April 24,
amendm
1993
ent

Statutory provisions for Panchayat Raj as third level of

administration in villages

74th
June 1,
amendm
1993
ent

Statutory provisions for Local Administrative bodies as third level

of administration in urban areas such as towns and cities

75th
May 15,
amendm
1994
ent

Provisions for setting up Rent Control Tribunals

76th
August Enable continuance of 69% reservation in Tamil Nadu by including
amendm
31, 1994 the relevant Tamil Nadu Act under 9th Schedule of the constitution
ent

77th
June 17, A technical amendment to protect reservation to SC/ST Employees
amendm
1995
in promotions
ent

78th
August
amendm
30, 1995
ent

Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under

Schedule 9 of the constitution

79th
January
amendm
25, 2000
ent

Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian

members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten
years i.e. up to 2010

80th
Implement Tenth Finance Commission recommendation to simplify
June 9,
amendm
the tax structures by pooling and sharing all taxes between states
2000
ent
and The Centre

81th
June 9,
amendm
2000
ent

Protect SC / ST reservation in filling backlog of vacancies

82nd Septemb
amendm er 8,
ent
2000

Permit relaxation of qualifying marks and other criteria in

reservation in promotion for SC / ST candidates

83rd Septemb
Exempt Arunachal Pradesh from reservation for Scheduled Castes
amendm er 8,
in Panchayati Raj institutions
ent
2000

84th

February

Extend the usage of 1971 national census population figures for

amendm
21, 2002
ent

state wise distribution of parliamentary seats

85th
January
amendm
4, 2002
ent

A technical amendment to protect seniority in case of promotions

of SC/ST Employees

86th
Decemb
amendm er 12,
ent
2002

Provides Right to Education until the age of fourteen and Early

childhood care until the age of six

87th
June 22,
amendm
2003
ent

Extend the usage of 1971 national census population figures for

state wise distribution of parliamentary seats

88th
January
amendm
15, 2004
ent

To extend statutory cover for levy and utilization of Service Tax

89th Septemb
The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
amendm er 28, Tribes was bifurcated into The National Commission for Scheduled
ent
2003
Castes and The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes

90th Septemb
amendm er 28, Reservation in Assam Assembly relating to Bodoland Territory Area
ent
2003

91th
January
amendm
1, 2004
ent

Restrict the size of council of ministers to 15 % of legislative

members & to strengthen Anti Defection laws

92nd
January
amendm
7, 2004
ent

Enable Levy of Service Tax

Include Bodo, Dogri, Santali and Maithili as National Languages

93rd
January
To enable provision of reservation for other backward classes
amendm
20, 2006 (O.B.C.) in government as well as private educational institutions
ent

94th
June 12,
amendm
2006
ent

To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in newly created

Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh States

95th
25
amendm January
2010
ent

Extended the reservation of seats in Lok Sabha and State

Assemblies for SC and ST from sixty to seventy years

96th
23
amendm Septembe
r 2011
ent

Substituted "Odia" for "Oriya"

97th
12
amendm January
2012
ent

Added the words "or co-operative societies" in Article 19(l)(c) and inserted
article 43B i.e, Promotion of Co-operative Societies and added Part-IXB i.e,
THE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIE