Asce Wind Load Examples PDF

WIND WEBINAR SERIES #3:
ASCE 7 10 Wind Loads for Signs, Other

Structures, Roof Top Structures &
Equipment, and Other Special Conditions
Robert Paullus, P.E., S.E., SECB

Paullus Structural Consultants
BPaullus@PaullusConsulting.com
26 February 2013
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 1 of 126
Wind Loads for Solid Signs,

Other Structures, Roof-Top
Structures & Equipment, and
Other Special Conditions
Bob Paullus, P.E., S.E.
Paullus Structural Consultants
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 2 of 126
Outline
1. 1. Chapter 29 Other Structures (MWFRS
Directional Method)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Conditions
Limitations
Solid Freestanding Walls or Signs
Solid Attached Signs
Design Wind Loads on Other Structures
Design Wind Loads on Rooftop Structures
and Equipment on Buildings
Parapets
Roof Overhangs
Minimum Design Wind Loadings
Page 3 of 126
Outline
1. 2. Chapter 30 Part 6 - Components &
Cladding for Building Appurtenances
and Rooftop Structures and Equipment
(Directional Procedure)
a.
b.
c.
Parapets
Roof Overhangs
Rooftop Structures and Equipment for
Buildings with h 60 ft (18.3 m)
2. 3. Examples
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 4 of 126
Section 29.1.2 - Conditions

1. The structure is a regular-shaped
structure as defined in Section 26.2.2.
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Section 26.2.2 - BUILDING OR OTHER

STRUCTURE, REGULAR-SHAPED: A
building or other structure having no
unusual geometrical irregularity in spatial
form.
Page 5 of 126
Section 29.1.2 - Conditions

2. The structure does not have response
characteristics making it subject to acrosswind loading, vortex shedding, or instability
due to galloping or flutter; or it does not
have a site location for which channeling
effects or buffeting in the wake of upwind
obstructions warrant special consideration.
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 6 of 126
Section 29.1.3 Limitations

1. This chapter DOES consider: load
magnification effect caused by gusts in
resonance with along-wind vibrations of
flexible structures.
2. This chapter DOES NOT consider:
Unusual shapes or configurations that lead
to effects listed in Section 29.1.2
Conditions.
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 7 of 126
Section 29.1.3 Limitations

3. If your structure does not fall within the
listed limitations, it should probably be the
subject of Wind Tunnel Study.
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 8 of 126
Section 29.1.4 Shielding

1. No reductions allowed for apparent
shielding by buildings, other structures, or
terrain features.
a.
b.
c.
Individual hills
Individual trees or small groves of
trees
Individual levees and similar
features.
2. Reductions are afforded for Terrain

Features in determining Exposure
Categories in Chapter 26.
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 9 of 126
Steps
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 10 of 126
Steps to Determine Wind Loads

1. Steps 1-4 are the same as in Chapters
26-30.
a. Chapter 29, like Chapters 26-30, has its
own table, Table 29.3-1, for Kh and Kz
b. Step 5: Eq. 29.3-1
qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2 (lb/ft2)
2. Be careful to use qz or qh, as directed

under each section.
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 11 of 126
Section 29.4.1 Solid Freestanding Walls

and Solid Freestanding Signs
1. Hollow Signs and Walls are not covered.
a. Signs which have openings that can be
pressurized
1) Boxed signs
2) Signs made from sea containers
3) Signs with large internal areas for lights
with translucent panels
2. Research is being conducted at Texas

Tech University by Douglas Smith, PhD
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 12 of 126

3. Solid Signs can have openings up to
30% of the Gross Area.
a. Reduction factor can be applied to solid
signs with openings.
b. Reduction factor (1 - (1 - )1.5)
c. = ratio of solid area to gross area
4. If the area of openings exceeds 30% of

the gross area, it is an open sign.
Proceed to Section 29.5 - Design Wind
LoadsOther Structures
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 13 of 126

5. Basic Equation: (Eq. 29.4-1)
F = qhGCfAs (lb)
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
a. qh = the velocity pressure evaluated at

height h (defined in Fig. 29.4-1) as
determined in accordance with
Section 29.3.2
h = top of the wall or sign
Note: qh is at the top of the sign or wall

and Kd in Eq 29.3-1 is the Kd of Solid
Freestanding Walls and Solid Freestanding and Attached Signs in Table
26.6-1
Page 14 of 126

b. G = gust-effect factor from Section 26.9

c. Cf = net force coefficient from Fig. 29.4-1
d. As = the gross area of the solid freestanding wall or freestanding solid sign, in
ft2 (m2)
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 15 of 126
Figure 29.4-1
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 16 of 126
Figure 29.4-1
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 17 of 126
Figure 29.4-1
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 18 of 126

Load Cases to Consider
Case A Load applied to the centroid of
the area
Case B Load applied with an
eccentricity of 0.2*B (width of the wall or
sign)
Case C Stepped application of reduced
wind pressures as the distance decreases
from the windward edge.
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 19 of 126

Case C
Reduction in loads for walls or signs with
returns at the ends

Up to 40 % reduction
For Elevated Signs or walls: where s/h > 0.8,
force coefficients shall be multiplied by the
reduction factor (1.8 - s/h)
Accounts for reduced wind pressures
when free air flow under the wall or sign
is reduced.
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 20 of 126

Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 21 of 126
Section 29.4.1 2 - Solid Attached Signs

a.1. Requirements to use method in Section
29.4.1
a.
b.
c.
d.
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
The plane of the sign is parallel to and in

contact with the supporting wall
Edges of the sign do not extend past the
supporting wall
Use Component & Cladding Wall pressures
calculated in Chapter 30
Set the Internal Pressure Coefficient (GCpi)
equal to 0
Page 22 of 126
Section 29.4.1 2 - Solid Attached Signs

a. 2.
Procedure can also be used for

signs attached to but not in contact
with the supporting wall.
a.
b.
c.
Sign must be parallel to the supporting wall.

Sign must not be more than three (3) feet
from the wall.
Edges of the sign must be at least (3) feet in
from the free edges of the supporting wall:
b.
Top of the supporting wall.

Bottom of the supporting wall
c.
Side Edges of the supporting wall
a.
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 23 of 126
Section 29.5: Design Wind LoadsOther

Structures
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 24 of 126

Structures
Basic Equation: (Eq. 29.5-1)
F = qzGCfAf (lb) (N)
a. qz = velocity pressure evaluated at height z as
defined in Section 29.3, of the centroid of area Af
Note qz is at the centroid of the area and Kd in
Eq 29.3-1 is the Kd of the structure type in
Table 26.6-1
b. G = gust-effect factor from Section 26.9 (these
structures may often be flexible)
c. Cf = force coefficients from Figs. 29.5-1
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 25 of 126

Structures
d. Af = projected area normal to the wind except
where Cf is specified for the actual surface area,
in ft2 (m2)
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 26 of 126
Figure 29.5-1
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 27 of 126
Figure 29.5-1
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 28 of 126
Figure 29.5-2
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 29 of 126
Figure 29.5-2
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 30 of 126
Figure 29.5-3
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 31 of 126
Figure 29.5-3
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 32 of 126
Section 29.5-1 Rooftop Structures and

Equipment For Buildings with h 60 feet
1. No guidance is given for rooftop
structures on buildings > 60 feet.

2. Research in the ASCE 7 committee
suggests that it is probably acceptable to
use loads from this section for rooftop
structures on buildings > 60 feet, but this
has not been confirmed yet.
3. Equation 29.5-2 gives lateral pressure
on the rooftop structure.
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 33 of 126

Lateral Wind force on Rooftop Structures
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Basic Equation: (Eq 29.5-2)

Fh = qh(GCr)Af (lb) (N)
(GCr) = 1.9 for rooftop structures and
equipment with Af less than (0.1Bh). (GCr)
shall be permitted to be reduced linearly
from 1.9 to 1.0 as the value of Af is
increased from (0.1Bh) to (Bh).
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at mean
roof height of the building
Page 34 of 126

Lateral Wind force on Rooftop Structures
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Note, qh is at the mean roof height and Kd

in Eq 29.3-1 is the Kd of the building, in
Table 26.6-1, on which the rooftop
structure sits.
Af = vertical projected area of the rooftop
structure or equipment on a plane normal
to the direction of wind, in ft2 (m2)
Page 35 of 126

Vertical Wind force on Rooftop Structures
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013

Fv = qh(GCr)Ar (lb) (N)
(GCr) = 1.5 for rooftop structures and
equipment with Ar less than (0.1BL). (GCr)
shall be permitted to be reduced linearly
from 1.5 to 1.0 as the value of Ar is
increased from (0.1BL) to (BL).
qh = velocity pressure evaluated at mean
roof height of the building
Page 36 of 126

Vertical Wind force on Rooftop Structures
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Note qh is at the mean roof height and Kd in

Eq 29.3-1 is the Kd of the building, in Table
26.6-1, on which the rooftop structure sits.
Ar = horizontal projected area of rooftop
structure or equipment, in ft2 (m2)
Page 37 of 126
Section 30.11 Component & Cladding

Loads for Rooftop Structures and
Equipment for Buildings with h 60 feet
Lateral C & C pressure (psf) shall be equal
to the lateral force (Lbs) calculated with
equation (29.5-2) DIVIDED BY the
RESPECTIVE WALL Surface area of the
Rooftop Structure considered.
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Forces (psf) shall be considered to act inward

and outward
Page 38 of 126

Vertical C & C pressure (Lbs) shall be
equal to the vertical force (Lbs) calculated
with equation (29.5-3) DIVIDED BY the
Horizontal projected area of the roof of
the Rooftop Structure considered.
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
The pressures are ONLY required to be

considered to act in the UPWARD direction.
Page 39 of 126

Comment: If the Rooftop Structure is
large (10x20 or larger), consider looking
at the downward pressures from the
building C&C loading figures and make
some judgment about downward wind
loading rooftop structures that resemble
small buildings (penthouses for instance).
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Vertical Wind Load would act in addition to

Dead and Roof Live Loads or Snow Loads.
Use appropriate load combinations.
Page 40 of 126
Other Resources
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 41 of 126
Other Resources
Prepared by: Task
Committee on WindInduced Forces of the
Petrochemical Committee
of the Enginery Division of
ASCE
Several of those on the
Task Committee are on
the ASCE 7 Wind
Subcommittee
Based on ASCE 7-05
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 42 of 126
Section 29.6 Parapets (MWFRS)
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Wind loads on parapets are specified in

Section 27.4.5 for buildings of all heights
designed using the Directional Procedure
and in Section 28.4.2 for low-rise
buildings designed using the Envelope
Procedure.
Method presented is the Directional
Procedure
Page 43 of 126
Section 29.6 Parapets (MWFRS)

Chapter 28 The Envelope Method, is
exactly the same.
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Chapter 28 uses the velocity pressure

determined with the Envelope Method,
rather than the velocity pressure in Chapter
27 using the Directional Method.
Page 44 of 126
Section 27.4.5 - Parapets

MWFRS pressures due to parapets
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Rigid or Flexible Buildings
Applies to Flat, Gable, or Hip Roofs
Page 45 of 126
Section 27.4.5 Parapets (MWFRS)

pp = qp(GCpn) (lb/ft2)
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
pp = combined net pressure on the parapet

due to the combination of the net pressures
from the front and back parapet surfaces.
Plus (and minus) signs signify net pressure
acting toward (and away from) the front
(exterior) side of the parapet
Page 46 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
qp = velocity pressure evaluated at the top of

the parapet
(GCpn) = combined net pressure
coefficient
= +1.5 for windward parapet
= 1.0 for leeward parapet
Page 47 of 126

FIGURE C29.7-1 Design Wind Pressures on Parapets
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 48 of 126
Section 30.9 C & C Loading on Parapets
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Applicable to All Building Types

Applicable to All Building Heights
Except Where the Provisions of Part 4
are used (Simplified Method for
Buildings with h 160 feet)
Page 49 of 126

p = qp((GCp) (GCpi))
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
qp = velocity pressure evaluated at the top of

the parapet
(GCp) = external pressure coefficient given in
Fig. 30.4-1 for walls with h 60 ft (48.8 m)
Figs. 30.4-2A to 30.4-2C for flat roofs,
gable roofs, and hip roofs
Fig. 30.4-3 for stepped roofs
Page 50 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
(GCp) = external pressure coefficient given in

Fig. 30.4-4 for multispan gable roofs
Figs. 30.4-5A and 30-5B for monoslope
roofs
Fig. 30.4-6 for sawtooth roofs
Fig. 30.4-7 for domed roofs of all heights
Fig. 30.6-1 for walls and flat roofs with h >
60 ft (18.3 m)
Fig. 27.4-3 footnote 4 for arched roofs
Page 51 of 126
Consider Two (2) Load Cases when

evaluating C & C pressures on parapets
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
(GCpi) = internal pressure coefficient from

Table 26.11-1, based on the porosity of the
parapet envelope.
Case A Pressures on the surfaces of the

Windward parapet
Case B Pressures on the surfaces of the
Leeward parapet
Page 52 of 126

Specifics of Case A:
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Windward Parapet shall consist of applying the

applicable positive wall pressure from Fig. 30.4-1
(h 60 ft (18.3 m)) or Fig. 30.6-1 (h > 60 ft (18.3
m)) to the windward surface of the parapet while
applying the applicable negative edge or corner
zone roof pressure from Figs. 30.4-2 (A, B or C),
30.4-3, 30.4-4, 30.4-5 (A or B), 30.4-6, 30.4-7, Fig.
27.4-3 footnote 4, or Fig. 30.6-1 (h > 60 ft (18.3
m)) as applicable to the leeward surface of the
parapet.
Page 53 of 126

Specifics of Case B:
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Leeward Parapet shall consist of applying the

applicable positive wall pressure from Fig. 30.4-1
(h 60 ft (18.3 m)) or Fig. 30.6-1 (h > 60 ft (18.3
m)) to the windward surface of the parapet, and
applying the applicable negative wall pressure
from Fig. 30.4-1 (h 60 ft (18.3 m)) or Fig. 30.6-1
(h > 60 ft (18.3 m)) as applicable to the leeward
surface. Edge and corner zones shall be arranged
as shown in the applicable figures. (GCp)
Page 54 of 126

FIGURE C29.7-1 Design Wind Pressures on Parapets
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
If internal pressure
is present, both
load cases should
be evaluated
under positive and
negative internal
pressure.
Page 55 of 126
Table 30.9-1 Steps to Determine C&C

Wind Loads on Parapets
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Step 1: Determine risk category of building,

see Table 1.5-1
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V,

for applicable risk category, see Figure 26.51A, B or C
Page 56 of 126

Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:

Wind directionality factor, Kd , see Section 26.6
and Table 26.6-1
Use Kd for Buildings C&C (0.85)
Exposure category B, C or D, see Section 26.7
Topographic factor, Kzt, see Section 26.8 and Fig.
26.8-1
Enclosure classification, see Section 26.10
Internal pressure coefficient, (GCpi), see Section
26.11 and Table 26.11-1
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Open, Partially Enclosed, or Enclosed (parapet or bldg)
Page 57 of 126

Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure

exposure coefficient, Kh, at top of the
parapet see Table 30.3-1
Step 5: Determine velocity pressure, qp, at

the top of the parapet using Eq. 30.3-1
Page 58 of 126

Step 6: Determine external pressure

coefficient for wall and roof surfaces
adjacent to parapet, (GCp)
Walls with h 60 ft., see Fig. 30.4-1
Flat, gable and hip roofs, see Figs. 30.4-2A to
30.4-2C
Stepped roofs, see Fig. 30.4-3
Multispan gable roofs, see Fig. 30.4-4
Monoslope roofs, see Figs. 30.4-5A and 30.4-5B
Sawtooth roofs, see Fig. 30.4-6
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 59 of 126

Step 6: (Continued)
Domed roofs of all heights, see Fig. 30.4-7
Walls and flat roofs with h > 60 ft., see Fig. 30.6-1
Arched roofs, see footnote 4 of Fig. 27.4-3
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p, using Eq.

30.9-1 on windward and leeward face of
parapet, considering two load cases (Case A
and Case B) as shown in Fig. 30.9-1.
Page 60 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 61 of 126
Figure 30.6-1
Note 7 defines parapets > 3 feet as tall

parapets
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Reduced corner pressures on parapet

Similar note on other figures
Page 62 of 126
Section 29.7 Roof Overhangs (MWFRS)

Wind loads on roof overhangs are
specified in Section 27.4.4 for buildings of
all heights designed using the Directional
Procedure and in Section 28.4.3 for lowrise buildings designed using the Envelope
Procedure.
Present Direction Method in Section 27.4.1
Envelope Method in Section 28.3.1 is similar

Uses different factor for Cp
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 63 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
The positive external pressure on the

bottom surface of windward roof
overhangs shall be determined using Cp =
0.8 and combined with the top surface
pressures determined using Fig. 27.4-1.
Page 64 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 65 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
From Figure 27.6-3
Must consider cases with positive internal

pressure and negative internal pressure
Page 66 of 126
Section 30.10 C & C Loading on Roof

Overhangs
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Applicable to All Building Types

Applicable to All Building Heights
Except Where the Provisions of Part 4
are used (Simplified Method for
Buildings with h 160 feet)
Page 67 of 126

Overhangs
p = qh((GCp) (GCpi))
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
qh = velocity pressure from Section 30.3.2

evaluated at mean roof height h using
exposure defined in Section 26.7.3
(GCp) = external pressure coefficients for
overhangs given in Figs. 30.4-2A to 30.4-2C
(flat roofs, gable roofs, and hip roofs),
including contributions from top and bottom
surfaces of overhang.
Page 68 of 126

Overhangs
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
The external pressure coefficient for the

covering on the underside of the roof
overhang is the same as the external
pressure coefficient on the adjacent wall
surface, adjusted for effective wind area,
determined from Figure 30.4-1 or Figure
30.6-1 as applicable
(GCpi) = internal pressure coefficient

given in Table 26.11-1
Page 69 of 126
Figure 30.4-2A
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 70 of 126
Figure 30.4-1
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 71 of 126

Wind Loads on Roof Overhangs
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Step 1: Determine risk category of building,

see Table 1.5-1
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V,

for applicable risk category, see Figure 26.51A, B or C
Page 72 of 126

Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:

Wind directionality factor, Kd , see Section 26.6
and Table 26.6-1
Use Kd for Buildings C&C (0.85)
Exposure category B, C or D, see Section 26.7
Topographic factor, Kzt, see Section 26.8 and Fig.
26.8-1
Enclosure classification, see Section 26.10
Internal pressure coefficient, (GCpi), see Section
26.11 and Table 26.11-1
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Open, Partially Enclosed, or Enclosed (overhang or bldg)
Page 73 of 126

Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure

exposure coefficient, Kh, see Table 30.3-1
Step 5: Determine velocity pressure, qh, at

mean roof height h using Eq. 30.3-1
Page 74 of 126

Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Step 6: Determine external pressure

coefficient, (GCp), using Figs. 30.4-2A
through C for flat, gabled and hip roofs.
Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p, using Eq.

30.10-1. Refer to Figure 30.10-1
Page 75 of 126
Figure 30.10-1
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 76 of 126
Section 29.8 Minimum Design Wind

Loading (MWFRS)
The design wind force for other structures

shall be not less than 16 lb/ft2 (0.77 kN/m2)
multiplied by the area Af.
16 psf is 10 psf from ASCE 7-05 times 1.6 to bring
the load to a strength level load.

Apply to the full projected area in each
orthogonal direction.
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 77 of 126
Material in Chapters 29 Not Covered

Loads on many shapes in industrial plants
Tanks, Silos, Pipe racks, Partially Clad
Frames, etc.
See ASCE report: Wind Loads for
Petrochemical and Other Industrial
Facilities
Wind Loads on roof mounted Solar
Photovoltaic Arrays
See new SEOC Guide
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 78 of 126
Other Ressources
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 79 of 126
Example
Office Complex
Location: Wichita, KS
Freestanding Sign
3-Story Office
5-foot tall parapet
Roof Top Unit
Well Pump & Maintenance Building
Roof Overhang
Chemical Storage Silo
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 80 of 126
Example
Site Parameters Common to All Examples
Exposure (Terrain Roughness): C

Location: N 37.7500, W 97.1683
Section 26.7.3 (Open Farmland)
Risk Category II Structures
Table 1.5-1
Wind Velocity: 115 mph

Fig. 26.5-1A
http://www.atcouncil.org/windspeed/index.php
Topographic Factor, Kzt: 1.00
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Section 26.8
All Loads are Calculated to LRFD Levels

Page 81 of 126
Example
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 82 of 126
Example-Freestanding Sign
Solid Billboard Sign at Ground Level
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Dimensions: 30 Wide x 10 High

Reference Figure 29.4-1 (MWFRS)
s=10
B=30
h=10
Kh = 0.85 (Table 29.3-1)
Kd = 0.85 (Solid Freestanding Walls & Signs)(Table 26.6-1)
qh = 0.00256 KzKztKdV2 (psf)
qh = 0.00256(0.85)(1.00)(0.85)(115)2 = 24.46 psf
B/s = 30/10 = 3.0
s/h = 10/10 = 1.0
Page 83 of 126
Enter Figure 29.4-1 for Cf

Applies to Cases A & B
For B/s = 2: Cf = 1.40
For B/s = 4: Cf = 1.35
Interpolating for B/s 3.0, Cf = 1.375
G = 0.85 (Section 26.9 Rigid Structure)
F = qhGCfAs (Lb) (Eq 29.4-1)
F = (24.46 psf)(0.85)(1.375)As = 28.59 psf*As
As = Af = 30x10 = 300 ft2
28.59 psf*As > 16 psf * Af (Section 29.8 Min. Load)
F = 28.59 psf(300 ft2) = 8577 Lbs
For CASE A, Load is applied at the plan C.L. and at
(s/2)+(0.05h) = 5.5 above base
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 84 of 126
See Cross-Section View, Figure 29.4-1
For CASE B, Load is applied @ 5.5 above base and at 0.2B
offset, either side of plan C.L.
0.2B = 0.2(30) = 6.0 either side of plan C.L.
Check to see if CASE C must be considered
Note 3, Figure 29.4-1
If B/s 2.0, CASE C must be considered
B/s = 30/10 = 3.0 > 2.0, therefore consider CASE C
Enter Figure 29.4-1 for Cf, under CASE C
0-s (0-10):
Cf = 2.60
s-2s (10-20): Cf = 1.70
2s-3s (10-30): Cf = 1.15
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 85 of 126
For CASE C, where s/h > 0.8, Cf may be multiplied by the
reduction factor (1.8 s/h)
s/h = 1.0 > 0.8
(1.8 s/h) = (1.8 1.0) = 0.8
F = qhGCfAs (Lb) (Eq 29.4-1)
F1 = (24.46psf)(0.85)(2.60)(0.8)(10x10) = 4324 Lbs
F2 = (24.46psf)(0.85)(1.70)(0.8)(10x10) = 2828 Lbs
F3 = (24.46psf)(0.85)(1.15)(0.8)(10x10) = 1913 Lbs
Apply F1, F2, and F3 at plan C.L. of each plan length, s,
from each end of sign. See Figure.
Apply F1, F2 and F3 at 5.5 above base of each plan
length, s
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 86 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 87 of 126
Example-Parapet (MWFRS)
Parapet (MWFRS) (Section 29.6)
Office Building
L = 200 ft., B = 100 ft.
Roof Height: h = 40 ft.
Parapet Height: hp = 45 ft.
Roof Slope, Flat: 0.25:12
Ridge parallel to 200 side
Exposure Category: C
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Section 29.6 references Section 27.4.5 for

directional procedure for MWFRS Parapet load
determination.
Page 88 of 126
Example-Parapet (MWFRS)
pp = qp(GCpn) (psf)
qp = 0.00256KhKztKdV2 (psf) (Eq 27.3-1)
Kh @ hp = 45, Kh = 1.065
Kzt = 1.00 (for complex)
Kd = 0.85 (Building MWFRS)(Table 26.6-1)
V = 115 mph (for complex)
qp = 0.00256(1.065)(1.00)(0.85)(115)2 = 30.65 psf
GCpn = +1.5 for windward parapet (Section 27.4.5)
GCpn = -1.0 for leeward parapet (Section 27.4.5)
Windward Parapet
pp = (30.65 psf)(1.5) = 45.98 psf acting toward building
Leeward Parapet
pp = (30.65 psf)(-1.0) = -30.65 psf acting away from
building
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 89 of 126
Example-Parapet (C & C)
Parapet (C & C Loads) (Section 30.9)
Office Building same as previous
qp = 0.00256(1.065)(1.00)(0.85)(115)2 = 30.65 psf

from parapet MWFRS, above
p = qp((GCp) (GCpi)) (Eq 30.9-1)
Parapet can be pressurized along with building
See Figure
GCpi = 0.18 (Enclosed Building Table 26.11-1)
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 90 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 91 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Studs @ 16 o.c. (both faces)

Determine Effective Wind Area of Studs
Greater of Tributary Area or Effective Width
Effective Wind Area Definition (Section 26.2)
Greater of 16/12 = 1.33 or
Length/3 = 5/3 = 1.67 (governs)
Effective Wind Area: l2/3 = 52/3 = 8.33 ft2
If Effective Wind Area > 700 ft2, use MFWRS loads
Determine which figure to reference from Table 30.9-1,
Step 6
Figure 30.4-1 for wall pressures, h 60 ft.
Page 92 of 126
Figure 30.4-2A for roof loads, h 60 ft. and gable roofs
7
Determine a distance (Figure 30.4-1 and 30.4-2A)

Lesser of 10% of B = 0.10(100) = 10 and 0.4h =
0.4(40) = 16
10 governs
Not less than the greater of 4% of B = 0.04(100) = 4
or 3
a = 10
Entering Figure 30.4-1 for pressure coefficients on
exterior surfaces of the parapets:
Zone 4 Positive Pressure: GCp = 1.0
Zone 5 Positive Pressure: GCp = 1.0
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 93 of 126
Zone 4 Negative Pressure: GCp = -1.1
Note 5 says that values of GCp may be reduced
by 10% when 10
Zone 4 Positive Pressure: GCp = (0.9)1.0 = 0.9

Zone 5 Positive Pressure: GCp = (0.9)1.0 = 0.9 Zone 4
Negative Pressure: GCp = (0.9)-1.1 = -1.0
Zone 5 Negative Pressure: GCp = (0.9)-1.4 = -1.26
Entering Figure 30.4-2A for pressure coefficients on
interior (roof side) surfaces of parapet:
Effective Wind Area: A= 52/3 = 8.33 ft2
a = 10 ft. as in Figure 30.4-1
Zone 1, 2, and 3 Positive Pressure: GCp = 0.3
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 94 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013

Note 5: If a parapet equal to or higher than 3 ft
(0.9m) is provided around the perimeter of the
roof with 7
, the negative values of GCp in
Zone 3 shall be equal to those for Zone 2 and
positive values of GCp in Zones 2 and 3 shall be
set equal to those for wall Zones 4 and 5
respectively in Figure 30.4-1.
Parapet height hp = 5 > 3
Zone 3 Negative GCp is Not Applicable
Zone 2 and Zone 3 Positive Pressure GCp are
those of Wall Zone 4 and Zone 5, respectively.
Page 95 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p using Eq 30.9-1 on

windward and leeward faces of parapet, considering two
load cases (CASE A and CASE B) as shown in Figure 30.9-1
Note: As wind direction changes, each parapet with shift
from a windward parapet to a leeward parapet.
CASE A Windward Parapet
Exterior Face Wall Studs
p = qp((GCp) (GCpi)) (Eq 30.9-1)
With Positive Internal Pressure
Zone 4 = Zone 5
P = (30.65 psf)((0.9)-(0.18)) = 22.06 psf
With Negative Internal Pressure
Zone 4 = Zone 5
p = (30.65 psf)((0.9)-(-0.18)) = 33.10 psf
Page 96 of 126
Apply to Tributary Area, not Effective Wind Area
33.10 psf(1.33) = 44.12 plf
Interior Face (roof side) Parapet Studs
p = qp((GCp) (GCpi)) (Eq 30.9-1)
Zone 2 (Zone 3 also treated as Zone 2)
p = (30.65 psf)((-1.8)-(0.18)) = -60.69 psf
Zone 2 (Zone 3 also treated as Zone 2)
p = (30.65 psf)((-1.8)-(-0.18)) = -40.65 psf
-60.69 psf(1.33) = -80.72 plf
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 97 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
CASE B Leeward Parapet

Interior Face Parapet Studs (load toward parapet)
p = qp((GCp) (GCpi)) (Eq 30.9-1)
Substitute Zone 4 and Zone 5 pressures for roof
Zone 2 and Zone 3 pressures, respectively. Zone
4 = Zone 5
P = (30.65 psf)((0.9)-(0.18)) = 22.06 psf
Zone 4 = Zone 5
p = (30.65 psf)((0.9)-(-0.18)) = 33.10 psf
33.10 psf(1.33) = 44.12 plf
Page 98 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Exterior Face Wall Studs (load away from parapet)

p = qp((GCp) (GCpi)) (Eq 30.9-1)
Zone 4 pressure
p = (30.65 psf)((-1.0)-(0.18)) = -36.17 psf
Zone 5 pressure
p = (30.65 psf)((-1.26)-(0.18)) = -44.14 psf
Zone 4 pressure
p = (30.65 psf)((-1.0)-(-0.18)) = -25.13 psf
Zone 5 pressure
p = (30.65 psf)((-1.26)-(-0.18)) = -33.10 psf
Page 99 of 126
Zone 4
-36.17 psf(1.33) = -48.11 plf
Zone 5
-44.14 psf(1.33) = -58.71 plf
Summary
Exterior Wall Studs extended past roof into parapet:
Zone 4: 44.12 plf (toward building)
Zone 4: -48.11 plf (away from building)
Zone 5 is anything within 10ft of the corner
Zone 5: 44.12 plf (toward building)
Zone 5: -58.71 plf (away from building)
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 100 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Interior (roof side) Parapet Studs

Zone 4: 44.13 plf (toward parapet)
Zone 4: -80.72 plf (away from parapet)
Zone 5 is anything within 10ft of the corner
Zone 5: 44.13 plf (toward parapet)
Zone 5: -80.92 plf (away from parapet)
Page 101 of 126
Example-Rooftop Equip. (MWFRS)

Rooftop Equipment for Buildings (MWFRS)
(Section 29.5.1)
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Office Building same as previous

Plan Dimensions: 10 wide x 20 long
RTU Height: 4 over 1 tall curb
Projected Height: 4+1=5
Lateral Force: Fh = qh(GCr)Af (Lb) (Eq 29.5-2)
Vertical Force: Fv = qh(GCr)Ar (Lb) (Eq 29.5-3)
qh calculated at mean roof height of building
Kh @ h = 40, Kh = 1.04 (Table 29.3-1)
Use Kd for building NOT Kd for rectangular Other Structures
Page 102 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Kd = 0.85 (Table 26.6-1)

Other parameters as previously defined for building
qh = 0.00256(1.04)(1.00)(0.85)(115)2 = 29.93 psf
HORIZONTAL WIND FORCE
Check projected area of side compared with least
projected area of building
B*h = 100(40) = 8000 ft2
Af (max) = 20(5) = 100 ft2
Af <0.1Bh: 100 ft2 < 800 ft2
GCr = 1.9
Fh = (29.93 psf)(1.9)(Af) = 56.87 psf(Af) < 16 psf(Af)
Minimum Load from Section 29.8
Fh = (29.93 psf)(1.9)(100 ft2) = 5687Lbs(Eq 29.5-2)
Page 103 of 126

Perpendicular to long side
Fh = (29.93 psf)(1.9)(50 ft2) = 2843 Lbs (Eq 29.5-2)
Parallel to long side
Horizontal wind forces applied to geometric center of
vertical projected plane of unit
VERTICAL WIND FORCE
Check projected area of roof compared with that of
building
B*L = 100(200) = 20,000 ft2
Ar = 20(10) = 200 ft2
Ar <0.1BL: 200 ft2 < 2,000 ft2
GCr = 1.5
Fv = (29.93 psf)(1.5)(200 ft2) = 8979Lbs(Eq 29.5-2)
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 104 of 126

Vertical Up
Vertical wind forces applied to geometric center of
horizontal projected plane of unit
Note: The UPLIFT pressure on the top of the rooftop
equipment acts SIMULTANEOUSLY with either the Lateral
pressure parallel to or perpendicular to the long edge of the
rooftop equipment or structure.
The same procedure is used for a roof-mounted penthouse.
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 105 of 126
Example-Rooftop Equip. (C & C)

Rooftop Equipment for Buildings (C&C)
(Section 30.11)
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Loads for Designing the Equipment cabinet enclosure or the

wall components for a penthouse
Lateral C & C pressures
Fh = 5687 Lbs (from previous)
C & C Lateral Loads: Fh/Af = 5687 Lbs/100 ft2 = 56.87 psf
Load is applied toward or away from unit on all sides
C & C Vertical Loads: Fv/Ar = 8979 Lbs/200 ft2 = 44.90 psf
Load is applied only in the Upward direction, away from
the top of the unit
Page 106 of 126
Example-Rooftop Equip. (C & C)
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Personal Recommendation (Not in the Standard)

If the unit is large (over 200 ft2), consider a minimum
downward wind load.
C & C Loading from Figure 30.4-2A
GCp = 0.2 (downward component)
Fv = qhGCp = (29.93psf)(0.2) = 6 psf
For higher wind loads and low snow loads,
particularly less than 10 psf, this may produce a
controlling load combination
Page 107 of 126
Example-Roof Overhang (MWFRS)

Roof Overhang (MWFRS) (Section 29.7)
Equipment Building
L = 60 ft., B = 30 ft.
Eave Height: 10 ft.
Overhang Width: 3 ft.
Roof Slope: 4.375:12 ( = 20
)
Ridge parallel to 60 side
Exposure Category: C
Average Building Height: h = 13.28 < 15
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Section 29.7 references Section 27.4.4 for

directional procedure for MWFRS Roof Overhang
load determination.
Page 108 of 126

Use Cp = 0.8 in Eq 27.4-1 for determining roof and wall
loads over and adjacent to roof overhang
p = qGCp-qi(GCpi) (psf) (Eq 27.4-1)
G = 0.85 (rigid structure) (Section 26.9)
Kzt = 1.00 (for complex)
Kd = 0.85 (Building MWFRS)(Table 26.6-1)
V = 115 mph (for complex)
Kz @ z = 10 for soffit, Kz = 0.85 (Table 27.3-1)
qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2 (psf) (Eq 27.3-1)
qz = 0.00256(0.85)(1.00)(0.85)(115)2 = 24.46 psf
GCpi = 0.18 (Enclosed building)(Figure 26.11-1)
Transverse Wind Loading governs, by Inspection
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 109 of 126

Pressure on underside of roof overhang
p = (24.46 psf)(0.85)(0.8) (24.46 psf)(0.18)
p = 12.23 psf (positive internal pressure)
p = (24.46 psf)(0.85)(0.8) (24.46 psf)(-0.18)
p = 21.04 psf (negative internal pressure)
Enter Figure 27.4-1 for pressures on windward roof
h/L = 13.28/60 = 0.22 < 0.25
Cp = 0.2 (Condition 1)
Cp = -0.3 (Condition 2)
Condition 1
p = (24.46 psf)(0.85)(0.2) (24.46 psf)(0.18)
p = 0.24 psf (positive internal pressure)
p = (24.46 psf)(0.85)(0.2) (24.46 psf)(-0.18)
p = 8.56 psf (negative internal pressure)
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 110 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Condition 2
p = (24.46 psf)(0.85)(-0.3) (24.46 psf)(0.18)
p = -10.64 psf (positive internal pressure)
p = (24.46 psf)(0.85)(-0.3) (24.46 psf)(-0.18)
p = -1.83 psf (negative internal pressure)
Combine Top & Bottom Pressures with Same Internal
Pressure Conditions
Note: signs indicate pressure toward or away
from surface
Change signs so (+) is up, globally
Change signs so (-) is down, globally
Page 111 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Positive Internal Pressure

povh = 12.23 psf - 0.24 psf = 11.99 psf
povh = 12.23 psf + 10.64 psf = 22.87 psf
overall povh is upward
Negative Internal Pressure
povh = 21.04 psf 8.56 psf = 12.48 psf
povh = 21.04 psf + 1.83 psf = 22.87 psf
overall povh is upward
Note: Net effect of internal pressures is zero so
that the total uplift on the overhang is the same.
Page 112 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Overall pressure on the Leeward Overhang is

calculated the same way, but uses the negative
pressure on the wall immediately adjacent to
the overhang for downward pressures on soffit.
By inspection, total force on windward
overhang will control.
Page 113 of 126
Example-Roof Overhang
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 114 of 126
Example-Roof Overhang (C & C)

Roof Overhang (C & C) (Section 30.10)
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Equipment Building
Unless otherwise listed, parameters are
identical to those for the MWFRS calculations
Determine C & C loads for overhangs of roof
trusses, spaced at 2-0 o.c.
p = qh[(GCp) (GCpi)] psf (Eq 30.10-1)
Kd = 0.85 (Building C&C) (Table 26.6-1)
All other parameters for qh are same as for
MFWRS
Page 115 of 126

qh = 0.00256(0.85)(1.00)(0.85)(115)2 = 24.46 psf
Enter Figure 30.4-2B for Roof Overhang C & C coefficients
Determine Effective Wind Area of Studs
Greater of Tributary Area or Effective Width
Effective Wind Area Definition (Section 26.2)
Greater of 2.0 or (governs)
Length/3 = 3/3 = 1.00
Effective Wind Area: 3x2 = 6.00 ft2
If Effective Wind Area > 700 ft2, use MFWRS loads
Determine a distance (Figure 30.4-1 and 30.4-2A)
Lesser of 10% of B = 0.10(30) = 3 and 0.4h =
0.4(13.28) = 5.31
3 governs
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 116 of 126

Not less than the greater of 4% of B = 0.04(30) = 1.2
or 3 (3 controls)
a = 3 (equal to width of overhang; therefore, Zone 1
pressures are not applicable to any part of the
overhang)
Zone 2: GCp = -2.2
p = (24.46 psf)[(-2.2) (0.18)] = -58.21 psf
with positive internal building pressure
p = (24.46 psf)[(-2.2) (-0.18)] = -49.41 psf
with negative internal building pressure
Zone 3: GCp = -3.7
p = (24.46 psf)[(-3.7) (0.18)] = -94.90 psf
with positive internal building pressure
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 117 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
p = (24.46 psf)[(-3.7) (-0.18)] = -86.10 psf

with negative internal building pressure
For the overhang portion of the truss:
Tributary Width = 2
Upward force on the entire truss end is:
Zone 2: (-58.21 psf)(2) = -116.42 plf
(upward)
Zone 3: (-94.90 psf)(2) = -189.90 plf
(upward)
These are NOT the loads on the soffit material .
Page 118 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Section 30.10 states that the external coefficient for the

covering on the underside of the roof overhang (soffit) is the
same as the external pressure coefficient on the adjacent
wall surface, determined from Figure 30.4-1 or Figure 30.61, as applicable.
Use of the GCp with negative internal pressure yields the
greatest upward load on the material on the underside of
the overhang on the windward wall.
Use of the GCp with positive internal pressure yields the
greatest downward load on the material on the
underside of the overhang on the leeward wall.
For this building, assuming effective wind area is the
same as for the truss overhang:
Page 119 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Windward Wall Soffit Material (Figure 30.4-1)

Zone 4 and Zone 5: GCp = +1.0
p = (24.46 psf)[(1.0) (-0.18)] = 28.86 psf
acting upward
Leeward Wall Soffit Material (Figure 30.4-1)
Zone 4: GCp = -1.1
p = (24.46 psf)[(-1.1) (0.18)] = -31.31 psf
(acting downward)
Zone 5: GCp = -1.4
p = (24.46 psf)[(-1.4) (0.18)] = -38.65 psf
(acting downward)
Page 120 of 126
Example- Chemical SILO (MWFRS)

Chemical Silo (Other Structure MWFRS)
(Section 29.5)
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Silo Dimensions: h = 20, D = 5.0

Welded Steel Tank: smooth sides, no ladder
Roof Slope: 1:12 (conical)
Maximum rise: 2.5 inches (consider
contribution to wind load, negligible)
Unless otherwise listed, parameters for
calculation of qz are identical to those for the
MWFRS calculations for equipment building.
F = qzGCfAf Lbs (Eq 29.5-1)
Page 121 of 126
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 122 of 126

qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2 (psf)
Kz = 0.90 (Building C&C) (Table 29.3-1)
Kd = 0.95 (Circular Tanks) (Table 26.6-1)
G = 0.85 (Rigid Structure) (Section 26.9)
qz = 0.00256(0.90)(1.00)(0.95)(115)2 = 28.95 psf
Go to Table 29.5-1
D/ qz = 5/Sqrt(28.95psf) = 0.93 < 2.5
Go to bottom row
h/D = 20/5 = 4.0
Must interpolate between h/D=1.0 and h/D= 7.0
Cf = 0.75
F = (28.95 psf)(0.85)(0.75) Af = (18.45 psf)Af
F = (18.45 psf)Af < (16psf)Af
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 123 of 126

Af = 5x20 = 100 ft2
F = (18.45 psf)(100 ft2) = 1845 Lbs
This is conservative, OR calculate F for increase in
pressure as height increases
q15 = 0.00256(0.85)(1.00)(0.95)1152 = 27.34 psf
q(15-20)= 0.00253(0.90)(1.00)(0.95) (115)2 = 28.95 psf
For 0-15: D/ qz = 5/Sqrt(27.34psf) = 0.96 < 2.5
Cf = 0.75
F0-15 = (27.34 psf)(0.85)(0.75)Af = 17.43 psf Af > 16 psf Af
F0-15 = (17.43 psf)(5)(15) = 1307 Lbs.
F15-20 = (18.45 psf)(5)(5) = 461 Lbs.
Total F on Silo: 1307 Lbs + 461 Lbs = 1768 Lbs
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 124 of 126

Conservative OTM: (1845 Lbs)(10) = 18,450 ft-lbs
More Detailed OTM: (1307 Lbs)(15/2)+(461
Lbs)(15+5/2) = 17,870 ft-lbs
The taller the structure is, the more important it is to
use the stepped wind force approach.
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 125 of 126
Questions
Wind Webinar #3
26 February 2013
Page 126 of 126

Asce Wind Load Examples PDF

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Asce Wind Load Examples PDF

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

WIND WEBINAR SERIES #3:

ASCE 7 10 Wind Loads for Signs, Other

Robert Paullus, P.E., S.E., SECB

Wind Loads for Solid Signs,

Section 29.1.2 - Conditions

Section 26.2.2 - BUILDING OR OTHER

Section 29.1.2 - Conditions

Section 29.1.3 Limitations

Section 29.1.3 Limitations

Section 29.1.4 Shielding

2. Reductions are afforded for Terrain

Steps to Determine Wind Loads

2. Be careful to use qz or qh, as directed

Section 29.4.1 Solid Freestanding Walls

2. Research is being conducted at Texas

Section 29.4.1 Solid Freestanding Walls

4. If the area of openings exceeds 30% of

Section 29.4.1 Solid Freestanding Walls

a. qh = the velocity pressure evaluated at

h = top of the wall or sign

Note: qh is at the top of the sign or wall

Section 29.4.1 Solid Freestanding Walls

b. G = gust-effect factor from Section 26.9

Section 29.4.1 Solid Freestanding Walls

Section 29.4.1 Solid Freestanding Walls

returns at the ends

Section 29.4.1 Solid Freestanding Walls

Section 29.4.1 2 - Solid Attached Signs

The plane of the sign is parallel to and in

Section 29.4.1 2 - Solid Attached Signs

Procedure can also be used for

Sign must be parallel to the supporting wall.

Top of the supporting wall.

Side Edges of the supporting wall

Section 29.5: Design Wind LoadsOther

Section 29.5: Design Wind LoadsOther

Section 29.5: Design Wind LoadsOther

Section 29.5-1 Rooftop Structures and

structures on buildings > 60 feet.

Section 29.5-1 Rooftop Structures and

Basic Equation: (Eq 29.5-2)

Section 29.5-1 Rooftop Structures and

Lateral Wind force on Rooftop Structures

Note, qh is at the mean roof height and Kd

Section 29.5-1 Rooftop Structures and

Basic Equation: (Eq 29.5-3)

Section 29.5-1 Rooftop Structures and

Vertical Wind force on Rooftop Structures

Note qh is at the mean roof height and Kd in

Section 30.11 Component & Cladding

Forces (psf) shall be considered to act inward

Section 30.11 Component & Cladding

The pressures are ONLY required to be

Section 30.11 Component & Cladding

Vertical Wind Load would act in addition to

Section 29.6 Parapets (MWFRS)

Wind loads on parapets are specified in

Section 29.6 Parapets (MWFRS)

Chapter 28 uses the velocity pressure

Section 27.4.5 - Parapets

Rigid or Flexible Buildings

Applies to Flat, Gable, or Hip Roofs