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DIgSILENT GmbH
Generator
Energa
Cintica
Turbina
Generador
Energa
Mecnica
Energa
Elctrica
Pw =
1
3
c p Avw
2
American
Two blades
One blade
Darrieus
Dutch-Type
=RR/vt
Wind Power Integration - Generator Concepts
Control de la Turbina
Conceptos
Aerodinmica
F
Fl
vt=R
Fd
vw
vr
Stall
vt=R
>krit
vr
vw
Pitching
Fl
vt=R
vr
vw
Control de Stall:
Control de Stall pasivo:
La potencia de la turbina es limitada por la caracterstica aerodinmica
de la turbina
Control de Stall activo:
La potencia de la turbina es limitada adicionalmente reduciendo el
ngulo de ataque (pitch angle) => aumentando inflow angle
Control de Pitch:
Potencia de la turbina es limitada incrementando el ngulo de ataque
(pitch angle) => reduciendo el inflow angle
Control de Stall
Bajo costo
Rpida limitacin de la potencia activa
Se puede operar con velocidad fija o variable
Control de Pitch:
Control mas preciso de la potencia activa
Se requiere operacin con velocidad variable
Velocidad fija
Velocidad variable
P=Prated
Start
=
r R
vT
Cierra interruptor
Cierra interruptor
kW
passive stall
Variable speed/pitch
Tecnologas
de los Generadores
DIgSILENT
0.20
0.40
[s]
0.60
0.20
0.40
[s]
0.60
0.20
0.40
[s]
0.60
80.00
40.00
0.00
-40.00
-80.00
-120.00
0.00
Cub_0.1\PQ PCC: Active Power in p.u.
Cub_0.1\PQ PCC: Reactive Power in p.u.
1.06
1.04
1.02
1.00
0.98
0.00
GWT: Speed
DIgSILENT
0.50
1.00
1.50
[s]
2.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
[s]
2.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
[s]
2.00
80.00
40.00
0.00
-40.00
-80.00
-120.00
0.00
Cub_0.1\PQ PCC: Active Power in p.u.
Cub_0.1\PQ PCC: Reactive Power in p.u.
1.06
1.04
1.02
1.00
0.98
0.00
GWT: Speed
10
Generadores de Induccin
IG
Grid
Gear Box
11
DIgSILENT
Rotor Resistance
2.00
1.00
0.00
-1.00
1.000
x-Axis:
1.040
GWT: Speed in p.u.
GWT: Electrical Torque in p.u.
GWT: Electrical Torque in p.u.
GWT: Electrical Torque in p.u.
1.080
1.120
1.160
1.200
12
is
rs
us
xs
1:e j
xm
r t
xr
rr
ir
ur
13
Qref
Vref
Qref
Ptot
V
P-I
Qtot
idref
iqref
P-I
idref
iqref
id
id
iq
md
Crow-bar
P-I
P-I
rotor-side
converter
mq
md
Chopper
iq
mq
grid-side
converter
Blocking
Wind Power Integration - Generator Concepts
14
1,2
P/Sn
Pn
0,8
0,4
with contribution
from Grid-Side Converter
0,2
0
-1,2
-0,8
-0,4
0,4
0,8
Q/Sn 1,2
Theoretical characteristic
Const. cos(phi)-characteristic
Const. Q-characteristic
Wind Power Integration - Generator Concepts
DIgSILENT
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
[s]
0.60
0.20
0.40
[s]
0.60
0.20
0.40
[s]
0.60
75.00
50.00
25.00
0.00
-25.00
-50.00
-75.00
0.00
Cub_1\PCC PQ: Active Power in p.u.
Cub_1\PCC PQ: Reactive Power in p.u.
1.275
1.250
1.225
1.200
1.175
1.150
0.00
G1d: Speed
15
DIgSILENT
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
[s]
2.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
[s]
2.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
[s]
2.00
75.00
50.00
25.00
0.00
-25.00
-50.00
-75.00
0.00
Cub_1\PCC PQ: Active Power in p.u.
Cub_1\PCC PQ: Reactive Power in p.u.
1.275
1.250
1.225
1.200
1.175
1.150
0.00
G1d: Speed
SG/IG
16
SG/I
G
1,2
Pn
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
-1,2
-0,8
-0,4
0,4
0,8
Q/Sn 1,2
Theoretical characteristic
Const. cos(phi)-characteristic
Const. Q-characteristic
Wind Power Integration - Generator Concepts
17
DIgSILENT
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
[s]
0.60
0.20
0.40
[s]
0.60
0.20
0.40
[s]
0.60
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
-20.00
0.00
Cub_1\PCC PQ: Active Power in p.u.
Cub_1\PCC PQ: Reactive Power in p.u.
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.00
Generator: speed
DIgSILENT
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
[s]
0.60
0.20
0.40
[s]
0.60
0.20
0.40
[s]
0.60
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
-20.00
0.00
Cub_1\PCC PQ: Active Power in p.u.
Cub_1\PCC PQ: Reactive Power in p.u.
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.00
Generator: speed
18
Variable speed
Gearbox
1,2
Stator current
Pn
0,8
0,6
Excitation current
0,4
0,2
0
-1,2
-0,8
-0,4
0,4
0,8
Q/Sn 1,2
Reactive Capability
19
Variable Speed
Fixed Speed
Stall
Induction
Generator
Active Stall
Induction
Generator
No Q-control
Induction
Generator with
Variable Rotor
Resistance
(Opti-slip)
No Q-control
DFIG
Q-control
Fully rated
converter
SG
Q-control
Clculo de Corto-Circuitos
Contribucin de los WTGs a la Falla
20
21
Planning Conditions
Simplified Methods
(IEC, ANSI, ...)
Reduced Set of Data
Complete Method,
Comprehensive set of data
Method 1:
Equivalent Voltage Source at
the fault location
Method 2.1:
Superposition
Method
I"k, Uki
"
m, n
ip
Ib
Method 2.2:
Solution of Diff.
Equation
ik(t)
Ik
Ith
47
Current
Upper Amplitude
ib
iDC
ib
2 2Ib
Lower Amplitude2
2Ib
48
22
Magnitudes bsicas:
Ik"
Ik
X/R_p
X/R_b
Magnitudes derivadas
Peak (Make) Current
ip = 2(1.02 + 0.98exp(-3/(X/R_p)))Ik"
ip
ib
Ib
iDC = 2Ik"exp(2ftb/(X/R_b))
ib = 2Ib + iDC
Ib = Ik' + (Ik" - Ik')exp(-25tb)
49
Mtodo IEC60909/VDE
Mtodo Completo
23