Works Cited

Primary Source:
Aeschylus. Persians. Aeschylus, Persians. Ed. Herbert Weir Smyth. Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph.
D., Ed., n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2014. <http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus
%3Atext%3A1999.01.0012>. Primary Source
Aristotle. The Athenian Constitution. N.d. The Internet Classical Archive. Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Massachusetts. The Internet Classical Archive. Web. 11 Nov.
2014. <http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.1.1.html>. Primary Source
- - -. The Politics. 340 BCE. Ancient History Sourcebook. Fordham University, New York.
Ancient History Sourcebook. Web. 26 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/aristotle-politics1.asp>.
Thucydides, and Richard Crawley. The History of the Peloponnesian War. N.d. The Internet
Classics Archive. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts. The First Book.
The Internet Classics Archive. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.
<http://classics.mit.edu/Thucydides/pelopwar.1.first.html>.
Herodotus, The History of Herodotus, George Rawlinson, tr. vol. 4 (New York: D.
Appleman and Company, 1885), bk. 7 Throughout the Persian and Greek wars there were
many different battles that ensued between the two nations, in which one of the most
memorable and strategically placed was that of Thermopylae, or the Hot Gates. This was
where the two armies meet one one side was the Persian horde lead by their king Xerxes
and the other the Greek army lead by Leonidas, in which was a coalition of different city
state soldiers. The source then recounts in detail the events of the battle from the start, in

which the Greeks learn of the incoming Persian army, to the finish, in which Leonidas
and his fellow Spartans are killed.
Herodotus, The History of Herodotus, George Rawlinson, tr. vol. 4 (New York: D.
Appleman and Company, 1885), bk. 7
Herodotus. The History of Herodotus. 430 BCE. Sacred Texts. Web. 23 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hh/>. Primary source
Plutarch. The Ancient Customs of the Spartans. N.d. Loeb Classical Library, Chicago.
Pp423u2011449 of Vol. III. The Library of History. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.
<http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Instituta_Laconi
ca*.html>.
The Life of Themistocles. N.d. Chicago University, Loeb Classical Library. The Life of
Themistocles. Web. 10 Nov. 2014.
<http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Themistocles*.htm
l>. Primary Source
The Republic of Plato. James Adam. 1902. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press.
Siculus, Diodorus. Book XII (beginning). N.d. Loeb Classical Library, Chicago. The Library
of History. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.
<http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/12A*.html#7>.

Secondary and Tertiary Sources:

The Battle of Marathon. History. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Feb. 2015.

<http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/ancient-greece/videos/the-battle-ofmarathon#>.
Battle of Marathon. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon>.
Battle of Salamis. Spy Glass Hill Molossian Naval Academy. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.molossia.org/milacademy/salamis.html>. The battle of Salamis is one of the
key battle of the Persian and Greek war, it was when the greater Persian navy was
defeated by a smaller better equipped navy of the Greek coalition. In the battle the Greek
general Themistocles was able to persuade the Greek navy to remain at Salamis and not
flee, but stand and fight against the Persians. In the battle Themistocles was able to
convince the Persians that the Greeks were fighting among themselves and that they
would soon fall to their own blades rather than Persian. The Persian king took the bait
and sent his navy out with less force than was needed. The Persian ships were soon
caught in a vice since the Greeks had hidden another fleet out of sight around the corner
of an island and when the Persians came descended upon them
a destroyed the Persian navy. This was a decisive victory because it destroyed most of the
navy and helped destroy the amount of supplies and information that got to the Persian by
sea.
The Brilliance of Themistocles. Youtube. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Feb. 2015.
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=oKxuAerW9YQ&list=PLJr11zR9SSMEHAxRiFPZutFtEvi5FJgmK&index=1>.

Burn, Andrew Robert. Themistocles. Encyclopedia Britannica. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/590513/Themistocles>.
Cartwright, Mark. Thermopylae. Ancient History Encyclopedia. N.p., 16 Apr. 2013. Web. 8
Dec. 2014. <http://www.ancient.eu/thermopylae/>.
First Invasion of Greece. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Persian_invasion_of_Greece>.
Greek-Persian Wars (490 bce479 bce). Gale Encyclopedia of World History: War. Vol. 1.
Detroit: Gale, 2008. World History in Context. Web. 3 Oct. 2014. The source entitles the
eventual rise of the Persian empire and the rise of Darius to the position of king , with the
rest of the Persian empire being pulled back together. Darius slowly expanded his empire
and created the Persian empire to its old boundaries and borders, that included some of
the greek settlements that were along the coast, who rebelled. Athens provided help to the
revolutionists which angered the Persians and lead to the launching of an invasion of
Greece. More or less than half of the Persian army was destroyed in a storm, Darius after
a while then sent an even stronger force and was then defeated at the battle of Marathon.
Darius died before another invasion could be launched and the next king in line Xerxes
waited and then followed suit and launched another invasion of Greece.
Haskew, Michael E. Greco-Persian Wars: Xerxes Invasion. Historynet.com. Military History,
n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2014. <http://www.historynet.com/greco-persian-wars-xerxesinvasion.htm>. Throughout the entire war the Persian army always had a greater size than
the Greeks, usual encounters had the Greeks at a 10:1 ratio of force size. Even though
they didnt have the superiority with size the Greeks still compensated with having the
greater courage, honor and determination to stop the Persians and their conquest of the

Greek homeland. At the end of the war the Persian King Xerxes found that is was
improbable and nearly impossible to govern Persia from a far and retreated back to the
Persian mainland, later a treaty was enacted between the Greeks and the Persians
Leonidas. History. The History Channel, n.d. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/leonidas>.
On This Day: Athens Defeats Persian Army at the Battle of Marathon. Finding Dulcinea. N.p.,
12 Sept. 2011. Web. 8 Dec. 2014. <http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-thisday/September-October-08/On-this-Day--Athens-Defeats-Persian-Army-at-the-Battle-ofMarathon.html>.
Persian Empire (cyrus). Youtube. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Feb. 2015.
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4_4QC3xXBI>.
Persian War Timline. Lake Forest College. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2014.
<http://campus.lakeforest.edu/academics/greece/PersWarsTL.html>. Cyrus died and the
King Darius came into power with control over all of the four parts of the Assyrian
empire. The Greek colonies/city states tried to resist the rule but were conquered. Athens
provided help which angered the Persians and lead to the launching of an invasion of
Greece. More or less than half of the Persian army was destroyed in a storm, Darius after
a while then sent an even stronger force and was then defeated at the battle of Marathon.
Darius died before another invasion could be launched and the next king in line Xerxes
waited and then followed suit and launched another invasion of Greece. The king was
again defeated and peace treaties were signed between the two countries and peace
ensued.

Second Inavasion of Greece. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece>.
Spartan Boot Camp: Killing Machines. History. The History Channel, n.d. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/sparta/videos/spartan-boot-camp-killingmachines>.
Sparta Weapons. Ancient Military. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.ancientmilitary.com/spartan-weapons.htm>.
Wikipedia. Ancient Persia. Ancient History Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.ancient.eu/Persia/>.
Windrow, Martin, ed. Men At Arms Series. London: Osprey Publishing Ltd, 1992. Print. Vol. 69
of The Greek and Persian Wars 500-323BC. Men At Arms Series 69.
Xerxes I. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 8 Dec. 2014.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I>.