21043-Level 7 Algebra PDF

ALGEBRA
92
Algebra Revision
Chapter 6
Inequalities
107
Chapter 7
Simultaneous Equations
119
Chapters
Sequences
141
Chapter 9
Algebra Review
159
91
Algebra Revision
REVISION
DIVISIBILITY
A number is divisible by 2 if it is an even number

divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3
divisible by 4 if the number formed from the last two digits is
divisible by 4
divisible by 5 if the last digit is 0 or 5
divisible by 6 if it is divisible by both 2 and 3
divisible by 8 if the number formed from the last three digits is
divisible by 8
divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9
divisible by 10 if the last digit is 0.
SPECIAL NUMBERS
A prime number is divisible by just two numbers, itself and 1.

The first few prime numbers are 2,3,5,7,11,13.
The multiples of a number are found by multiplying the number by each of 1,2,3,4, 5,
6,... For instance, the first few multiples of 5 are 5,10,15,20.
A factor of a given number is a number that divides exactly into the given number. For
instance, the factors of 20 are 1,2,4,5,10,20.
A square number is formed when a number is multiplied by itself. For instance, since
2x2 = 4 then 4 is a square number.
SEQUENCES
A sequence is a list of numbers such as 3, 7,11,15,... There is usually a relationship

between the numbers.
The first number of a sequence is called the first term, the second number is called the
second term, the third number is called the third term, and so on.
Sequences are sometimes based on the following special numbers - odd numbers, even
numbers, squares, cubes, multiples.
The terms of a sequence are sometimes found by adding the same number to each previous
term or by multiplying each previous term by the same number.
For instance 1,4,9,16,... is a sequence of square numbers
2,5,8,11,... is a sequence in which each term is 3 more than the
previous term.
92
continued.
Algebra Revision
. from previous page
The Fibonacci Sequence is 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,... The first two terms are 1,1. Each
term after this is found by adding the two previous terms.
Many sequences can be found in Pascal's Triangle. The first few rows of this are:
1
1
1
1
2
1331
14641
In Pascal's triangle the numbers down the left and right-hand sides are always 1. That is,
each row begins and ends with 1. All other numbers are the sum of the two numbers
immediately above on the previous row.
EXPRESSIONS. FORMULAE. EQUATIONS

x + 3 is an expression.
a = x + 3 is a formula. The value of a depends on the value of x.
Replacing a letter with a number is called substituting in a formula.

For instance, if we are told x = 6 in the formula a = x + 3, then replacing x by 6 we
get a = 6 + 3
-9.
2p - 4 = 1 is an equation, p can have only one value; p = 2-5.
SIMPLIFYING EXPRESSIONS
ab means a x b
2a means 2 x a
a2 means a x a
ba is the same as ab
5a + 2a can be simplified to 7a
5a + 3b - a + 2b can be simplified to 4a + 5b
When we remove the brackets from 5 (2a - 3) we get lOa - 15.
93
continued.
Algebra Revision
. .. from previous page
SOLVING EQUATIONS
Three methods of solving equations are: trial and improvement, flowchart method,
balance method.
The flowchart method for solving 2a - 4 = 1 is shown below.

Begin with a |x 2|*- 2a >|_4|- 2a-4
2-5 ^EK 5 1+3 Begin with 1
Hence a = 2-5.
The balance method for solving 2a-4=l is shown below.
2a-4 = 1
2a = 5 (adding 4 to both sides)
a = 2-5 (dividing both sides by 2)
We would take these steps to solve 2a - 4 = 1 using trial and improvement.
Guess a likely answer.
Check to see if this answer is correct.
Make another guess and so on.
The "trial and improvement" method for finding the solution (to 1 d.p.) for the
equation 2x3 -1=9 is shown below.
Try x = 1. If x = 1,2x3 -1 = 1 which is less than 9.
Try x = 2. If x = 2,2x3 -1 = 15 which is greater than 9.
Since 9 lies between 1 and 15, then the solution must be between 1 and 2.
Tryx= 1-5. Ifx = l-5,2x3 -! = 5-75 which is less than 9.
Tryx= 1-8. If x = l-8,2x3 -! = 10-664 which is greater than 9.
Tryx = 1-7. Ifx = l-7,2x3 -1 = 8-826 which is less than 9.
The solution lies between 1-7 and 1-8. Since 8-826 is closer to 9 than is 10-664, the
solution to 1 d.p. is x = 1-7.
When solving an equation always check your solution by substituting your solution
back into the equation. For instance, to check that p = 3-5 is the solution for
6p + 1 = 22 proceed as follows:
If p = 3-5 then 6p + 1 = 6 x 3-5 + 1
= 22 Correct.
Take the following steps to solve a problem using equations.
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Choose a variable such as n or x for the unknown quantity.

Rewrite the statements in mathematical symbols.
Combine these statements into an equation.
Solve the equation.
Check the answer with the information in the problem.
94
continued...
Algebra Revision
COORDINATES. DRAWING a LINE

The x-axis is the horizontal axis.
The y-axis is the vertical axis.
The coordinates of a point are a pair of numbers
such as (3, -2).
The first number is the x-coordinate; the second
number is the y-coordinate.
For the point P (3, -2), the x-coordinate is 3 and the y-coordinate is -2.
The graph of a straight line may be drawn as follows.

Step! Find the coordinates of three points on the line.
Step 2 Plot these points.
Step 3 Draw the line that passes through these points.
Note: The line could be drawn by plotting just two points but for greater accuracy it is
wise to plot three points.
For instance, to draw the line y = 2x + 1 proceed as follows.

Choose three values forx,say-l,0,1. Substitute these values for x into y = 2x+l to
find the corresponding values of y; see the table below. Now plot the points (-1, -1),
(0,!),(!, 3) and draw the line that goes through these points; see the graph below.
-i
-i
= 2x fl
The lines y = 2x, y = 2x + 1, y = 2x + 5 etc. are all parallel since the number
multiplying the x is the same for all of them.
The lines y = x + 4, y = 2x + 4, y = 5x + 4 etc. all meet the y-axis at the same place
since the number added is the same for all of them.
95
Algebra Revision
REVISION EXERCISE
1. Find the missing term in these sequences.
(a) 1, D, 9,16,25,...
(b) 1,2, D, 8,16,...
(c) 1, 8, D, 64,125,
(d) 1,8,0,22,29,...
2.
65742
54627
46725
36472
47236
56664
67348
72654
Which number in this list is divisible by both 3 and 8?

3. (a) John's lucky number is n.
Daniel's lucky number is twice John's.
Beverley's lucky number is three less than Daniel's.
Write an expression for Beverley's lucky number.
(b) Five added to twice Beverley's lucky number is 23.
Write and solve an equation to find Beverley's lucky number.
4. Stacy is baking chocolate cakes for the

school fair.
The first one took her 35 minutes.
The next ones each took 20 minutes.
35,55,75 are the first 3 terms of the
sequence that gives the total time
Stacy took.
(a) What is the sixth term of this sequence?
(b) Stacy had allowed 4 hours to bake these cakes,
How many could she bake in this time?
5. Simplify the following.

(a) ax a
(b) a + a
(c)
3n-2n
(d) 4n-n-n
(e) 2a x 5b
(f)
5a-3n-a + 2n
96
Algebra Revision
6. Use a method of your choice to solve these equations.
(a) 2n = 15
(b) 2 + n = 15
(c)
4(2n-3) = 15
(d) 7n-2n =
(e)
(f)
--1 = 5
(g)
3(n-7) +
7n-3 = 5n
=n
Speed Graph
:-4- +-
_ ._
-_.___r.__
75 ..... .3:.. ....f-

__.______.. ______L-____t___,_
70:::-:::::::::::::::::: .-,I-T:_--_.._-_-_--_.^Z-__..____________________ .._._-_--._-..---_._..---../.-.-..-__
65 ................33:
7. Use this graph to answer the following

questions.
60 -- --,
-_,_-.
__/
55 ::-:: ::::B
(a) The speed limit through a village is

40mph. What is this in km/h?
50 .I........ ::.:...:
^
1
: ^::~::::: ::: :::: : : : : : _^ .-_ _L J_L __--.____,.____
| 45 .....|... .............
(b) How many miles per hour is a speed

of 40km/h equivalent to?
1*
.__
" ^" ----- ------- -
_ _,_ __,.---, __--, -_-
- --
'
I
p, 40 .......... ......... _,/-L_-J_-_- ---.-- _j_--_ --._--w
_____ ....i..x____
_ :r_ _ _
^ ------ -i [ -- ----- -_--_ --__.--
-u
(c) Sally and Rex both left Forth at the

same time. They travelled along the
B4277 to Tylorstown. Sally averaged
48mph; Rex averaged 78km/h.
Who arrived at Tylorstown first?
ic
-~-
- -
" -
- ----- ------ -~A

-.- ..._-
------- ^ .. - X
3 30 ::::::::::::::::-^|
25 ....T........^......
20 . -.|--|--,-
7_
x
15 - V--- r -
! !
!0 .....i... ...+...... I.
;:!::iEll|i^^^|:::
5 :^:-:::::::x:::::::: :_:___: _._ _____:_.._
^
-f-
z.
1
in
M "
i^ ?n
1 i
7"?
^n
miles per hour
8. Write down the first 5 terms of these sequences.
(a) First term equal to 1.

Every term is 3 more than the previous term.
(b) First term 2.
Every term is twice the previous term.
9. (a) Remove the brackets 3 (4n - 7)

(b) Remove the brackets and simplify 3 (4n - 7) + 2 (3 + 2n)
97
*<;
| !
dn
[1
.is
Algebra Revision
10. Drawup a set of axes. Label the x-axis from-6 to 10; label the y-axis from-5 to 5.
Plot each point in the following lists. Join the points in order, as you plot them.
(a) (5,2), (5, - 4)
(b) (-5,2), (-1,4), (9,4)
(c) (-5, - 4), (-1, -2)
(d) (-1,4), (-1, -2), (9, -2), (9,4), (5,2), (-5,2), (-5, -4), (5, - 4), (9, -2)
What do you get?
11. (a)
I am a factor of 36.
I am not a multiple of 4.
I am not a square number.
I am not a prime number.
I have one digit.
What number am I?
(b)
I am a factor of 36.
I am a multiple of 3.
The sum of my two digits is a square.
The product of my two digits is a cube.
What number am I?
12. C = 299 + 18d + 5 (d + 3). This formula gives

the cost of hiring a car for 7 days or longer.
C is the total cost in .
d is the number of days over 7.
Find the cost of hiring one of these cars for 11
days.
13. In words, give a rule that generates each of these sequences.

Test the rule, then write down the next three terms of each sequence.
(a) 500,50,5,0-5,...
(b) 3,6,12,24,...
(d) 3,12,27,48,...
(e) 1,1,2,3,5,8,...
14. Each of 4 classrooms contained the

same number of students. When 3
students left one of these rooms there
were 77 students left.
Write an equation for the number of
students originally in each classroom.
(Let this number be n.)
98
(c) 3,6,9,12,,
Algebra Revision
15. Marks (m) out of 80 can be changed to percentages (p) by using the relationship
p = l-25m.
m
(a) Copy and complete this table.
40
80
100
(b) Copy and complete these coordinates. (0, ), (40, ), (80,100).

(c) Draw the graph of p = l-25m for m between 0 and 80.
(d) On a test that was marked out of 80, three students were given the following marks:
Tamara - 76, Timothy - 28, Tewfik - 45.
Use the graph you drew in (c) to find the percentage marks for these students.
(Answers to the nearest %).
16. Neroli, Laxmi, Sara and Nabila all play

basketball.
In one match, Neroli scored x goals; Laxmi
scored 3 more than Neroli, Sara scored twice
the number Laxmi did and Nabila scored 3
less than double the number Neroli did.
Write expressions for the number of goals
Laxmi, Sara and Nabila scored.
17. Find the coordinates of three points on the graph of y = 2x -1. Draw the graph of the line
y = 2x-l.
18. Continue the sequence 8,13,18,... in two different ways.
19.
3x-l
(a) Write and solve an equation to find x.

(b) Find the length of this rectangle.
x+5
99
Algebra Revision
20. (a) Helen was using "trial and improvement" to solve the equation 2x3 = 40.
She wrote down this table of values.
5
3
4
2
i
X
Explain why there is a solution to the
2x3 2
equation 2x3 = 40 between x = 2
54
128 250
16
and x = 3.
(b)
2-0
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
2x3
16
18-522
21-296
24-334
27-648
31-25
35-152
39-366
2-8
2-9
43-904 48-778
Use this table to give the solution to 2x3 = 40 accurate to one decimal place.
(c) Find the solution to 2x3 = 40 accurate to 2 decimal places.
(d) What number goes in the gap in the following statement? "The equation x2 + 3x = 10 has
at most __ solutions."
(e) Use "trial and improvement" to find all the solutions for the equation x2 + 3x = 10.
21. Write a program to print the first 100 terms of the sequence 20,24,28,32,...
EXAM. QUESTIONS
22. Write the missing numbers in these simple sequences,

(i)
10
(ii) 1
13
....
16
....
....
22
64
128
ULEAC
23. (a) Plot the points (1,3) and (4,6).

Join the points with a straight line.
(b) The point P (a, 5) lies on the line.
What is the value of a?
SEG
24. Write down a simplified expression for the perimeter of each of these shapes.
(a)
a^
4
,M
4a
.
(b) i(|i
2a
\b
2b
MEG
2a
100
Algebra Revision
25. The statement 'All multiples offive end in a five' is not true all the time.
Write down a statement about the multiples of five which is true all the time.
MEG
26. (a) When a number is multiplied by 4 and 3 is added to the result, the answer is 31.
What is the number?
(b) When a number is divided by 4 and 3 is taken away from the result, the answer is 21.
What is the number?
WJEC
27. Using the rule
double the previous number and add one,
write down the next three terms of the sequence
1,3,7,
28.
Row A
RowB
RowC
25
49
SEG
(a) (i) Write down the next two numbers in row B.

(ii) Explain how you got these answers.
(b) (i) Write down the next two numbers in row C.
(ii) What is the name given to the type of numbers in rowC?
(c) Complete this sentence by putting the correct word in the space.
Iand7 are................................................... of 49.
29. Solve the equation 6x + 25 = 97.
SEG
ULEAC
30. Robert is investigating matchstick patterns. The diagram below shows three patterns that
he made.
1 square
4 matchsticks
UJ[
2 squares
7 matchsticks
3 squares
10 matchsticks
Which of the following formulae is correct for calculating the number of matchsticks M
needed to make a pattern with 5 squares?
Show the working you do to check your answer.
(i) M = S + 3
(ii) M = 2S + 3
(iii) M = 3S + 1
MEG
101
Algebra Revision
31. Look at this pattern
Linel
1 + (1 X 1) = 1x2
Line 2
2 + (2 X 2) = 2x3
Line 3
3 + (3 x 3) = 3 x
Line4
4 + (4 x 4) =|
(a) Fill in the missing numbers in the boxes.
(b) Write down Line 5 of this pattern.
(c) Write down Line 99 of this pattern.
NEAB
32. Jennifer does an experiment with a balance.

She finds that three packets of biscuits plus 100 grams weigh the same as two packets of
biscuits plus 250 grams.
A packet of biscuits weights x grams.

(a) Form an equation in x.
(b) Calculate the weight of a packet of biscuits.
SEG
33. Solve these equations,

(a) 3x + 2 = 18-5x
(b)2(x + 3)= 18-6*
34. Trevor is making patterns with matchsticks.

Pattern 1
Pattern 2
Pattern 3
SEG
Pattern 4
(a) Complete this table.

Pattern
Number ofmatches
Number of Triangles
2
3
4
5
(b) How many matches are needed for pattern 12?

(c) Describe the connection between the number of matches and the number of triangles.
MEG
102
Algebra Revision
35. Sarah and Owen do not yet know how many people are coming to the party.
[How many sandwiches will
If each person eats 4
sandwiches, we multiply the
number of people by 4.
We had better make 6 extra ones as well,

however many people there are.
(a) Sarah works out that if there are 3 people at the party, they need to make 18
sandwiches.
(i) Write down Sarah's calculation,
(ii) Complete the table.
Number of
people,/)
Number of
sandwiches, s
10
14
18
10
42
(b) Write down a formula to work out how many sandwiches, s, they make if p people
come to the party.
(c) Owen uses a formula to work out how many sausage rolls, r, to make if p people come
to the party.
He uses
r = 2p + 5.
(i) Use Owen's formula to work out how many sausage rolls he needs to make if 30
people come to the party.
(ii) He works out that he needs 41 sausage rolls.
How many people is he expecting?
NEAB
36. (a) Complete this table of values for y = x - 3.

X
-3
-2
-1
y = x-3
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
(b) Plot the points and draw the graph for y = x - 3.
ULEAC
37. Michael has a set of play cubes.

Each cube has the numbers 1 to 6 printed on the sides, as shown.
(a) Which of these numbers, greater than 1, are prime numbers?

103
SEG
Algebra Revision
(b) Michael tries to use the cubes to form a pattern of square numbers up to 50.
Two numbers in the pattern are missing.
I
What are the missing numbers?

(c) Michael uses the cubes to start another number pattern.
(i) What is the next number in this pattern?

(ii) The number pattern is continued.
Explain how you would find the seventh number in the pattern.
38.
100
kilometres
90
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
10
20
30
40
104
50
60
70
miles
SEG
Algebra Revision
The conversion graph opposite can be used to convert between miles and kilometres.
Use the graph to help you answer the questions, giving your answers to the nearest whole
number.
(a) Convert 50km to miles.
(b) Convert 27 miles to km.
(c) Explain how the information on the graph could be used to convert 10 000km to miles.
ULEAC
39. George has to find a solution to the equation x2 + 2x = 10, correct to one decimal place.
First he tries x = 3-0 and finds that the value of x2 + 2x is 15.
By trying other values of x find a solution to the equation x2 + 2x = 10, correct to one
decimal place. You must show all your working.
SEG
40. (a) For the equation y - y +4, choose three values of x in the range 0 to 60 and work
out the values of y.
(b) Draw the graph of y = y +4
for values of x from 0 to 60.
This graph shows the relationship between the perimeter, x inches, of a picture frame and
the cost, y.
A frame costs 14.
(c) Use the graph to find its perimeter.
MEG
41.
fig 2
fig 1
A clothes dryer is in the shape of an upside down, square based pyramid (fig 1). It has three
strands of line along each side of the pyramid (fig 2). The strand AB is x feet long.
DC is 2 feet shorter than AB. EF is 2 feet shorter than DC.
(a) (i) Write the length of DC in terms of x.
(ii) Write the length of EF in terms of x.
(b) What is the total length of line needed for the clothes dryer in terms of x?
(c) The total length of line needed is 48 feet. What is the length of AB?
105
NICCEA
o
o\
Inequalities
NOTATION for INEQUALITIES
Remember:
n
n
n
n
> -5
> -5
<3
<3
<
<
>
>
means
means
means
means
is read as
is read as
is read as
is read as
"is less than"

"is less than or equal to"
"is greater than"
"is greater than or equal to"
"n is greater than -5"

"n is greater than or equal to -5"
"n is less than 3"
"n is less than or equal to 3"
- 4 < n < 7 is read as

or as
"n is between - 4 and 7"

"n is greater than - 4 but less than 7"
"n is greater than or equal to - 4 but less than or equal to 7"
"n is greater than or equal to - 4 but less than 7"
"n is greater than - 4 but less than or equal to 7"
DISCUSSION EXERCISE 6:1
For each of the following, discuss which inequality best describes the statement.
More than 250mm of rain fell yesterday.
r < 250
r < 250
r > 250
r > 250
The speed limit through a village is 60km/h.

s < 60
s < 60
s > 60
s > 60
T-bone steaks weigh between lOOg and 200g.

100<w<200
100<w<200
100<w<200
100 < w < 200
18 is the smallest number, and 27 is the greatest number of students in the classes in a
school.
18 < s < 27
18 < s < 27
18 < s < 27
18 < s < 27
Joanne never arrives at school later than 8-30a.m.
t < 8-30
t < 8-30
t > 8-30
107
t > 8-30
Inequalities
Hans never arrives at school earlier than 8-30a.ni.
t < 8-30
t < 8-30
t > 8-30
Shane takes between 3 and 4 minutes to iron a shirt.

3<t<4
3 < t <4
3 < t < 4
t > 8-30
3 < t < 4
The typing speeds of the students in a class were all greater than 35 words per minute,
t < 35
t < 35
t > 35
t > 35
In a test, every student gained at least 70%.
m < 70%
m < 70%
m > 70%
m > 70%
Write down some other statements that could be described by inequalities. Use
inequalities to describe them. Discuss.
DISPLAYING INEQUALITIES on the NUMBER LINE

If n + 4 = 6, n can have only one value. What is this one value?
Which whole number values could n have if n + 4 > 6?
Is 2-5 also a solution for n + 4 > 6? Is 2-1? Is 2\ ?
Can you list all the solutions for n + 4 > 6?
Discuss.
Which of the following show all the solutions for n + 4 > 6? Discuss.
What meaning could be attached to the symbols and o?
What meaning could be attached to the arrow?
Discuss.
-i
-l
To display an inequality on the number line proceed as follows.

Step 1 Draw a line over all the values included.
Step 2 If the end point of the line is one of the values included, place the symbol on
this end point; if the end point is not one of the values included, place the
symbol o on this end point.
108
Chapter 6
Worked Example Display these on the number line.

(a) x > -2
(b) a < 3
Answer
(a)
(c)
1 < n < 4
H$III^ The value-2 is not included.
J.
2i
(b)
-IIIl The value 3 is included.
(c)
H*iI$I The value 1 is included; the value 4 is not

012345
included.
-10123
Worked Example List all the whole number solutions for these inequalities,
(a) x > -2
(b) a < 3
(c) 1 < n < 4
Answer We can display the inequality on the number line, then read off the whole numbers
included. The previous worked example shows these inequalities displayed on the
number line.
From the number line for (a), the whole number solutions are -1, 0, 1, 2,...
From the number line for (b), the whole number solutions are . . ., -1, 0, 1, 2, 3.
From the number line for (c), the whole number solutions are 1, 2, 3.
EXERCISE 6:3
1. Write down the inequalities displayed below. Use n for the variable.
(a) .
-2
(b)
(c) 9
(d)
(e)
(f)
-3
(h)
4
2-5
-3
5
2
(j)
(D
<m>IT
(n)
(o)
(P)
(q)
/.A
109
6-8
1-4
-3
-2-5
2-5
2-5
-..
Inequalities
2. Display the following inequalities on the number line.

(a) x > 4
(b) x < 2
(c) a > -2
(d) p < 0
(e) 1 < n < 4
(f) -2 < n < 2
(g) -1 < a < 2
(h) -2 < x < 3
(i) x < -3
(j) n > 0
(k) 0 < a < 3
(1) -3 < n < 0
(m) -5 < n < -2

3. Use the number line graphs you drew in question 2 to list all the whole number solutions
for the following inequalities.
(a) x > 4
(b) x < 2
(c) a > -2
(d) p < 0
(e) 1 < n < 4
(f) -2 < n < 2
(g) -1 < a < 2
(h) -2 < x < 3
(i) x < -3
(j)
(k) 0 < a < 3
(1) -3 < n < 0
n> 0
(m) -5 < n < -2

Review 1 Display each of these on the number line.
(a) - 4 < x < 3
(b) p < 2
(c) n > -3
(d) -6 < a < 0
Review 2 Use your answers to Review 1 to write down all the whole number solutions for
each of the following inequalities.
(a) - 4 < x < 3
(b) p < 2
(c) n > -3
(d) - 6 < a < 0
SOLVING LINEAR INEQUALITIES
The values of n for which the inequality n - 3 > 1 is true could be found by trial and
improvement. We could begin with the following.
-1
-4
n -2
n-3 -5
0
-3
1
-2
2
-1
3
0
4
1
5
2
6
3
7
4
How could you use the above to solve the inequality n - 3 > 1 ? Discuss.
-$
-,
Which of these is the number line graph for n - 3 > 1 ? What are the others the graphs of?
Discuss.
110
Chapter 6
The solution of the equation n - 3 = 1 is n = 4.

The point 4 divides the number line into two regions; a region to the right of 4 and a region to
the left of 4.
At the point 4, the equation n - 3 = 1 is true.
On one side of this point, the inequality n - 3 < 1 is true and on the other side the inequality
n - 3 > 1 is true.
Solutions for inequalities such as n-3>l, 2n-l < 15 etc. may be found by first solving
the equations n - 3 = 1, 2n - 1 = 15 etc., then finding the region of the number line for
which the inequality is true. The following worked example uses this method.
Example To find the solution of the inequality 2n-l < 15 we can proceed as follows.
We first solve the equation 2n - 1 = 15. The balance method is used below.
Another method, such as trial and improvement or a flowchart, could be used.
2n-l = 15
2n = 16 (adding 1 to both sides)
n = 8 (dividing both sides by 2)
The graph of the solution to 2n-l = 15 is:
HIh
10
At the point 8, the equation 2n - 1 = 15 is true. On one side of the point 8, the
inequality 2n-l < 15 is true.
In the inequality 2n - 1 < 15, replace n with a value other than 8; check whether
the inequality is true for this value.
We will choose to replace n with 10.
If n - 10, then 2n- 1 < 15 becomes 2 x 10- 1 < 15
19 < 15 which is not true.
Since n = 10 is not one of the solutions of 2n - 1 < 15 then the graph of
2n - 1 < 15 is not to the right of 8. Hence the graph of 2n - 1 < 15 is to the left of 8.
The graph of 2n - 1 < 15 is to the left of 8 and includes the point 8.
5
10
From this graph we can write down the solution of the inequality 2n-l < 15. The
solution is n < 8.
Ill
Inequalities
The previous worked example shows the steps that can be taken to solve a linear inequality.
Step 1 Replace the inequality sign with an = sign.
Solve the equation formed to find the point which divides the number line into
two regions.
Step 2 Place the symbol or o on this point,
is used if the sign of the inequality is > or <5 since this point is one of the
solutions.
o is used if the sign of the inequality is > or <, since this point is not one of
the solutions.
Step 3 Test a point in one of the regions to find the region for which the inequality is
true.
Draw the graph of the inequality.
Step 4 Use this graph to write down the solution.
Worked Example What can you say about x if 2 . x < 1?

Answer If
?x
. 1
then
2 - x = 4 (multiplying both sides by 4)

- x = 2 (subtracting 2 from both sides)
x = -2 (dividing both sides by -1)
The point -2 divides the number line into two
regions. The symbol o is placed on -2 since
the inequality sign is <.
We now test a point. We will choose x = 3.

If x = 3, then j-^- < 1 becomes -7 < 1
-~T < 1 which is true.
2 x < 1 is then
The graph of -.
4
\ \ \ \ <i, \ \ \ \ i i
_6-4-2024
We can say that x must be greater than -2.

Note A point other than x = 3 could have been tested.
The following discussion exercise develops another method of solving linear inequalities.
112
Chapter 6

"5
"5
"5
"5
"5
> 4" Is this true?

+ 2 > 4 + 2 i.e. 7 > 6" Is this true?
+ (-6) > 4 + (-6) i.e. -1 > -2" Is this true?
- 7 > 4 - 7 i.e. -2 > -3" Is this true?
- (-5) > 4 - (-5) i.e. 10 > 9" Is this true?
If the same number is added to (or subtracted from) both sides of an inequality is the new
inequality formed still true? Discuss.
"2 < 6" Is this true?

"3 x 2 < 3 x 6 i.e. 6 < 18" Is this true?
"(-3) x 2 < (-3) X 6 i.e. - 6 < -18" Is this true?
"y < y i.e. 1 < 3" Is this true?
"~2 < -^2
i-e--1 <-3" Is this true?
Make and test statements about multiplying (or dividing) both sides of an inequality by
the same number. Discuss.
2n - 3 = 15
This equation may be solved using the "balance method" as follows.

2n-3 = 15
2n = 18 (adding 3 to both sides)
n = 9 (dividing both sides by 2)
2n - 3 < 15 Can each line of the

discussion? Discuss.
2n-3
2n
n
5 - 3n = 29
solution below be justified from your previous

< 15
< 18
< 9
This equation may be solved by the "balance method" as follows.

5 - 3n =29
-3n = 24 (subtracting 5 from both sides)
n = -8 (dividing both sides by -3)
5 - 3n > 29 Can each line of the

discussion? Discuss.
5 - 3n
-3n
n
solution below be justified from your previous

> 29
> 24
< -8
113
Inequalities
Adding or subtracting from both sides of an inequality leaves the inequality sign unchanged.
That is, < remains <, < remains <, > remains >, > remains >.
Multiplying or dividing both sides of an inequality by a positive number leaves the sign of
the inequality unchanged.
If both sides of an inequality are multiplied (or divided) by a negative number, the sign of
the inequality must be changed. That is, < becomes >, < becomes >, > becomes <,
> becomes <.
Worked Example Solve
(a) y + 1 > 7
(b) 2 (3 - 2x) < -3
Answer (a) y + 1 > 7

Y
-y > 6
(subtracting 1 from both sides)
x > 12
(b)
(multiplying both sides by 2)
2 (3 - 2x) < -3
6 - 4x < -3
(removing the brackets)
- 4x < -9 (subtracting 6 from both sides)

_9
x > -^r (dividing both sides by - 4)
x > 2-25
Worked Example (a)
Find the solution of-2 < a + 3 < 5.
(b) List all the whole number solutions.

Answer (a)
-2 < a + 3 < 5
-5 <
(b)
< 2
(subtracting 3 from each part of the inequality)
The whole number solutions are -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1.

Compare the two methods of solving linear inequalities; the method shown on Pages 111,
112 and the method developed in Discussion Exercise 6:5. Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of each method.
As part of your discussion, discuss how to solve the worked examples above using the other
method. (Hint: to solve -2 < a + 3 < 5 in this way rewrite as a + 3 > - 2 and a + 3 < 5.)
114
Chapter 6
EXERCISE 6:7
1.
2.
3.
4.
Solve these inequalities.

(a)x + 7>12
(b) n-3 < -1
(c) a + 8 > 2
(d) 4n < 12
(e)2n>3
(f) y < 3
(g)n-2<3
(h)2a-l<5
(i)4x + 5>-3
(j) f-2<l
(k)JL!<_2
(1) lJ_2n>
Find the solution for these inequalities.

(a) 2n > 5
(b) 2n > -5
(c) -2n > 5
(d) -2n > -5
(e) 3 - 2x < 4
(f) 2 - 5x > -8
(g) ^y- < 4
(h) ^f- > -
(i) 2-
(j)
(k)
> 1
^ < -4
> 1
Find the smallest whole number for which these inequalities are true.
(a) 2 (3 + 2n) > 10
(b) 2 (2n + 1) < -5
(c) 2 (2 - 3n) > 7
(d)4(l-n)<15
(e) 6n-n > -20
(f)2n + 5>5n-2
(g) 2n + 1 < 3
(h) n-6n<4
Solve these inequalities.

(a)-l<x + 3<4
(b) 2 < a-3 < 7
(c)-6 < 2n < 5
(d) -5 < 5n < 25
(e) -5 < ^ < 2
(f) -3 < f < -1
5. What can you say about n if:
(a) 3n + 4 < -11
(b) -3 < n - 2 < 8
6. Write down the values of n, where n is a whole number, such that

(a)3(2 + n)>10
(b)2-3n<-5
(c)3n-9<7-4n
7. A bus can carry a maximum of 46 passengers.

A school wanted to take 5 adults and as many groups of 4 children as possible on the bus.
(a)
Which of these inequalities is true for the bus?

A. 4n + 5 > 46
B. 4n + 5 < 46
C. 4n - 5 < 46
(b)
Solve the inequality to find the maximum number of groups of 4 children the bus can
carry.
115
D. 4n - 5 > 46
Inequalities
8. A fence is to have a number of posts, 5m apart.

This fence is to be at least 50m long.
(a) If p is the number of posts, which of these
inequalities is true?
A. 5(p+l) > 50
B. 5(p + l) < 50
C. 5 (p - 1) > 50
D. 5 (p - 1) < 50
(b) Solve the inequality to find the minimum

number of fence posts needed.
Review 1 Solve these inequalities.
(a) 2a + 5 > 9
(b) 3 + 5a < -7
(c) 2 (3 + 2x) > -1
(d) 5>1 < 6
(e) 2 + n < 5n-4
(f) ^f > 5
Review 2 Write down the values of n, where n is a whole number, such that
(a) -8 < 2n < 6
(b) 5 - 2n < 12.
INVESTIGATION 6:8
USING COUNTER-EXAMPLES
Consider the statement "2n is larger than n - 2".

We could test this statement by replacing n by 1, then 2,
then 3,... If we continued in this way, it would seem that 2n is
always greater than n - 2.
However, if we replace n with-5, then 2n = -10 and
n - 2 = -7. For this value of n, 2n is smaller than n - 2. We
have found an example which disproves the statement "2n is
larger than n - 2". That is, we have found a counter-example.
Investigate the following statements.
n
1
2
3
4
5
3n > n - 3
n + 4 < 4n
2n + 7 > n + 1
Make other statements concerning inequalities. Test these statements.

Try to find counter-examples which disprove your statements.
116
2n
2
4
6
8
10
n-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Chapter 6
EXAM. QUESTIONS
1. Write down all the whole number values of x, such that

-3 < x < 4.
SEG
2. n is a whole number such that

-3 < n < 1
List all possible values of n.
ULEAC
3. List all the integers which satisfy

-2 < n < 3.
MEG
4. Solve this inequality

2x < 10.
ULEAC
5. Solve the inequality
5p - 6 < 8.
SEG
1 + 3x < 7
NEAB
6. Solve the following inequality for x.
7. (a) Solve the inequality

4n + 3 < 18.
Given that n is an integer,
(b) write down the greatest value of n for which
4w + 3 < 18.
ULEAC
8. Find all integer values of n which satisfy the inequality

1 < 2n - 5 < 10.
117
SEG
118
INTRODUCTION

Discuss how to use "trial and improvement" to solve the following problems. Solve them.
Problem 1 A total of 8616 was received from ticket sales for the
ABC concert.
How many tickets were sold?
ABC CONCERT
Tickets 12
Problem 2 800 tickets were sold, for the DBF Concert, for a total of
8540.
How many tickets were sold at each price?
Is there more than one answer to this problem?
DBF CONCERT
Adults 12
Students 8
Problem 3 800 tickets were sold, for the GHI Concert, for a total of
8092.
How many tickets were sold at each price?
Can you find more than one answer for this problem?
What if you were also told that only 50 tickets were
available for door sales and all of these were sold?
For problem 2, the following two equations are true.
What does a stand for? What does s stand for?
GHI CONCERT
Adults 12
Students 8
Door Sales 6
12a + 8s = 8540
a + s = 800
Discuss possible equations for problem 1 and problem 3.

Discuss the following for each of the above problems.
How many unknowns are there? How many equations are needed to find these unknowns?
Simultaneous equations are equations which need to be solved together to find the value of the
unknowns.
Several different methods may be used to solve simultaneous equations. Some are : trial and
improvement, balance method, substitution method, graphical method.
119
BALANCE METHOD
figl
fig2
fi3
To solve the simultaneous equations r _ 4 _ _< consider the above diagrams.

fig 1 shows that 7x + 4y = 41, since the scales balance.
fig 2 shows that 5x - 4y = -5, since the scales balance.
fig 3 shows the left-hand pans of fig 1 and fig 2 combined and the right-hand pans combined.
The scales must balance in this diagram since they did in the first two diagrams.
fig 3 shows that we may add each side of two equations. This is the first step of the balance
method.
INVESTIGATION and DISCUSSION EXERCISE 7:2

Refer to fig 3 of the previous diagram. What is the total on the right-hand pan? What is the
total in the left-hand pan?
How can you now find the value of x? What is the value of x?
How can you now use the equation illustrated on fig 2 to find the value of y? What is the
value of y? Discuss.
Could you have used the equation illustrated on fig 1 to find y? Discuss.
4x + 3y = 13
Consider the equations
. What happens if you try to use the balance method?
Discuss.
x+ y"
What if you subtracted each side of the equations instead of adding? Discuss.
Consider the equations
What happens if you add the equations?
What happens if you subtract? Discuss.

Make and test statements about the numbers in simultaneous equations if they are to be
solved using the balance method. You could use the following simultaneous equations in your
investigation or you could make up equations of your own.
2x + y = 4
x -y = 5
4a + 2b = 1
8a - 2b = - 4
3p + 2q = 12
p + 2q = 8
3a + 2b = 9
2a- b = -l
3x-2y=8
4x - 5y = 6
5p + 2q = 3
2p + 3q = 1
120
3x + y = 4
3x + 4y = - 2
Chapter 7
The balance method is sometimes called the elimination method, since one of the unknowns
is eliminated when the equations are either added or subtracted.
The working for the balance method may be written more concisely as shown in the following
worked example.
Worked Example
Answer
Solve
7x + 4y = 41
5x - 4y = -5
12x
= 36
x=3
"
(adding the left-hand sides; adding the right-hand sides)

(dividing both sides by 12)
When x = 3, 7x + 4y = 41 becomes 21 + 4y =41

4y = 20 (subtracting 21 from both sides)
y = 5 (dividing both sides by 4)
The solution is: x = 3, y = 5
Always check the solution by substituting the value of the unknowns into the original
equations.
Example
The check for the previous worked example is:

If x = 3, y = 5 then 7x + 4y is 7 x 3 + 4 x 5 = 41 Correct,
and 5x - 4y is 5 x 3 - 4 x 5 = -5 Correct.
EXERCISE 7:3
Use the balance method to solve the following simultaneous equations.
1.
3x + 2y = 14
5x-2y = 18
2.
a+b=3
3a-b = l
3.
2x - y = 8
-2x + 3y = -1
4.
5p + 4q = 8
5.
2/ + 5m = 18
26
6.
5x-2y = 17
3x-2y = 9
7. 5a-4b = -6
2a - 4b = 0
8.
3x + 2y = 4
4x + 2y = 7
9.
a-6b = -18
3a - 6b - -24
10. p + 3q = 4
p+ q = 3
11. 10/- m =
10/-4m =
121
Review 1
5x - 3y = 19
4x + 3y = -1
Review 2
3p + q = 5
2p + q = 2
Review 3
6a + 5b = -1
6a + 2b = 5

Consider the equation
2x + y = 5.
Is this the same as
4x + 2y = 10?
Is this the same as
6x + 3y = 15?
Discuss.
As part of your discussion, you may like to make up values for x and y that would make the
equation 2x + y = 5 true. You may also like to begin with the balance shown.
How could you use your discovery to solve the following simultaneous equations, using the
balance method? Discuss.
3x + y 4
5x - 2y = 15
5x + 2y = 3
2x + 4y = - 4
3x - 4y = 23
2x + 3y = 1
Worked Example
Solve the simultaneous equations
Answer 3x"+ 4y 6
2x - 3y = -13
9x4- 12y = 18
8x - 12y = -52
3x + 4y = 6
2x - 3y = -13
17x
=-34 (adding the equations)

x = -2
When x = -2, 9x + 12y = 18 becomes -18 + 12y = 18
12y = 36 (adding 18 to each side)
y = 3 (dividing both sides by 12)
The solution is x = -2, y = 3.
Check If x = -2, y = 3 then 3x + 4y is - 6 + 12 = 6. Correct.
If x = -2, y = 3 then 2x - 3y is - 4 - 9 = -13. Correct.
Worked Example
Solve the simultaneous equations
Answer Rearrange the equations as
3x - 2y = -19
2x + 4y = 6
122
3x = 2y-19
4y + 2x = 6
Chapter 7
3x - 2y -19
2x + 4y = 6
becomes
6x - 4y =-38
2x + 4y = 6
8x
(adding the equations)

= -32
x =-4
When x = - 4, 6x - 4y = -38 becomes -24 - 4y - -38

- 4y = -14
y = 3-5
(adding 24 to both sides)

(dividing both sides by - 4)
The solution is x = - 4, y = 3-5.

Check If x = - 4, y = 3-5 then 3x = 2y - 19 is -12 = 7- 19
-12 which is correct
4y + 2x = 6 is 14 + (-8) = 6
6=6 which is correct
EXERCISE 7:5
1. Solve these simultaneous equations.
(a) 3p + 4q = 29
5p - 2q = 5
(b) 2a + 5x = -24
3a - lOx = 34
(c) 2x - 6y = -11
3x - 2y = -13
(d) 2x + 3y = 0
5x + 6y = - 6
(e) 3a - 8b = 1
5a - 4b = -3
(f)
(g) 4m + n = 4
6m-2n = 13
(h) 8p - 3q = -17
4p-13q = 3
2x + 3y = -8
- 6x + 8y = -27
2. Solve these simultaneous equations.

(a) 2a + 3d = 7
3a - 4d = 2
(b) 2x - 4y = 16
4x + 3y = 21
(c) 4p - 5q = 17
3p-4q=13
(d) 3x + 2y = 9
2x + 3y = 1
(e) 3a + 5b = 7
5a - 2b = -9
(f) 8p - 6q = 16
6p + 4q = -5
(g) 2x - 3y = 5
3x + 4y = -18
(h) 6x + 4y = -19
2x + 3y = -8
(i)
51 + 7m = 0-5
10/ - 6m = -29
(j) 3p-2x = 7-5

8p - 2x = 25
3. The solutions are x = 2, y = -7. Write down many pairs of simultaneous equations with
these solutions.
123
4. Solve the simultaneous equations. (Rearrange if necessary.)

(a) 3x + 2y = 0
3y - x = 11
(b) y = x + 2
y + x = -4
(c) 2x 4- y = 0
x=y+3
(d) 2x - y + 3 = 0
4x + 3y = 14
(e)4x + 3y=ll
3x + 2y - 9
(f) 3a = 21 - 5b
2b - 4a - 2
(g) x - y = -2
y = 2x-l
(h) 2a + 4b + 3 = 25
b-a = 4
(i) 5Z - 4m = 8
6/-5m=10
(j) 2y= 5-x

3x + 5y-ll = 0
(k)3p-4q = 21
5q = 2p-17-5
(1) 5a - 3b = 2-5
4b + a = -11
(m) 1 - I + 5m = 0
m-2/ = 2-5
Review Solve these simultaneous equations.

(a) 3a + 10m = 22
2a - 5m = 3
(b) 4x - 3y = 23
8x - 2y = 26
(c) 5a + 3b = - 6
4a + 5b = 3
(d) 2x - 3y = 4
y+ x=7
(e)
(f) 2p = 23 + 5q
3q - 4p = -18
I = 3m - 1
m + 21 = 12
(g) 3y - 2b = 2-5
2b + 4y = -13
SUBSTITUTION METHOD
INVESTIGATION and DISCUSSION EXERCISE 7:6
Consider the simultaneous equations
,x
. ^ ~ *
The first equation may be rewritten as y = 1 - 2x (subtracting 2x from both sides).

This expression for y may now be substituted into the second equation to get
3x + 4 (1 - 2x) = 6.
Can we now find the value of x? Discuss.
What if the equations were
3a + 2b = 12
5x + 2y = 3
a + 2b = 8 ' What if the equations were 2x + 3v = -1 ^
Could all the simultaneous equations in Exercises 7:3 and 7:5 be solved by this substitution
method? Are some equations best solved by the balance method? Discuss.
124
Chapter 7
Worked Example Solve the simultaneous equations ? ~ A _s
Answer
y = 1 - 2x
... (1)
3x + 4y = 6
... (2)
Substitute the expression for y from equation (1) into equation (2) to get
3x + 4 (1 - 2x) = 6
3x + 4 - 8x = 6 (removing the brackets)
-5x + 4 - 6
-5x = 2 (subtracting 4 from both sides)
x - 0-4 (dividing both sides by -5)
When x = - 0-4, y = 1 - 2x becomes
y = 1 - 2 x (-0-4)
= 1-8
The solution is x = -0-4, y = 1-8

Check If x = -0-4, y = 1-8 then y = 1 - 2x is 1-8 = 1 - 2 x (-0-4)
= 1 + 0-8
= 1-8 which is correct
3x + 4y = 6 is 3 x (-0-4) + 4x1-8 = 6
-1-2 + 7-2 = 6 which is correct
Worked Example Use the substitution method to solve the simultaneous equations
5a - 2m = 14
3a + m = 4
Answer
5a - 2m = 14
3a + m = 4
From (2), m 4 - 3a
Substituting in (1) we get
... (1)
... (2)
5a - 2 (4 - 3a)
5a-8 + 6a
lla-8
lla
a
= 14
= 14
= 14
= 22
=2
When a = 2, m = 4 - 3a becomes m = 4 - 3 x 2
7
The solution is a = 2, m = -2.

Check If a = 2, m = -2 then 5a-2m = 5x2-2x (-2)
= 10 + 4
= 14 which is correct
3a + m = 3x2 + (-2)
= 6 + (-2)
= 4 which is correct
125
EXERCISE 7:7
1. Use the substitution method to solve these simultaneous equations.
(a)
x = y- 2
2x + 3y - 21
(b) m = / + 4
31 + 2m = 3
(c)
x = 2y + 1
3x - 4y = 7
(d)
a = 4b-2
3a + 2b = 15
(e)
(f)
p = 3-4q
5q = 3-2p
(g)
/-3a=ll
5/ + 2a = 4
(h)3x+ y = 7
2x-5y=16
x = 2y-4
3y = 2x + 7
(i) 2b - 7a = 11
6b + a =-11
2. Which of these simultaneous equations can be easily solved using the substitution method?
Explain why.
(a)
p= q - 7
2p + 3q = 6
(b) b = 2a + 1
2a - 3b = 3
(c) x - 2y = -10
3y + 4x = 4
(d) 2a - 3b = 4
5a + 3b = -ll
(e) 5p + 4q = 23
3p-5q = -l
(f)
(g)
p-6q = 5
2p -4q=14
(h)x = 3y-2-5
y = 6x-2
(i) 5y + x =-7
3x - lOy =-1
(j)
a- b - 7 = 0
3a-2b = 18
(k) 2x-3y = 0
5y-4x=l
m= / - 1
3m + 41 = -20-5
3. Solve the equations in question 2 using either the substitution method or the balance
method.
Review 1 Use the substitution method to solve these simultaneous equations.

(a)
a= b+4
2a + 3b = 3
(b) x = 4y - 3
2y - 3x = 4
(c) 4p + q = 5
2p - 3q = 20
Review 2 Use a method of your choice to solve these.

(a)3a + 2b = 3
6a + 5b = 3
(b) / = 4 - m
51 - 6m = 9
(d) y = 5x - 4
3y - lOx - -9
(e) 2p + 3q + 4 = 6
3p + 2q - 1 = -8
126
(c)
a-5b = -l2a - lOb = -3
Chapter 7
GRAPHICAL SOLUTION
x+y= 1
-2
0
3
2x - y = - 4
-2
The line x + y= 1 may be drawn by joining the points (-2,3), (0,1) and (1,0).
The line 2x - y = - 4 may be drawn by joining the points (-2, 0), (0, 4) and (1,6).
Both the lines x + y = 1 and 2x - y = - 4 are drawn on the following graph. What are the
coordinates of the point which lies on both graphs?
-y
= .-4
\
\
Solve the simultaneous equations 2x - y = - 4 usm tne balance method or the

substitution method. Compare the values of x and y obtained with the graphs of the
lines x + y = 1 and 2x - y = - 4. What do you notice? Discuss.
Could all the simultaneous equations in Exercises 7:3, 7:5 and 7:7 be solved by drawing
graphs? Discuss. As part of your discussion you may like to draw the graphs of some of
these.
Discuss how the instructions in the following steps, for solving simultaneous equations
graphically, could be completed.
Step 1 Find the coordinates of three points on ...
Step 2 Draw .. .
Step 3 From the graph, read off...
Step 4 Write down ...
Step 5 Check the solution by ...
127
]2X1iRCJSI11: 9
y
1. Use the graph to write down the
solutions of the following
simultaneous equations.
&
/^ /
= X
~~-~- \
(b) x - 2y = 0
x + 3y - 15
6-
~^-~ -^
/!
~y
7
X/ ^
^
J
1
/ \
y
(c) 2x + y = 3
y- 2x 1
/
/
/
---~.
^0
-^
X +
<
For questions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 use the following graph.
y = 2x-
=x h1
10
7
iy = T * -
/\
y = -x +
y = -x + 3
128
=n ^
^
/
^ "~~~~ ^
\
2x + y =
\
/
/*
^ -^
^
-2y
-'
+1
]/
(a) y - 2x
1
y= x+ 1
(d) y - x + 1
x - 2y = 0
= 2 t-1
3y = IS ---. ~\
Chapter 7
2. (a) Rearrange x + y = 10 as y = . . . + 10.
(b) Write down the coordinates of the point where the lines x + y - 10 and
y = yx + 4 meet.
(c) Use your answer to (b) to solve the simultaneous equations x + y 10 and
y = |x + 4.
3. (a) Rearrange y = 3 - x as y=... + 3.

(b) Rearrange y + 3 = 2x as y = 2x -. . .
(c) Use the graph to solve the simultaneous equations y = 3 - x and y + 3 2x.
4. (a) Which line on the graph is the line x + y = 5?

(b) Which line is the line y - x = 1?
(c) Use the graph to solve the simultaneous equations x + y = 5 and y - x 1.
5. Use the graph to decide which of the following pairs of simultaneous equations have the
solution x 8, y = 2. Explain your answer.
Pair 1
y = 4 + 0-5x
y=x+ 1
Pair 2
y = 0-5x - 2
y = 10-x
6. Use the graph to write down simultaneous equations which have the solution
x = 4-5, y = 5-5.
7. (a) Copy and complete this table for y = 2x - 4.
, X ,
(b) Use your answer to (a) to write down the coordinates of three points on the graph of
y = 2x - 4.
(c) Draw a set of axes with x from -3 to 10 and y from -5 to 10.
On these axes, draw the line y = 2x - 4.
(d) Copy and complete these coordinates for y = 2 - x. (-3, ) (1, ) (7, )
(e) On the same set of axes, draw the line y = 2 - x.
129
(f) Write down the coordinates of the point where the lines y = 2x - 4 and
y = 2 - x meet.
(g) Copy and complete: The solution of the simultaneous equations y = 2x - 4 and
y = 2-x is x = . . ., y=...
8. Draw lines to solve these simultaneous equations.

On your sets of axes, have both x and y from -4 to 8.
(a) x - y = 3
2x + y = 0
(c) y- 2x = 3
(b)2x- y - -I
X- y=l
y-
(d)x + y = 2
y = 2x - 1
x=5
(e) 2x + y = 4
y = 2x + 2
For Review 1, Review 2 and Review 3 use the following graph.
x-10
+ 4
3y = 2x -18
1!
5-;
130
=2
Chapter 7
Review 1 Write down the solution of the simultaneous equations 3X - 2v = 10
Review 2 (a) Rearrange 2y- 3x = -10 as 2y =

(b) Rearrange 2y - x = 4 as 2y =
(c) Write down the coordinates of the point where the lines 2y - 3x = -10 and
2y - x = 4 meet.
(d) Use your answer to (c) to solve the simultaneous equations 2y - 3x = -10
and 2y - x = 4.
Review 3 Use the graph to decide which of these pairs of simultaneous equations has the
solution x = 0, y = 2.
Pair I
2y-3x = -10
y = 5 -x
Pair 2
2x + y = 2
x + 2y = 4
Pair 3 2x + y = 2
x - 2y = -4
x
Review 4 (a) Copy and complete this table for y = -\ x + 4.
-6
(b) Copy and complete: Three points on the graph of y = --j x + 4 are
(-6, ),(0, ),(6, ).
(c) Copy and complete: Three points on the graph of y = -2x - 2 are
(-6, ),(-2, ),(2, ).
(d) Draw a set of axes with both x and y from - 6 to 10. On these axes, draw the
lines y = -4-x + 4 and y = -2x - 2.
(e) Use your graph to write down the solution of the simultaneous equations
1 x + 4.
y = -2x - 2 and y = -4Review 5 Solve these simultaneous equations graphically.
(a)
x + y = -1
2x + y - 1
(b) y = 2x - 1
x - y = -2
PRACTICAL EXERCISE 7:10

Use either a computer graphics package or a graphics calculator to solve simultaneous
equations. You could make up your own equations or you could use any of the simultaneous
equations given in Exercises 7:3, 7:5, 7:7 or 7:9.
131
PROBLEM SOLVING
Problems which have two unknowns may be solved by using simultaneous equations if two
equations can be written down. The following are the steps that need to be taken.
Step 1 Allocate a letter to each of the unknowns.
Step 2 From the given information, write down two equations that involve the unknowns.
Step 3 Solve these two simultaneous equations using a method of your choice.
Step 4 Check the solutions.
Worked Example Tickets for a concert cost 12 for an adult and 8 for a student. 800 tickets
were sold altogether for a total of 8540. How many tickets were sold to
adults and how many to students?
Answer Step 1 Let a be the number of tickets sold to adults and s be the number sold to
students.
Step 2
a + s = 800
12a + 8s = 8540
Step 3 The balance method could be used as follows:
a + s = 800
12a + 8s = 8540
,
Decomes
12a + 12s = 9600

12a + 8s - 8540
4s = 1060
s = 265

(subtracting the equations)
If s = 265, a + s = 800 becomes a + 265 = 800

a 535 (subtracting 265 from both sides)
Step 4 If s = 265, a = 535 then a + s = 535 + 265 = 800. Correct.
and 12a + 8s = 12 x 535 + 8 x 265 = 8540. Correct.
Note We don't need to list the steps. The steps are listed in the worked example to show the
procedure clearly.
EXERCISER: 11
1. The difference between two numbers p and q is 21.
p-q = 21isan equation which describes this.
(a) The two numbers p and q add to 95. Write an equation for this information.
(b) Solve the two simultaneous equations to find the two numbers.
132
Chapter 7
2. (a) Lance owned 500 RJ. shares and 200 ET. shares. Altogether Lance's shares were worth
2300.
500r + 200f = 2300 is an equation which describes this.
What does r stand for?
What does f stand for?
(b) Anne owned 50 RJ. shares and 100 ET. shares. In total, Anne's shares were worth 550.
Write another equation, using r and f which describes this.
(c) Solve the two simultaneous equations from (a) and (b) to find how much each RJ.
share and each F.T. share was worth.
3. Maths, textbooks are advertised at 7 if ordered before publication date and 8 if ordered
after publication date.
(a) The first 5000 of these books sold for a total of 38500.
If b is the number ordered before publication date and a is the number ordered after,
one equation is 7b + 8a w= 38500.
Another equation is ... + ... = 5000. Copy and complete this equation.
(b) Solve the two simultaneous equations from (a) to find the number of books ordered
before publication date.
4. In the Barnway School hall, some rows seat 25 and some seat 15. There are 26 rows
altogether. When the hall is full it seats 550 people.
(a) Let x be the number of rows which seat 25 and y the number of rows which seat 15.
Write down two equations for x and y.
(b) Solve these equations to find the number of rows which seat 25 and the number of rows
which seat 15.
5. In a sale of hard-cover books, all the fiction books were the same price; all the non-fiction
were the same price. In the first hour of the sale, 30 fiction and 20 non-fiction books sold
for a total of 120. In the next hour, 50 fiction and 30 non-fiction books sold for a total of 190.
What price were the fiction books?
6. The ages of an elderly couple add to 154. If the wife is 6 years older than her husband, how
old is the wife?
133
7. Yesterday, Chun's bank balance was twice as large as Katie's. After Chun had deposited an
extra 15 today, her bank balance was 100 more than Katie's. How much did Chun have
in her bank account yesterday?
8. Find two numbers such that twice their sum is 66 and their difference is 3.
9. The Lindale Hotel has some single rooms which accommodate one person and some
double rooms which accommodate two people. On Monday night, 78 people stayed at this
hotel and 47 rooms were occupied. How many single rooms were occupied? (Assume that
all of the double rooms did indeed have two people in each of them.)
10. The charge for each person occupying a single room in the Lindale Hotel is 70. The
charge for each person occupying a double room is 60. On Tuesday night, 40 people
stayed at this hotel for a total cost of 2520. How many of these people occupied single
rooms?
11. (a) Copy and complete this table for 24x + 8y = 48.
Draw a set of axes with x from 0 to 5 and y from 0 to 7.

On these axes, draw the lines 24x + 8y = 48 and 16x + 16y 64.
(b) In the Western Series football competition, points were given for each goal scored and
extra points were given for each game won.
Rankin Rakes scored 24 goals and won 8 of their games. They got a total of 48 points.
The Warriors got a total of 64 points. They got 16 goals and they won 16 games.
One equation for this information is 24g + 8w = 48. Write another equation.
Use these two equations to find how many points were given for each goal scored and
how many for each game won.
(c) There is a connection between (a) and (b). What is this connection?
12. (a) In a plant sale, small trees were 3 and large trees 5. On one day, 18 of these were sold
for a total of 60.
One equation for this information is 3s + 5/ = 60.
What do s and I stand for?
(b) Copy and complete this table for 3s + 51 = 60.
134
10
20
Chapter 7
(c) Draw a set of axes like those shown.

On your axes, draw the line 3s + 51 = 60.
20
(d) Write another equation which involves

s and /.
15
10
(e) Draw another line on your graph to find how

many small trees and how many large trees were
sold.
10
15
20
13. In the Ziggy night-club, members pay 50 per year and 5 per night. Non-members pay
10 per night.
A formula which gives the cost for a member who goes to this night-club n times in one
year is C = 50 + 5n.
<;
(a) Copy these axes. On your
axes, draw the graph of
C = 50 + 5n.
300
250
(b) Copy and complete the

formula C = ... for a
non-member who goes to this
night-club n times in one
year. On your graph, draw
another line for this formula.
(c) Damian often goes to the
Ziggy night-club. Use your
graph to find the number of
times he could go before it
becomes cheaper for him to be
a member.
*:
_j_
200
150
H-1
4-
100
50
1
10
15
20
25
!0
Review 1 206 people have reserved seats to Brighton on the Newton coaches. They have paid
a total of 1856. The adult's fare is 11 and the child's fare is 6.
(a) One equation for this information is lla + 6c = 1856. What does a stand for?
What does c stand for?
(b) Write another equation involving a and c.
(c) Solve the two equations to find how many adults and how many children had
reserved seats.
135
Review 2 The Great Outdoors Boating Company has 20 large and 5 small canoes for hire. The
New Canoe Company has 10 large and 15 small canoes for hire. The Great Outdoors
Boating Company canoes can carry a maximum of 185 people while the New Canoe
Company canoes can carry a maximum of 155 people.
How many people can each of the large canoes carry?
Review 3 (a) The Eastlake Fun Park entrance fee is 5. Each ride costs 1-50. A formula for
this information is C = 5 + l-5n. What does n stand for? What does C stand
for?
0
8
n
4
Copy and complete this table for C = 5 + l-5n.
C
(b) Draw a set of axes like those shown. Draw the line C 5 + l-5n.
C
JJ
14
12
_L
10
(c) At the Westerfield Fun Park, the entrance fee is 2 and each ride costs 2.
Copy and complete this formula for the total cost for n rides. C = ... + 2n.
Draw another line on your graph for this.
(d) Glen went to the Eastlake Fun Park on Saturday and to the Westerfield Fun
Park on Sunday. Both days he had the same number of rides for the same total
cost.
Explain how you can use your graph to find the number of rides Glen had on
Saturday. How many rides was this? Including the entrance fee, what did these
cost?
136
Chapter 7
EXAM. QUESTIONS
1. This is the graph of 2y = 3x- 6.
-2
-3
(i) On the same axes, draw the graph of y = 6 - x.

(ii) Use your graph to solve the following pair of simultaneous equations.
2y = 3x - 6
and
y = 6-x
2. A graph of the equation
3y = x + 1
is drawn on the grid below.
2-
-i
(a) On the same grid draw a graph of the equation
y = 1 -x.
137
SEG
(b) Use these graphs to solve the simultaneous equations

y l-x
and
3y - x + 1.
3. Solve the simultaneous equations
4-<z = 15,
2p - q = 9.
NEAB
ULEAC
2x + 3y = 23,
x-y-4.
ULEAC
2a + 4c = 13
a + 3c = 8
NEAB
3y = 2x-5
y = x-4
ULEAC
7. Mrs Rogers bought 3 blouses and 2 scarfs.

She paid 26.
Miss Summers bought 4 blouses and 1 scarf.
She paid 28.
The cost of a blouse was x pounds.
The cost of a scarf was y pounds.
(a) Use the information to write down two equations in x and y.
(b) Solve these equations to find the cost of one blouse.
8.
ULEAC
FAMILY BREAK HOTEL

Hepdon-By-The-Sea
Tel. Hepdon 392729
The Family Break Hotel offers "Short Break" holidays of two, three, or four nights stay.
Last year the Trotters and the Walkers stayed for a "Short Break" at the Family Break Hotel
during the same week.
The Trotter family was made up of two adults and three children. The total cost of their
short break was 516.
The Walker family was made up of three adults and a child and their short break cost 473.
Take x to be the cost for an adult and y to be the cost for a child.
(a) Write down two equations in x and y.
(b) Solve your equations to find the cost for an adult and a child.
9. Use a graphical method to solve the simultaneous equations

2y = 3x + 4 and 2x + 3y = 9.
Give your answers to 1 decimal place.
138
SEG
MEG
Chapter 7
10. At an indoor market in Blackpool there is a stall where they sell articles at either 50p or 1
each.
On 3 October they sold 229 articles and took 140.
Let the number of articles sold at 50p be x and the number of articles sold at 1 be y.
(a) Explain why
x + 2y = 280.
(b) Write down another equation involving x and y.

(c) Solve the two equations algebraically and find how many articles were sold at each
price.
MEG
11. Peter had 82 pence in his pocket, made up of 2 pence coins and 5 pence coins.
If each 2 pence coin had been a 5 pence coin and each 5 pence coin had been a 2 pence coin
he would have had 1. Use simultaneous equations to calculate how many 2 pence coins
and how many 5 pence coins he had in his pocket.
NICCEA
139
Sequences
INTRODUCTION
INVESTIGATION-Stl
GARDEN PATHS
A path, made from 1m square paving stones, is to be made around a 4m x 3m garden.

How many paving stones are needed?
Investigate the number of paving stones needed for other rectangular gardens which are
1m longer than they are wide. Make and test statements as part of your investigation.
Can you predict the number of stones needed for a garden measuring 25m x 24m?
Can you predict the size of the garden if 150 stones are needed?
What if the garden is 2m longer than it is wide?
What if the garden is twice as long as it is wide?
What if the garden is square?
What if the paths are two paving stones wide?
What if...
LINEAR RULES for SEQUENCES: using symbols
ti means the first term of a sequence,

t2 means the second term of a sequence,
ti means the third term of a sequence and so on.
In general, t,, means the nth term. For instance, tu means the 14th term.
The rule for a sequence may be given as tn = ...
For instance: tn = n- 1, u = 4n + 2, h = 2n are all rules that define sequences.
Sometimes, a letter other than t is used. For instance Ti, ai, uh all mean the first term of a sequence.
141
Sequences
5, 8,11,14,... and 2,1,0, -1,... are examples of sequences which have linear rules. The
difference between any two consecutive terms is the same.
Worked Example (a) Write down the first four terms of the sequence given by the rule
r,, = 4n-l.
(b) Use the rule to find the 18th term of the sequence.
(c) A term of the sequence is 51. Which term is this?
Answer (a) t,, 4n - 1
Replace n by 1, 2, 3 and 4 in turn to findr/, t?, ts, t4 .
=4x1-1
12 = 4 x 2 - 1
tl = 4 x 3 - 1
=3
= 11
=7
^=4x4-1
= 15
The first four terms are 3,7,11,15.

(b) Using tn = 4n-l, tis = 4 x 18-1
-71
(c) Using tn = 4n- 1, 51 = 4n- 1
We now solve the equation 51 4n - 1 to find n. Using the balance method the
solution is: 51 = 4n -1
52 = 4n (adding 1 to each side)
13 = n (dividing both sides by 4)
Then tis 51. That is, the 13th term is 51.
INVESTIGATION 8:2
Using DIFFERENCES to find LINEAR RULES for SEQUENCES
Consider the sequence defined by the rule t,, = 3n + 4.

t; =3x1 + 4
t2 = 3x2 + 4
t3 = 3x3 + 4
=7
=10
=13
The first four terms are 7,10,13,16.
t4 = 3x4 + 4
=16
These terms are set out online 1 below. The differences between consecutive terms are
set out on line 2.
7
10
13
16
...linel
333
...line 2
What is the connection between the rule for the sequence 7,10,13,16,... and the row
of 3's? Investigate.
As part of your investigation consider the sequences 4,7,10,13,... 9,12,15,18,...
2,5,8,11,... 5,7,9,11,... -2,3,8,13,... 20,17,14,11,...
as well as other sequences which have linear rules. Find and test rules for the sequences
you consider.
142
Chapter 8
Worked Example Find a rule for these sequences.

(a) 5,8,11,14,...
(b)2,l,0,-l,...
Answer (a) The difference between any two consecutive terms is 3.

The rule is tn = 3n + a
ti = 3 x 1 + a (replacing n by 1)
5 = 3 + a (since ti = 5)
2 = a (subtracting 3 from both sides)
Hence the rule is tn = 3n + 2.
(b) The difference between any two consecutive terms is -1.
The rule is tn -In + a
ti = -1 x 1 + a
2 = -1 + a (since?/ = 2)
3 = a (subtracting -1 from both sides)
Hence the rule is tn = -In + 3 or tn = 3 - n.
EXERCISE 8:3
1. Find rules that generate these sequences. Write these rules as tn ... Test the rules by
using them to find the next few terms.
(a) 3,6,9,12,...
(b) 4, 5, 6,...
(c) 6,10,14,18,...
(d) 5, 9,13,17,...
(e) 3,7,11,15...
(f) 1,6,11,16,...
(g) 52,49,46,43,...
(h) 4,2,0,-2,...
(i) -5,-1,3, 7,...
(j) -2,-4,-6,-8,...
2.
figl
figl
fig 2
Towels are hung on a clothes line as shown in the diagrams above. Two pegs are used to hang
one towel, three pegs are used to hang two towels, four pegs are used to hang three towels.
The sequence of the number of pegs used is 2, 3,4,...
(a) Continue the sequence for a few more terms.
Use this sequence to find the number of pegs needed to hang 5 towels, 8 towels and
n towels.
(b) Write the rule that generates the sequence as tn = ...
(c) Use the rule to find the number of pegs needed to hang 25 towels.
(d) How many towels can be hung with 37 pegs?
143
Sequences
3.
3,5,7 gives the sequences of squares in these shapes.

(a) How many squares are there in the 4th shape of this sequence?
(b) Write the rule that generates this sequence as tn =
(c) Use the rule to find the number of squares in the 20th shape.
4.
figl
fi2
fig3
These diagrams show blocks glued to a board.

(a) Write down the sequence that gives the number effaces that can be painted.
(b) What is the 4th term of this sequence?
(c) What is the nth term of this sequence?

(d) How many blocks would be on the board if 35 faces can be painted?
(e) How many faces could be painted if there were 24 blocks on the board?
5. Write a rule for each of the following sequences as tn = . . Hence find the required term.
(a) Which term of 4,7,10,13,... is equal to 100?
(b) Which term of 2,7,12,17,. . . is equal to 197?
(c) Which term of 7,5,3,1,... is equal to-15?

(d) Which term of 60,56,52,48,... is equal to -20?
Review 1
A sequence of squares is made by joining dots on "square dot" paper.

(a) How many dots are joined to make four squares?
(b) 4,6 are the first two terms of the sequence giving the number of dots joined.
What are the next two terms of this sequence?
(c) Write the rule for the sequence as tn ...
(d) Use the rule to find the number of dots joined to make 26 squares.
(e) How many squares are made if 92 dots are joined?
144
Chapter 8
Review 2 (a) Write a rule that generates the sequence 2,8,14,20,...
Test the rule.
(b) Use the rule to find the 21 st term.

(c) Which term is equal to 92 ?
USING SEQUENCES in PROBLEM SOLVING
Worked Example
Answer
A well is sunk to a depth of 40 metres. The cost is 120 for the first metre.
Each additional metre costs 10 more than the preceding one.
How much does it cost for the last metre?
The cost is 120 for the first metre, 130 for the second metre, 140 for the third
metre and so on. These costs can be written as 120, 130, 140,...
The rule for this sequence is tn = lOn + 110
The last metre is the 40th.
t4 o - 10 x 40 + 110
= 510
That is, the cost for the last metre is 510.
EXERCISE 8:4
1. Mr. and Mrs. Jones opened a bank account for their daughter when she was born. They
planned to deposit 5 every month for the first year, 10 every month for the second year, 15
every month for the third year and so on; each year increasing the monthly deposit by 5. If
the Jones' keep to this plan, how much per month, would they deposit in the 15th year?
2. A woodpile has logs stacked in 27 parallel rows. Each row has one less log than the row
underneath. If there are 32 logs in the bottom row, how many are there in the top row?
3.
Steve has had 50 fence posts delivered to his farm gate. He carries these, one at a time, and
positions them along a straight fence line in the holes he has already dug. The first hole is
60 metres from the gate and the rest of the holes are 5 metres apart.
(a) Write down the first three terms of the sequence that gives the distance Steve walks
to position each post and go back to collect the next one.
(b) How far does Steve walk between picking up the 32nd and 33rd posts?
145
Sequences
4. At 1C the speed of sound, in air, is approximately 332-1 metres per second and increases
about 0-6 metres per second for each degree of increase in the temperature.
(a) Write down the first few terms of the sequence that represents the speed of sound at
temperatures of 1C, 2C, 3C,. . .
(b) What is the approximate speed of sound at a temperature of 19C?
5. When Sarah was ten months old, she had a vocabulary of 8 words. At twelve months her
vocabulary was 10 words, at fourteen months it was 12 words and at sixteen months it was
14 words. Her parents decided that at this rate of increase, Sarah would be an old lady
before she had a vocabulary of 1000 words. Were Sarah's parents right? How old would she
be?
6. A business lost 2500 during its first year of operation, 2100 during its second year and
1700 during its third year. If this improvement continues, what profit or loss will the
business make in its 10th year of operation?
Review Each rung of a ladder is 0-75cm shorter than the rung below it. If the bottom rung is
30cm long, how long is the 12th rung?
PUZZLES 8:5
999999999999999999999999999999999999999
1. Jake has a 6 metre long stick which he cuts into 25 pieces. Each piece that he
cuts off is 1cm longer than the preceding piece. What was the length of the
first piece that Jake cut off?
2. This diagram shows the top 3 rows of a "tower"
that has been built from building blocks. Each
row has one block less than the row below.
If a total of 276 blocks was used, find the number
of rows in this tower.
999999999999999999999999999999999999999?
146
Chapter 8
CONTINUING SEQUENCES: the DIFFERENCE METHOD
Worked Example Find the next term in the sequence 6,7,11,18,28,...
AmWr
7
1
11
18
4
7
333
28
10
...linel
...line 2
Inline 1 we write the differences between consecutive terms of 6,7,11,18,28.

In line 2 we write the differences between consecutive terms of the sequence formed inline 1.
We can now find the next term in the given sequence as shown by the figures in red.
6
7
11
18
28 41
147
10^13
3
3
3
^3
That is, we write another 3 online 2; then add this 3 to the 10 online 1 to get 13 as the next
number on line 1; then add 13 to 28 to get 41 as the next number of the given sequence.
The method we used in the above worked example is called the difference method.
EXERCISE 8:6
1. Use the difference method to find the next two terms of these sequences,
(a) 2,5,10,17,26,...
(b) 4, 8,15, 25, 38,. . .
(c) 3,8,15,24,35,...
(d) 5,11, 21, 35, 53,. ..
(e) 1, 8, 21, 40, 65,...
(f) 1, 7,17, 31,49,...
(g) -3, 3,13, 27,45,...
(h) 4,13, 28,49,76,...
(i) 0,9,24,45,72,...
(j) -6,6,26,54,90,...
147
Sequences
2. Continue these sequences for another term.
(a) 6,11,18,27,38,51,...
(b) 8,13,21,34,54,83,...
(c) 6,13,32,69,130,221,...
(d) -4,-2,12,44,100,186,...
(e) 2,12,36,80,150,252,...
(f) 0,12,32,60,96,140,...
(g) -4,3,22,59,120,211,...
(h) 1,10,25,46,73,106,...
(i) 2,16,54,128,250,432,...
(j) 9,15,25,39,57,79,...
(k) 0,7,26,63,124,215,...
3.
(a) Draw the next diagram in this sequence.

(b) 3,6,10 are the first three terms of this sequence of dots. Write down the first four terms
of this sequence.
(c) Using the difference method, continue the sequence written in (b).
(d) How many dots will there be in the tenth diagram of the sequence of dots?
4.
(a) Draw the next diagram in this sequence of diagrams.

(b) 1,4,9 are the first three terms in the sequence of the number of squares in the diagrams.
What is the next term?
148
Chapter 8
(c) How many squares will there be in the diagram which has 11 squares on the base?
(d) 4,13,26 are the first three terms in the sequence of the number of 1cm lines in each of
the diagrams.
What is the next term in this sequence?
Use the difference method to find the number of 1cm lines in the 7th diagram.
5.
figl
fig2
figl
fig 4
fig*
(a) Draw circles like those shown.

(b) How many dots are on the next circle in this sequence of circles?
Draw this circle.
(c) On each circle, every point is to be joined to every other point.
On fig 1 there will be 1 line.
On fig2 there will be 3 lines.
On fig 3 there will be 6 lines.
Join every point to every other point on each of your 6 circles.
(d) Copy and complete this sequence for the number of lines on the 6 circles.
1, 3, 6, . . . , . . ., ...
(e) A circle has 8 dots around the outside.
Use the difference method to find the number of lines needed to join each point to
every other point on this circle.
(f) In a room there are 4 people. Each person shakes hands with every other person. How
many handshakes will there be?
(g) What is the connection between the number of handshakes between any number of
people and the number of lines joining the dots on a circle?
(h) In a county cricket competition there are 14 teams. Each team plays every other team.
How many games will there be?
149
Sequences
Review 1 Use the difference method to find the next term in these sequences.
(a) 6,10,16,24,34,. ..
(b) 2,9,28,65,126,...
Review 2
figl
fig2
figl
(a) The shape infig 1 has 4 sides, that infig 2 has 5 sides and that infig 3 has 6 sides.
If this sequence of shapes is continued, how many sides will the next shape
have?
Draw the next shape.
(b) 2,5,9 are the first three terms of the sequence of the number of diagonals in the
shapes.
Count the number of diagonals in the next shape of this sequence.
(c) Use the difference method to find the number of diagonals in a shape which has
10 sides.
Review 3 In Gaylene's maths, group there are 6 students. One evening each student had one
phone conversation with every other student. How many phone calls do these 6
students make?
150
Chapter 8
INVESTIGATION 8:7
LETTERS of the ALPHABET
The above letters H are as high as they are wide. Each is made from 1 cm squares.
Investigate to find a relationship between the areas and perimeters. As part of your
investigation make and test statements.
Can you predict the perimeter of an H that is 7cm high?
Can you predict the area of an H that is 10cm wide?
Can you predict the area of an H that has a perimeter of 34cm?
Can you predict the perimeter of an H that has an area of 34cm2 ?
What if the letter H was replaced with the letter F?
What if the letter H was replaced with the letter E?
What if...
FINDING QUADRATIC RULES FOR SEQUENCES

DISCUSSION EXERCISE and INVESTIGATION 8:8
QUADRATIC RULES for SEQUENCES
Check that the first six terms of the sequence w,, = n-2 are -1,0,1,2,3,4.
Check that the first six terms of the sequence T,, = n2 -2 are -1,2,7,14,23,34.
Check that the first six terms of the sequence r,, = n3 -2 are -1,6,25,62,123,214.
The difference method can be used to find further terms of un = n - 2 as follows.
Discuss.
-101234567
11111111
continued.
151
Sequences >
We can use the difference method to find further terms of Tn = n2 - 2 as follows.

-1
2
7
14
23
34
47
62
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
22222
22
79
We can use the difference method to find further terms of tn = n3 - 2 as follows.

-1
6
25
62
123
214
341
510
7
19
37
61
91
127
169
12
18
24
30
36
42
66666
How can the difference method be used to predict whether the highest power of n in a rule
for a sequence is n or n2 or n3? Investigate.
As part of your investigation, consider the sequences:
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, . . .

2,8,18,32,50,72,...
7,11,15,19,23,27,...
2,5,10,17,26,37,...
1,8,27,64,125,216,...
0,7,26,63,124,215,...
A quadratic rule for a sequence is tn = an2 + bn + c.

There is a relationship between the second row of differences and a. Investigate to find
this relationship.
As part of your investigation write down the first 6 terms of these sequences and the two
rows of differences.
tn = 2n2 + 3
tn = 3n2 + 5n
tn = n2 - 2n + 4
tn = 4n2 + n + 1
Tracy investigated further to find b and c. She wrote up part of her investigation as
follows. For tn = an2 + bn + c,
=a+b+c
=4a + 2b + c
= 9a + 3b + c
= 16a + 4b + c
Terms
a+b+c
4a + 2b + c
9a + 3b + c
16a + 4b + c
1st differences
3a + b
5a + b
7a + b
2nd differences
2a
2a
Tracy used these to find quadratic rules for sequences. She found a first, then b and
finally c. Discusshow Tracy might have done this. As part of your discussion consider
the sequences 3,4,7,12,... 0,8,22,42,... 5,11,21,35,... 8,22,42,68,...
152
Chapter 8
Worked Example Find the quadratic rules for these sequences.

(a) -4,3,16,35,...
(b) 9,15,25, 39,. . .
Answer (a) Let the rule be tn an2 + bn + c.

-4
3
7
16
13
2a = 6
35
19
3a + b = 7
a + b + c = -4
9 + b- 7
b = -2
1 + c =-4
c = -5
The rule is 3n2 -2n-5.

(b) Let the rule be tn an2 + bn + c.
9
15
2a = 4
a=2
10
25
3a + b =
3x2+b=
6+b =
b =
14
6
6
6
0
39
a+b+c=9
2+0+c=9
c =7
The rule is 2n2 + 7.

Sometimes a quadratic rule for a sequence may be written down easily. This is so if the rule is
something like tn - n1 or tn = n2 + 1 or tn 2n2.
If the rule cannot be written down easily the method shown above can be used to find the rule.
EXERCISE 8:9
1. Write down the quadratic rule for these sequences.
(a)10,40,90,160,...
(b) 3,6,11,18,...
(c) 4,16, 36, 64,. . .
(d) -9, - 6, -1,6,...
(e) 21,24,29, 36,...
(f) 5, 20,45, 80,...
(g)-2,1,6,13,...
2. Find the quadratic rule for these sequences.
(a)3,9,19,33,51,...
(b)-1,0, 3, 8,15,...
(c)-2, 7, 22,43,70,. .
(d) 4,11,22, 37, 56,...
(e) 2, 3,6,11,18,. . .
(f) 10,27, 52, 85,126,.
(g) 3,16,39,72,115,...
(h) 2,13, 32, 59,94,...
(i) 3,19,45,81,127,.,
(j) 5,14,27,44,65,...
153
Sequences
Review Find the quadratic rule for these sequences.

(a) 11,14,19,26,35,...
(b) 20,80,180,320,500,.
(c) 5,11,21,35,53,...
(d) 3,8,15,24,35,...
(e) 5,16,35,62,97,...
INVESTIGATION 8:10
SEQUENCES in PASCAL'S TRIANGLE
i
1
The numbers 1,2,3,4,5 and 1,3,6,10

occur on two of the diagonals when
the first six rows of Pascal's triangle are
written down.
i
2
Investigate sequences of numbers on

the diagonals of Pascal's triangle. As
part of your investigation, write down
many more rows of this triangle. Make
and test statements.
1331
1464
10
10
RULES for SEQUENCES OTHER THAN LINEAR or QUADRATIC
The difference method can be used to help to find the rule for some, but not all, sequences.
Consider the sequence 1,2,4,8,16,32,64,...

Discuss what happens when differences are taken.
Discuss possible ways of finding a rule for a sequence such as this. As part of your
discussion, consider the sequences 1, 3,9,27,81,... 1,4,16,64,256,...
2,4, 8,16, 32,64,. . . 3,15,75, 375,1875,. . .
Consider the Fibonacci sequence 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,...

Discuss what happens when differences are taken.
Discuss possible ways of finding a rule for a sequence such as this.
154
Chapter 8
Consider the sequence y, y, -^, y, -g-, y . . . Is 4 = ^ a rule for this sequence?
What is a possible rule? Discuss.

Discuss possible rules for the following sequences.
L
2. L A.
3'4'5'6'-"
AAAA
2'3'4'5'"-
JL A J_ -I /> '2'3'4'
nU' L
2. L
2 '3'4'-"
il> 1.
J_ A
2 '3'4'---
3a ' A
2' 1i ' A
4' A
5'' ' '
i A
1 A
l>
3 '5>
7 >...
1
A JL JL
3'9'2'15'-'-
INVESTIGATION 8:12
EXPLORING SEQUENCES using the COMPUTER
10
20
30
40
50
FORN = 1TO5
T = (N + 1)/N
PRINT T
NEXT N
END
Type this program into a computer. What sequence is generated? Adjust the program at
line 10 to print more terms of the sequence. Investigate questions such as : How many
terms need to be generated to find a term which is less than 1 -01 ?
Adjust the above program at line 20 to generate other sequences. You could consider
tn = n + 1 ,
tn ,
t,< ~ nJ ,
tn = 3n2,
i,, = 1 -n.
Explore these sequences.
EXAM. QUESTIONS
1. The first five terms of a simple number sequence are
5
11
14
17
Find, in terms of n, the nth term of the sequence.
ULEAC
2. Consider the sequence

1,
5,
9,
13,
17,
21,
25,
......
(a) Find the next term in the sequence and explain how you obtained your answer.
(b) The nth term in the sequence is 4n - 3.
Solve the equation 4n - 3 = 397 and explain what the answer tells you.
155
MEG
Sequences
3. Here are the first four terms of a number sequence,

7,
11,
15,
19.
Write down the nth term of the sequence.
ULEAC
4. On this piece of bunting there are three light flags between every pair of dark flags.
All the flags are numbered in order.
The first dark flag is number 1, the second dark flag is number. 5 and so on.
WWW
1234567
(a) Complete this table by filling in the numbers of the dark flags.
Dark flag
Flag number
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
10th
(b) Find an expression for the number of the nth dark flag.
NEAB
5. The three patterns below are made out of matchsticks.
Pattern 1
Pattern 2
Pattern 3
(a) Draw the next pattern in the sequence.

(b) Complete this table to show the number of matchsticks used for each pattern.
Pattern number
Number of matchsticks
10
16
(c) How many matchsticks would be needed for the 20th pattern?
Show clearly how you worked out your answer.
(d) Write down an expression for the number of matchsticks in the nth pattern.
NEAB
6. Write down the next number and a rule for continuing each of the following number
patterns.
(a)2,7,12,17, .............
(b) 1,3,9,27, .............
WJEC
156
Chapter 8
7. Write the next two numbers in each of these simple sequences.

Write a rule for finding the next number in each sequence.
(i)
12
16
(ii) 30
25
20
15
(iii) 1
16
ULEAC
8. (a) Write down in terms of n, the nth term of the sequence

3,
7,
11,
15, ......
(b) Write down in terms of n, the nth term of the sequence
1
1
J_
_L
3 '
9 '
27 '
81 '
SEG
9. A sequence begins
2,
2,
5,
13,
28,
The numbers in the sequence can be calculated using differences.

In each case the numbers in the rows A andB are the differences of the numbers above them.
Sequence
Row A
2
0
RowB
5
3
13
8
28
15
.
.......
By continuing row B and then row A write in the next two numbers in the sequence.
SEG
10. (a) The first three terms of a sequence are

349
_>,
t,
7,
The diagram shows how to find each term in this sequence.
349
(i)
Write down the fourth term of this sequence,
(ii) Calculate the sixth term of this sequence.

(b) Find the next term in each of the following sequences.
Show clearly how you got your answers.
(i)
4,
(ii) 243,
10,
19,
31,
46,
81,
27,
9,
3,
...
(c) Write down the nth term for each of the following sequences,
(i)
1,
4,
9,
16,
25,
...
(ii) 3,
5,
7,
9,
11,
...
157
NEAB
Sequences
11. Look at this sequence
28
18
32
(a) Write down the next term of the sequence.

(b) Write down the 25th term of the sequence.
(c) Write down the nth term of the sequence.
MEG
12. Give the nth term of these sequences.

1st term 2nd term 3rd term 4th term
(a)
11
1st term 2nd term 3rd term 4th term
(b)
15
SEG
13. Jayant and Paula make patterns like this from matchsticks.
Number 1
Number 2
Number 4
Number 3
Here is their table of results.

Pattern number (n)
Number of small triangles in pattern (t)
Number of matchsticks needed (m)
18
Complete the table for them.
30
NEAB
14. Write down the rule for each of these sequences.

(a)
3-4,
3-0,
2-6,
2-2,
1-8, ...................
(b)
3,
6,
12,
24,
48, ....................
(c)
3,
4,
6,
9,
13.....................
158
SEG
Algebra Review
1. Use either the balance method or the substitution method to solve these simultaneous
equations.
(a) 5x - 6y = 8
(b) x - 2y - 1 = 0
4x + 3y = -17
x + 4y = 4
2. A sequence is given by the rule r,, = 2n - 1.
(a) Write down the first five terms of this sequence,
(b) What is the 91st term?
(c) Which term is equal to 121?
3.
2x - 3y = 3
13
11
x+y=5
(a) Use the graph to find the solution of the simultaneous equations 2x - 3y = 3 and
(b) Rearrange y = -x + 5 as x + ... =5.
(c) Use the graph to find the values of x and y for which y - -x + 5 and
y = - \ x + 6.
(d) Use the graph to write down two simultaneous equations which have the
solution x = 3, y = 2.
159
Algebra Review
4. (a) "Last night the temperature did not fall below 6C." Which of the following
inequalities describes this statement?
A. T<6
B. T > 6
C. T < 6
D. T > 6
(b) "No worker at A.B. Tyres earns less than 4 an hour and no worker earns more than 9
an hour." Which of the following inequalities best describes this statement?
A. E>4
B. E<9
C. 4 < E < 9
D. 4<E<9
5.
Matchsticks are used to form squares, as shown in the above diagrams. 4,7 are the first two
terms of the sequence for the number of matchsticks needed.
(a) How many matchsticks are needed to form 3 squares; how many are needed to form 4
squares?
(b) Write down the first 5 terms of the sequence for the number of matchsticks needed.
(c) Write the rule for the sequence as tn = ...
(d) Use the rule to find the number of matchsticks needed to form 87 squares.
6. In a quiz show the questions all had two parts. Points were given
if both parts were answered correctly or if just one part was
answered correctly.
(a) Ellen correctly answered both parts of 6 questions and just
one part of 14 questions. She got a total of 58 points.
An equation that describes this is 6b + 14c = 58.
What does b stand for? What does c stand for?
(b) Adrian correctly answered both parts of 9 questions and just
one part of 7 questions. He got a total of 59 points.
Write another equation, involving b and c, for this
information.
(c) Use the two equations from (a) and (b) to find how many points were given if both
parts of a question were answered correctly and how many were given if just one part
was answered correctly.
160
Chapter 9
7. Daley decides to save 2 this week, 5 next week, 8 the week after and so on; so that in one
week he will save 3 more than in the previous week. If Daley keeps to this savings plan, how
much will he save in the 27th week?
8. Find the next two terms of these sequences. You may wish to use the difference method.
(a)l,6,ll,16,...
(b) 5,18,37,62,93,...
(c) 2,11, 32, 71,134, 227,. ..
9. Choose the correct inequality for each graph.
(a) -336?2r
A. n> 1
B. n< 1
0
A. n>-l
(c)
C. n > 1
D. n < 1
C. n < -1
D. n > -1
C. -1 < n < 2
D. -1 < n < 2
B. n<-l
-2-10123
A. -1 < n < 2
B. -1 < n < 2
..
.
(a) 1, 5,13,25 are the first four terms of the sequence of the number of dots in the
diagrams shown. Draw the next diagram in this sequence to find the fifth term.
(b) Use the difference method to find the number of dots in the diagram which has 10 dots
along each side.
11. On the same graph, draw the lines x-y = 3 and y = 2x-5.
Use your graph to write down the solution of the simultaneous equations
y = 2x-5 and x-y = 3.
161
Algebra Review
12. Find and test a rule for these sequences.

(a) 5,12,19, 26,...
(b) 28, 25, 22,19,...
(d) 3,12, 27,48, 75,...
(e) f, }, |, },. . .
(c) -2, - 4, - 6, -8,.
13. Display the following inequalities on a number line. Hence write down all the whole number
solutions.
(a)
x < 5
(b) -1 < n < 5
(c)
a > 0
14. In a games arcade, some games cost 20p and some cost 30p. Dinny plays 10 games for 2-40.
(a) An equation which describes this is 20a + 30b = 240.
Copy and complete this table for 20a + 30b = 240.
a
b
12
b
10
9
8
(b) Draw a set of axes like

those shown.
Draw the line
20a + 30b = 240.
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
123456
89
10
11
12
(c) Write another equation for a and b.

(d) Draw another line on your graph to find the number of 20p games and the number of
30p games that Dinny played.
15. Solve these inequalities.
(a) 5a - 4 < 9
162
(b) 2 - x > 1
(c) -5 < 2n + 1 < 11
Chapter 9
16. Jennifer accepted a job that paid Ip for the first day, 2p for the second day, 4p for the third day,
8p for the fourth day and so on.
Find, to the nearest pound, how much Jennifer would earn altogether if this job lasted for
23 days.
17. Avonlee Country Club fees are 80 per year, with a special rate of 75
if paid before the 1st of May. In 1992, the 140 members paid a total
of 11100 in fees. Write down two simultaneous equations for e and
/, wheree is the number of members who paid before the 1st of May
and / is the number who paid after this.
How many members paid their fees before the 1st of May?
18. These sequences have quadratic rules.
Find these rules. You may wish to use simultaneous equations.
(a) 101,104,109,116,125,...
(b) 3,12,27,48,75,...
(c) 9, 24,49, 84,129,. . .
(d) 5, 9,17,29,45,...
EXAM. QUESTIONS
19. Write down all the whole number values of x, such that
-2 < x < 3
SEG
20. (a) A computer generates the following sequence of numbers

5 8 11 14 17 20
Write down, in terms of n, an expression for the nth term in the sequence.
(b) Solve the simultaneous equations:
4p-q = 15
2p-q = 9
21. (a) Sticks are arranged in shapes.
ULEAC
shape i
Shape 2
Shapes
7 sticks
12 sticks
17 sticks
The number of sticks form a sequence.

Find a formula, in terms of n, for the number of sticks in the nth shape.
(b) Find a formula, in terms of n, for the area of the nth rectangle in this sequence.
2
3
SEG
163
Algebra Review
22. List all the possible integer values of n such that

-3 < n<2.
23. (a)
ULEAC
-1
-2
-3
(i) The graph of 5x + 4y 20 is shown on the diagram above.

On the diagram, draw the graph of y = 2x.
(ii) Use the graphs to find the solution of the simultaneous equations
5x + 4y = 20,
y = 2x.
Give the value of x and the value of y to one decimal place.
(b) Calculate the exact solution of the simultaneous equations
5x + 4y = 20,
2x-y = 0.
MEG
24.
13
25
(a) (i) What are the next two numbers in this pattern?
(ii) Which of the first 5 numbers in this pattern are prime numbers?
(b) Write down a rule, in terms of n, for the nth term of the following sequences,
(i) 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 ...
(ii) 2, 8, 18, 32, 50 ...
164
SEG
Chapter 9
25. 3 apples and 2 bananas cost 66p.

11 apples and 4 bananas cost 1-92.
(a) Using x as the price in pence of an apple and y as the price in pence of a banana, write
down two equations to represent the information given.
(b) Solve your equations to find x and y.
MEG
26. (a) Write an expression, in terms of n, for the nth term in this sequence.
0,
3,
8,
15,
...
(b) Solve the simultaneous equations

x +y 4
15x + 25y = 76
(c) Solve the inequality
2(3x-2)<ll
165
SEG

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ALGEBRA

A number is divisible by 2 if it is an even number

A prime number is divisible by just two numbers, itself and 1.

A sequence is a list of numbers such as 3, 7,11,15,... There is usually a relationship

. from previous page

EXPRESSIONS. FORMULAE. EQUATIONS

Replacing a letter with a number is called substituting in a formula.

The flowchart method for solving 2a - 4 = 1 is shown below.

Choose a variable such as n or x for the unknown quantity.

COORDINATES. DRAWING a LINE

The graph of a straight line may be drawn as follows.

For instance, to draw the line y = 2x + 1 proceed as follows.

(b) 1,2, D, 8,16,...

Which number in this list is divisible by both 3 and 8?

4. Stacy is baking chocolate cakes for the

5. Simplify the following.

75 ..... .3:.. ....f-

70:::-:::::::::::::::::: .-,I-T:_--_.._-_-_--_.^Z-__..____________________ .._._-_--._-..---_._..---../.-.-..-__

7. Use this graph to answer the following

(a) The speed limit through a village is

(b) How many miles per hour is a speed

" ^" ----- ------- -

_ _,_ __,.---, __--, -_-

(c) Sally and Rex both left Forth at the

- ----- ------ -~A

miles per hour

8. Write down the first 5 terms of these sequences.

(a) First term equal to 1.

9. (a) Remove the brackets 3 (4n - 7)

(b) (-5,2), (-1,4), (9,4)

(c) (-5, - 4), (-1, -2)

12. C = 299 + 18d + 5 (d + 3). This formula gives

13. In words, give a rule that generates each of these sequences.

14. Each of 4 classrooms contained the

(a) Copy and complete this table.

(b) Copy and complete these coordinates. (0, ), (40, ), (80,100).

16. Neroli, Laxmi, Sara and Nabila all play

18. Continue the sequence 8,13,18,... in two different ways.

(a) Write and solve an equation to find x.

22. Write the missing numbers in these simple sequences,

23. (a) Plot the points (1,3) and (4,6).

(a) (i) Write down the next two numbers in row B.

31. Look at this pattern

32. Jennifer does an experiment with a balance.

A packet of biscuits weights x grams.

33. Solve these equations,

(b)2(x + 3)= 18-6*

34. Trevor is making patterns with matchsticks.

(a) Complete this table.

(b) How many matches are needed for pattern 12?

We had better make 6 extra ones as well,

36. (a) Complete this table of values for y = x - 3.

(b) Plot the points and draw the graph for y = x - 3.

37. Michael has a set of play cubes.

(a) Which of these numbers, greater than 1, are prime numbers?

What are the missing numbers?

(i) What is the next number in this pattern?

NOTATION for INEQUALITIES

"is less than"

"n is greater than -5"

- 4 < n < 7 is read as

"n is between - 4 and 7"

70:::-:::::::::::::::::: .-,I-T:_--_.._-_-_--_.^Z-..__________________ .._._-_--._-..---_._..---../.-.-..-__

_ _,_ ,.---, --, -_-