C.C.H.S.

CLASS-XII

PHYSICS

MANSAROVAR
Section A and B Practical Activities

SECTION- B
B-1
ACTIVITY NUMER.
DATE
AIM To study effect of intensity of light ( by varying distance of the source ) on an L.D.R.
Apparatus- An L.D.R.(light dependent resistor), a metre bridge, a resistance box, a galvanometer, jockey, Leclanche
cell/battery, connecting wires.
Diagram-

Theory
A light dependent resistance (L.D.R.) consists of consists of cadmium sulphide. Its resistance depends upon the
intensity of light varies from about 1 M in complete darkness to about 100 in daylight.
The unknown resistance X of L.D.R., using the meter bridge, is given by x =
resistance from the resistance box and

R (100l)
l

..(1) , where R is

l is position of null point or balance point.

Procedure
1. Set up slide wire bridge circuit with L.D.R. as unknown resistance X as shown in Figure.
2. Place a bulb at a height of about 15 cm, from L.D.R. Expose the L.D.R. to light for about 2 minutes. Take out
suitable resistance R from the resistance box and find the position of null point. Calculate resistance of L.D.R. using
equation (1).
3. Repeat the step 2 by changing the height of bulb to 12 cm, 9 cm, 6 cm and 3 cm. Calculate the resistance of L.D.R.
each time.
Sl.No
.

Height of the bulb

from L.D.R. (cm)

Resistance (ohm)

Position of null point

(cm)

x=

R (100l)
l

(ohm)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Conclsion/Result
Fron the observation table, it is clear that as the distance of the bulb from L.D.R. decreases or intensity of light falling
on L.D.R. increases, the resistance of L.D.R. also decreases.
Precautions
1. The value of R should be chosen suitably such that balance point or null point lies near the middle of the wire.

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C.C.H.S.
PHYSICS

CLASS-XII

MANSAROVAR
Section A and B Practical Activities

2. The plugs of the resistance box should be made tight by giving them twists.
3. Distance of the filament of the bulb from L.D.R. should be measured accurately.
SECTION- B

B-2

ACTIVITY NUMER.

DATE

AIM To identify a diode, a LED, a transistor, and IC, a resistor and a capacitor from mixed collection of such items.
Apparatus- Diode, LED, transistor, IC (integrated circuit), resistor, capacitor and multimeter.
Diagram-

Theory
From the given collection of diode, LED, transistor, IC, resistor and capacitor, these devices can be identified on the
basis of their appearance and working.
(i) An integrated circuit (IC) : It is in the form of a rectangular or circular chip with flat back and is a multiterminal
device. Generally, it has eight, sixteen or more pins.
(ii) Transistor : A transistor is a three terminal device.
(iii) Diode : A diode is a two terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does not conduct when reverse
biased.
(iv) Light emitting diode (I,ED) : A LED is a two terminal device. It conducts while forward biased and does not
Conduct when reverse biased. It emits light while conducting.
(v) Capacitor : It is also a two terminal device. When a capacitor is charged or discharged through a resistor, current
decays exponentially with time in both cases (charging as well as discharging). Further, a capacitor conducts a.c. and
does not conduct d.c.

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C.C.H.S.
CLASS-XII

PHYSICS

MANSAROVAR
Section A and B Practical Activities

(vi) Resistor : A resistor is a two terminal device. It conducts either forward biased or reverse biased. When a d.c.
voltage is applied across it, current through it remains steady or constant. It conducts both d.c. and a.c.
Procedure
1. An integrated circuit (IC) and a transistor can be identified just by appearance. If the component has large number
of pins or legs and is in the form of chip, then it is IC. If the component has three terminals or legs, then it is a
transistor.
2. The components having two legs or terminals may be diode, LED, capacitor or resistor. These components can be
distinguished from one another by using a multimeter as an ohms-meter as explained below :
(a) Insert the black and red leads (or probes) into the common and positive terminals of the multimeter and turn the
selector switch to M position for checking the continuity.
(b) Touch the probes to the two ends of each component and observer the deflection on resistance scale of the
multimeter. Now, interchange the position of the two probes and again note the deflection.
(i) If deflection is observed in one case and zero deflection in the other case, then the component is diode.
(ii) If deflection is observed in one case alongwith emmission of light and no deflection is observed in the other case.
tlren component is LED.
(iii) If large deflection is observed which then gradually decreases to zero, then component is capacitor.
(iv) If the same constant deflection is observed in the two cases, before and after interchanging the probes, then the
component is resistor.
Observations
Sl.No
Number of legs/pins
.
1.
Eight or more
2.
Three
3.
Two
Sl.No
.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Flow of current
Unidirectional, but no light is emitted
Unidirectional, light is also emitted
Current decays to zero gradually or suddenly
Steady current, both before and after
interchanging probes

Device
I.C.
Transistor
Diode, LED, Capacitor, Resistor
Device
Diode
LED
Capacitor
Resistor

pg. 3

C.C.H.S.
PHYSICS

CLASS-XII

SECTION- B

B-3

MANSAROVAR
Section A and B Practical Activities

ACTIVITY NUMER.

DATE

AIM Use of multimeter to (i) identify base of transistor, (ii) distinguish between n-p-n and p-n-p type transistor
(iii) see the unidirectional flow of current in case of diode and an LED, (iv) Check whether a given electronic
component (e.g. diode, transistors, or IC) is in working order.
Apparatus- Diode, LED, n-p-n transistor, p-n-p transistor, IC (integrated circuit), a multimeter.
Procedure
(i) Identification of base of a transistor : The multimeter is used as an ohm-meter by turning the selector the selector
switch to either M or K range. The black or common lead is taken as positive because positive of the multimeter
battery is connected to this common terminal.
(a) First method : The probes of the multimeter are touched with two legs of the transistor and then position of the
probes are interchanged. If the multimeter shows no deflection in both the cases then the third leg is base. These two
legs used are collector and emitter since emitter-base junction offers high resistance in both the cases.
(b) Second method : Connect one probe of the multimeter to a particular leg of the transistor. Touch the other probe
with the remaining two legs in turn. If multimeter shows deflection in both cases, then the first leg is base.
(ii) Identification of n-p-n or p-n-p transistor : Once, the base has been identified, then:
(a) Connect probe of the black lead to the base and probe of the red lead to the either of the remaining legs. If
multimeter shows deflection, the given transistor is n-p-n transistor.
(b) Connect probe of the red lead to the base and probe of the black lead to the either of the remaining legs. If
multimeter shows deflection, the given transistor is p-n-p transistor.
(iii) Unidirectional flow of current in diode/LED : The probes of multimeter are touched with the two ends of
diode/LED and then connections are interchanged. If multimeters shows deflection in one case only, the given
component (diode/LED) shows unidirectional flow of current.
(iv) To check up whether a transistor is in working order or spoiled : The probes of the multimeter are touched
with the two ends of the diode and then connections are interchanged.
(a) If multimeter shows deflection in one case and no deflection in other case, then diode is in working order.
(b) If multimeter shows deflection in both cases, then the diode is spoiled.
(v) To check up whether a transistor is in working order or spoiled : Select two legs of transistor between which
there is conduction in forward biasing or reverse biasing, these legs will be collector and emitter. If this is not the case,
then transistor is spoiled. Using third terminal as base, apply forward bias and reverse bias between EB and CB
junctions, if there is conduction in across both the junctions during forward bias and no conduction during reverse
bias, then transistor is in working order, otherwise it is damaged.
(vi) To check up whether on IC is in working order or spoiled : Look at the number marked on the IC and check up
the functioning of various gates according to specifications given in the manual.

pg. 4

C.C.H.S.
CLASS-XII

PHYSICS

MANSAROVAR
Section A and B Practical Activities

pg. 5

C.C.H.S.
CLASS-XII

PHYSICS

MANSAROVAR
Section A and B Practical Activities

pg. 6

C.C.H.S.
CLASS-XII

PHYSICS

MANSAROVAR
Section A and B Practical Activities

SECTION- B
B-4
ACTIVITY NUMER.
DATE
AIM To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.
Apparatus- A glass slab, a sheet of white paper, drawing board, all-pins, cello tape or drawing pins, ruler, pencil, etc.
Diagram-

Theory
when a ray of light is incident from air on to a glass slab, it suffers refraction from rarer to denser medium. Therefore,
it bends towards the normal such that angle of refraction r is less than angle of incident i. The ray EF suffers refraction
at the opposite face of the glass slab and goes from denser to rarer medium. Therefore, it bends away from the normal.
It emerges out along FG and is known as emergent ray. From the Fig, it is clear that :
(i) the emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray, and
(ii) the emergent ray is laterally displaced from the incident ray by distance d, the lateral displacement is given by
d=

t sin(ir )
cos r

, where t is the breadth of the glass slab.

Procedure
1. Fix a sheet of white paper on the drawing board using cello tape or drawing pins. Place a glass slab on this white
sheet of paper and mark its boundary with a sharp pencil.
2. Remove the glass slab and mark the incident ray PE and normal MM / as shown in figure. Replace theglass slab.Fix
two all-pins P and Q vertically on the incident ray and look for their image from the opposite side.
3. Fix two more all-pins R and S vertically such that the tips of these pins R and S and images of tips of pins P and Q
all are in same straight line.
4. Remove the glass slab. Join R and S and extend it further so as to meet the boundary CD at point F. Join EF. Then,
EF is the refracted ray. Extend the incident ray further by dotted line as shown in Fig. It is observed that emergent ray
is parallel for the incident ray but laterally displace from it.
5. Repeat the experiment by putting the glass slab breadth wise. It is found that emergent ray is again parallel to the
incident ray but lateral displacement is proportional to the thickness t of the glass slab traversed by light.
Conclusion / Result
l. The emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray but it is displaced laterally.

pg. 7

C.C.H.S.
CLASS-XII

PHYSICS

MANSAROVAR
Section A and B Practical Activities

2. The lateral displacement of the emergent ray increases with the increase in thickness of glass traversed by light.
SECTION- B
B-5
ACTIVITY NUMER.
DATE
AIM To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.
Apparatus- An optical bench with two uprights. two razor blades fixed on a glass plate with their sharp edges exactly
parallel to each other, a black paper, a pencil laser and a screen.

Theory
When a parallel beam of monochromatic light is passed through a narrow slit, it bends around the corners of the slit
giving rise to the phenomenon of diffraction. The pattern obtained on the screen consists of central maxima having
large intensity surrounded by alternate minima and secondary maxima of rapidly decreasing intensity (Fig.). The
condition for formation of minima and secondary maxima are
d sin = n

(Minima)

and

d sin = (2n + 1)

(Maxima)

Procedure
1 . With the help of cello-tape, fix two razor blades with their sharp edges parallel and extremely close to each other so
that a narrow rectangular slit is formed between the sharp edges.
2. Cover the glass plate, leaving the rectangular slit uncovered, with black paper.
3. Hold the glass plate in a lens or mirror holder on an optical bench and pencil laser on another holder at a distance of
about 20 cm from the slit.
4. Observe the light coming out of the slit on a wall/screen at a distance of about 2 m from the slit.
5. It is found that the pattern on the screen/wall consists of broad central maxima flanked on both sides by alternate
minima and secondary maxima of decreasing intensity.
Conclusion/Result
A diffraction pattern consisting of a large number of bright and dark fringes parallel to the slit is observed on the
screen.

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C.C.H.S.
PHYSICS

CLASS-XII
SECTION- B

B-6

MANSAROVAR
Section A and B Practical Activities

ACTIVITY NUMER.

DATE

AIM To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the given set of lenses.
Apparatus- An optical bench, a large number of different focal lengths, a lens holder can hold two lenses touching
each other, three uprights.
Theory
The focal length (f) of two thin lenses of focal lengths f 1 , and f2 placed in contact with each other is given by

1
f

1 1
+
f1 f2

The power of the combined system is given by P = P 1 + P2 , where P1 =

1
f1

and P2 =

1
f2

are powers of the

individual lenses.
Let we want to obtain a lens system of focal length l0 cm from a given set of lenses in which one lens is of focal
length 30 cm. The focal length of second lens should be

1
f2

1
F

1
f1

1
10

1 31
=
30
30

1
15

=> f2 = 15 cm
Procedure
1. Find the rough or approximate focal length of various lenses by obtaining sharp and clear image of distant objects
on the screen or wall and select the convex lens of focal length of 15 cm.
2. Put the given lens of focal length 30 cm and the lens of focal length 15 cm in contact with each other. The
combination will be equivalent to a convex lens of focal length 10 cm.
3. Using optical bench method, it is found that the image of an object placed at F = 20 cm distance is formed at
distance 2 F = 20 cm or the other side of the lens. Thus, the combination has a focal length of 10 cm.
Precautions
l. The two lenses should be thin lenses.
2. The two lenses should have the same aperture.

pg. 9

C.C.H.S.
CLASS-XII

PHYSICS

MANSAROVAR
Section A and B Practical Activities

pg. 10