Studying Africa

Studying Africa
A guide to the sources
Edited by
Marianne Andersson and sa Lund Moberg
Literature surveys by
Tore Linn Eriksen
Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala, 2011
Reference materials
Bibliographies
Internet sources
Literature surveys
Social sciences
History
Politics
Africa
ISBN 978-91-7106-686-2
Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 2011
Layout: Byr4, Uppsala 2011
Contents
Foreword
About the authors
Marianne Andersson
Literature searching
Bibliographic overviews
7
Current bibliographies
7
Searching for literature on the
Internet
8
Searching for journal articles
11
References
12
Subject related databases
13
Internet resources
14
Marianne Andersson
Searching for facts

Introduction
16
Country specific information
Subject related information
References
21
Internet resources
23
Statistics
44
Finding statistics
44
Some sources of statistics
47
References
61
Internet resources
61
Search terms in AfricaLit 62
Official publications
16
18
Africa Information on the

Internet
24
Search engines
24
Link collections
26
Evaluation of sources
27
References
32
Internet resources
32
Principal types of official

publications
65
Official publications on the
Internet
65
National statistics agencies
National banks
67
References
68
Internet resources
68
Constitutions
69
Parliaments
69
National banks
69
63
67
69
Tore Linn Eriksen
Birgitte Jansen
The History of Africa
33
Introduction
33
News services
34
Development and aid issues
Political and economic
development
35
Human rights
36
Academic journals
36
Katarina Hjortster
Antnio Loureno
16
sa Lund Moberg
Periodicals
Older newspapers and periodicals

on microfilm, in digital or printed
form
39
References
40
Other web resources
43
35
Introduction
70
General surveys
70
Historiography
71
Themes
72
War and conflicts
72
Religion
73
Historical dictionaries of Africa
Historical periods
73
70
73
African history in a global

perspective
77
Regions and individual
countries
79
Southern Africa
85
References
89
Tore Linn Eriksen
Politics, economics and

society
106
Preamble
106
Introductions
106
General overviews
106
Democracy, governance and political
parties
109
International affairs and African

conflicts
111
Aid and development cooperation
Economic achievements and
problems
115
Poverty and inequality
116
Land, resources and climate
117
AIDS, health and politics
118
Northern Africa
118
Western Africa
120
Central Africa: Congo and
Rwanda/Burundi
121
Eastern Africa
122
Southern Africa
125
References
128
Foreword
Studying Africa is a guide to studying Africa primarily within the area of social
sciences. Six years have now passed since the last edition of Studying Africa was
published. In a changing world, this is quite a long time in terms of provision
of information. The literature published about modern Africa has grown considerably in scope and quality in recent years. This new edition is therefore thoroughly revised and covers information sources from 2004 to the first six months
of 2010. For older references, please see the previous edition of Studying Africa
(edited by Kristina Rylander 2005).
Compared to the last edition, the subject introductions have been reduced.
Now, only the chapters The History of Africa and Politics, Economics and Society
have been updated. The selection for these chapters really are a selection. Literature about Africa is being published at an ever increasing rate. Highly specialized
academic titles are therefore not included. When it comes to the chapters about
general sources of information, all have been revised apart from the map section.
These chapters provide practical guidance on literature and fact searches, with
the aid of bibliographies, databases, handbooks, Internet, periodicals, statistics
and official documents. The selection of material has a broad academic aim and
both printed and Internet-based sources are dealt with. For further sources on
the Internet, please see the Nordic Africa Institute librarys link collection A
Guide to Africa on the Internet.
The English edition will only be available online. Chapters can be downloaded for free in full text format from DiVA, the Academic Archive Online.
Studying Africa is primarily aimed at university students and researchers, but
other groups, such as teachers and pupils at upper secondary schools and folk
high schools, librarians, journalists and aid workers, may also find it useful. The
ambition is to provide a clear and practical guide to literature that is reasonably
easy to access.
Studying Africa is a translation from the Swedish Att studera Afrika, which
was published in 2010 in a, thoroughly revised, fourth edition.
Comments on the content and design of the publication would be gratefully
received ahead of future updates.
Uppsala, March 2011
sa Lund-Moberg and Marianne Andersson
library@nai.uu.se
About the Nordic Africa Institute library
About the Nordic Africa Institute
About the authors

Marianne Andersson, Librarian at the Nordic Africa Institute
Tore Linn Eriksen, Historian, Professor at Oslo University College
Katarina Hjortster, Librarian at the Nordic Africa Institute
Birgitte Jansen, Librarian at the Nordic Africa Institute
Antnio Loureno, Librarian at the Nordic Africa Institute
sa Lund Moberg, Chief Librarian at the Nordic Africa Institute
Kristina Rylander
Entirely revised by Marianne Andersson
The purpose of this review is to point out some of the fundamental bibliographies and bibliographical databases for Africa studies. In-depth orientation is
given, for example, in Kagan Reference Guide to Africa (2005), Zell The African
Studies Companion (2006) and Bibliographies & Resource Guides in African Studies on the Columbia University Librarys website. The quarterly journal African
Book Publishing Record produces an annual list of recently published bibliographies. The previous edition of this publication, Studying Africa (2005), includes
references to older material.
Bibliography a list of literature within a certain subject area or concerning numerous subject areas with the task of facilitating access to larger quantities of information to be found on a subject, country, language, etc.
(From, Nationalencyklopedin)
A (bibliographic) database is a compilation of information that is organized into
fields and can be searched logically, with dependable results. Databases may be library
catalogs, indexes, or bibliographies, The common element is organization and reliable searchability.
(Gretchen Walsh, African Studies Library at Boston University)
Bibliographic overviews
Bibliographic overviews can be found in the handbook series Historical Dictionaries of Africa. This provides a very good introduction to the literature concerning
the respective countries. Recently published editions in the series are Cameroon
by Rebecca Mbuh (2010), Democratic Republic of the Congo by Emizet F. Kisangani and F. Scott Bobb (2010) and Nigeria by Toyin Falola and Ann Genova
(2009). There is an abundance of bibliographies covering the various subject
fields. Good current examples of these are given in the previously mentioned
Kagan Reference Guide to Africa (2005) and Zell The African Studies Companion
(2006, with continuous updates to be found in the African Book Publishing
Record. Detailed bibliographies can also be found in many of the monographs
dealing with specific countries or subjects.
Current bibliographies
Current bibliographies are those that are issued at regular intervals, e.g. quarterly
and sometimes as annual volumes. These collections usually include references
Marianne Andersson
to books and journal articles, and are generally arranged according to countries
and subjects. By using this type of bibliography, it is easy to keep up to date
with recently published literature. Africa Bibliography is published once a year
in cooperation with the journal Africa. The bibliography is arranged geographically and lists books, documents, journal articles and articles in collected works.
It also includes some bibliographic articles relating to special topics. The bibliography will be available on the Internet starting in 2011. International African
Bibliography includes sections dealing with countries or subjects and lists books,
journal articles, and documents. A detailed cumulative index, subdivided into
categories such as African languages and ethnic groups, is included. A Current
Bibliography on African Affairs contains region and subject sections dealing with
mainly journal articles. The journal African Affairs (3 issues/year) contains a
register of recently released African literature. It also provides a list of articles
on Africa published in non-Africanist journals. dok-line AFRIKA is an Internetbased current bibliography produced since 2000 by GIGA Information Centre
in Hamburg. Each issue is devoted to a special theme with annotated references
in German and English to books, journal articles and free Internet resources.
Literature published in Africa
Literature published in Africa is listed in African Books in Print, with a follow-up
in the form of the current African Book Publishing Record. National bibliographies are current bibliographies listing all literature published in a particular
country. At present 36 of Africas 53 countries have national bibliographies or
similar. Some are available online: Bibliographie du Bnin, National Bibliography
of Ethiopia and Namibia National Bibliography. Soon to be available are Bibliographie de lAlgrie and Swaziland National Bibliography. South African National
Bibliography (SANB) is a subsidiary database in South Africas national library
catalogue The National Library of South Africa. SANB is also one of the databases
in Africa-Wide Information (presented below).
Searching for literature on the Internet

Numerous types of databases dealing with literature can be found on the Internet. Bibliographic databases or reference databases consist of references to books,
reports, articles and conference contributions, etc. Information is given under
each reference about the items author, title, publisher and more. Sometimes an
abstract is also included. Full text databases are sources that provide complete or
partial access online to the publication itself, besides giving bibliographic information. Hybrid databases are a combined form, where full text links are supplied
for some documents while only bibliographical details are provided for others.
On the Nordic Africa Institute librarys website, there are links that point to the
most important databases and library catalogues.
Africa-specific databases
Only a few literature databases that concentrate on Africa exist. The largest of
these by far is produced by NISC (National Inquiry Services Centre) in South
Africa. It is called Africa-Wide Information and is a typical hybrid database. Here
the user is able to search simultaneously in 50 databases sourced from more than
20 special libraries in Africa, Europe and the USA. Amongst its contributors are
the Africa Institute in Pretoria, the School of Oriental and African Studies in
London, the African Studies Centre in Leiden and the Nordic Africa Institute
in Uppsala. This collective database concentrates on the social sciences and humanities. At present it covers close to 4 million records, some with full text links,
to books, news articles, journal articles, grey literature and conference contributions, etc. A list of the databases included is available on NISCs website. AfricaWide Information is a commercial database for which a subscription is required.
In the Nordic countries it is accessible for users at the Nordic Africa Institute,
Uppsala University, and the University of Oslo
Aluka Digital Library is an international, collaborative initiative and consists
of two databases, African Cultural Heritage Sites and Landscapes and Struggles for
Freedom in Southern Africa. Aluka contains scientific resources from and about
Africa, ranging from archival documents, images, books, periodicals, reports,
personal papers, correspondence, UN documents, oral histories and speeches,
and more. Access to full text documents requires a subscription. Database of
African Theses and Dissertations (DATAD) is a programme initiated by Association of African Universities and contains citations and abstracts for theses and
dissertations completed in African universities. DATAD includes works from all
subject areas in ten leading universities. The database requires a subscription.
Aluka and DATAD are accessible at the Nordic Africa Institute.
AfricaBib, comprised of two databases, Africana Periodical Literature Bibliographic Database and African Womens Database, and a detailed bibliography,
Women Travelers, Explorers and Missionaries to Africa 17632004, is freely available on the Internet. AfricaBib was developed by Davis Bullwinkle, University
of Arkansas, and is now produced by the African Studies Centre in Leiden.
International Documentation Network on the Great African Lakes Region is a full
text database produced by the Rseau Grands Lacs Africains in Geneva. Its aim
is to collect hard-to-find documents that deal with the current situation and the
economic, political and social conditions in the region. National ETD Portal is a
repository for South African theses and dissertations in full text.
Library databases
It is also possible to search in individual library catalogues that function as a type
of bibliographical database. Besides libraries that specialize in Africa, such as
the School of Oriental and African Studies, the Nordic Africa Institute, and the
African Studies Centre in Leiden, there are also those that focus on development
research. Examples of the latter are the Danish Centre for International Studies
10
Marianne Andersson
and Human Rights in Copenhagen, the British Library for Development Studies, the library of the IMF/World Bank, the United Nations library system, and
many university libraries with large collections of African literature, especially in
the USA. A list of library catalogues can be found on the Nordic Africa Institutes
website.
Subject databases
One category of bibliographic database that cannot be ignored when searching
for African literature is the commercial database, which is subject related. A
subscription is necessary, although, as a rule, they can be accessed at university
libraries and special libraries. They are run by subject experts and are generally
of high standard. The emphasis is placed on journal articles and the references
are nearly always provided with abstracts. Some examples of these databases
are Sociological Abstracts, EconLit and ERIC. Among the subject databases freely
available on the Internet are ERIC/IES, which is a free version of ERIC, and
Anthropological Index Online (use is permitted for private study only). The InterParliamentary Union (IPU) produces the bibliographic database Women in Politics, with references to books and journal articles dealing with womens participation in political life. The database has many options for customized searches in
the search function. The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations
(NDLTD) provides access to theses and dissertations, mostly in full text. In the
search function you may refine your search by subject or year. A list of subjectoriented databases of interest to African studies can be found at the end of
this chapter. A selection of databases is available on the Nordic Africa Institutes
website. Sometimes it may be of benefit to do a parallel search in a number of
databases since, while many of them overlap regarding subject content, none of
them provides complete coverage of its era of focus.
Digital archives and web portals
Open Access publishing means that scholarly research findings are made freely
available online, often in an open access repository. Other material besides research results may also be published. Approximately 2% of the open archives are
located in Africa, the majority of these in South Africa. There are services that
list digital archives, and services that search archives and collect references and
links to the publications in their own databases. Large archives have a disadvantage, however, in that Africa-oriented material vanishes easily in the enormous
flow of information that exists.
Connecting Africa
Connecting Africa is a service that provides access to African research information and materials produced in the Netherlands and elsewhere. Digital resources
on Africa in about 55 institutional repositories, primarily in the USA and Eu-
11
rope, are harvested and made searchable. The service is provided by the Africa
Studies Centre in Leiden, the Netherlands.
ilissAfrica Internet Library sub-Saharan Africa
ilissAfrica is an Internet portal that offers integrated access to relevant scientific
literature and digital information resources on sub-Saharan Africa. The database
on Internet resources has a collection of more than 4.300 websites, mostly from
Africa. The websites are searchable and browseable according to region, country,
organisation and subject area. Under the option Resource types the portal has
good and detailed overviews of various full text resources. The service is provided
by the Africa Department at the University Library Johann Christian Senckenberg in Frankfurt, in cooperation with GIGA Information Centre Africa Library
in Hamburg.
OpenDOAR The Directory of Open Access Repositories
OpenDOAR is a directory of academic open access repositories around the
world. The archives are listed geographically and include in-depth information
on each repository. To search full text material a search service based on Google
is provided. OpenDOAR is initiated by the University of Nottingham, England
and Lund University.
OAIster
OAIster is a union catalogue of digital resources and contains links to more than
23 million documents. In the advanced search function, you can search according to subject, year and type of resource. The service is provided by OCLC and
University of Michigan.
DRIVER Digital Repository Infrastructure Vision for European Research
DRIVER is an Internet portal with European open access repositories, with content across academic disciplines. DRIVER provides access to more than 2.5 million scientific documents in 249 repositories from 33 countries. The portal has
now also opened up for non-European archives, among them some in South
Africa.
SwePub Swedish Scientific Publications
SwePub gives unified access to Swedish scientific publications.
Searching for journal articles

References to journal articles can be found in many of the bibliographies and
databases already mentioned. However, there are special journal indexes that
12
Marianne Andersson
exclusively list articles. African Studies Centre in Leiden releases a current publications index. This index has been published since 1968, first with the title
Documentatieblad and since 1994, as African Studies Abstracts. In 2003 it ceased
to appear in print and the index now exists as African Studies Abstracts Online,
accessible via the centres website. It covers a large number of journals and collected works. All of the articles are annotated in either English or French. Africana Periodical Literature Bibliographic Database, a shared database in AfricaBib,
contains some 109 000 references to articles from approximately 521 journals
focusing on African studies. Since 1991, the Quarterly Index of African Periodical
Literature from the Library of Congress office in Nairobi has listed articles from
more than 300 scholarly journals published in Africa. AJOL African Journals
OnLine is an online service providing access to African-published research, and
increase worldwide knowledge of indigenous scholarship. AJOL lists the table of
contents of some 400 African-published, peer-reviewed scholarly journals from
29 countries. Some 100 journals contain full text articles that are downloadable.
Index to South African Periodicals is one of the databases in Africa-Wide Information (mentioned previously). Numerous references to journal articles, mainly
in full text, can be found in ilissAfrica. More journal indexes are presented on
the Nordic Africa Institutes web page Electronic journals and articles, and in the
chapter Periodicals.
References
AfricaBib Leiden: African Studies Centre
Africa Bibliography (annual) Edited by Terry A. Barringer in collaboration with The
International African Institute, London. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Africa-Wide Information Grahamstown: National Inquiry Services Centre
African Affairs (3 issues/year). Oxford: Royal African Society.
The African Book Publishing Record (4 issues/year) Munich: K.G. Saur
African Studies Abstracts Online 2003 Leiden: African Studies Centre.
AJOL. Grahamstown: AJOL
A Current Bibliography on African Affairs (4 issues/year) Farmingdale, NY: Baywood
Publ. Co.
Bibliographies & Resource Guides in African Studies New York: Columbia University
Library
dok-line AFRIKA Hamburg: GIGA Information Centre
International African Bibliography (4 issues/year) Compiled and edited by David Hall
in association with the Library at School of Oriental and African Studies, London.
Munich: De Gruyter Saur.
International Documentation Network on the Great African Lakes Region Geneva: Rseau
Grands Lacs Africains
Kagan, Alfred (2005) Reference Guide to Africa. A Bibliography of Sources London: Scarecrow Press (2nd edition)
13
Quarterly Index of African Periodical Literature Nairobi: Library of Congress.

Lomer, Ccile (ed.) (2006) African Books in Print: An Index by Subject, Author and Title.
Munich, K.G. Saur. 2 vol. (6th edition)
Rylander, Kristina (ed.) (2004) Att studera Afrika Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
(New, reworked edition)
Zell, Hans (2006) The African Studies Companion: A Guide to Information Sources. Lochcarron: Hans Zell Publishing Consultants. (4th edition, printed and online)
Subject related databases

These generally require a subscription, but are usually available at public libraries.
Interdisciplinary
PAIS International (Public Affairs Information Service), 1972
Social anthropology
Anthropological Index Online, 1957 (Freely available for research purposes)
Anthropology Review Database (ARD)
AnthroSource
Theses and Dissertations
Database of African Theses and Dissertations
Dissertations & Theses
National ETD Portal (Freely available)
The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Freely available)
Library and information science
LISA (Library and Information Science Abstracts), 1969
Demography
African Population Database, 19602000 (Freely available)
Population Index, 19862000 (Freely available)
Human ecology
Environmental Sciences, 1967
GreenFILE (Freely available)
SCOPUS
Economics
EconLit, 1969
Geography, geology and related subjects
Geobase, 1980
History
Historical Abstracts, 1955
Humanities
Arts and Humanities Citation Index (ISI)
14
Marianne Andersson
Art, design
Artbibliographies Modern, 1974
Bibliography of the History of Art / International Bibliography of Art (Freely available)
DAAI (Design and Applied Arts Index), 1973
Agriculture, rural development
AGRICOLA Articles
Literature, language
Linguistics and Language Behaviour Abstracts, 1973
LRC (Literature Resource Center)
MLA Bibliography (Modern Language Association), 1925
Medicine, health, HIV/AIDS
African Healthline (includes several databases, available via Africa Wide Information)
PubMed, 1950
Music
International Library of African Music (ILAM), 1900 (Available via Africa Wide Information)
RILM Abstracts (Rpertoire International de Littrature Musicale), 1967
Education, pedagogy
ERIC (Educational Resources Information Centre) (CSA), 1966
ERIC/IES (Institute of Education Sciences) (a free version of ERIC/CSA)
Psychology
PsycINFO
Religion
ATLA Religion Database (ATLAS)
Sociology, social work, gender science
ASSI (Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts), 1987
IBSS (International Bibliography of the Social Sciences), 1951
Sociological Abstracts, 1952
Social Sciences Citation Index (ISI)
Social Services Abstracts, 1979
Women in politics (Freely available)
Political science
Columbia International Affairs Online (CIAO)
Worldwide Political Science Abstracts, 1975
Internet resources
AfricaBib http://www.africabib.org
African Population Database
http://na.unep.net/siouxfalls/globalpop/africa/Africa_index.html
15
African Studies Abstracts Online http://www.ascleiden.nl/Library/Abstracts/ASA-Online

AJOL http://www.ajol.info
Aluka Digital Library http://www.aluka.org/
Anthropological Index Online http://aio.anthropology.org.uk/aiosearch/
Att studera Afrika http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nai:diva-112
Bibliograhie du Bnin http://bnb.bj/spip.php?rubrique7
Bibliographies & Resource Guides in African Studies http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/BIBS.html
Bibliography of the History of Art / International Bibliography of Art http://library.getty.
edu/bha
Connecting Africa http://www.connecting-africa.net/
dok-line AFRIKA http://www.giga-hamburg.de/index.php?file=bibliographien.
html&folder=bibliothek#af
DRIVER http://search.driver.research-infrastructures.eu
ERIC/IES http://www.eric.ed.gov
GreenFILE http://www.greeninfoonline.com
A Guide to Africa on the Internet http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/guidetoafrica/
ilissAfrica http://www.ilissafrica.de/en
International Documentation Network on the Great African Lakes Region http://www.
grandslacs.net/home.html
Namibia National Bibliography http://wwwisis.unam.na/wwwisis//NNB.01/form.htm
National Bibliography of Ethiopia http://www.nale.gov.et/national_bibliography_of_
ethiopia.htm
National ETD Portal http://www.netd.ac.za
The National Library of South Africa http://natlib1.sabinet.co.za/search~S2
The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations http://www.ndltd.org/serviceproviders/scirus-etd-search
Nordic Africa Institute http://www.nai.uu.se
OAIster http://www.oclc.org/oaister
OpenDOAR http://www.opendoar.org/
Population Index http://popindex.princeton.edu/
Quarterly Index of African Periodical Literature http://lcweb2.loc.gov/misc/qsihtml/
qsihome.html
SwePub http://swepub.kb.se
Women in Politics http://www.ipu.org/bdf-e/BDFsearch.asp
Searching for facts

Kristina Rylander
Entirely revised by Marianne Andersson
Introduction
This chapter introduces yearbooks, encyclopedias and other reference material
giving access to basic facts and fundamental information concerning particular
countries or subjects. In the Nordic Africa Institute librarys link collection A
Guide to Africa on the Internet a selection of good links can be found under
the headings links sorted by country or region and links sorted by subject. Extensive guides to many different categories of information sources are the publications Africa: A Guide to Reference Material (McIlwaine 2007) and African Studies
Companion: A Guide to Information Sources (Zell 2006). The latter is available
as a printed publication and also accessible online at the libraries of the Nordic
Africa Institute and Uppsala University, among others.
The general Internet search services are also useful, especially when searching
for specific factual information. More about this can be found in the chapter
African information on the Internet. For older references, please see the previous
edition of Studying Africa (Rylander 2005).
Country specific information

Basic facts
A good way to begin a search would be to look for brief and basic information
on countries, concerned in general reference books such as Nationalencyklopedin
or Encyclopaedia Britannica. These are generally available online at public libraries. In addition, World Factbook and Background Notes can be accessed free of
charge on the Internet. The former, issued by the CIA, is updated annually, and
is also available as a printed publication. Background Notes, produced by the U.S.
Department of State, is updated regularly too. Brief and up-to-date country information on the Internet is also offered by Sida under Countries and regions,
Danidas Landefakta and the BBCs Country Profiles, among others. Country information concentrating on specific problem areas can be found on the websites
of various organisations, such as WHO for questions relating to health issues and
UNICEF for questions concerning young people and children. Lnder i fickformat is a series of small booklets issued by the Swedish Institute of International
Affairs in Stockholm. Each booklet deals with one or two countries and briefly
Searching for facts
17
discusses aspects such as their history, geography, politics, economics, people

and culture. The series is also available as a database entitled Landguiden, and is
generally accessible online at public libraries. Political Handbook of the World is
a yearbook focusing on political conditions. In this volume, a short background,
together with information about the government, constitution and political parties of all the worlds nations, is given. Similar content specializing on Africa
is presented in Political Handbook of Africa 2007. The wiki Electionworld and
IFES ElectionGuide, available on the Internet, gives insight into political parties,
elections and electoral systems, and parliaments of all the worlds nations. The
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) gives in-depth information on political conditions, and on issues such as womens participation in political life.
The Corporate Council on Africa in the USA issues an African yearbook. It is
succinctly entitled Africa and contains descriptions of countries, inter alia. With
its handy format and affordable price, it is also suitable for smaller libraries. The
same applies to the Norwegian Council for Africas most useful yearbook, Afrikarbok, which contains country profiles (only in Norwegian), amongst other information.
Somewhat more detailed country information can be found in the Encyclopedia of the Worlds Nations and Cultures, vol. 14 (Kurian 2007). Africa-specific
encyclopedias also exist, with references to the various nations. New Encyclopedia
of Africa, vol. 15 (2008), for instance, contains fairly detailed country descriptions, while Africa A-Z: Continental and Country Profiles (Esterhuysen 2008),
in one volume, has country surveys and general overviews. The general overviews deal with subjects such as geography, demography, ethnography, history
and economics of the continent as a whole. The book, with maps and tables of
facts, can be recommended for public or school libraries. As far as printed reference works are concerned, it is always important to pay attention to the year of
publication and to supplement this information, if necessary, with newer facts
gathered, for example, from yearbooks or Internet sources.
Country descriptions
Detailed country descriptions appear in yearbooks concentrating specifically on
Africa. Incorporated in Africa South of the Sahara and The Middle East and North
Africa, for instance, are country overviews and introductions to geography, contemporary history and economy. These works also incorporate statistical tables
dealing with population, production, trade, national accounts, and more. Finally, there is a section with information about the countrys constitution and
government, its political parties and mass media, schools, transport, defence,
and trade and industrial organisations. The development in North Africa can
also be followed in LAnne du Maghreb, while various aspects of development in
the area surrounding the great lakes in Central Africa are discussed in LAfrique
des grands lacs. Detailed information about South Africa can be obtained in the
official South Africa Yearbook and in a summary version Pocket Guide to South
18
Marianne Andersson
Africa. These publications are available in printed format and online via the
South African governments website. Another type of yearbook is Africa Contemporary Record, in which detailed country overviews take the form of accounts
of the events and developments in all areas of society for those years represented
by the respective volumes. This is a very solid and useful publication. Its release,
however, is unfortunately subject to delay, making it necessary to look to others
sources for recent developments. One such source is the Annual Register, which
presents annual overviews of the developments in all countries of the world. In
Country Reports, published on a monthly or quarterly basis by The Economist
Intelligence Unit, an up-to-date overview is given, chiefly of the economy, but
also of the political situation within the country. For more about the EIU, see
the chapter Periodicals. In addition to these publications, the handbook series
Historical Dictionaries of Africa provides comprehensive information on countries. These reference works tend to be fairly wide-ranging and therefore are not
of interest solely to historians. Apart from historical events, entries have also
been provided for ethnic groups, geographical names, persons, etc. For larger
country studies in the form of monographs, please see the chapters The History
of Africa and Politics, Economics and Society.
News watch
The most up-to-date information available on a country is to be found in printed or online newspapers and periodicals. A selection of these is introduced in the
chapter Periodicals. One example is EIUs Country Reports, which are excellent
for following the economic and political development in a country. Keesings
record of world events (Keesings World News Archive, subscription required),
based on daily newspapers and other news sources throughout the world, is a
current record of the progress of events both internationally and in individual
countries. A corresponding synopsis of development on the African continent
can be found in Africa Research Bulletin, which consists of a political and an
economic series. These are issued monthly and have a detailed annual index.
Up-to-date information can also be sought via the Internet through news agencies, such as AllAfrica, Panapress, Afrol News and BBC News Africa. Other news
agencies and national media can be reached, for example, via the Nordic Africa
Institutes A Guide to Africa on the Internet under the headings links sorted by
subject / News and media and links sorted by country or region.
Subject related information

Reference works and yearbooks
The New Encyclopedia of Africa, vol.15 (2008), was mentioned in the previous
section on country information. It also contains articles on different subject
areas, and has a well laid-out index. The Encyclopedia of African History, vol.13
Searching for facts
19
(Shillington 2005), covers the history of Africa from the earliest times until
the present day, and presents in-depth historical analyses in a number of areas.
The Encyclopedia of African History and Culture, vol. 15 (Page 2005), also includes the history of Africa from the earliest times, but most importantly, from
the colonial era up to the present day. Africa: A Modern History (Arnold 2005)
and Historical Dictionary of Civil Wars in Africa (Arnold 2008) are examples of
handbooks that relate to the modern history of Africa. Dictionnaire de lAfrique:
histoire, civilisation, actualit (Nantet 2006), an encyclopedia in French, focuses
on social sciences. A solid reference work on the African diaspora is the Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: Origins, Experiences and Culture, vol.13 (2007).
With an abundance of maps and illustrations, it can be recommended for public
or school libraries. Further reference works focusing on history are discussed in
the chapter The History of Africa.
The yearbooks Africa South of the Sahara and The Middle East and North Africa
begin with background articles on the political and economic development in
the area, while Africa Contemporary Record opens with essays on topical questions. Africa Yearbook: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara includes
facts about the political, social and economic development in Africa south of
the Sahara. Each volume begins with some essays on current issues, followed by
descriptions of countries and regions. A detailed analysis of economic and social
developments in Africa and worldwide can be found in annual reports from
distinguished international organisations. Examples of these are World Development Report (World Bank), Human Development Report (UNs Development
Programme UNDP) and African Development Report (African Development
Bank). Each annual report is devoted to a special topic, such as conflicts, climate
change, sustainable development or poverty reduction. The last three organisations are also excellent sources for statistical information. Read more about this
in the chapter titled Statistics.
Document texts
Resolutions, treaties and other documents can be found in full text as appendices to books. Another important source of documents is Africa Contemporary
Record, which has a section made up entirely of texts concerning international
relations, constitutional development, and economic and social relationships. Africa Research Bulletin often reproduces complete or partial documentary texts.
These publications follow constitutional developments in each country, with
reproductions of statutory texts. Texts of documents are regularly featured in
Keesings Record of World Events and the French language publication, Afrique
contemporaine. Texts of the constitutions of African states can be found in Constitutiones Africae (Reyntjens 19882002) together with an analysis of the text
and a description of the historical background of each country. Similar information can be found in the French work Les Constitutions africaines publies en
langue franaise (Gaudusson 19971998). The constitutions themselves, togeth-
20
Marianne Andersson
er with their amendments, are published as supplements to the statute books

that form part of the Nordic Africa Institutes collection of official publications.
Read more about this in the chapter titled Official Publications. Documents of
the African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights, vol. 12 (Murray 2001
2009) contains basic documents, resolutions, bulletins, reports, and more from
the establishment of the commission in 1987 onwards.
Regional and international organisations
The Historical Dictionary of International Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa
(Mays & DeLancey 2002) covers regional and international organisations from
the beginning of the 19th century until 2000. A list of acronyms, a chronology,
and an extensive bibliography are included. Political Handbook of Africa 2007
gives detailed descriptions of the most important regional and international organisations acting in Africa. Peoples and Cultures of Africa: Nations and Personalities, presented below, has similar content but in a more concise format. International Organizations: A Dictionary and Directory (Schiavone 2008) is a reference
work that provides a comprehensive guide to international organisations.
Since change is an ongoing process, these publications need to be constantly
updated with supplementary data. In the yearbooks Africa South of the Sahara
and The Middle East and North Africa, overviews are provided of UN and other
international organisations presence in Africa, as well as of regional African
organisations, trade and industrial organizations, and trade unions. Examples of
Internet-based lists of organisations are The Directory of Development Organizations: Africa focusing on development issues, OneWorld.net Global Partner Database concerned with sustainable development, social justice and human rights.
The Dimitra database contains profiles of organisations based in Africa and the
Near East working with projects or activities on women in development. On
its website, Columbia University Libraries have compiled a list of International
Organizations on Africa. Links to organisations in Africa can be found in the
Nordic Africa Institutes A Guide to Africa on the Internet under the headings
Research Institutes, Universities and Organisations.
Biographical information
An African Biographical Dictionary (Brockman 2006) has more than 700 entries
on current and historically famous persons within various areas of activity. The
book Peoples and Cultures of Africa: Nations and Personalities (see below) contains
a biographical section of well-known persons.
Biographical main entries are also included in Historical Dictionaries of Africa and in some encyclopedias already mentioned. Information about people of
topical interest can be found in, inter alia, Africa Research Bulletin and Afrique
contemporaine. On its website, Columbia University Libraries have compiled the
list African Biography on the Internet.
Searching for facts
21
Ethnic groups and languages

Literature in the areas of language and ethnography are not currently included
in Studying Africa. In this section only a small selection of more recent handbooks dealing with this extensive area are mentioned. Ethnologue. Languages of
the World is issued by Summer Institute of Linguistics in the USA, in continuously updated editions. It is available as a printed book and in a web version (the
latest is the 16th edition 2010). Here, one can search for countries, particular
languages or language groups, or alternative language names. The Encyclopedia
of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, vol. 12 (Stokes 2009) has chapters
that are presented in an easily accessible format with maps, tables of facts and
illustrations, which makes it highly suitable for use at public or school libraries. Peoples and Cultures of Africa (Mitchell 2006), in 6 volumes, gives a broad
introduction to Africas geography and culture. Five of the volumes deal with the
respective regions, while one volume, titled Nations and Personalities, contains
brief country surveys, and entries on well-known persons, as well as a list of regional, international and environmental organisations acting in Africa.
References
Africa (annual). New Caanan: Business Books International for Corporate Council on
Africa
Africa South of the Sahara (annual). London: Europa Publications
Africa Research Bulletin. Economic series (12 issues/year). Political series (12 issues/year).
Exeter: Africa Research Ltd.
Africa Contemporary Record (annual). London: Collins.
Africa Yearbook. Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara Leiden: Brill
African Development Report (annual). Abidjan: African Development Bank
Afrique contemporaine (6 issues/year). Paris: La Documentation Franaise.
LAfrique des Grands Lacs. Paris: Harmattan
LAnne du Maghreb (annual). Paris: Edition du CNRS.
Annual Register (annual). Bethesda: Keesings Worldwide
Arnold, Guy (2008) Historical Dictionary of Civil Wars in Africa. Lanham: Scarecrow
Press
Arnold, Guy (2005) Africa: A Modern History. London: Atlantic Books
Brockman, Norbert C. (2006) An African Biographical Dictionary. New York: Grey
House Pub. (2nd edition)
EIU Country Reports (4 issues/year). London: Economist Intelligence Unit.
Ethnologue. Languages of the World (2009). Dallas, Tex: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
(16th edition.)
Esterhuysen, Pieter (ed.) (2008) Africa A-Z: Continental and Country Profiles. Pretoria:
Africa Institute of South Africa. (2nd edition)
Gaudusson, Jean du Bois de (ed.) (19971998) Les Constitutions Africaines Publies en
Langue Franaise. 2 vol. Paris: La Documentation Franaise.
22
Marianne Andersson
Historical Dictionaries of Africa. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press

Human Development Report (annual). New York: United Nations Development Programme
Keesings Record of World Events. London: Keesings Worldwide LLC.
Kurian, George Thomas (2007) Encyclopedia of the Worlds Nations and Cultures. 4 vol.
New York: Facts on File
Lye, Keith (ed.) (2002) Encyclopedia of African Nations and Civilizations. New York:
Facts on File
Lnder i fickformat. Stockholm: Utrikespolitiska institutet.
Mays, Terry M. & Mark W. DeLancey (2002) Historical Dictionary of International
Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press (2nd edition)
McIlwaine, John (2007) Africa : A Guide to Reference Material. Lochcarron: Hans Zell.
(2nd edition)
The Middle East and North Africa (annual). London: Europa Publications
Middleton, John & Joseph S. Miller (ed.) (2008) New Encyclopedia of Africa. 5 vol.
Detroit: Thomson/Gale
Mitchell, Peter (ed.) (2006) Peoples and Cultures of Africa. 6 vol. New York: Chelsea
House
Murray, Rachel (20012009) Documents of the African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights, Vol. 12. Oxford: Hart
Nantet, Bernard (2006) Dictionnaire de lAfrique: Histoire, Civilisation, Actualit. Paris:
Larousse
Norwegian Council for Africas Afrika-rbok (annual). Oslo: Fellesrdet for Afrika
Page, Willie F. (2005) Encyclopedia of African History and Culture. Vol. 15. New York:
Facts on File
Political Handbook of Africa 2007. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press
Political Handbook of the World (annual). New York: McGraw-Hill
Pocket Guide to South Africa (annual). Pretoria: Government Communication and Information System
Reyntjens, Filip (ed.) (19881992) Constitutiones Africae, 4 vol. Brussels: Bruylant
Rylander, Kristina (ed.) (2005) Studying Africa. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
Schiavone, Giuseppe (2008) International Organizations: A Dictionary and Directory.
Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. (7th edition)
Shillington, Kevin (2005) Encyclopedia of African History. Vol. 13. New York: Fitzroy
Dearborn
South Africa Yearbook (annual). Pretoria: Government Communication and Information
System.
Stokes, Jamie (ed.) (2009) Encyclopedia of Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Vol. 12.
New York: Facts on File
Wesselink, Bert (ed.) (2010) Directory of Development Organizations Africa
World Development Report (annual). Washington D.C.: World Bank.
World Factbook (annual). Washington D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency
Zell, Hans (ed.) (2006) The African Studies Companion: A Guide to Information Sources.
Lochcarron: Hans Zell Publishing Consultants. (4th edition, printed and online)
Searching for facts
23
Internet resources
African Biography on the Internet http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/
afrbio.html
African Development Report
http://www.afdb.org/en/documents/publications/african-development-report
Afrol News http://www.afrol.com/
AllAfrica http://allafrica.com/
Background Notes http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/
BBC News Africa http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world/africa/
Country Profiles (BBC) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/country_profiles/default.stm
Countries & Regions http://www.sida.se/Engelska/Countries--regions
ElectionGuide http://www.electionguide.org/region.php?ID=1
Dimitra http://www.fao.org/dimitra/dimitra-database/en/
The Directory of Development Organizations Africa http://www.devdir.org/africa.htm
Electionsworld http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Electionworld/Electionworld
Ethnologue: Languages of the World http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp
A Guide to Africa on the Internet http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/guidetoafrica
Human Development Report http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports
International Organizations on Africa http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/
cuvl/IntlOrgs.html
Inter-Parliamentary Union http://www.ipu.org
Landefakta http://www.um.dk/da/menu/Udenrigspolitik/Landefakta
Landinformasjon http://www.afrika.no/Landinformasjon
OneWorld.net http://archive.oneworld.net/section/partners
Panapress www.panapress.com
Pocket Guide to South Africa http://www.gcis.gov.za/resource_centre/sa_info/pocketguide/index.html
South Africa Yearbook http://www.gcis.gov.za/resource_centre/sa_info/yearbook/index.
html
UNICEF http://www.unicef.org
WHO http://www.who.int/en
World Development Report http://econ.worldbank.org/wdr
World Factbook http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html
Africa Information on the Internet

sa Lund Moberg
The Internet is now the first step on the way to finding information, but it is also
a complement to other sources. Today, there is an increasing amount of information produced locally in Africa, alongside material about Africa from international organisations, institutions and other sources outside the continent. There
are also several publications available as full text, both in digital archives and also
on ordinary web pages.
Information services, portals and link collections supplied on the Internet from
organisations and libraries focusing on Africa are in many cases a good starting point for finding structured information about Africa. Correctly used, major
search services, such as Google, Google Scholar and Scirus can also sift out relevant material from the vast amount of information available on the Internet.
Finding information on the Internet that is relevant, up-to-date and reliable
is difficult. Just as with printed media, the sources need to be scrutinised. In addition to the usual questions Who? (originator), Why? (purpose), When?
(currency), one should also, for sources on the Internet, ask the question How?
How did one actually arrive at the source?
Search engines
Search engines (such as Google) are characterised by the contents (words) of web
pages being searched by machine and gathered together in a database. The robot
that searches web pages finds its way via the links located on the web pages. When
searching via a form, search words are matched against words in the database,
which then point ahead to the web pages where the words were found. All search
engines have help pages showing tips for how best to use the service. The greatest
problem is the amount of hits that turn up. The answers are ranked according to
where the words are to be found on the web page, and according to how many
have linked to the page, among other criteria. The web pages where the words appear frequently, in the title, in the meta data of the web page (information about
the web page title, author, publication date, subject, type of material, etc. shown
in the html code) are shown at the top of the list. Likewise for those web pages
that have links from many other web pages. However, there is a way of making
the search more precise in order to avoid the large number of hits.
Google
Question: What is education in Kenya like from a gender perspective?

The search words gender education Kenya on Google produces around 12
million hits. The first hits on the list look good, but it is difficult to sift out links
25
that are useful. However, using the advanced search feature on Google, it is possible to limit the search in various ways. If it is locally produced material that is
wanted, you can search for links to websites in Kenya under Region. It is also
possible to limit the hits to links on websites with the address .org, which are
often the websites of large international organisations (see below under evaluation of sources relating to addresses).
It is also possible to try different file formats in advanced searching. By limiting a search to links in pdf format, it is possible to pick out information that
gives a more detailed answer to the question. Reports that are already published
in print are often published in pdf format.
Tip: Choose further search words based on the links that appear in order to
target relevant material. Example: Add the word statistics to produce links
to statistics, add girls for links to material about primary and lower secondary schools and higher education for links to material about universities. Add
the file format .xls. for searches for statistics and the hit list will then contain
Excel sheets with statistics. Change .org for .ke in the domain field to find
information published in Kenya, or change it for .gov and up comes information from American public authorities. However, see below under evaluation of
sources relating to addresses. You can also try to change the order of the words
Kenya gender education in order to find different focus points. The hit list is
sorted in accordance to the order of the search words.
Google Scholar
Google Scholar is aimed at academic material published both for free online and
in licensed databases. Much of what is felt to be irrelevant when searching on
Google is filtered out. Students and researchers at Nordic universities often have
direct access to the complete text, as several university libraries have linked their
paid resources to Google Scholar. However, it is very unclear how much material published in Africa is included on Google Scholar. They provide hardly any
information about what is indexed in the service.
Scirus
Scirus has the same aim as Google Scholar, but is clearer about where the material comes from. As well as having good search facilities, it also has various options for limiting the search according to subject and year.
The major weaknesses of search engines is that they are based on robots that
collect links via other links, and that they never cover the whole of the Internet.
A robot visits websites with varying frequency. The websites of large organisations and websites that are very dynamic, such as news agencies, are visited
more often than more peripheral websites. In Googles database, there are links
both to websites that are visited daily by the robot and to websites that it visits
perhaps only once every six months. This means you must always ask yourself if
what you are looking for is actually available in the search engines database. As
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much of what is published on the Internet is focused on the USA or the west/
north, and the search robots gather links via links, you should also ask yourself
how well represented locally produced information from Africa is via search
engines. There are investigations that show that there is a skewed distribution in
favour of the west/north in search engines.
It may be worth trying various search engines, as they differ more than one
would think in terms of content. The core of search engines databases with links
to well-known, large websites is the same, but those parts of the databases that
include links to smaller websites or individual web pages differ significantly. Investigations have shown that when searching narrow concepts using eight large
search engines, more than half the total number of links was found by only one
search engine. In order to find different search engines, search for search engines on Google, and links with alternatives will be shown.
The answers from the search engines are never better than the content of
the database, or the question asked. Search engines work best if you search for
unique concepts or words, and least well if a very broad, general question is
asked. In this case, it is better to use a link collection.
Link collections
One portal for Africa information is the link collections that are held on the
websites of libraries and organisations focusing on Africa. Another way of finding relevant link collections or links is to ask the question Who would bother?
For example, if you want to find out about investments in a country, you can
probably find links on the website of the Swedish Trade Council. The advantage of using a link collection is that it usually consists of links that have been
checked for quality. When using this, do remember that while there is a quality
guarantee, the selection of links is directed by the editors knowledge about the
subject and also by the resources for keeping the link collection updated. The
selection criteria also vary between different websites, and sometimes there is no
account of these.
Internet Library Sub-Saharan Africa ilissAfrica
A portal with entries to Internet resources and library catalogues provided by the
Africa Department of the University Library Johann Christian Senckenberg in
Frankfurt and GIGA Information Centre Africa Library in Hamburg. The links
are arranged according to regions, countries, organisations and subjects with a
search function.
A Guide to Africa on the Internet
The Nordic Africa Institutes library has developed the guide to meet the need
for quality-checked and structured sources of information and databases. The
content is aimed at research and many of the links are guides in turn for each
27
subject area, where some have a broader focus than just research. The division
into subject guides and country guides is an attempt to capture the various types
of questions the users have.
There are around 1100 links, with annotations in English, which cover the
following subject areas among others:
Country-specific information sources, Subject-specific information sources,
Libraries and databases, Periodicals, News agencies and news dissemination, Radio and television, Research institutes, universities and organisations, Internet
portals in Africa, Other collections of information sources about Africa.
Africa South of the Sahara. Selected Internet Resources
A selection of Internet sources made by Karen Fung at the Africa Collection,

Hoover Library, Stanford University for the Electronic Technology Group of
the African Studies Association in the USA. The links are arranged according to
regions, countries and subjects with a search function.
African Studies Internet Resources
A summary of bibliographic sources and research material about Africa, created

by the African Studies Department of Columbia University Libraries, USA. The
links are arranged according to regions, countries, organisations and subjects
with a search function. The selection is aimed at research and also includes links
to complete text documents.
An A-Z of African Studies on the Internet
A link collection compiled by Peter Limb of the Africana Library at Michigan State University, USA. This also includes links to email lists and discussion
groups. The links are arranged according to subjects with a search function.
Open Directory: Africa
A general link collection with links arranged according to country with a search
function. The link collection is compiled by volunteers.
Evaluation of sources
Just as with printed sources, sources on the Internet need to be evaluated. In the
first instance, there are four questions that should be asked: Who? Why? When?
How? A brief review of these follows below. The review is not at all complete,
but should rather be seen as a suggestion for questions to ask when assessing
the source, and as a complement to the usual questions asked when evaluating
printed sources. There are many good reviews of how to assess Internet sources
on the websites of libraries, see the end of the text for references.
28
sa Lund Moberg
Who?
Who is the originator? What authority does he/she/the organisation have? Is
there any information about him/her/it?
Publishing on the Internet is both easy and inexpensive. Quality controls,
such as editors and subject specialists in publishing houses do not exist. Financial resources are not an obstacle. Information from large, established knowledge
organisations sits side by side with information from private individuals and organisations with both honourable and obscure purposes. Knowledge about who
is behind a website on the Internet is needed in order to evaluate the reliability
and authority of the source.
Address
Where is the website published?
The address of the web page, the URL (Universal Resource Locator) is constructed according to the model how://where/what. The address http://www.
nai.uu.se/press/articles/ecas-keynote-speaker-issa/ can be divided up according
to the pattern below.
Http shows that the document is transported using hyper text transfer protocol over the Internet, www that it is a world wide web document, nai.uu is
the name of the server (sub domain) and .se stands for Sweden (top domain).
/press/ and /articles/ states in which catalogue on the server the web page is
held and ecas-keynote-speaker-issa/ is the name of the web page itself.
By being able to read the top domain codes, you can usually see which country the web page is published in, or the type of organisation holding the web
page. Often, the code gives an indication of whether the originator comes from
a large organisation or a larger context.
However, some country codes and certain generic codes (com, org, net)
can be bought. Among them is the country code .nu, from Niue Island, which
is popular in Scandinavia.
If the information on the web page does not appear to correspond to the address, you should ask yourself how reliable the source is, such as a statement from
Amnesty International about human rights in a country found on a page where
the address ends in .com or .net.
Links to list of top domains, both country codes and generic codes, can be
found if you search the word top domains using the search engine Google. On
the Internet there are also services where you can search for those who register an
address to a website. This often includes address and other information. Links to
these can be found via Google if you search for whois.
Using this part of evaluation of sources for information produced locally in
Africa causes problems. The infrastructure is built up to differing extents in different parts of the continent, which means that the assumption that the websites of
major institutions and governments have a country code as the top domain code
and are located on a local web server is not always correct. The electricity supply
29
is unstable in some countries. Local connections may be lacking between cities,

and also between neighbouring countries. In order to provide a website that is
constantly available, even major institutions choose to place their material on a
commercial server outside Africa. The availability of space on a local web server
may be limited, and while the price for the same may be relatively high locally,
there is available web space for free or cheaply in both the USA and Europe. For
instance, the official website of Togo www.republicoftogo.com/ is registered at an address in the USA.
Contact
Can you contact the originator? Is there an email address? Is the email address
an established institution? Is the email address located on the same server as the
web page? Is there a postal address, telephone number? Are the authors actually
associated with the institution or organisation they state?
Sometimes there is no information on the web page about who is behind the
information, in particular if the page is located deep down on a website. By cutting down an address section by section to a web page, you can move up the
website and see whether there is information further up in the hierarchy. Examples: http://www.nbebank.com/pdf/annualbulletin/Annual%20Report%202005_06/
Energy%20Production.pdf
On the web page itself, there is a document in pdf format. There is no link to
the originator. By removing the entire string after .com, you get to the website
itself, which turns out to be produced by the Ethiopian national bank.
If an email address is shown with another server address, you can try to get to
the server in accordance with the analogy library@nai.uu.se-www.nai.uu.se, i.e. by
changing the names before @ to www. Many institutions and organisations
have personnel lists on their website where it is possible to confirm a persons association with the same.
When it comes to contact information on locally produced pages in Africa
that refer to free providers of email services, this is not in itself an indication that
the information is not reliable, or that the person is not an established authority
within his or her subject. The price of both local email services and of space on
web servers may be high, and an established free email service abroad may be
more stable than a service from a local company that may not be operating in a
few years. The problem with servers going down due to lack of electricity supply
is also a reality. Many institutions in the public authority sector and the educational sector in African countries also do not have the same access to computer
resources as do similar institutions in Europe and the USA. Being able to determine whether a person is associated with an established institution through his or
her email address is therefore uncertain. If the originator claims to be a researcher
or to be associated with academia, this information can be confirmed via library
catalogues or in databases. For example, Library of Congress has a large collection
of published academic material from Africa. Africa Journals Online is a platform for
30
sa Lund Moberg
almost 400 academic journals published in Africa, which also offer opportunities
for searching authors.
Why?
Is it advertisement, propaganda or fact?
In order to evaluate a web page, you must place it into context. Sometimes
the purpose of the publication is clear, sometimes it is difficult to determine
what is fact and what is opinion. Just as some publish in order to inform, others
publish in order to disinform. Just as important as what is mentioned on the
web page is perhaps what is not mentioned.
When using the websites of international organisations, for example, you
should be clear about what is on their agenda. Organisations concerned with
human rights do not always bring up positive sides of a country and official
websites published in a country may perhaps be aimed at attracting investors,
and therefore do not publish negative information. A conflict may be described
in rightleft terms by a local party, while the same conflict is described in ethnic
terms by another party, all depending on ideological background and interests.
Subjective information on the Internet is in itself an important source, if it can
be evaluated on the basis of why it is published. It is also important to remember
the context in which the web page is published. The view of the world around
us varies, not just from a northsouth perspective, but also between other poles
such as Europe and the USA, which are normally regarded as having the same
view of the world.
When?
Is the web page dated? How often is the information updated? Is it of importance whether the information is old or new?
How frequently the information on a web page is updated can be an indication of the amount of resources the organisation/originator has. If it is a current
subject that is discussed, old information can be misleading.
How?
How did the inquirer arrive at that particular site? What other websites link to
the web page, and to what websites does the web page have links?
By following how a web page is linked on the Internet, you can get an indication of how reliable the source is. If the website has a link from an established
source, this in itself is a quality indicator. Many search services, such as Google,
have a search function where you can see who has a link to a web page. With
Google, you use the search string link:web page address in order to find those
who have links to the web page. Example: link:www.nai.uu.se
Just as interesting as finding out who has links to a web page is to see what
links are located on the web page itself. If a current or controversial subject is
31
being dealt with, and there are no links to established sources within the same
subject area, you should ask yourself why. A web page that has links both to and
from bona fide sources must be regarded as more reliable than a web page that
lacks these.
Comparing sources
The multitude of sources on the Internet is an asset, but the amount of information also makes it difficult to determine what information is correct. There is
contradictory information about nearly everything.
It is important to compare information from several sources. However, having confirmed a piece of information from two sources does not necessarily
mean it is correct. The originators may have used the same primary source for
their information. Check the extent to which the information agrees. Are there
any long quotes that have the same wording? Do the figures correspond down
the last decimal?
If the statistical values are far from each other, this does not mean that one
source is incorrect, as the definitions used in the calculations may have been different.
It is also important to find out the resources behind the information and
the form of the primary source. For example, is it a question of estimates or
statistical calculations? If the source was originally printed and later published
electronically, you must take into account both that all scanned text-interpreted
material always has a percentage error, and also that it is not always the case that
the printed version corresponds to the electronic one. Some picture material
and appendices are also left out in electronic publications. This applies also to
material that originates from established organisations. For example, the Swedish parliament, the Riksdag, has information on its website that the electronic
version of the Swedish Code of Statutes may lack appendices.
Lost sources
A great problem with the dynamic Internet is that many web pages disappear
after a while, or are moved within the website. Many countries are working on
long-term storage of material published on the Internet, but even more countries
do not. This applies in particular to material from the south. Much of the socalled grey material that was previously published in printed form, for example
brochures, minor reports and conference materials, is today often published as
individual web pages, sometimes far down on the websites. With the help of
projects such as Internet Archive, it is possible to locate these documents if the address to the website is there. Just as in the case of search engines, Internet Archive
has an emphasis on the north/west in the archive, because the material is gathered
using search robots.
32
sa Lund Moberg
References
Gidlf, Hkan, 2001, Africa-related information resources, Information Development
vol. 17: 2, pp. 115116.
LaFond , Deborah M. and Walsh, Gretchen, editors (2004) Research, reference service,
and resources for the study of Africa. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Information Press
Leth, Gran and Thurn Torsten (2000). Kllkritik fr Internet. [Also electronic] Stockholm: Styrelsen fr psykologiskt frsvar. Available from: <http://web.archive.org/
web/20041026181723/www.psycdef.se/reports/doc.asp?FileID=37 <[2011-02-18].
Spink, A et al,(2006). A study of results overlap and uniqueness among major web
search engines, Information Processing & Management vol. 42:5, pp. 1379-1391
Vaughan L., Thelwall M. (2004) Search engine coverage bias: evidence and possible
causes Information Processing and Management vol. 40:4, pp. 693-707.
Internet resources
Most websites or search services mentioned in the text can be found on the Nordic
Africa Institutes website www.nai.uu.se in the link collection A Guide to Africa on the
Internet. Many university and college libraries have summaries on their websites about
evaluation of sources on the Internet. Search evaluate Internet sources using Google,
and you will get good hits.
Africa Internet Usage and Population Statistics http://www.internetworldstats.com/
stats1.htm
Africa Journals Online www.ajol.info
Africa South of the Sahara. Selected Internet Resources http://www-sul.stanford.edu/
depts/ssrg/africa/guide.html
African Studies Internet Resources http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/
An AZ of African Studies on the Internet http://staff.lib.msu.edu/limb/a-z/az.html
Google http://www.google.com
Google Scholar http://scholar.google.se/
Internet Archive www.internetarchive.org
Open Directory : Africa http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/
Scirus http://www.scirus.com/
Periodicals
Birgitte Jansen
Introduction
The Nordic Africa Institutes library currently has more than 1500 periodical
publications, of which approximately 400 are active. All periodicals focus on
Africa, primarily within the subject areas of social sciences, politics, development issues and humanities. The librarys website has a current alphabetical list
of all periodicals.
The periodicals collection consists of newspapers, journals, regular report series
and yearbooks in both printed and electronic format, all of which are searchable
in the library catalogue AfricaLit. In AfricaLits article catalogue you can also find
more than 7 000 selected articles and special issues from important scientific
periodicals, primarily from the years 19902000, plus a small number for 2001
and onwards. Remote users can order copies of articles on a special order form
and have them sent by post. There is a big range of electronic periodicals in full
text in various databases, which are wholly or partly focused on Africa, and they
are available via the Nordic Africa Institutes website under the heading Electronic Periodicals and Articles.
The Nordic Africa Institutes periodicals collection, which has been built up
since the early 1960s, is a unique resource for research into Africas political
development and history. The collection consists of both well-established western academic periodicals and academic periodicals published in Africa. During
the last decade, development within periodicals publishing has been very rapid,
and a periodicals collection is today not the same thing as just a few years ago.
Today, the concept of a periodicals collection stretches far beyond the limits of
the individual library. The number of so-called open access periodicals, i.e. periodicals that are freely available on the Internet, is increasing continuously. Many
organisations that previously published printed publications now choose to
publish their periodicals and newsletters in electronic format on their websites,
and to send them out by email. It is important to select and make these visible
as well. Selected report series published in full text by mainly Nordic institutions
and organisations can be searched and downloaded from E-AfricaLit.
In this chapter, I have chosen to present a selection of periodicals that I would
like to highlight. I have also selected periodicals within specific areas, which are
currently particularly relevant within Africa research. The majority of these are
available from the Nordic Africa Institutes library. The periodicals that are freely
available on the Internet are marked (OA).
34
Birgitte Jansen
News services
Newspapers
Today, it is no longer enough for news dissemination to be current for the day;
instead, as soon as an item of news occurs it must be available here and now. Because of this, the value of printed newspapers has fallen and been replaced by news
reporting on the Internet. However, if it should be necessary to find information
about the newspapers being published in a specific African country, you can find
the most important national newspapers with address and contact information in
the handbooks Africa South of Sahara and Middle East and North Africa.
There is a large range of free African newspapers and other news reporting
in full text from most African countries. Links to African newspapers can be
found in A Guide to Africa on the Internet under the heading News and Media
under each country/region and among the subject links. Another compilation
of African electronic newspapers is Electronic Newspapers of Africa, at Columbia
University Libraries
A newspaper that can be warmly recommended and that is of a high standard
is Mail & Guardian online (OA), published in South Africa. Their news coverage does not only cover southern Africa, but the entire African continent.
Another important news channel is IRIN Integrated Regional Information
Network, Humanitarian News and Analysis (OA), which is published by the UN
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. IRIN monitors the entire
African continent and publish daily reports and news with analysis from all regions and countries in Africa. There are weekly summaries about urgent subject
areas, such as conflicts, which are described in more detailed reports with links.
You can subscribe to IRIN via email free of charge.
Periodicals
When it comes to periodicals with news coverage, Africa Confidential has held
a singular position over the last 50 years, and has reported news about developments within politics, economics and security issues from the entirety of the
African continent. They also identify and illuminate upcoming issues and trends
within politics, often before they are noticed by other media.
Africa Research Bulletin, which consists of two subsidiary series, Economic,
Financial and Technical Series and Political, Social and Cultural Series, have reported on developments within politics, economy, infrastructure, security, social
development, culture and international relations since 1964. Each yearly edition
has a register, which means that the entire yearly edition is also useful as a reference book. Africa-Asia Confidential is a periodical that started in 2007, and it
focuses on relations between Asia and Africa, and Asias growing influence over
politics and economy on the African continent.
New Africa Analysis is an independent news magazine that monitors all important events on the African continent.
Periodicals
35
Indian Ocean Newsletter was founded in 1984 and reports political and economic news from the Horn of Africa, eastern Africa, parts of southern Africa
and the islands in the Indian Ocean.
In French, there is Jeune Afrique: Hebdomadaire International Independnt,
which covers all of Africa, although the emphasis is on the French-speaking
countries. Of the bigger news magazines published in London, two should be
mentioned: New African and Focus on Africa: BBC Magazine
Development and aid issues

Among the leading international periodicals focusing on development and aid
issues, the following, which provide continuous and solid monitoring of the
African continent, can be recommended:
Development and Change,
Development in Practice, which concentrates on analysis of practical implementation
of research within development issues and humanitarian areas.
European Journal of Development Research, which often publishes special issues
within areas of current interest.
Forum for Development Studies: the Nordic journal for development research.
Journal of International Development.
World Development: the Multi-Disciplinary International Journal Devoted to the
Study and Promotion to World Development.
The above periodicals are all very broad and multidisciplinary within politics,
economy, sociology and anthropology. They focus on living conditions, the fight
against poverty, environmental issues, indebtedness, equality, ethnic discrimination, conflicts, and so on.
When it comes to Africa-specific periodicals, the following can be recommended.
Africanus: This is a journal of development studies that brings up development
issues in the third world and in particular South Africa.
African Development Review, which is published on behalf of the African Development Bank. It is aimed at scrutinising and analysing development policy in
Africa, and focuses on the policy relevance of research results.
Development Southern Africa: journal of the Development Bank Southern Africa.
Political and economic development

The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) holds a special position as one of the
worlds best providers of in-depth articles and analysis of the political and economic situation in all the countries in the world. Their target groups are primarily researchers, decision-makers and the world of commerce.
36
Birgitte Jansen
Their Country Reports are published quarterly or monthly, with reports from
every African country. The Reports describe the political and economic situation during the latest quarter. They provide economic statistics for imports,
exports, inflation, prices, foreign investments, etc. and forecasts of important
political and economic changes during the next two years. As a complement
or alternative to the Country Reports, ViewsWire Africa / Middle East, can be
recommended, providing daily analysis and forecasts from the entire African
continent.
Another periodical focusing on the economy is African Business, which is
published monthly and monitors the latest developments within economy, business and industry. Marchs Tropicaux et Mediterranens concentrates mainly on
French-speaking Africa, and also publishes in-depth Dossiers within various subject areas of current interest or country analyses.
Human rights
African Human Rights Law Journal (OA) is published by the Centre for Human
Rights, University of Pretoria, and focuses on human rights and related subject
areas within the entire African continent.
The International Journal of Transitional Justice is an academic periodical that
publishes articles focusing on countries that are in a transitional process towards
democracy after conflicts or genocide. Subjects dealt with are truth commission,
reconciliation processes, democratisation process, witnessing and readjustment.
Human Rights Watch Reports (OA) publishes approximately 100 reports annually on crimes against human rights in around 90 countries, among them countries in Africa. The reports can be downloaded free of charge in their entirety
from Human Rights Watchs website.
Academic journals
The highest ranking and internationally recognised Africa-specific journals are
mainly published in Europe, South Africa and USA. In terms of indexed articles
in western international periodicals, African researchers are extremely poorly
represented, and amount to only 0.7% (Ngobeni 2010:187).
The well-known author Chinua Achebe disliked that the market was dominated by foreign publishers, and stated the following: We have got to the point
where our literature must grow out of the social dynamics of Africa Writers, especially established writers, have a responsibility to support an indigenous
publisher who displays the necessary qualities of intellect, creativity and organization ... (Ngobeni 2010:54).
Many less well-known academic journals that were or are published at African
universities are often of high quality, and should definitely not be underrated,
Periodicals
37
as they reflect the research that is being carried out on the African continent.
However, for decades, the academic journals published in Africa have been wrestling with great difficulties, such as lack of money and resources, and in some
countries lack of academic freedom. Likewise, marketing of these journals has
been non-existent. They therefore remained invisible and impossible to find for
anyone interested. This resulted in irregular publishing, and despite great willingness, publishing usually ceased after a couple of issues.
Since around year 2000, new technology has entailed a great turn-around,
and successful initiatives to promote and make visible academic journals published in Africa have been made. One of the most successful initiatives is African
Journals OnLine (AJOL), which, with the help of development support, was
established in 1998 by INASP (International Network for the Availability of
Scientific Publications). During the last decade, AJOL has constantly grown and
today contains around 400 quality-controlled periodicals from 29 countries,
and the number of periodicals is growing steadily. AJOL gives access to more
than 40 000 searchable table of contents with abstracts. After having set up an
account, it is possible to download articles direct in pdf form against payment.
However, 100 periodicals in AJOL are freely available open access periodicals.
Another project is African E-journals Project (OA) at Michigan State University, African Studies Centre. The database consists of a full text archive, with 11
academic journals published in Africa. There is also African Journals Directory,
which is a list of more than 1 900 periodicals about Africa with links to searchable lists of contents, abstracts and sometimes articles in full text.
Sabinet in South Africa, which has for many years been working to make electronic resources available to libraries in southern Africa, provides the database
Sabinet Open Access Journals Collection. It is still under construction, and currently the database contains around 50 titles. IlissAfrica is a German portal with
electronic resources focused on Africa south of the Sahara. It includes Electronic
Journals Library, which is an A-Z list with 610 electronic academic periodicals,
of which many are freely available.
Another important database with periodicals in full text freely available on
the Internet is DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals. The database has a
considerable number of periodicals focused on Africa, and it is possible to search
DOAJ at article level.
Among the multi-disciplinary periodicals of high academic status, the following
can be recommended:
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute focusing on humanities, social sciences and environment.
Africa Development / Afrique et Dveloppement, which is a bilingual periodical
focusing on social sciences. (OA)
Africa Today is one of the leading periodicals within politics, economics and
social sciences.
38
Birgitte Jansen
African Affairs, which is published on behalf of Royal African Society, publishes

articles about the latest political, social and economic development in countries
south of the Sahara.
African Studies Quarterly (OA). This is published only in full text with articles
about social sciences, politics and history.
Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. Regional forum with reflective and
reasoning analysis within economics, politics, social sciences and development.
Journal of Modern African Studies with emphasis on current issues within politics, economy, society and international relations.
Journal of North African Studies with focus on the countries north of the Sahara,
brings up subjects such as history, sociology, anthropology and economics.
Journal of Southern African Studies publishes articles about current issues within
social sciences and humanities in the countries in southern Africa.
Politikon: South African journal of political studies, focuses mainly on South
African politics since the transfer from apartheid to democracy, women and
politics, questions of identity and much more.
Review of African Political Economy (ROAPE) provides radical analysis of trends,
current issues and social processes in Africa.
Among the more subject-specific periodicals, the following can be recommended:
African Identities. Journal of economics, culture and society.
African Journal of Aids Research the purpose of which is to contribute to the
understanding of the social consequences of HIV/AIDS in Africa. It publishes
articles within sociology, demography, epidemiology, social geography, economics, psychology, anthropology, philosophy, education and social work.
African Journal on Conflict Resolution. Focuses on conflict handling. (OA)
African Population Studies. Freely available periodical focusing on population
studies. (OA)
African Security. New periodical focusing on conflicts and security issues within
and between countries on the African continent.
African Security Review. Published by the Institute for Security Studies in South
Africa. It contains articles about human security in a very broad perspective,
such as criminality, justice and corruption, weapons control, peace initiatives
and conflict handling.
Gender and Behaviour, published by the Department of Psychology, Obafemi
Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. It focuses on gender issues from a psychological and behavioural science point of view.
Journal of African Cinemas. Completely new periodical focusing on African
film.
Journal of African Cultural Studies is a forum for African culture both within and
outside Africa
Journal of African History publishes articles covering everything from the Stone
Periodicals
39
Age up to our own time. In recent years, greater focus has been paid to economic,
cultural and social history, and subject areas such as gender roles, demography,
health, propaganda, labour history and similar have been highlighted.
Journal of African Law. The leading periodical within its area, focusing on Africa
south of the Sahara. The periodical has a separate section that deals with new
legislation, case studies, proposals for new laws and the latest international developments that affect Africa.
Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/Aids, S.A.H.A.R.A. (OA)
Nordic Journal of African Studies. Publishes mainly articles about African linguistics, literature and culture. (OA)
Research in African Literatures. The leading periodical within African literature.
Older newspapers and periodicals on microfilm,

in digital or printed form
That which is news today becomes an important source of information in the
longer term in research into the history of modern Africa. The sources that historians have at their disposal are often limited, because archives with important
documentation are not available for various reasons. This is often due to a lack of
any archive to take care of documentation, such as official documents, to them
being destroyed in wars or being subjected to moisture and insect infestation,
and therefore being in very poor condition.
This means that non-academic sources, such as old newspapers, news magazines and old news broadcasts on the radio with eyewitness reports and interviews are very valuable materials (Ellis, 2002). However, one must be careful and
assess the reliability of this type of material very carefully, as many newspapers
have been the mouthpieces of regimes that limit the freedom of speech.
The Nordic Africa Institute has a collection consisting of around 90 old newspapers, which can be searched in AfricaLit. The collection consists of newspapers
that are unique, that is to say they only exist at the Nordic Africa Institute, and
nor are they available on microfilm from the project below, for example.
CAMP Cooperative Africana Microfilm Project at the Centre for Research Libraries in Chicago is a world-wide collaborative project the aim of which is to
collect and microfilm unique material. An important part of the project since
its start in 1963 has been to collect and microfilm African daily newspapers.
Microfilmed African newspapers can be searched for in AFRINUL African
Newspaper Union List. There is also a current list of all of CAMPs microfilmed
titles. As a member of CAMP, the Nordic Africa Institutes library can order in
microfilmed African newspapers via remove lending for research purposes.
Another example of a successful project is The DISA Project Digital Imaging
Project of South Africa which is a national project the purpose of which is to
collect and make available South African material documenting the liberation
40
Birgitte Jansen
and anti-apartheid movements during the period from 1950 up until the first
free election in 1994. The main part of the documentation in DISA was illegal during the apartheid period. For this reason, periodicals and booklets from
many libraries around the world have been collected, among them items from
the Nordic Africa Institutes library. 56 periodicals have been digitalized and been
made available on the Internet.
Summary of World Broadcasts (BBC) SWB, Middle East and Africa and
Latin America contains summaries of BBCs foreign radio broadcasts during the
years 19391997.They have been compiled by the Monitoring Service of the
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The Nordic Africa Institute has SWB
for the period 19641997, and they can be ordered up and used in the librarys
reading room.
References
The web addresses are for the publishers/periodicals website with information about the
periodical and its subject area, subscriptions and prices. The year is the periodicals starting
year.
Ellis, Stephen (2002) Writing Histories of Contemporary Africa. The Journal of African History, vol. 43:1, pp. 126. [Electronic] Available from: http://www.jstor.org/
stable/4100424
Ngobeni, Solani (ed.) (2010) Scholarly Publishing in Africa: Opportunities & Impediments.
Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa.
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. London, 1928 http://www.internationalafricaninstitute.org/journal.html
Africa Confidential. London: Miramoor Publications, 1960 http://www.africa-confidential.com/news
Africa Development. A Quarterly Journal of the Council for the Development of Economic
and
Social Research in Africa = Afrique et Dveloppement. Une Revue Trimestrielle du Conseil pour
le Dveloppement de la Recherche Economique et Sociale en Afrique. Dakar: CODESRIA,
1976 http://www.codesria.org/spip.php?rubrique39 (OA)
Africa Research Bulletin. Economic, Financial and Technical Series. Exeter: Africa Research
Ltd., 1965 http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0001-9852&site=1
Africa Research Bulletin. Political, Social and Cultural Series. Exeter: Africa Research Ltd.,
1965 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1467-825X
Africa South of Sahara. London: Europa Publications, 1971 http://www.taylorandfrancis.
com/books/details/9781857435641/
Africa Today. Denver, Colo.: Africa Today Ass., 1954 http://inscribe.iupress.org/loi/aft
Africa-Asia confidential. London: Asempa Ltd., 2007 http://www.africa-asia-confidential.
com/
African Affairs. Journal of the Royal African Society. London: Oxford Univ. Pr., 1945 http://
afraf.oxfordjournals.org/
Periodicals
41
African Business. London: IC Magazines, 1978 http://www.africasia.com/africanbusiness/

African Development Review. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 1989 http://www.wiley.com/bw/
journal.asp?ref=1017-6772&site=1
African Human Rights Law Journal. Claremont (South Africa): Juta Law, 2001 http://
www.chr.up.ac.za/index.php/publications/ahrlj.html
African Identities: Journal of Economics, Culture and Society. Abingdon: Carfax Publishing,
2003 http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/14725843.asp
African Journal on Conflict Resolution. Umhlanga Rocks, South Africa: ACCORD, 1999
http://www.accord.org.za/publications/ajcr.html (OA)
African Journal of AIDS Research. Grahamstown, South Africa: NISC 2002 http://www.
nisc.co.za/journals?id=1
African Population Studies [Online]. Dakar: Union for African Population Studies, 1994
http://www.uaps-uepa.org/aps.php (OA)
African Security. Philadelphia, PA: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2008 http://www.
tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/19392206.asp
African Security Review. Halfway House: Institute for Security Studies, 1992 http://www.
iss.co.za/pgcontent.php?UID=61
African Studies Quarterly. The Online Journal for African Studies. Gainesville, Fl., Center for
African Studies, 1997 http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/index.htm (OA)
Africanus. Journal of Development Studies. Pretoria: Unisa, 1971 http://www.unisa.ac.za/
Default.asp?Cmd=ViewContent&ContentID=20113
Country Report EIU, Economist Intelligence Unit. London: EIU, 1986 http://countryanalysis.eiu.com/country_reports.html
Development and Change. Published on Behalf of the Institute of Social Studies, The Hague.
Oxford: Blackwell, 1969 http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0012-155X
Development Southern Africa. Journal of the Development Bank Southern Africa. Sandton,
1984 http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/0376835x.asp
European Journal of Development Research. London: Cass, 1989 http://www.palgravejournals.com/ejdr/index.html
Focus on Africa magazine (BBC). London: BBC, 1990 http://www.bbc.co.uk/focusonafricamagazine/
Forum for Development Studies : The Nordic Journal for Development Research. London:
Routledge, 1992 http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/sfds
Gender and Behaviour. Ile-Ife, Nigeria: Ife Centre for Psychological Studies 2003 http://ajol.
info/index.php/gab/index
Human Rights Watch Reports. New York: Human Rights Watch/Africa, 1994 http://www.
hrw.org/en/publications/reports (OA)
Indian Ocean Newsletter. Paris: Indigo Publ., 1981 http://www.africaintelligence.com/
ION/
International Journal of Transitional Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007 http://
ijtj.oxfordjournals.org/
Jeune Afrique: Hebdomadaire International Independnt,. Paris: Jeune Afrique, 1961 http://
www.jeuneafrique.com/
42
Birgitte Jansen
Journal of African Cinemas: Bristol: Intellect, 2009 http://www.atypon-link.com/INT/

toc/jac/2/1
Journal of African Cultural Studies. London: Routledge, 1998 http://www.tandf.co.uk/
journals/cjac
Journal of African History. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1960 http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=AFH
Journal of African Law. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ. of London,
1957 http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=JAL
Journal of International Development. Oxford: Development Studies Association, 1988
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1328
Journal of Modern African Studies. A Quarterly Survey of Politics, Economics & Related Topics in Contemporary Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1963 http://journals.
cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=MOA
Journal of North African Studies. London: Routledge, 1996 http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/13629387.asp
Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS. Port Elisabeth, S.A.H.A.R.A, 2004 (OA) http://
www.sahara.org.za/component/docman/cat_view/68-journal-issues.html
Journal of Southern African Studies. London: Oxford Univ. Pr., 1974 http://www.tandf.
co.uk/journals/carfax/03057070.html
Mail & Guardian Online. Johannesburg: M&G Media, 1995 http://www.mg.co.za/
Marchs Tropicaux et Mediterranens. LHebdomadaire de lAfrique et de lOcean Indien. Paris: Marchs Tropicaux et Mditerranens, 1958 http://www.mtm-news.com/homepub
Middle East and North Africa London: Europa Publications, 1964 http://www.taylorandfrancis.com/books/details/9781857435689/
New Africa Analysis. West Drayton: New Africa Analysis Ltd, 2009 http://newafricaanalysis.co.uk/
New African. London: IC Magazines, 1978 http://www.africasia.com/newafrican/
Nordic Journal of African Studies. Helsinki: Nordic Association of African Studies, 1992
http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/ (OA)
Politikon. Pretoria: Political Science Association of South Africa, 1974 http://www.tandf.
co.uk/journals/titles/02589346.asp
Research in African Literatures. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1970 http://
muse.jhu.edu/journals/research_in_african_literatures/
Review of African Political Economy (ROAPE). Sheffield: ROAPE, 1974 http://www.
roape.org/
Summary of World Broadcasts (BBC), 19391997
ViewsWire Africa / Middle East London: EIU, 1996 http://viewswire.eiu.com/index.
asp?layout=VWRegionVW3&region_id=430000443
World development. The Multidisciplinary International Journal Devoted to the Study and
Promotion of World Development. Oxford: Pergamon, 1973 http://www.elsevier.com/
wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/386/description#description
Databases
African E-journals Project http://africa.isp.msu.edu/AEJP/index.php
African Journals Directory http://africa.isp.msu.edu/AEJP/directory.php
African Journals OnLine (AJOL) http://ajol.info/
Periodicals
43
AFRINUL African Newspaper Union List http://www.crl.edu/grn/afrinul/search

DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals http://www.doaj.org/
Electronic Journals Library EZB (IlissAfrica) http://www.ilissafrica.de/en/ezb/ezb.
html
IRIN Integrated Regional Information Network, humanitarian news and analysis
http://www.irinnews.org/irin-africa.aspx
Sabinet Open Access Journals Collection http://www.sabinet.co.za/
Other web resources

AfricaLit (Nordic Africa Institutes library catalogue) http://africalit.nai.uu.se/F/
CAMP Cooperative Africana Microfilm Project http://www.crl.edu/area-studies/camp
The DISA Project Digital Imaging Project of South Africa http://www.disa.ukzn.ac.za/
E-AfricaLit http://africalit.nai.uu.se/F/-/?func=file&file_name=find-b&local_base=eafricalit
Electronic Newspapers of Africa http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/
newspapers.html
IlissAfrica Internet library Sub-Saharan Africa http://www.ilissafrica.de/en/
Nordic Africa Institute http://www.nai.uu.se/
Nordic Africa Institute library. Periodicals http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/journals
Statistics
Katarina Hjortster
Statistics consist of numerical information that describes a phenomenon or an

activity. Using statistical information, you can gain insight into society and how
it is managed. Statistical data are important, both as a component in publications and as the basis for studies and research. Statistics describing, for example,
population, education, occupation, salaries, prices, interest rates, exports, imports, production, health and housing reflect a countrys social and economic
conditions. Today, these can be accessed in both printed and electronic form,
and they are usually classified into two groups, national and international statistics, based on the sources of the information.
Finding statistics
National statistics
National statistics means statistical data collected from national sources. This is
information that is produced by state authorities with responsibility for statistics.
The central statistics agencies of individual countries are important producers.
They have the task of producing official statistics and are responsible for coordinating the states production of statistics, and for making it accessible. Today, most
African countries have statistics agencies. Other important producers are central
and commercial banks, who report a countrys economic statistics. Other producers of national statistics are non-governmental institutions, research institutes
and individual researchers publications in scientific periodicals and other press. In
other words, national statistics describe the activities of an individual nation. They
are detailed and information is usually available at the regional level. A potential
problem with this type of statistics is that it is often presented in a national language, which leads to difficulties for anyone who does not speak this language.
International statistics
International statistics are often available in English, as they are gathered from
international sources. These may be, for example, organisations such as the
World Bank, the International Monetary Fund or other bodies within the UN
system or other organisations that produce both their own statistics and publish
statistics from individual countries central statistics bodies. International statistics are not as detailed as national statistics, but they fulfil an important function
when comparing countries.
Statistics
45
There are advantages and disadvantages of both types of statistics. Using only
national statistics is seldom enough, in particular where comparisons are needed.
The production of national statistics in Africa is in the progress of being organized, and therefore has weaknesses. The political situation in a country can also
affect whether statistical information can be found in national sources. Statistics
on AIDS were long unavailable from South Africas central statistics body. This
may be because it was and is a politically charged subject. Statistical information about AIDS in South Africa was available, however, from international organisations such as the UN bodies WHO and UNAIDS. International statistics
can therefore function as a supplement to national statistics.
Statistics in printed and electronic format and on the Internet
National and international statistics are currently produced in both printed and
electronic form. Printed publications consist primarily of handbooks of various kinds, such as yearbooks, bank reports, periodicals (journals and the like),
official publications and other what are called figure publications from international organisations. Statistics are also included in other publications, and, when
looking for such information, it can therefore be useful to search in documents
that report not only statistical data. The Nordic Africa Institute library has a
large amount of national and international statistics in printed form, which
can be searched via the library catalogue AfricaLit. (A list with useful keywords
appears at the end of this chapter). Particular mention should be made of the librarys large collection of official publications from African countries containing
various types of national statistics. This material is described in more detail in
the chapter Official publications. Various forms of printed publications containing statistical information can be found mainly in large libraries and in special
libraries, such as the Statistics Sweden Library. Statistics Swedens collection consists of figure publications from most countries in the world, and from around
50 international organisations. For the African countries, there are primarily
yearbooks, company and population censuses.
The growth of information technology has given us statistics in electronic
form, which in turn offers many advantages, not least ease of access. More and
more information is now available in databases and via the Internet. The development has also affected the production of statistics, and has contributed to large
amounts of data now can be transferred, stored and processed quickly. As a user,
it is easy to tailor ones own tables, maps and diagrams as statistical data can be
processed together. Large libraries in general, and special libraries such as the Statistics Sweden Library in particular, have statistical databases, journal and article
databases and reference databases that are useful in the hunt for statistical data.
On the Internet today, both national and international statistics are published
in databases or in various formats available for downloading. Via their websites,
libraries, research institutes and international organisations offer the opportunity to search for references in databases or library catalogues and link collec-
46
Katarina Hjortster
tions with links to websites and statistical material. Databases on the Internet
are, unfortunately, not always accessible to the general public, but larger libraries
usually have access through agreements. You can, of course, choose to go directly to the central statistics agencies or similar bodies in individual countries to
get national statistics, or directly to the websites of international organisations.
Most African countries have national statistics agencies, but not all of them have
their own websites as yet. On the website of the Nordic Africa Institute, the
library has collected links to national statistics sources, such as statistics agencies
and central banks in the link collection A Guide to Africa on the Internet. They
can be found under each country under the heading Links sorted by country or
region. Links to other sources of statistics on the Internet are available under the
heading Links sorted by subject.
On its website, Statistics Sweden has a link collection that functions as a guide
to international statistics on the Internet. The links are organised according to
country and subject. There is also a choice of international organisations that are
interesting from a statistical point of view. Free text searching using search services on the Internet can work as a complement, as this can give hits for material
that had not been considered before. Statistical tables and diagrams are usually
presented as PDF, Excel or PowerPoint files. It can therefore be a good idea to
limit the search to such documents. Consider using several search engines, as
their indexes contain different web pages, and therefore do not produce the
same result when searching. The disadvantage of using search services on the
Internet is that it can be difficult to formulate a sufficiently specific or good
combination of keywords in order to find relevant material. Free text search on
the Internet is not a precise tool. A search may produce many hits, and it can
be difficult to sift through them. It might seem that there is an abundance of
websites with statistics, but often this is the same information, gathered from
the same source. All information gathered from the Internet, and in particular
statistical information, must be quality controlled.
Quality control
Regardless of whether you use printed or electronic sources, quality control is
important. When it comes to control of statistics, you should consider in particular how many intermediaries there are between the source/producer and the
publisher of the information. The primary source is the body that gathers, compiles and produces statistical information. The best way is to gather the information direct from the source. A body that only publishes statistical data collected
and compiled by someone else is a secondary source. It is always a good idea to
know how many intermediaries there are, and the principle is: The fewer the
intermediaries, the better. Also, in conjunction with a table, there should also
be definitions of concepts and explanations for them. Alternatively, there should
be information about how to find information about tables and concepts used.
More about what to consider in terms of quality control in general can be found
Statistics
47
in the chapter Africa information on the Internet and quality control of statistics
in particular on the Statistics Sweden website, under Statistik skolan The Statistics school, (In Swedish).
Statistics can never give a completely correct picture, but are a simplified
way of interpreting reality. Official statistical information is estimates, and is
often based on representative samples; for this reason sampling errors may occur. However, in some cases they are based on entire population counts. The
information from different countries or from different points in time is not
always comparable either, due to differing definitions and measuring processes.
Statistics can also be misleading for other reasons such as drop-out, response
errors, and processing errors. The situation in a country may also be of importance as to whether it is possible to find certain statistical information, as in the
example above about AIDS in South Africa. The statistics about AIDS in South
Africa that can be found in international organisations consist of administrative
information gathered from clinics. This may in many cases be the most certain
information, as it is difficult to gather this type of statistical data via surveys. You
should therefore be aware that the statistics only show that part of a countrys
population that is seeking care. The part of the population that is suffering from
AIDS and does not seek care can only be estimated, on the other hand.
Some sources of statistics

Handbooks
Printed publications that include statistics, such as handbooks, can currently
be sought out in various library catalogues via the Internet, among them the
Nordic Africa Institute library catalogue, AfricaLit. Handbooks of particular interest when searching for statistics are the yearbooks Africa South of Sahara and
The Middle East and North Africa (Europa Publications). They include country
by country summaries with statistics showing social and economic conditions.
Other handbooks are presented below in the sections about organisations and
the UN system.
One title that should be mentioned, even if it is published at long intervals,
is Africa at a Glance: Facts and Figures 2006/2007. It is the twelfth edition of
a handbook published by the Africa Institute of South Africa (Pretoria) since
1970. It contains basic facts and statistics showing social, economic and political conditions, presented in clear tables. The sources of the figures are the World
Bank, various UN bodies, OECD, FAO, Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU),
African Development Bank and other sources, such as the monthly Africa Research Bulletin. The handbook is recommended, both for public libraries and for
specialised Africa collections.
Africa: A Publication of the Corporate Council on Africa and Business Books International (Business Books International) is a book published annually. It does not
contain large amounts of statistics, but is a handbook worth mentioning in the cir-
48
Katarina Hjortster
cumstances. It lists addresses, telephone and fax numbers, and email as well as web
addresses (to the extent they exist) of statistics agencies in the African countries.
Africa: A Guide to Reference Material by John McIlwaine (Hans Zell publ.)
presents sources of statistics at both national and regional level, and for the African continent as a whole. The sources are not specialised within any area, but are
references to general statistics. The reference work African Studies Companion: A
Guide to African Information Sources, edited by Hans M. Zell, (Hans Zell publ.)
also gathers together sources of statistics. This publication is also available online,
via the Nordic Africa Institute library among others.
The periodical EIU Country Reports, which is published on a monthly or
quarterly basis by the Economist Intelligence Unit, presents summaries for each
country relating to economics in particular but also of political circumstances,
and contains up-to-date statistics. It is available online via the Nordic Africa
Institute library. Further information about this periodical is available in the
chapter Periodicals. The other publications are described in more detail in the
chapter on Searching for facts.
Organisations
International organisations and institutions both produce and publish statistics,
and are important sources. On the one hand, the statistics are not as detailed
for each individual country as those published at the national level, but on the
other hand it fulfils an important function when comparing countries. The organisations also present statistics within their area of specialisation. They publish
printed material in the form of annual reports, bulletins, newsletters and similar.
This material is often also available on their websites in various electronic formats, such as databases, PDF Word and Excel documents. Often there are special web pages where entries to all statistics have been gathered together. Below
follows a review of various organisations that supply statistics relevant to Africa.
The presentation that follows is not comprehensive, but is intended to highlight some important sources, both printed and electronic. AFRISTAT, African
Development Bank (ADB) and United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) are entirely focused on Africa. The World Bank also published
statistics focusing on Africa. A long list of other organisations, such as OECD
and BIS, and bodies within the UN system, such as WHO, FAO, UNESCO,
UNAIDS and ILO, are important for statistics within their differing specialist
areas. To end the chapter, there is a list of all the organisations in alphabetical
order, with web addresses to their websites.
AFRISTAT: Observatoire conomique et Statistique dAfrique Subsaharienne is an international organisation whose goal it is to strengthen the development of social, environmental and economic statistics in the member countries.
The organisation supports the national central statistics agencies in their work
and works for regional and economic integration, which in turn leads to corre-
Statistics
49
spondence and more comparable statistical data. On AFRISTATs website there

are national statistics for 19 countries in western and central Africa.
Electronic resource
AFRISTAT (In French)
Web/Format
Yes. Website
Availability
Free
Source: AFRISTAT, http://www.afristat.org/, January 2011.
African Development Bank Group (ADB Group) consists of African Development Bank (ADB), African Development Fund (ADF), and Nigeria Trust Fund
(NTF). It is the foremost institution in Africa working with financial development, the goal of which is to reduce poverty and improve the living standards
of people by promoting economic and social growth. ADB publishes several
publications containing statistical information. African Development Report is
ADBs yearbook and contains statistics showing economic and social conditions.
Compendium of Statistics on Bank Group Operations reports on various banking
operations in relation to loans and the exchange range of different countries for
example. Selected Statistics on African Countries contains comparative statistics
country by country, and country-specific time series data for all countries on
the African continent. Gender, Poverty and Environmental Indicators on African
Countries is published annually or biennially and provides both comparative
statistics between countries and country-specific information about gender, environment, living conditions and poverty in Africa. The publication also follows
up the development goals in the UNs Millennium Declaration. ADB Statistics Pocketbook summarises various economic and social data about the member
countries and the ADBs activities. Most of the information is gathered from the
publications mentioned above. All publications and much more can be found
on ADBs website. In 2002, a new study by the OECD Development Centre
and the African Development Bank, African Economic Outlook, was published.
It gives a broad overview of the economic conditions on the continent. The
goal is to annually review the current situation and short-term development in
selected African countries, seen from a global perspective. A further development of the report published annually is the website AfricanEconomicOutlook.
org. This presents statistics showing the economic, social and political situation
in 47 African countries.
Printed publications
African Development Report
Compendium of Statistics on Bank Group Operations
Selected Statistics on African Countries
Gender, Poverty and Environmental
Indicators on African Countries
ADB Statistics Pocketbook
African Economic Outlook
Source: ADB, http://www.afdb.org/, January 2011.
Published
Annually
Annually
Annually
Web/Format
Yes. PDF
Yes. PDF
Yes. PDF
Bi-annually
Annually
Annually
Yes. PDF
Yes. PDF
Yes, partly. PDF
50
Electronic resources
AfricanEconomicOutlook.org
Katarina Hjortster
Web/Format
Yes. Website
Availability
Free
Source: AEO, http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/, January 2011.
Bank for International Settlements (BIS) is an international organisation that

supports monetary and financial cooperation and serves as a bank for central
banks and international organisations. On the website BIS Statistics, BIS publishes statistics relating to the international banking system and financial market.
The website makes a number of publications available for downloading, among
them BIS quarterly review, which has an appendix with statistical data. There is
also a list of central banks in the world with links to their respective websites, on
which statistics often can be found.
BIS quarterly review
Published
Quarterly
Web/Format
Yes. PDF
Source: BIS, http://www.bis.org/, January 2011.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) collects

statistics about economic and social development. The statistics come from the
member countries central statistics agencies. The Organisations website has lots
of statistical information that can be downloaded, in particular from the web
page Statistics from A-Z. On the web page The OECD and Africa you can find
more specific information about Africa (follow the link AZ from the websites
front page and select Africa or use the search function). Statistics about the debt
situation in Africa is presented here, with links on to other sources. A particular
one of these is the website AfricanEconomicOutlook.org, which is a further development of the annual report with the same name, and the database International
Development Statistics Database (IDS). The latter covers bilateral and multilateral
aid to developing countries.
SourceOECD is the OECDs online library, in which you can find e-books,
e-periodicals and interactive statistics databases. Examples of such databases are
OECD.Stat, which contains the OECDs complete statistics, and OECD.Stat.
Extracts, which contains a selection of statistical information. The publications
African Economic Outlook (AEO) and Geographical Distribution of Financial
Flows to Aid Recipients can both be downloaded in their entirety from SourceOECD. AEO is a study focusing only on Africa, in which the countries are
compared country by country. Since 2002, OECD has been publishing this
report in collaboration with African Development Bank. It illuminates African
economic conditions from a global perspective and includes an appendix with
statistics. In the other publication, you can find information about aid and help
to developing countries.
Statistics
51
Geographical Distribution of Financial
Flows to Aid Recipients
African Economic Outlook
Published
Web/Format
Irregular
Annually
Yes. PDF. Licence

Yes. PDF. Licence
AfricanEconomicOutlook.org
International Development Statistics Database (IDS)
SourceOECD
OECD.Stat
OECD.Stat.Extracts
Web/Format
Yes. Website
Yes. Database
Yes. Databases
Yes. Database
Yes. Database
Availability
Free
Free
Licence
Licence
Free
Source: BIS, http://www.bis.org/, January 2011.
OECD and BIS, together with the World Bank and the International Monetary
Fund (which is presented later on in the chapter) have compiled their individual
statistical information about foreign debts of developing countries on Joint External Debt Hub (JEDH), which replaces the earlier Joint BIS-IMF-OECDWorld Bank Statistics on External Debt. The JEHD database is freely available
and makes it easy to compare countries.
Joint External Debt Hub (JEDH)
Web/Format
Yes. Database
Availability
Free
Source: Joint BIS-IMF-OECD-World Bank External Debt Hub, http://www.jedh.org/, January 2011.
The UN system
The UN and its various bodies both produce and publish statistics. United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) lists on its website a number of statistical
publications divided up according to subject, such as demography, energy, environment, gender, housing and building issues, industry, economics, social issues
and trade. It also lists publications that are available electronically. Since 1949,
the UNSD has published the United Nations Statistical Yearbook, which provides
a long list of international statistics covering social and economic conditions,
and also activities at national, regional and global level. It covers periods of
one to ten years, depending on the availability of statistical data. The information is collected from both national and international sources, and compiled by
UNSD. Other frequently requested publications are World Statistics Pocketbook
and Monthly Bulletin of Statistics (MBS). The first publication, which is available via the UNSD website, gathers together comprehensive statistics country
by country. All the African countries are represented. The second publication,
MBS, reports current statistics covering social and economic conditions. It contains more than 50 tables of data, reported by month, quarter and/or year, across
a number of varies subjects covering important economic trends and developments. MBS Online is also part of this publication, and is an online database
based on the printed version, and which is generally updated every month when
a new printed edition is published.
52
Katarina Hjortster
The United Nations Statistics Division of the Department of Economic and

Social Affairs (DESA) has launched a new Internet-based service, UNSD Statistical Databases, where they have gathered together the UNs various statistical
databases in order to facilitate matters for users. Here, around 15 databases are
available, among them the above-mentioned MBS Online, and also The Millennium Indicators Database, which includes 48 tables showing to what extent the
Millennium Goals are being achieved, and also The Social Indicators, which gives
access to statistics about housing, health, education, access to water and sanitation, etc. Further databases compiled by the UN system on population issues in
particular can be found here.
United Nations Statistical Yearbook
World Statistics Pocketbook
Monthly Bulletin of Statistics
Published
Annually
Annually
Monthly
Web/Format
Yes. PDF
Yes. PDF
No
MBS Online
The Millennium Indicators Database
The Social Indicators
Web/Format
Yes. Database
Yes. Database
Yes. Database
Availability
Free
Free
Free
Source: http://unstats.un.org/, January 2011.
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) works with regional integration and promoting international cooperation for Africas economic and social development. UNECA compiles and publishes a number of different publications that contain statistics, including a number of series, among
them the Economic Report on Africa, published annually. It is available on UNECAs website. Another important publication is the yearbook African Statistical
Yearbook (ASYB), in which statistical data for UNECAs member countries is
presented country by country, and also regionally. This publication can also be
downloaded from the website. There are also further publications for downloading, dealing with subjects such as demography, population, gender, agriculture
and environment, including statistical information.
Economic Report on Africa
African Statistical Yearbook (ASYB)
Published
Annually
Annually
Web/Format
Yes. PDF
Yes. PDF
Source: UNECA, http://www.uneca.org/, January 2011.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) promotes the development-friendly integration of developing countries into the
world economy and monitors the areas of trade and development, and closely
related areas, such as finance, technology, investment and sustainable development. UNCTAD compiles, validates and processes a wide range of statistical
data collected from national and international sources.
Statistics
53
On 20 October 2010, in celebration of the World Statistics Day, UNCTAD

launched UNCTADstat, its new data dissemination platform. All of UNCTADs
online statistical databases, the Handbook of Statistics, the Commodity Prices and
Price Indices, the Foreign Direct Investment Statistics, and the Global Databank
on World Trade in Creative Products have been integrated into UNCTADstat.
Through this data dissemination system UNCTAD provides free access to comprehensive statistical time series and indicators essential for the analysis of world
trade, investment, international financial flows, and development. The ICT
Analysis Section of UNCTAD works to measure ICT in enterprises and the ICT
sector. The Measuring ICT Website provides information on the development of
ICT statistics and indicators worldwide, with an emphasis on supporting ICT
policies and the information economies in developing countries.
Selected UNCTADstat data are also disseminated in various publications
available in printed format, and some of these are also available as downloads.
The UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics provides a comprehensive collection of
statistical data relevant to the analysis of international trade, investment and development, for individual countries and for economic and trade groupings. The
World Investment Report focuses on trends in foreign direct investment (FDI)
worldwide and at the regional and country levels, as well as emerging measures
to improve FDIs contribution to development. The Economic Development in
Africa Report analyses selected aspects of Africas development problems and
major policy issues confronting African countries. Development and Globalization: Facts and Figures (DGFF)is a brief synopsis of data and information that
offers some explanations for new and emerging economic trends. It is published
at longer intervals, but is important from a statistical point of view. Information about further publications and downloadable documents can be found on
UNCTADs website.
UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics
World Investment Report
Economic Development in Africa Report
Development and Globalization:
Facts and Figures
Published
Annually
Annually
Annually
Web/Format
Yes. PDF
Yes. PDF
Yes. PDF
Every four years
Yes. PDF
Commodity Price Statistics On-line
Foreign Direct Investment Database
Global Databank on World Trade
in Creative Products
Measuring ICT for Development
UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics Online
Web/Format
Yes. Database
Yes. Database
Availability
Free
Free
Yes. Database
Yes. Website
Yes. Database
Free
Free
Free
Source: UNCTAD, http://www.unctad.org/, January 2011.
54
Katarina Hjortster
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) works to

reduce famine and malnutrition, and to improve the standards of foods. The organisation also helps its member countries with sustainable development within
the agricultural sector. On the FAOs website under the heading Statistics, a
number of online resources have been gathered together. Agro-MAPS is a comprehensive database with statistics covering the use of farmland at sub-national
level. AQUASTAT contains comprehensive statistics about water supply within
agriculture, with the focus on developing countries. FAOSTAT, the FAO statistical database, is a multilingual database that contains more than one million
statistical series from 1961 and onwards, and covers more than 200 countries
with statistics on agriculture, food supply, food aid, fishing, forestry, land use
and population. CountrySTAT is focused on a small number of countries, several
of which are African. It contains statistics on food and agriculture. FAOSTATAgriculture provides statistics about crops, livestock, irrigation, land use, artificial fertilisers, use of pesticides and farming machinery. FAOSTAT-Fisheries has
statistics about fish production, etc. FAOSTAT-Forestry has statistics about import and export of timber and paper. In Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, there
is statistical data about fishing compiled by the FAO. Forestry Country Profiles
contains statistics about forestry and similar issues on a country basis. GLIPHA,
the Global Livestock Production and Health Atlas (GLiPHA) is a user-friendly,
interactive electronic atlas that provides information about animal husbandry
and health. PAAT Information System serves to guide strategic decisions on tsetse
and trypanosomiasis control in sub-Saharan Africa, with sustainable agriculture
and countryside development as the goal. TERRASTAT has information about
land resources with statistics and country and regional level.
As regards printed publications, FAO publishes a large number of titles every
year containing statistical information, such as yearbooks, all with the title FAO
Yearbook. FAO Statistical Yearbook is one such publication. Further publications
available for download can be found on the website.
FAO Statistical Yearbook
Published
Annually
Web/Format
Yes. PDF/XLS
Agro-MAPS
AQUASTAT
CountrySTAT
FAOSTAT
FAOSTAT-Agriculture
Web/Format
Yes. Database
Yes. Database
Yes. Database
Yes. Database
Yes. Database
Availability
Free
Free
Free
Free
Free
FAOSTAT-Fisheries
FAOSTAT-Forestry
Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics
Forestry Country Profiles
GLIPHA
Yes. Database
Yes. Database
Yes. Database
Yes. Database
Yes. Database
Free
Free
Free
Free
Free
PAAT Information System

TERRASTAT
Yes. Database
Yes. Database
Free
Free
Source: FAO, http://www.fao.org/, April 2011.
Statistics
55
The International Labour Organization (ILO) works out strategies and programmes for promoting human rights, improving working and living conditions and increasing the opportunities for work. ILO issues a long list of publications containing statistics about labour-related issues, among them Yearbook
of Labour Statistics, which presents statistical data in time series or by country.
The organisation also has a comprehensive website, where a lot of statistics can
be found. The Statistics and Databases web page has a number of useful and accessible databases. LABORSTA is a database showing labour statistics, covering
variables such as the economic activities of the population (from 1945 onwards),
employment, unemployment, salaries and similar. For statistics on child labour,
follow the link Statistical Information and Monitoring Programme on Child Labour (IPEC-SIMPOCI) to the website for International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC).
Yearbook of Labour Statistics
Published
Annually
Web/Format
No
LABORSTA
International Programme on the
Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC)
Web/Format
Yes. Database
Availability
Free
Yes. Website
Free
Source: ILO, http://www.ilo.org/, January 2011.
The World Health Organization (WHO) runs and coordinates international

healthcare, and promotes and coordinates research into the prevention of various diseases. Since 1995, WHO has published The World Health Report, which
deals with the current world health situation and has an appendix with statistical
data. It can be downloaded from the WHO website. WHO publications about
Africa are primarily collected on the page Library and Documentation Centre.
Here you can browse the menu by subject, or search the librarys databases.
Items worth mentioning are The African Regional Health Report, which has an
appendix with statistics, and the Annual Report of the Regional Director, which
also contains some statistical data. The World Health Statistics Report, which includes statistics covering the health and healthcare sector, is available via WHOSIS (WHO Statistical Information System) on the organisations website. WHOSIS is now part of Global Health Observatory (GHO) Database, which is WHOs
main portal to statistics on health. This gathers together a broad range of healthrelated subjects, such as mortality, diseases, risk factors and health costs. Much
statistics on the subject can be found on WHOs website under the heading
Data and Statistics, organised both according to the name of the database and
by subject.
56
Katarina Hjortster
The World Health Report
The African Regional Health Report
Annual Report of the Regional Director
World Health Statistics Report
Published
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
Web/Format
Yes. PDF
Yes. PDF
Yes. PDF
Yes. PDF
WHOSIS
Global Health Observatory (GHO)
Database
Web/Format
Yes. Database
Availability
Free
Yes. Database
Free
Source: WHO, http://www.who.int/, January 2011.
The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) helps to establish health programmes, concerned with family planning and sexual and reproductive health,
and also with questions pertaining to fast rapid population growth. UNFPAs
publications are practically all available as downloads. The publications UNFPA
Annual Report and State of World Population, which contain statistics, are also
published in Internet format.
UNFPA Annual Report
State of World Population
Published
Annually
Annually
Web/Format
Yes. PDF
Yes. PDF
UNFPA Annual Report
State of World Population
Web/Format
Yes. Web page
Yes. Web page
Availability
Free
Free
Source: UNFPA, http://www.unfpa.org/, January 2011.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) assists countries in

building up the capacity for sustainable development and carries out much of
its work in Africa. It is a global network for human development, which works
towards the improvement of living conditions, and which is active in many different areas. UNDP focuses much of its work on the promotion of democracy,
supports initiatives for peace and reconciliation and prevention of crises and
fighting the HIV/AIDS epidemic. It also supports environmental programmes,
as well as working towards building up communications technology in Africa.
Since 1990, UNDP has published the Human Development Report (HDR) which
is a written collaboration with independent researchers and contains numerous
statistics. The report is available for download. On the Statistics of the Human
Development Report web page there is also statistical data from the HDR. The
organisation collaborates closely with governments all over the world, and gains
access to the national statistics of individual countries. UNDP has compiled
various development indexes, among the Human Development Indicators (HDI),
which measure human development in terms other than just income. HDI can
be found on the above mentioned web page.
Statistics
57
Human Development Report (HDR)
Published
Annually
Web/Format
Yes. PDF
Human Development Report (HDR)
Human Development Indicators (HDI)
Web/Format
Yes. Web page
Yes. Web page
Availability
Free
Free
Source: UNDP, http://www.undp.org/, January 2011.
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) leads and
co-ordinates international action to protect refugees and resolve refugee problems. Statistical data is collected on the UNHCRs Statistical Website web page.
This contains the UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database with information about 150 countries at the national, regional, and global level. The database
is continuously updated. Here you can also find the UNHCR Statistical Yearbook
for download. It includes an appendix with statistical tables. Another important
publication is The State of the Worlds Refugees, which gives a detailed and farreaching analysis of the miserable conditions the worlds refugees live under. The
publication is irregular, with five editions between 1993 and 2006. This also includes an appendix with statistics, which can be downloaded from the website.
Reports and other publications with up-to-date statistics for development and
changes in terms of people in flight can be found in the catalogue Statistics Catalogue. It functions as an archive for all statistics reports. They are all available for
download. There is also information about the Millennium Goals on this site.
UNHCR Statistical Yearbook
The State of the Worlds Refugees 2006
Published
Annually
Irregularly
Web/Format
Yes. PDF
Yes. PDF
UNHCR Statistical Online
Population Database
Web/Format
Availability
Yes. Database
Free
Source: UNHCR, http://www.unhcr.org/, January 2011.
The World Food Programme (WFP) has the task of handing out food during
famine catastrophes, and to help build up communities through the food-forwork project. The WFP Annual Report, which includes an appendix with statistics, is published annually. This report, together with other annually published
reports that also include statistical information, is available from the WFPs
website. Here you can also find the Hunger Stats database, with figures and facts
about world hunger compiled by the WFP.
WFP Annual Report
Published
Annually
Web/Format
Yes. PDF
Hunger Stats
Web/Format
Yes. Database
Availability
Free
Source: WFP, http://www.wfp.org/, January 2011.
58
Katarina Hjortster
The United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

(UNESCO) works to facilitate understanding of great changes in the world
and to draw up intellectual and ethical guidelines. The website includes the
UNESCDOC Database, which includes downloadable documents. The search
function makes it easy to find relevant publications. During the period 1964
1999, UNESCO Statistical Yearbook was published. In 1999, the UIS (UNESCO
Institute for Statistics) was formed, and its website publishes comprehensive statistics about education, literacy, culture and communication (book publishing,
film, museums, libraries and media), as well as technology and science (national
data on staff resources and expenditure on research and experimental development, R&D).
UNESCO Statistical Yearbook
Published
19641999
Web/Format
No
UNESCDOC Database
UIS (The UNESCO Institute for Statistics)
Web/Format
Yes. Database
Yes. Website
Availability
Free
Free
Source: UNESCO, http://www.unesco.org/, January 2011.
The United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) defends, promotes and protects childrens rights. Every year, UNICEF issues a large number of publications, among them The State of the Worlds Children, a report on the well-being
of children. Progress for Children, which reports on advances made in the fulfilment of the Millennium Goals, and the UNICEF Annual Report. All three
publications include statistics. If you are looking specifically for publications
that contain statistical data, you can choose to sort them by subject on the web
page for publications. The publications can be downloaded. The organisation
has a comprehensive website; in order to find statistics, look under the headings
Information by country or What we do. The statistics are presented in conjunction
with each country or subject. Further links lead to the Childinfo.org website,
which contains statistics from UNICEF, including information from the abovementioned publications.
UNICEF Annual Report
The State of the Worlds Children
Progress for Children
Published
Annually
Annually
12 times/year
Web/Format
Yes. PDF
Yes. PDF
Yes. PDF
Childinfo.org
Web/Format
Yes. Website
Availability
Free
Source: UNICEF, http://www.unicef.org/, January 2011.
The Joint United National Programme on HIV/AIDS works to prevent the

spread of AIDS, provide care and support to those infected or affected by the
Statistics
59
disease, and to reduce the vulnerability of individuals and communities against

HIV/AIDS. UNAIDS consists of UNDP, UNICEF, UNFPA, UNDCP, ILO,
UNESCO, WHO and the World Bank. The annually published AIDS Epidemic
Update presents the latest estimations of the AIDS epidemic and reviews new
research and trends. There are also fact sheets with statistical information about
HIV/AIDS in various continents compiled in collaboration with the WHO.
UNAIDS publishes a new Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic every other year.
The report includes available national information and gives overviews and
comments on the epidemic. The UNAIDS Annual Report includes an appendix
with statistics. Reports, fact sheets and other publications, as well as statistical
information about HIV/AIDS, are available on the website, in particular under
the country profiles.
UNAIDS Annual Report
AIDS Epidemic Update
Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic
Published
Annually
Annually
Bi-annually
Web/Format
Yes. PDF
Yes. PDF
Yes. PDF
Source: UNAIDS, http://www.unaids.org/, January 2011.
The World Bank publishes World Development Indicators (WDI), which are the
bank groups primary summary of development data. They also publish Africa
Development Indicators (ADI), which is a detailed collection of development
data from large parts of Africa. Global Development Finance (GDF) is the World
Banks annual study of trends and future prospects for the flow of finance in developing countries. It also contains statistics showing country debts and summarises data for regions and income groups. All three publications are available via
the new The World Bank Data website. Here, the World Bank offers free access
to statistics on subjects such as health, economy and human development. The
website is continuously updated and statistical data can be downloaded from
databases, reports and pre-formatted tables. Here you can also find the Country
at-a-Glance tables, which provide a quick summary of a country. However, for
comparisons between countries, WDI is recommended. In the so-called Data
Catalog you can find further sources. As regards publications, the range is great
and can be found on the website listed according to country, region, subject,
and so on. One publication worth mentioning is The World Bank Annual Report,
which can be downloaded and which contains statistics.
Africa Development Indicators (ADI)
World Development Indicators (WDI)
Global Development Finance (GDF)
The World Bank Annual Report
Published
Annually
Annually
Annually
Annually
Web/Format
Yes. PDF
Yes. PDF
Yes. PDF
Yes. PDF
60
Electronic Resources
The World Bank Data
Africa Development Indicators Database (ADI)
World Development Indicators (WDI)
Global Development Finance (GDF)
Country at-a-Glance Tables
Katarina Hjortster
Webb/Format
Yes. Website
Yes. Database
Yes. Database
Yes. Database
Yes. Web page
Availability
Free
Free
Free
Free
Free
Source: The World Bank, http://www.worldbank.org/, January 2011.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) publishes statistics about IMF loans,
exchange rates and economic conditions primarily in the member countries,
and also issues a number of publications. The yearbook Government Finance Statistics Yearbook gives detailed information about economic and financial statistics
for members of the IMF. It is available for download, but also in database form.
IMF regularly publishes the World Economic Outlook (WEO), which focuses on
economic development at global, regional and national level. It can be downloaded from the website. The World Economic Outlook (WEO) Database includes
a selection of macroeconomic data series, found in the appendix of the printed
publication. This database can be used to find information about national accounting, inflation, unemployment figures, balance of payments, trade, etc. It is
updated twice yearly. On the Data and Statistics web page there are further databases within the subject area, several of which are freely available. One of them
is IMF Financial Data by Country, which summarises the member countries
relations with the IMF. The periodical International Financial Statistics (IFS)
has been published monthly since 1948. There is also a yearbook that includes
statistical information about financial issues, both at the international and the
national level, such as exchange rates, the banking system, money, interest rates,
prices, production, and so on. IFS is also available as a database, but this is only
accessible by agreement. The statistics in IFS and WEO may differ, primarily because of different factors such as time, focus, method and collection technique.
International Financial Statistics
International Financial Statistics Yearbook
Government Finance Statistics Yearbook
World Economic Outlook (WEO) Report
Published
Monthly
Annually
Annually
Several issues/year
Web/Format
Yes. Licence
Yes. Licence
Yes. PDF
Yes. PDF
Government Finance Statistics (GFS)
International Financial Statistics Online
World Economic Outlook (WEO) Database
IMF Financial Data by Country
Webb/Format
Yes. Database
Yes. Database
Yes. Database
Yes. Database
Availability
Licence
Licence
Free
Free
Source: IMF, http://www.imf.org/, January 2011.
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) coordinates the UNs

environmental activities, supports developing countries in introducing environ-
Statistics
61
mentally friendly policies and encourages sustainable development. UNEPs

Global Resource Information Database (GRID) together with the Center for
International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) supports the development of African Population Database Documentation. This is a comprehensive
database of administrative units with associated population figures in Africa,
with a summarised population estimate for the years 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990
and 2000.
Webb/Format
African Population Database Documentation Yes. Database
Availability
Free
Source: UNEP/GRID, http://na.unep.net/, January 2011.
References
Blake, David. (2002). From Paper to PDF? The Publications of Africa-related International Organisations, Past, Present and Future African Research & Documentation, no
89, pp. 5767.
Bondesson, Lennart. (2010). Statistik [Electronic] Nationalencycklopedin. Available
from: http://www.ne.se/lang/statistik [read: 2010-05-06].
Fyhrlund, Alf and Gretel Eklf. (2002) Att hitta global statistik p Internet. Stockholm: Statistics Sweden Library. (Seminar 7 November, unprinted).
Kpedekpo, G. M. K. (1981). Social and Economic Statistics for Africa. Their Sources, Collection, Uses and Reliability. London: George Allen & Unwin.
Ribe, Martin. (1996). Statistik med kvalitet VlfrdsBulletinen, no 4, pp. 1213.
Statistics Sweden website. (2010). Vad r statistik? [Electronic] in Statistikskolan. Available from: http://www.scb.se/Grupp/Klassrummet/_Dokument/Vad_ar_statistik.pdf
[read 2010-05-06].
Svenska Akademien. (1989). SAOB column: S11240. [Electronic] Available from:
http://g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob/ [read 2010-06-16].
Svenska Akademien. (1981). SAOB column: S8467. [Electronic] Available from: http://
g3.spraakdata.gu.se/saob/ [read 2010-06-16].
Uppsala University Library website. (2002). Att ska information. [Electronic] Available
from: http://web.archive.org/web/20030401230808/www.ub.uu.se/kurs/tutorial/
start.cfm [read 2010-05-10]
Zell, Hans (ed.) (2006).The African Studies Companion Online. [Electronic] Available
from: http://www.africanstudiescompanion.com/ [read 2010-05-31].
Internet resources
Nordic Africa Institute http://www.nai.uu.se/
AfricaLit (Nordic Africa Institutes library catalogue) http://africalit.nai.uu.se/F/
Statistics Sweden http://www.scb.se/
62
Katarina Hjortster
ADB www.afdb.org/
AFRISTAT www.afristat.org/
BIS www.bis.org/
FAO www.fao.org/
ILO www.ilo.org/
IMF www.imf.org/
OECD www.oecd.org/
UN unstats.un.org/unsd/
UNAIDS www.unaids.org/
UNCTAD www.unctad.org/
UNDP www.undp.org/
UNECA www.uneca.org/
UNEP/GRID http://na.unep.net/
UNESCO www.unesco.org/
UNFPA www.unpfa.org/
UNHCR www.unhcr.org/
UNICEF www.unicef.org/
World Bank www.worldbank.org/
WHO www.who.org/
WPF www.wpf.org/
Search terms in AfricaLit

The indexing terms used in AfricaLit Nordic Africa Institute library catalogue consists
of subject words gathered from Macrothesaurus for Information Processing in the Field of
Economic and Social Development (Paris/New York: OECD/UN, 1998, 5. ed.) and from
UNBIS Thesaurus (United Nations Bibliographical Information System). The latter is
available on the Internet.
For searching statistics, the following subject words are useful: Statistical analysis; Statistical data; Statistical services; Statistical tables; Agricultural statistics; Demographic statistics; Economic statistics; Educational statistics; Employment statistics; Energy statistics;
Environmental statistics; Financial statistics; Fishery statistics; Food statistics; Forestry
statistics; Health statistics; Housing statistics; Industrial statistics; Labour statistics; Migration statistics; Production statistics; Social statistics; Statistics; Trade statistics; Transport statistics; Vital statistics; Household surveys; Housing censuses; Population censuses;
Indicators; Demographic indicators; Development indicators; Economic indicators; Educational indicators; Health indicators; Social indicators; Official documents and others.
Antnio Loureno
Official publications comprise all publications produced under the official
auspices of legislative bodies, decision-making and judicial organs, civil service departments, courts of law, independent institutions, committees, people
in authority, etc. IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and
Institutions) describes official publications as follows: An official publication
is defined by the status of the issuing source regardless of the subject matter,
content or physical form (Nurcombe 1997, p. xix). Official documents is the
general search term for material of this nature in the Nordic Africa Institutes
online library catalogue. AfricaLit,
The library began acquiring official publications back in 1962 when the Nordic Africa Institute commenced its activities, since they were considered to constitute fundamental and crucial source material within the field of the social sciences. With time, an acquisitions profile came to be established in line with the
librarys subject focus and based on the materials significance, accessibility and
demand. Official publications are essential to social scientific studies on Africa
as they are principal information sources for economic, legal, government and
political data and are considered to be scientific tools of lasting value.
An important problem to keep in mind regarding official publications from
certain African countries is the question of reliability. The reason is that such
publications may be used as mouthpieces by governmental powers in order to
further their political goals or to give expression to political values during times
of crisis. This mainly concerns countries with small volumes of official documents that tend to limit access to information. Thus, even collections of official
publications from colonial times should be read with a critical eye. Political instability and catastrophes that repeatedly befall the African continent sometimes
make it impossible to gain access to certain official publications. A connection
can be made between conflict and war on the one hand and the number of official documents issued on the other. In addition, the economic crisis affecting
many African states has left a mark on the way in which public administrations
function in those countries. Other problems arise when certain official publications are difficult to obtain as few lists are available for checking newer publications and also because, in the absence of a central government printer, it is sometimes necessary for various sectors of the government administration to publish
their own material. Library acquisitions are made via agents, from bookshops,
by direct contact with the producers, or through embassies. Today it is possible
to procure official publications via email in certain cases, from countries whose
central statistical agencies have their own websites.
64
Antnio Loureno
Thanks to developments in the field of information technology, a radical

change has begun to take place. Nowadays, authorities with the important task
of disseminating basic decision-making data are choosing with greater frequency
to make their official publications available on the Internet. The range, however,
is still extremely uneven. Some states, such as South Africa, Tanzania, Mali, and
Senegal, offer a rich collection of official publications in full text, many in PDF
format; there are other countries that supply only a limited number of official
publications in summarized form. Yet it can be anticipated that a basic range of
official publications from all of Africas countries will be available before long on
the Internet in the form of constitutions, censuses, development plans, budgets,
economic reports, diverse statistics, and so on. A problem, however, is that this
type of material could be removed from the Net as soon as it loses its current
interest value. Therefore, the Nordic Africa Institute, with its aim of preserving
such publications for future research, must continue to purchase them in the
form of paper publications, CD-ROMs and microfiche. Under discussion at
present are questions of copyright policy regarding the preservation of important documents only available on the Internet.
On the IFLAs website Government Information and Official Publications, the
debate surrounding government information and official publications can be
followed. There is even a special interest group ATINA Access To Information Network Africa, whose aim it is to assess and promote free public access to government information and information about governments, as well
as freedom of expression and democracy across the African continent, through
libraries and library professionals.
A large selection of the Nordic Africa Institute librarys collection of official
publications can be located in the library catalogue, AfricaLit, and in the Swedish libraries database, LIBRIS. A small number of older publications held by
the library are uncatalogued and are kept in storage. It is quite simple to search
in AfricaLit. If, for example, one enters official documents Mali in the search
field all fields, a chronological list of official publications from Mali in the
librarys catalogue will come up; if one enters population censuses Kenya, the
search result will be a list of documents on population censuses in Kenya that
are available in the library. In recent years the growing number of official publications being catalogued in LIBRIS has led to a considerable increase in the
demand for such material. In response to this, the library at the Nordic Africa
Institute has begun to lend out publications (on 3 weeks reading room loan),
chiefly to Nordic research libraries.
Heavy, dull and monotonous official publications are now being replaced by
monograph-type formats that make for easier reading. It is enough to take a
quick look at publications to see that there are not only numbers and tables in
these publications, but also pictures, colour maps and diagrams, printed on high
quality paper. In short, these volumes are easy to handle and pleasant to read.
65
Principal types of official publications

The library acquires official publications that fall into the following main
groups:
1. Parliamentary documents, bills and other related documents: annual and audit reports, official reports of investigations commissions, budget proposals
and reports, conference papers, policy documents, etc.
2. Parliamentary debates: the Nordic Africa Institutes library holds a particularly comprehensive collection of debates from South Africas parliament.
3. Constitutions and legislation.
4. Statistics: annual statistics, statistical abstracts, national accounts, economic
and financial indicators, as well as statistical data on agriculture, education,
housing, health issues, transport, tourism, the environment, gender, labour,
migration, trade and industry. Also available are household surveys and statistics concerning household consumption, social conditions, etc.
5. Population censuses: at regional as well as national level. These are probably
the most important statistical data.
6. Development plans, both national and local.
7. Policy documents concerning all areas of interest in the field of the social sciences.
8. Research reports.
9. Government gazettes: these are only purchased from a few countries at present,
although older collections have been kept and are available for scrutiny in the
Nordic Africa Institute Library.
Official publications on the Internet

The two most important websites for official publications on the Internet are
African Governments on the Internet and WorldLII. The first website is produced
by the UNECA (United National Economic Commission for Africa). Each
country can be reached from the start page. From there, you can find links to individual ministries, other public authorities, national banks, media, embassies,
and so on. There are also links to strategy documents, planning programmes and
projects within the IT sector. WorldLII (World Legal Information Institute) is a
good website with many useful links that also include legislation.
Another website of interest is the German African Governments on the WWW,
which was created in 1995 and is very user-friendly. In many respects, it is similar to the above-mentioned African Governments on the Internet (unfortunately
the last update is dated 2002). Two further websites are Political Resources and
The Keele Guide to African Government and Politics on the Internet. They both
include some links to official publications.
The World Banks web page The World Bank Countries and Regions includes a
comprehensive collection of official publications as full text documents. Search-
66
Antnio Loureno
ing is done by going to the country in question and selecting Publications

(&Documents) or Topics (in development). Most documents are scanned
from original documents. Here you can find various types of statistics, such
as household surveys, policy documents, etc. The most interesting collections
relate to countries for which it is usually very difficult to find documents, such
as Angola, Mali, Benin and So Tom e Prncipe.
In order to search for information about Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Libya
or Tunisia, scroll through Middle East and North Africa. However, Runion
(France) is not covered by this web page.
The World Bank Poverty Assessments Sub-Saharan Africa concerns mainly
poverty follow-up and measurement.
On the website of the African Development Bank, African Development Bank
there are collections about subject such as country strategies, gender profiles,
economic reports and poverty reduction and follow-up.
The website of the International Monetary Fund, IMF, holds collections of
strategies for poverty reduction Poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSP). These
have been prepared in collaboration with the governments of the individual
countries. The documents provide a concrete picture of the macro-economic prerequisites and various structural and social action programmes to reduce poverty.
The database also covers a collection of current statistics within various areas.
The documents are updated every third year. The collections are available for
most African countries, with the exception of countries in northern Africa and
also Botswana, Gabon, Namibia and Zimbabwe.
Demographic and Health Surveys is a website produced by the US Agency for
International Development (USAID). Here you can find official documents and
statistics relating to population, health and nutrition for most African countries.
Statistical collections contain unique data and provide information about subjects such as ethnic groups, education, female circumcision, etc.
For the French-speaking African countries, there are some interesting websites. For example, Investir en Zone Franc contains current development plans
and statistics for several countries. On Afristat there is, for example Bulletin de
Donnes Conjoncturelles with statistics and economic cycle indicators for member countries.
Mali now has a fantastic website, Malikunnafoni, with all types of statistics.
For Senegal, there is much interesting statistics collected on the website Agence
Nationale de la Statistique et de la Dmographie (ANSD).
Constitutions can also be found on the Internet. Two websites that may be
useful are: Constitution Finder University of Richmond, School of Law and International Constitutional Law (Countries) Universitt Bern, Institut fr ffentliches Recht.
On Law Library of Congress there are links to various websites. In the case a
constitution cannot be found on these websites, you can search using a search
engine such as Google.
67
On the Internet, you can also find various parliamentary documents, bills
and other documents as well as collections with legislation. On the Inter-Parliamentary Unions website, there is PARLINE Database with a link collection to
practically all African parliaments.
A number of interesting documents can be found on Parliament of the Republic of Uganda, and the website Parliament of South Africa also contains much
information.
An interesting collection of White Papers as from 1994 is included on South
Africa Government Online. On the website National Treasury there are government budget bills, budget accounts and so on.
Tanzania has two websites, The Official Tanzania National Website and Tanzania Online, which also have a lot of content.

In the Nordic Africa Institute Librarys link collection, A Guide to Africa on the
Internet, compiled by the library, you can find links to the central statistics agencies of various countries under the heading Links sorted according to region or
country (Statistics). Development is rapid, and new links are continuously
being added; currently over 46 countries are represented.
Apart from pure statistical publications, such as Mid-year Population Estimates, 2009 and Statistics in Brief, 2009, the website Statistics South Africa also
includes a number of publications on various subjects such as Measuring Poverty
in South Africa, Women and Men in South Africa, Youth of South Africa, etc.
On the website for Tanzanias National Bureau of Statistics you can already
browse the Statistical Abstract 2006, Analytical Report of 2002 Population Census
and National Accounts and even the latest Household Budget survey is available
online.
The website Uganda Bureau of Statistics is also worth visiting. Apart from various current statistical publications, you can also find the latest census, Uganda
2002 Population Census and Statistical Abstract 2009, etc.
Instituto Nacional de Estatstica in Moambique publishes the latest census,
Census 2007.
On the World Banks website, there is a collection of almost all National Statistical Offices (North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa).
National banks
The collections with official publications also include a number of publications
from national banks that are of interest. In the link collection A Guide to Africa
on the Internet you can find links to the national banks of various countries
(Banks). For some countries, such as Sierra Leone and Liberia, you can find
68
Antnio Loureno
economic statistics and data collections with economic indicators. Angola also
has data collections with economic indicators and other types of statistics under
Banco Nacional de Angola that are not easy to find.
For French-speaking west Africa, there are links to national banks in Banque
Centrale des tats de lAfrique de lOuest (BCEAO).
For Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea
and Chad, there are links in Banque des tats de lAfrique Centrale (BEAC). For
more links, see also the wiki List of Central Banks and Central Bank Websites.
The chapter about Statistics has more information about National statistics
agencies and National banks.
References
Wilson, Myoung C. 1998, The Leopard that Changed Its Spots: Official Publications as a
Research Tool in an Evolving Information Environment. 64th IFLA General Conference, 1621 August 1999, Amsterdam http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla64/155133e.
htm
Nurcombe, Valerie, J. (ed.) 1997, Information Sources in Official Publications. London:
Bowker Sauer.
Westfall, Gloria, 1997, Guide to Official Publications to Foreign Countries. Washington DC
and Chicago: CIS and American Library Association.
Amonoo, Petrina and Azubuike, Abraham 2003, Government Information and Democracy:
African Concerns and Perspectives. World Library and Information Congress: 69th IFLA
General Conference and Council, 19 August 2003, Berlin http://archive.ifla.org/
IV/ifla69/papers/150e-Amonoo_Azubuike.pdf
Government Information and Official Publications Section Newsletter (IFLA Website)
http://www.ifla.org/en/publications/government-information-and-official-publications-section-newsletter
Internet resources
African Governments on the Internet www.uneca.org/aisi/nici/africagovinternet.htm
WorldLII http://www.worldlii.org/cgi-bin/gen_region.pl?region=250
African Governments on the WWW www.gksoft.com/govt/en/africa.html
Political Resources http://www.politicalresources.net/africa.htm
The Keele Guide to African Government and Politics on the Internet http://www.keele.
ac.uk/depts/por/afbase.htm
The World Bank (Countries and Regions) http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/0,,pagePK:180619~theSitePK:136917,00.html
The World Bank (Poverty Reduction and Equity) http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20202860~menuPK:
435735~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:430367~isCURL:Y,00.html
69
Demographic and Health Surveys http://www.measuredhs.com/countries/start.cfm

Investir en Zone Franc http://www.izf.net/espace_general/
Malikunnafonni http://www.malikunnafoni.com/
Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Dmographie (ANSD) http://www.ansd.sn/
Afristat http://www.afristat.org/
The Official Tanzania National Website http://www.tanzania.go.tz/
Tanzania Online http://www.tzonline.org/
South Africa Government Online http://www.gov.za/
National Treasury http://www.treasury.gov.za/
Alleviation of poverty
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) http://www.imf.org/external/np/prsp/prsp.asp
Constitutions
Constitution Finder http://confinder.richmond.edu/
International Constitutional Law http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/
Law Library of Congress http://www.loc.gov/law/help/guide/nations.php
Parliaments
Web Sites of National Parliaments www.ipu.org/english/parlweb.htm
PARLINE Database http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/parlinesearch.asp
Parliament of the Republic of Uganda http://www.parliament.go.ug/
Parliament of South Africa http://www.parliament.gov.za/live/index.php

World Bank (National Statistical Offices)(North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa).
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/SCBEXTERN
AL/0,,contentMDK:20445729~menuPK:2740285~pagePK:229544~piPK:229605~
theSitePK:239427,00.html
National banks
Banque Centrale des tats de lAfrique de lOuest http://www.bceao.int/
Banque des tats de lAfrique Centrale http://www.beac.int/
List of Central Banks http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_central_banks
Central Bank Websites http://www.bis.org/cbanks.htm

Tore Linn Eriksen
Introduction
The history chapter in the previous edition of Studying Africa included books
published up to 2004. Since then, the literature on the history of Africa has
grown considerably in both scope and quality, and many new themes have appeared. This is the starting point for the chapter that follows, which is devoted to
books on the history of Africa published between 2004 and the middle of 2010.
The following selection aims at broadening the perspective by giving more
prominence to books which explore Africa in global history; that is, the historical relations of the continent around the Mediterranean, the Indian Ocean and
the Atlantic Ocean, in addition to providing examples of the rapidly growing
body of literature on the African diaspora. An attempt has also been made to
emphasise books by African historians, where the many West African historians
at American universities in particular have been prominent contributors.
There is a gradual transition into the next chapter, which deals with politics, economics and society. A number of general surveys cover long periods of
time and extend into the current period, and books about topical themes often
contain excellent historical background chapters. For this reason, the reader is
advised to consult both chapters.
General surveys
Since the publication of Studying Africa in 2005, two of the most frequently
consulted surveys of African history have appeared in revised editions: John
Iliffes Africans. A history of a continent (2007) and Erik Gilbert & Jonathan R.
Reynolds Africa in world history. From prehistory to the present (2008). The same
applies to the Norwegian historian Jarle Simensens Afrikas historie (2009). An
ambitious work of reference with a profusion of entries is Encyclopedia of Africa
(Gates & Appiah 2010), which also extends into our own times and covers a
considerably wide range of topics. With younger readers as its target group, Africa (Murray 2007) covers history, culture and geography from the earliest times
to the present day. A very useful reference work about women in African history
up to the present is The A to Z of women in Sub-Saharan Africa (Sheldon 2010).
Among the more recent surveys aimed at the university and college market that
can also be read to great advantage outside the academic world, in addition to
the works mentioned above by Iliffe and Gilbert & Reynolds, there is particular
71
reason to draw attention to Robert O. Collins & James M. Burns A history of

Sub-Saharan Africa (2007). Robert O. Collins has also published Africa. A short
history (2006), as well as editing a new edition of a three-volume work of historical documents and classic contributions to the discipline: Problems in African
history, of which Vol. 1 (2005) deals with pre-colonial Africa, Vol. 2 (2007) is
dedicated to Africa during the colonial period, and Vol. 3 (2008) treats recent
history. Two Swedish historians, Ellen Hillbom and Erik Green, have recently
published a highly informative and interesting book which focuses on social
structures, production systems and power arenas over a period of 1,000 years
in Afrika. En kontinents ekonomiska och sociala historia (2010). An introduction
to the history of the entire continent written from an explicitly Afrocentric
perspective, is Molefi Keti Asantes The history of Africa. The quest for eternal harmony (2007). In African history. A very short introduction (2007) Jon Parker and
Richard Rathbone provide as the title suggests a short introduction which
comprises both historical development and the development of historical research. Even shorter, and better illustrated, is Ben Burts Africa in the world. Past
and present (2005), published by the British Museum. An original contribution
for a broader readership is African history for beginners (Boyd & Wolvek-Pfister
2007), which is in comic strip format.
History after independence is narrated with many details both in a professional historical style by Paul Nugent in Africa since independence (2004), and in
a more journalistic style by Martin Meredith in The state of Africa (2005).
Historiography
A broad survey of the literature that provides different perspectives on history
and history writing (that is, what is known in academic jargon as historiography) in sub-Saharan Africa can be found in Randi Rnning Balsviks Afrika i eit
historiografisk perspektiv (2004). A similar structure has been chosen in Knut S.
Vikrs Maghreb Nordafrika etter 1800 (2007). Donald A. Xerxa conducted
interviews with historians of Africa in Recent themes in the history of Africa and
the Atlantic world (2008). African historical research has also been presented and
discussed in Silences on African history (Depelchin 2005), Writing African history
(Philips 2005), The practice of history in Africa. A history of African historiography
(Alagoa 2006), Society, state and identity in African history (Baru Zewde 2008),
Recasting the past (Peterson & Macola 2009) and Emergent themes and methods in
African history (Falola & Paddock 2009). A very extensive collection of articles
devoted to one of the most productive historians of Africa is Toyin Falola. The
man, the mask, the muse (Afolabi 2010), whilst the prominent historian Philip
D. Curtin reflects over the discipline and his own experiences in On the fringes
of history (2005). The leading historian Adu Boahen from Ghana has collected
many of his influential contributions to African history in Africa in the twentieth century. The Adu Boahen reader (Falola 2004).
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Themes
There is no lack of exciting individual themes being described from a longer
historical perspective, such as urban growth. Good examples of this are Bill
Freunds The African city. A history (2007) and African urban spaces in historical
perspective (Salm & Falola 2009). Migrations, cultural encounters and regional
identities are elucidated in a large number of articles in Movements, borders,
and identities in Africa (Falola & Usman 2010). John Iliffe has also published a
detailed study of the place of honour and the concept of honour in African history: Honour in African history (2004), whilst food and the production of food is
depicted, amongst others, in Maize and grace. Africas encounter with a new world
crop, 15002000 (McCann 2005) and Stirring the pot. A history of African cuisine (McCann 2009). The fact that Africa is a continent which, both historically
and currently, is exposed to a whole range of diseases is clear not least from two
books about the history of malaria: The making of a tropical disease. A short history of malaria (Packard 2007) and Humanitys burden. A global history of malaria
(Webb 2009). How seaports in both Northern and Southern Africa fell victim
to plague at the beginning of the last century is described in Plague ports. The
global urban impact of bubonic plague, 18941901 (Echenberg 2007). A detailed
study of animals, humankind and their environments through the ages is found
in Ivorys ghost. The white gold of history and the fate of elephants (2009).
A new book providing an excellent overview of African environmental history
is Gregory H. Maddox Sub-Saharan Africa. An environmental history (2006),
whilst the same perspective is adopted on those parts of Africa that formed part
of the British Empire in Environment and empire (Beinhart & Hughes 2007). A
standard work on African philosophical history has recently appeared in a new
edition: Barry Hallens A short history of African philosophy (2009).
Social-historical perspectives have continued to inspire a great deal of new
history research in Africa, but, as most of these books are rooted in local communities or individual states, they will be mentioned in the regional sections below (for general surveys, see above). The same applies to detailed studies dealing
with environmental history in various areas. Also, a large number of books with
a gender perspective will be dealt with in the sections covering specific periods
or regions, with the exception of an impressive series with sources and texts
written by African women over a long period of time, published under the collective title Women writing Africa. The four publications are The Southern region
(Daymond 2003), West Africa and Sahel (Sutherland-Addy & Diaw 2005), The
Eastern region (Lihamba 2007) and The Northern region (Nowaira 2008).
War and conflicts

Another subject covered in several books is the role played by wars and armies
in African history; see for example, African armies. From honour to infamy (Edgerton 2006), Daily lives of civilians in wartime Africa (Laband 2006), African
73
military history (Lamphear 2007), Fighting for Britain. African soldiers in the
Second World War (Killingray & Plaut 2010) and Distant drums. The role of colonies in British imperial wars (Jackson 2010). Africa as a combat zone during the
First World War, not least in the former German colonies, is described in detail
in The first world war in Africa (Strachan 2004), The forgotten front 19141918
(Anderson 2004) and Tip & run. The untold tragedy of the great war in Africa
(Paice 2008). Relations between Africa and the USA in a historical perspective
are explored by Robert A. Waters in Historical dictionary of United States-Africa
relations (2009), whilst John Kent concentrates on the UN, the Congo and decolonisation in America, the UN and decolonization (2010).
Religion
As demonstrated in the previous edition of Att studera Afrika, there is also abundant literature about religions and missionary work through the ages. New additions to our knowledge of the long history of Islam in Africa are Muslim societies
in Africa (Robinson 2004) and Africas Islamic experience (Mazrui 2009), whilst
Christian missionary activity is treated in Religion versus empire? British protestant missionaries and overseas expansion, 17001914 (Porter 2004), Missions and
empire (Etherington 2005), White mens god. The extraordinary story of missionaries in Africa (Ballard 2008) and from a female perspective in The communion
of women (Prevost 2010). The relationship between missionary work and imperialist expansion is described in detail in Missions, states, and European expansion
in Africa (Koreieh & Njoku 2007). Jewish history over more than 2,000 years is
described by Richard Hull in Jews and Judaism in African history (2009).
Historical dictionaries of Africa

In recent years, several new books have also appeared in the series Historical
dictionaries of Africa, indispensable works of reference for those intending to
study a single country. Among the most recent examples are Ethiopia (Shinn
& Ofcansky 2004), Ghana (Owusa-Ansah 2005), Madagascar (Allen & Covell
2005), Morocco (Park & Boum 2006), Libya (St. John 2006), Gabon (Gardinier
2006), Burundi (Eggers 2006), Algeria (Naylor 2007), Zambia (Simon 2007),
Mali (Imperato & Imperato 2008), Gambia (Hughes 2008), Botswana (Morton
et al. 2008), Mauritania (Pazzanita 2008), The Democratic Republic of Congo
(Kisangani & Bobb 2009), Nigeria (Falola & Genova 2009) and Cameroon
(Mbuh 1010).
Historical periods
Early history
If we turn to the very earliest history or prehistory, which is primarily the field of
archaeologists, four general surveys are hugely recommended: Forgotten Africa.
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An introduction to its archaeology (Connah 2004), African archaeology (Phillipson

2005). African connections. An archaeological perspectives on Africa and the wider
world (Mitchell) and The first Africans (Barham & Mitchell 2008). A short and
well illustrated presentation is given in Seven wonders of Ancient Africa (Woods
& Woods 2009), whilst The A to Z of ancient and medieval Nubia (Lobban
2010) is a rich work of reference about an early Sudanese civilisation. There is a
wealth of specialist literature about the origins of humans (homo sapiens) and
the migration out of Africa that falls outside this survey, but an excellent place
to start is Alice Roberts popular scientific work The incredible journey. The story
of how we colonised the planet (2009), which is based on an award-winning BBC
TV series.
In the series Dictionaries of civilizations there is a separate volume entitled
Africa (Bargna 2009), with very well illustrated if somewhat fragmentary information about early civilisations and cultures. A central work of reference in a
new edition is Robert O. Collins The A to Z of pre-colonial Africa (2010). A solid
documentation on how Africa and Africans were subject to racist disparagement
in the region around the Mediterranean several thousand years ago is given in The
first Ethiopians. The image of Africa and Africans in the early Mediterranean world
(Van Wyk Smith 2009). The period called the Middle Ages in European history is outlined in The African & The Middle Eastern world, 6001500 (Pouwels
2005), whilst Rulers, warriors, traders, clerics. The Central Sahara and the North
Sea 8001500 (Haour 2007) is an exciting comparison between two different
parts of the world. The great empires in West Africa in the same period are
scrutinised in Empires of medieval Africa. Ghana, Mali, and Songhay (Conrad
2009). The important trading town and the Islamic seat of learning Timbuktu
in todays Mali, which reached its apex in the 15th and 16th centuries, has been
described in several new books; see, for example, Timbuktu, The Saharas fabled
city of gold (De Villiers & Hirtle 2007) and the magnificent volume The hidden
treasures of Timbuktu. Historic city of Islamic Africa (Hunwick & Boye 2008). The
first encounters between Europeans and indigenous peoples around the world
are documented from contemporary sources in the First encounters. Native views
on the coming of the Europeans (Leavitt 2010).
The long-lasting historical links across the Sahara have been concisely described and analysed by Ralph A. Austen in Trans-Saharan Africa in world history
(2010), while a new standard work on the slave trade across the Sahara is John
Wrights The Trans-Saharan slave trade (2007). Bridges across the Sahara (Ahmida
2009) is a collection of articles on the effects of the trade in the 19th and 20th
centuries, whilst trading and Islamic networks in the 19th century are the subject
of On Trans-Saharan trails (2009).
The colonial period
Closer to our own times, an English translation of Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitchs book on the 19th-century: Africa and the Africans in the nineteenth century.
75
A turbulent history (2009) is highly welcome. An account of Africas history over

the past hundred years which is both detailed and rich in perspectives is provided
by Richard Reid in A history of modern Africa. From 1800 to the present (2009),
which will undoubtedly become a standard work. One of the very best introductions to the African colonial period as a whole is to be found in the collection of
articles Dark webs (Falola 2005). An often-used textbook concentrating on the
partition of Africa by colonial powers has appeared in a new edition: The scramble for Africa (Chamberlain 2010). A new and exhaustive work on the Zambezi
expedition in the middle of the 19th century and the controversy it aroused in
Great Britain is Zambesi. David Livingstone and expeditionary science in Africa
(Dritsas 2010). Exploration, rivalry and imperialism are also vividly described in
two new biographies: Stanley. The impossible life of Africas great explorer (Jeal 2007)
and Paths without glory, Richard Francis Burton in Africa (Newman 2010).
There are also several chapters on Africa in the colonial period in Kolonialismens sorte bog (Ferro 2004), whilst the history of the Africans and their descendants around the world is described as part of the British Empire in Black
experience and the empire (Morgan & Hawkins 2004). Light is shed on Portugals
long colonial dominion in David Birminghams Empire in Africa. Angola and
its neighbours (2006). In How colonialism preempted modernity in Africa (2010)
Olufemi Taiwo provides an innovative work which argues that the colonial period signifies a blockage and distortion of modernisation and growth rather
than a boost. Africa and the West. A documentary history (Worger et al. 2010) a
rich collection of documents in two volumes, is indispensable to those who wish
to study the relationship between Africa and the Western world from the 15th
century to the present day. The links between colonialism and the dominant
form of knowledge about Africa are discussed in Ordering Africa. Anthropology,
European imperialism and the politics of knowledge (Tilley & Gordon 2007). The
use by colonial powers of concepts such as rights and liberty as a means of
legitimising imperialism and foreign rule, mainly based on examples from Nigeria, are incisively analysed by Bonny Ibhawoh in Imperialism and human rights
(2007). Genocide and war crimes during the colonial period are considered
from a comparative perspective both in Genocide. A comprehensive introduction
(Jones 2009) and The Oxford handbook of genocide studies (Bloxham & Moses
2010), whilst a historiographical overview is offered in the article Folkemord i
et komparativt koloniperspektiv: et riss av en fagdebatt (Eriksen 2009).
Not surprisingly, Africa occupies an important place in the comprehensive literature on the British Empire, as, for example, in several chapters of John Newsingers The blood never dried. A peoples history of the British empire (2006), Settlers
and expatriates (Bickers 2010) and Migration and empire (Harper & Constantine
2010). Among recent overviews, Britannias empire, written by the South African Bill Nasson (2004), The British empire. From sunrise to sunset (Levine 2007),
The empire project (Darwin 2009) and Understanding the British empire (Hyam
2010) should also be mentioned. Two most interesting studies of cocoa produc-
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tion and trade, the British chocolate industry and imperialism are Chocolate on
trial. Slavery, politics and the ethics of business (Sate 2005) and Chocolate, women
and empire (Robertson 2009).
A detailed study of the French Empire at the turn of the last century, focusing on the significance of religion in the scramble for Africa, is An empire divided. Religion, republicanism, and the making of French colonialism, 18801914
(2006), whilst Our friends beneath the sands (Windrow 2010) is concerned with
the role of the French Foreign Legion during the colonial conquest after 1870.
The period between the two world wars is the theme both in The French empire
between the wars. Politics and society (Thomas 2005) in The French imperial nation-state (Wilder 2005). The French empire under the Vichy regime during the
Second World War is covered thoroughly by Ruth Ginio in French colonialism
unmasked. The Vichy years in French West Africa (2008). A less familiar scandal
of violence from the French conquest of empire in West Africa at the beginning
of the 20th century has now been brought to light in Bertrand Taithes The killer
trail. A colonial scandal in the heart of Africa (2009).
Even if the history of German colonialism was cut short by the treaties following its defeat in the First World War, it has been the object of extensive research
in recent years. Most of the literature is, of course, in German, but among books
available in English we find The devils handwriting (Steinmetz 2007), Germanys
colonial past (Ames et al. 2005), The German colonial experience (Knoll 2010)
and German colonialism (Langbehn 2010). In all these books Namibia occupies
a central position. (For literature dealing specifically with the German genocide
in Namibia at the beginning of the 20th century, see the section on Southern
Africa below.) Italys colonialism has also been considered, with special emphasis
on Ethiopia, Eritrea and Libya, in the collection of articles Italian colonialism
(Ben-Ghiat & Fuller 2005).
Decolonisation
The end of colonialism in Africa is described in several works which more generally cover the process of decolonisation, of which two central works are The
Routledge companion to decolonization (Rothermund 2006) and Decolonization
and its impact. A comparative approach to the end of the colonial empires (Shipway 2007). Whilst most historical accounts of decolonisation devote considerable attention to the international power game and changes in relative global
power, such as in Crisis of empire. Decolonization and Europes imperial states,
19181975 (Thomas et al. 2008), Jonathan Derrick in Africas agitators. Militant anti-colonialism in Africa and the West, 19181939 (2008) emphasises the
role played by African activists even in the interwar period. In Ending British
rule in Africa (2009) Carol Polsgrove tells the story of a group of Africans and
intellectuals of African origin from the Caribbean who, through their activities
in London at the end of the Second World War, thought the unthinkable: the
end of British colonial rule.
77
African history in a global perspective

Slavery
African history can obviously not be written or understood without taking the
continents links with other continents into consideration, and, if we think of
the history of Africans, should also be focused on the seminal ways in which
Africans and their descendants have left their mark on history far beyond their
own continent. This perspective characterises several of the general surveys that
are mentioned above (not least Mitchell 2005 and Gilbert & Reynolds 2008).
The Atlantic slave trade is, of course, the most obvious example of African integration into the capitalist world system and is explored in a rich body of literature. A standard work in a new edition is The Atlantic slave trade (Herbert Klein
2010), while other good introductions are to be found in Captives as commodities. The Atlantic slave trade (Lindsay 2008) and The atlas of slave trade (Walvin
2005). Africa also claims considerable space in Swedish historian Dick Harrisons
impressive and highly readable three-volume work Slaveri. En vrldshistoria om
ofrihet (2010). Based on an updated database, a number of new articles about
the slave trade have been collected in Extending the frontiers (Eltis & Richardson 2008), whilst the slave trade across both across the Atlantic and the Sahara
from areas under Islamic influence in West and Central Africa is discussed in
Paul E. Lovejoys Slaves at the frontiers of Islam (2004). The British slave trade
based on West Africa is studied in The grand slave emporium. Cape Coast castle
and the British slave trade (St. Clair 2007) and Reconfiguring slavery. West African
trajectories (Rossi 2009), whilst Ouidah: The social history of a West African port,
17271829 (Law 2005) is a detailed study of a major slave port and the critical
role played by African traders. How a sensitive and controversial theme such
as slavery and the slave trade is regarded in todays Ghana (including by AfroAmericans and tourists) is discussed in Routes of remembrance. Refashioning the
slave trade in Ghana (Holsey 2008). The slave trade both across the Atlantic and
Indian Oceans is considered in several chapters in Many middle passages. Forced
migration and the making of the modern world (Christopher et al. 2007).
The slave trade is seen from an African perspective in Anne C. Baileys African voices of the Atlantic slave trade (2005), whilst the slaves own resistance
is covered in a comparative perspective in Fighting the slave trade. West African
strategies (Diouf 2004), Slave revolts (Postma 2008) and Slavery and resistance in
Africa and Asia. Bonds of resistance (Alpers et al. 2009). The most recent research
into slavery internally in Africa is brought together in African systems of slavery
(Spaulding & Besnick 2010). In the struggle for abolition of the slave trade
and slavery in the British colonies towards the end of the 18th century, Olaudah
Equiano played a central role. This former slave, who lived in Great Britain for
many years, is also the writer of the highly influential autobiography: The interesting narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano, Gustavus Vassa, the African (new
ed. 2003). Equiano the African (Carretta 2005) is a historical biography, whilst
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Olaudah Equiano & the Igbo world (Koreih 2009) is an exciting collection of
articles focusing on his West African roots. The importance of Africans in the
struggle for abolition of the slave trade and slavery is covered in Abolitionism,
and imperialism in Britain, Africa and the Atlantic (Peterson 2010).
The Atlantic
Atlantic history has in recent years taken great leap forward as a separate field
of research, where Africa is put into contexts with other areas bordering the
same ocean. A general survey is given by Thomas Benjamin in The Atlantic world.
Europeans, Africans, Indians and their shared history, 14001900 (2009) and by
Douglas Egerton et al. in The Atlantic world. A history, 14001888 (2007), whilst
five good collections of articles including chapters with an African perspective are
Enslaving connections (Curto & Lovejoy 2004), Africa and the Americas. Interconnections during the slave trade (Curto & Souloudre La France 2005), The Atlantic
world 14502000 (Falola and Robert 2008), The changing worlds of Atlantic Africa
(Childs & Falola 2009) and Atlantic history. A critical appraisal (Green & Morgan
2009). A more recent global history in Norwegian also has an Atlantic perspective
and devotes a separate chapter to Africa : Globalhistorie 17501914. En sammenvevd og delt verden (Eriksen 2010). The history of transport by slave ship across
the Atlantic is described by Stephanie Smallwood in Saltwater slavery. A middle
passage from Africa to American diaspora (2007), by Marcus Rediker in The slave
ship (2007) and by Toyin Falola & Manda B. Warnock in Encyclopedia of the
middle passage (2007).
The Indian Ocean
As a large part of Africa also borders the Indian Ocean, there is much information
about African history to be obtained in surveys such as The Indian Ocean (Pearson
2003), Indian Ocean in world history (Kearney 2004) and A hundred horizons. The
Indian Ocean in the age of global empire (Bose 2008). The fact that it is impossible
to write the history of eastern and southern Africa without emphasising relations
with India during the early colonial period is an important point made by Thomas R. Metcalf in Imperial connections (2007). Edward A. Alpers has collected
his own studies on the same subject in East Africa and the Indian Ocean (2009),
while Cross currents and community networks. The history of the Indian Ocean world
(Ray & Alpers 2007) is a collection of a wide range of articles. Valuable additions to
this literature are also John Halweys India in Africa. Africa in India. Indian Ocean
cosmopolitanism (2008) and a study of the significance of Hinduism as a result of
Indian emigration to Africa within the framework of the British Empire: New homelands. Hindu communities in Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, South Africa, Fiji and
East Africa (Younger 2009). A new work about maritime trading links around the
Indian Ocean, with Zanzibar as its main focus, is Abdul Sheriffs Dhow cultures of
the Indian Ocean. Cosmopolitanism, commerce and Islam (2010).
79
Diaspora
The links between Africa and the history of peoples of African descent around the
world the African diaspora is also an independent field of research that is rapidly
expanding. The latest surveys have been provided by Patrick Manning: The African
diaspora. A history through culture (2009) and Frederick Knight: Working the diaspora. The impact of African labor on the Anglo-American world, 16501850 (2010),
whilst M. A. Gomez has written Reversing sails. A history of the African diaspora
(2005) as well as edited Diasporic Africa. A reader (2006). Another perspective on
the diaspora is given in Slavery, Islam and diaspora (Mirzai 2009). As regards other
African contributions to world history, where the focus is on agricultural production
and the dissemination of plant crops, a great deal of material is to be found both
in Deep roots. Rice farmers in West Africa and the African diaspora (Fields-Black
2008) and In the shadow of slavery. Africas botanic legacy in the Atlantic world
(Carney 2009). The history of Africans in Europe from ancient times right up
to our own times is told in the important two-volume work Africans in Europe
(2009), whilst Africans in Europe during the Renaissance forms the theme of
Black Africans in renaissance Europe (Earle & Lowe 2005). The lives of African
slaves in the New World is told in detail in The slavery reader (Heuman &
Walvin 2003), Inhuman bondage. The rise and fall of slavery in the new world
(Davis 2006) and African slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean (Klein &
Vinson 2007). Two areas that supplied a great number of slaves are described
in detail, with an emphasis on slavery, resistance, culture and relations to their
homeland, in The Yoruba diaspora in the Atlantic world (Falola & Childs 2004)
and The Akan diaspora in the Americas (Konadu (2010). A comprehensive collection of articles treating the same theme from a gender perspective is Gendering
the African diaspora. Women, culture, and historical change in the Caribbean and
Nigerian hinterland (Byfield et al. 2010). A wealth of new information about the
role of Africans in Asia is brought together in Uncovering the history of Africans
in Asia (Jayasuriya & Anginit 2008).
Regions and individual countries

North Africa
The history of the northern part of the African continent has recently been
covered by Phillip Naylor in an excellent survey; North Africa. A history from
the antiquity to the present (2009). A good overview in a brief format is given by
Barnaby Rogerson in A travellers history of North Africa (2008), whilst Egypt
and other parts of North Africa are included in a new edition of the standard
work A concise history of the Middle East (Goldschmidt & Davidson 2006).
Economic history is comprehensively treated in Charles Issawis An economic history of the Middle East and North Africa (2005), whilst Ruth M. Beitler
and Angelica R. Martinez have collected studies with a womens perspective in
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Womens roles in the Middle East and North Africa (2010). Eugene Rogans The
Arabs. A history (2009) is a well-written survey which also covers Egypt and
other parts of North Africa. A perspective on social movements and popular
resistance during the 15th century and onwards is provided in Subaltern protest.
History from below in the Middle East and North Africa (Cronin 2007). A new
historical reference work is Cities of the Middle East and North Africa (Dumper
& Stanley 2006).
There is no lack of books on the history of Egypt; some recent additions
are The history of Egypt (Perry 2004), A history of Egypt. From the Arab conquest
to the present (Al-Sayyid Marsot 2007), A modern history of Egypt (Thompson
2008) and A brief history of Egypt (Goldschmidt 2008). An exciting portrait of
a prominent 19th century statesman regarded as the father of modern Egypt
is Mehmet Ali (Fahmy 2008). Re-envisioning Egypt, 19191952 (Goldschmidt
et al. 2005) shows how the upheavals in 1952 had their roots in a long history
of anti-colonial resistance. Cathlyn Mariscottis Gender and class in the Egyptian
womens movement, 19251939 (2008) is a highly interesting study from the
interwar years, whilst gender history from a comparative viewpoint is provided
in Beth Barons Egypt as a woman. Nationalism, gender and politics (2007). The
history of historical research in Egypt in the 20th century is told in Gatekeepers
of the Arab past (Di-Capua 2009). Three recent books , moreover, deal with the
first attack by a western country in North Africa in modern times Napoleons
attempts at conquest in 1798, Napoleons Egypt. Invading the Middle East (Cole
2007), Mirage. Napoleons scientists and the unveiling of Egypt (Burleigh 2007)
and Napoleon in Egypt (Strathern 2007). Both Khartoum. The ultimate imperial adventure (Asher 2009) and Three empires on the Nile. The Victorian Jihad,
18681899 (Green 2007) are concerned with the imperialist struggle for control over the Nile and Sudan.
Among books dealing with other countries in the region are Morocco. From
empire to independence (Pennell 2009) and A history of modern Tunisia (Perkins
2004). Algerias history is also dealt with in several new books, such as Modern
Algeria. The origins and development of a nation (Ruedy 2005) and History and
the culture of nationalism in Algeria (McDougal 2008), whilst the Algerian Berber people are the theme of an informative reference work: A to Z of the Berbers
(Imazighen) (2009). The point that conflicts of mass violence in Algeria in the
1990s have to be understood against the background of the colonial period is
forcefully made in Violent modernity. France in Algeria (Hannoum 2010).
Libyas history has in recent years been enriched with several surveys, such as
Libya. From colony to independence (St. John 2008), A history of modern Libya
(Vandewalle 2006, The making of modern Libya (Ahmida 2009), A history of Libya
(Wright 2010), for example, and more specifically concerned with the contemporary period The origins of the Libyan nation (Baldinetti 2010). Drawing
on materials from several centuries, Forgotten voices (Ahmida 2009) is concerned
with the history of those who most often are overlooked.
81
West Africa
For those interested in the history of West Africa, an excellent place to start is
Themes in West African history (Akyeampong 2006), which is primarily written
by West African historians. Our understanding of the role of Islam in West
African history has also been enriched by West-Africa, Islam and the Arab world
(Hunwick 2007). Origins of African political thinking (July 2004) is a good introduction to African political thinking with the 18th century in West Africa as
its point of departure. Also highly recommended in this regard are Telling stories, making histories. Women, words, and Islam in nineteenth-century Hausaland
and the Sokoto (Bivins 2007) and Fighting the greater Jihad. Amadu Baba and
the founding of the Muridyya of Senegal, 18531913 (Babou 2007). A historical
perspective on US relations with West Africa is provided in The United States and
West Africa (Jallo & Falola 2008). A comparative perspective on West African
urbanisation is adopted in A history of urban planning in two West African capitals
(Bigon 2009)
The large body of literature concerned with Nigeria has recently been enriched by Toyin Falola and Matthew M. Heaton in A history of Nigeria (2008),
whilst the former has also documented the violent nature of colonial occupation
in Colonialism and violence in Nigeria (2009). Nigerias pre-colonial and colonial
history is also the theme of two Festschrifts to Toyin Falola: Precolonial Nigeria
(Ogundiran 2005) and The foundations of Nigeria (Oyebade 2004). An innovative work showing the active participation of many Africans in disseminating
Western civilisation in Nigeria is Andrew E. Barnes Making headway. The
introduction of Western civilization in colonial Northern Nigeria (2009), whilst
Olufemi Vaughan sheds new light on an important historical subject in Nigerian
chiefs. Traditional power in modern politics, 1890s1990s (2006). An important
contribution to the history of both slavery and urbanisation is Kristin Manns
Slavery and the birth of an African city. Lagos 17601900 (2007), whilst the slow
development of slavery in Nigeria is the theme of E. A. Afigbos The abolition
of the slave trade in Southeastern Nigeria, 18851959 (2006). The history of the
Igbo people in Nigeria is treated in depth in Igbo history and society. The essays
of Adiele Afigbo (Falola 2006) and Constructions of belonging. Igbo community
and the Nigerian state in the twentieth century (Harneit-Sivers 2006). Colonial
meltdown. Northern Nigeria in the great depression (Ochuni 2009) is one of the
few examples of a detailed study of the effects of the economic crisis in Africa in
the interwar years, whilst economic developments over the final decades before
independence are explored in great details in Economic reforms and modernization in Nigeria, 19451965 (Falola 2004). Economic and social change in rural
areas in a long-term perspective form the theme of The land has changed. History,
society and gender in colonial Eastern Nigeria (Koreih 2010), and the history of
urbanisation is at the centre of Nigerias urban history (Tijani 2006). A gender
perspective on Nigerian history is offered in Igbo women and economic transformation in Southeastern Nigeria, 19001960 (Chuku 2005) and in the rich
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collection of articles Yoruba women, work, and social change (McIntosh 2009),
whilst an account of the Yoruba people who number approximately 40 million
in Africa and in the diaspora is given in A history of the Yoruba people (Akintoye
2010). A number of studies of Nigerian history have been collected in Nigerian
history, politics and affairs. The collected essays of Adiele Afigbo (Falola 2005).
Walter Rodneys classic A history of the Upper Guinea Coast, 1545 to 1800
(2009) is now available in a new edition, whilst G. Ugo Nwokeji is mainly
concerned with the role played by the merchant class in the organisation of
the slave trade in the Bight of Biafra in The slave trade and culture in the Bight of
Biafra (2010). Gambias history over almost 200 years is presented in A political
history of Gambia (Hughes & Perfect 2008). The significance of colonialism for
food, occupation and agriculture is discussed in detail in A workman is worthy
of his meat. Food and colonialism in the Gabon estuary (2009). With Labour, land
and capital in Ghana. From slavery to free labour in Asante, 18071956 (2005)
Gareth Austin has summarised a lifetime of research on the transition from
slavery and the economic history of an important area.
Kwame Nkrumahs historical significance is elucidated in David Rooneys
Kwame Nkrumah. Vision and tragedy (2007) and in a new edition of Basil Davidsons classic The black star (2007). A valuable collection of articles focusing on
Ghana, with a comparative view of other parts of West Africa is The traditional
and the modern in West African (Ghanaian) history (Herns 2005). Making men
in Ghana (Miescher 2006) is an original contribution to Ghanaian history told
through the life stories of eight men.
An original study of the popular struggle for independence is Elizabeth
Schmidts Mobilizing the masses. Gender, ethnicity, and classes in the national
movement in Guinea, 19391958 (2005), whilst her Cold war and decolonization
in Guinea, 19461958 (Schmidt 2007) looks at Guinea from an international
perspective. The Guinean experience is also discussed by Jay Straker in Youth,
nationalism, and the Guinean revolution (2009). How globalisation has affected
Africa over the long term has been shown in a new edition of Donald R. Wrights
excellent The world and a very small place in Africa. A history of globalization in
Niumi, the Gambia (2010). Relations between the USA and West Africa are
the theme of The United States and West Africa (Jallo & Falola 2008), whilst the
close links between the USA and Liberia during the Cold War are covered by D.
Elwood Dunn in Liberia and the United States during the cold war (2009).
Central and East Africa (including Sudan)
A good place to start for those who want a concise overview of the history of
East Africa is the new edition of Robert Maxons East Africa. An introductory
history (2009). Pre-colonial history has received several valuable contributions,
such as Carriers of cultures. Labor on the road in the nineteenth-century East Africa
(Rockel 2006), Slavery on the Great Lakes in East Africa (Medard & Doyle 2007)
and War in pre-colonial Eastern Africa. The politics & meaning of state-level con-
83
flicts in the nineteenth century (Reid 2007). Christine Saidi has provided a most
welcome gender perspective on early history in Womens authority and society in
early East-Central Africa (2010).
The history of Ethiopia (Adejumobi 2007) covers a long period of time in a
pedagogic manner, whilst the Ethiopian victory over Italy in 1895 receives a
detailed depiction in The battle of Adwa. Reflections on Ethiopias historic victory
against European colonialism (Milkias & Getachew Metefaria 2005). The dying
lion. Feudalism and modernization in Ethiopia (Gilkes 2007) takes as its subject
the background to the fall of the Emperor in 1974. The struggle against the
subsequent military dictatorship is presented in a detailed and critical way in
A political history of the Tigray Peoples Liberation Front (19751991) (Aregawi
Berhe 2009), whilst Getachew Metafaria describes the changing relationships of
the USA and Ethiopia in Ethiopia and the United States. History, diplomacy, and
analysis (2009).
The recent history of Sudan is presented in an overview by Robert O. Collins
in A history of modern Sudan (2008), whilst The Nubian past (Edwards 2004)
builds on archaeological knowledge to tell the history of the area over 2,000
years, and cultural diversity is illustrated by Culture and customs of Sudan (Essien
& Falola 2008). A new standard work in its field is R. S. OFaheys The Darfur
sultanate. A history (2008), whilst Sara Beswick follows the history of the Dinka
people all the way back to the 14th century in Sudans blood memory. The legacy
of war, ethnicity, and slavery in South Sudan (2004). The campaign conducted by
the colonial authorities against female circumcision (or genital mutilation) is described from similar perspectives in Civilizing women. British crusades in colonial
Sudan (Boddy 2007), whilst the same theme is elucidated in a more general way
in Female circumcision and the politics of knowledge (Nnaemeka 2005).
The history of Tanzania is constantly being enriched with new literature.
Among several examples of history written for an environmental and local perspectives are Highland sanctuary. Environmental history in Tanzanias Usambara
mountains (Conte 2004), Wielding the ax. State forestry and social conflict in Tanzania, 18202000 (Sunseri 2009) and Imagining Serengeti. A history of landscape
memory in Tanzania from the earliest times to the present (Shetler (2007). Two
recent books also shed new light on the complex history of Dar es Salaam: Histories from an emerging African metropolis (Brennan et al. 2007) and African underclass. Urbanisation, crime & colonial order in Dar es Salaam, 191961 (Burton
2005). Other historical studies, focusing on the relationship between local communities and state, are In search of a nation. Histories of authority and dissidence
in Tanzania (Maddox & Giblin 2005), A history of the excluded. Making family
a refuge from state in twentieth-century Tanzania (2005) and Practicing history in
Central Tanzania. Writing, memory and performance (Maddox & Kongola 2005).
In Emancipation without abolition in German East Africa, c. 18841914 (2008)
Jan-Georg Deutsch describes the 19th-century slave trade and the lives of slaves,
as well as resistance during German colonial rule. Perhaps the most widespread
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revolt in African colonial history is explored through a collection of case-studies

in Maji-Maji. Lifting the fog of war (Giblin & Monson 2010), whilst the brutal warfare of the then German colonial power and the resistance of the Hehe
people towards the end of the 19th century is described in detail in To devour
the land of Mkwawa, Colonial violence and the German-Hehe war in East Africa,
c. 18841914 (Pizzo 2010). Zanzibars central position both before and during
the colonial era is the theme of Erik Gilberts Dhows & the colonial economy of
Zanzibar 18601970 (2004). An interesting study of international politics and
development aid deals with the Chinese-built railway between Zambia and Tanzania: Africas freedom railway (Monson 2009). The area of the Ugandan kingdom of
Bunyoro is described from an environmental-historical perspective from the end
of the pre-colonial period to the end of the 1950s in Crisis & decline. Population
& environment in Western Uganda 18601955 (Doyle 2006), whilst Cultivating
success in Uganda. Kigezi farmers & colonial policies (Carswell 2007) tells how a
district in Uganda resisted specialisation of production for export, and instead
retained a more balanced, environmentally friendly and sustainable type of agriculture. A corrective to notions about Uganda as an idyll of milk and honey as
regards environmental and medical history during the colonial period is provided
by the Finnish historian Jan Kuhanen in Poverty, health and reproduction in early
colonial Uganda (2005), whilst a gender perspective on womens work in Uganda
is presented in Women, work and domestic virtue in Uganda 19002003 (Kyomuhende & McIntosh 2006).
The position of women in Kenya and their struggle to achieve better conditions
is described and analysed in African womanhood in colonial Kenya, 190050 (Kanogo 2005), Worries of the heart. Widows, family, and community in Kenya (Mutongi 2007) and Land, food, freedom. Struggles for the gendered commons in Kenya,
18702007 (Brownhill 2009). The links between colonialism and racism are
comprehensively treated in Race and empire. Eugenics in colonial Kenya (Campbell
2007). A very controversial theme in historical research is the Mau-Mau uprising in Kenya in the 1950s, which form the focus of a number of new books.
Britains Gulag. The brutal end of empire in Kenya (Elkins 2005) and Histories of
the hanged. Britains dirty war in Kenya and the end of empire (Anderson 2005) are
mostly devoted to British brutality, whilst both S. M. Shamsul Alams Rethinking
the Mau Mau in colonial Kenya (2007) and Daniel Branchs Defeating Mau Mau,
creating Kenya (2010) discuss the uprising in its complexity, and elucidate the
various attitudes held within the Kikuyu population. The social background of
the uprising is explored in The social context of the Mau Mau movement in Kenya
(Macharia & Kanyua 2006), whilst Kenya, the Kikuyu and Mau Mau (Smith 2005)
clearly demonstrates that there is still historical research that pursues the myths and
arguments of the colonial powers. The argument that the struggle of the British to
keep control in Kenya also had a Cold War bias is made in Britain, Kenya and the
cold war. Imperial defence, colonial security, and decolonization (Percox 2004). Nugi
wa Thiongo. the well-known writer of fiction, derives a great deal of his material
85
from the days of the war in the 1950s in his fascinating memories Dreams in a
time of war. A childhood memoir (2010). The relationship between the colonial
masters, the local population and the natural environment is the theme of Black
poachers, white hunters. A social history of hunting in colonial Kenya (2005), whilst
a perspective of gender and legal history, the so-called double patriarchy, that
is to say the combination of local male power and the intervention of the colonial power, is adopted in Girl cases. Marriage and colonialism in Gusiiland, Kenya
18901970 (Brett & Shadle 2006). Norwegians in Kenya both before and during the 1950s are given their history in Kristin Alsaker Kjerlands Nordmenn i
det koloniale Kenya (2010). The same writer is also co-editor of a collection of
studies with a wider aim: Kolonitid. Nordmenn p eventyr and big business i Afrika
and Stillehavet (2009).
A very exciting study of agriculture, food and power is to be found in the
Malawian historian Elias C. Mandalas The end of Chidyerano. A history of food and
everyday life in Malawi, 18602004 (2006), whilst the basis of political resistance
to both colonial rule and the authoritarian regime of Hastings Banda is discussed in
Joey Powers Political culture and nationalism in Malawi (2010). A concise introduction to the history of Madagascar from the first settlements in the fifth century to
the present day is given in Madagascar. A short history (Randriania & Ellis 2009),
whilst its economic history from 1750 up to colonisation is covered by An economic
history of imperial Madagascar 17501895 (Campbell 2008).
Whereas several earlier books have documented the brutality of the colonisation of the Congo, this picture is now being complemented by a detailed study
of forced labour and the plundering of natural resources under the direction of
the British company of Lord Leverhulme in the period right up to the Second
World War: Lord Leverhulmes ghosts. Colonial exploitation in the Congo (Marchal
2008). The history of the role of Norwegians under King Leopolds reign of
terror in the Congo is told in Nordmenn i Kongo (Gody 2010). Jan Vansina
has elucidated pre-colonial social conditions in central Africa in a number of
books, and has followed these up with a series of new studies and new editions:
How societies are born. Governance in West Central Africa before 1600 (Vansina
2004), Antecedents to modern Rwanda. The Nyiginya kingdom (Vansina 2004),
Paths in the rainforest (Vansina 2006) and Being Kuba. The Kuba experience in rural Congo 18801960 (Vansina 2010). Another pioneer of pre-colonial history,
David Newbury, has collected a number of his influential studies in The land
before the mist. Essays on identity and authority in precolonial Congo and Rwanda
(Newbury 2009).
Southern Africa
South Africa
South Africa is undoubtedly the African country that is best provided with excellent and up-to-date historical surveys, new research and perceptive histori-
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cal discussions. A number of contributions from recent years range from short
introductory texts to more substantial works, all of high professional quality,
at the same time as there are a number of monographs available which provide
a wealth of perspectives. Three good places to gain an overview are A concise
history of South Africa (Ross 2008), South Africa in world history (Berger 2009)
and briefest of all Dinosaurs, diamonds and democracy, A short, short history of South Africa (Wilson 2009). A more comprehensive and well illustrated
work of history, with a large number of South African writers as contributors, is
New history of South Africa (Giliomee & Mbenga 2009), whilst The Cambridge
history of South Africa most likely will become the standard academic text for
many years to come. The first of two volumes edited by Carolyn Hamilton et al.
(2010) has appeared so far, covering the period from earliest times to 1885.. A
more journalistic account is offered by R. W. Johnson in South Africa. The first
man, the last nation (2004), whilst Charles H. Feinstein provides an overview of
the economic history of the area in An economic history of South Africa (2004).
The rise and fall of the apartheid system is the subject of two recent historical
studies: The rise, fall, and legacy of apartheid (Louw 2004) and The rise and fall of
apartheid (Welsh2009). The military history of the area from the first colonial
conquest to the apartheid period and on into the contemporary period is the
subject of Timothy Stapletons A military history of South Africa (2010). A regional perspective on the resistance to colonisation in South Africa, Swaziland,
Zimbabwe and Namibia is given in Grappling with the beast. Indigenous Southern
African responses to colonialism, 18401930 (Limb 2010), whilst the impact of
slavery and its formal abolition is covered by Slavery, emancipation and colonial
rule in South Africa (Dooling 2008). Different perspectives on South Africa history writing and the collective memory are given in Liberals, Marxists and
nationalists. Competing interpretations of South African history (Lipton 2007) and
History making and present day politics. The meaning of collective memory in South
Africa (Stolten 2007).
The period often referred to as modern history that is, from the beginning
of the 19th century is concisely covered in a new edition of Nigel Wordens The
making of modern South Africa (2007), whilst Arab MacKinnon deals with the
same period, but with a focus on cultural and political conditions, in The making of South Africa (2004). A well-written and journalistic account focusing on
the important period around the turn of the last century is Martin Merediths
Diamonds, gold and war. The making of South Africa (2007). A thorough and
detailed study in environmental history from the Transkei is Nature and colonial
change (Tripp 2006), whilst Representing Africa. Landscape, exploration and empire
in Southern Africa, 17801870 (McAleer 2009) deals with the ways in which British artists, scientists and travellers presented southern Africa. A gender perspective
on migration and settlements during apartheid is given in African women under
apartheid (Lee 2009), whilst the womens struggle in several different periods is
described in Women in South African history (Gasa 2007). The long and bitter
87
struggle between the Xhosa-speaking local population and European colonisers

is dealt with in great detail by Richard Price in Making empire. Colonial encounters and the creation of imperial rule in the nineteenth-century Africa (2008). An
exciting attempt to bring out African intellectual personalities in the form of five
portraits is African intellectuals in 19th and early 20th century South Africa (Ndletyane 2007). Earlier comparative studies of the USA and South Africa have now
been supplemented by Cultures of violence. Lynching and racial killing in South
Africa and the United States (Evans 2009).
That the significance of the Zulu leader Shaka in the early 19th century is a
highly contentious subject in South African history is eminently shown by Dan
Wylie in his Myths of iron. Shaka in history (2006), whilst Zulu. The heroism and
tragedy of the Zulu war of 1879 (2004) and Crossing the buffalo (Greaves 2009)
deal with the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. The widespread uprising in 1906 which
ended the period of colonial conquest in South African history is the theme of
Jeff Guys Remembering the rebellion. The Zulu uprising of 1906 (2006), whilst
Zulu identities. Being Zulu, past and present (Carton et al. 2008) discusses what it
means to be a Zulu both in the past and at the present time. Two major wars
have each been given a detailed reference work: Historical dictionary of the AngloBoer war (Pretorius 2009) and Historical dictionary of the Zulu wars (Laband
2009). Several books also direct attention to the story of the Khoikhoi woman
Sara Baartman, who became famous as the Hottentot Venus, and was sent to
London as a display exhibit in the early 19th century; see, for example, African
queen. The real story of Hottentot Venus (Holmes 2005) and, in much greater
detail as regards her story in her home country, Sara Baartman and the Hottentot
Venus (Crais & Scully 2009). Indian immigration in the second half of the 19th
century is dealt with in Inside Indian indenture. A South African story 18601914
(Desai & Vahed 2010). Closer to our own times, several books have appeared
discussing the apartheid system, the struggle for freedom, and the fall of apartheid, such as Alex Thomsons South African politics since 1948 (2008) and Jack
Spence & David Welshs Ending apartheid (2010).
Very useful is Volume 6 of the unparalleled collection of documents From
protest to challenge, titled Challenge and victory 19801990 (Gerhart & Glaser
2009). The struggle for freedom against colonialism and apartheid in southern
Africa also had a Cold War dimension, something clearly shown in Vladimir
Shubins The hot cold war. The USSR in Southern Africa (2008a), Cold war in
Southern Africa (Onslow 2009) and U.S. foreign policy towards apartheid South
Africa (Thomson 2009). Raymond Suttner draws on his own experiences in The
ANC underground in South Africa, 19501976 (2009), whilst a new edition of
Vladimir Shubins ANC. A view from Moscow (2008b) has appeared.
Other countries in southern Africa
There are fewer new surveys of other areas of southern Africa. An important
exception is Becoming Zimbabwe (Raftopoulus & Mlambo 2009), in which a
88
Tore Linn Eriksen
number of Zimbabwean historians and social scientists explore the main features of the countrys history from the pre-colonial period to 2008. A good
detailed study is Invisible hands. Child labor and the state in colonial Zimbabwe
(Grier 2006), whilst the incendiary question of power and land distribution is
dealt with by Jocelyn Alexander in The unsettled land. State-making & the politics
of land in Zimbabwe, 18932003 (2006). Another controversial issue, from as
far back as the pre-colonial period and through changing regimes, is control
over the River Zambezi separating Zambia and Zimbabwe, which is discussed
in Crossing the Zambezi (McGregor 2009). A perspective on the early social
history of Harare is provided in African urban experiences in colonial Zimbabwe
(Yoshikuni 2007)), whilst Bulawayos history between 1893 and 1960 is covered
in Bulawayo burning (Ranger 2010).
Important aspects of Zambias political history from the colonial period onward is provided by Bizeck J. Phiri in A political history of Zambia (2005), whilst
a perceptive study of mining, foreign big business and the colonial state is Copper empire (Butler 2007). For the first time, Kenneth Kaundas rival as the father of the Zambian nation has been given a biography: Liberal nationalism
in Central Africa. A biography of Harry Mwaanga Mkumbula (Macolo 2010),
whilst a perspective from politics and environmental history is provided on the
important inland fisheries of Zambia and Congo in Nachitutis gift. Economy, society, and environment in Central Africa (Gordon 2006). Butterflies & barbarians.
Swiss missionaries & systems of knowledge in South-East Africa (Harris 2007) discusses the tension between two contrasting knowledge systems in Mozambique,
whilst the growth of local and regional identities in Mozambique and Zimbabwe is the theme of Elizabeth MacGonagles Crafting identities in Zimbabwe and
Mozambique (2007). German colonial policy and genocide in Namibia in the
early 20th-century is discussed within a general framework of global and comparative genocide studies, in Det tjuende rhundrets frste folkemord. Namibia
19031908 (Eriksen 2007), Genocide in German South-West Africa (Zimmerer
& Zeller 2008) and The Kaisers holocaust. Germanys forgotten genocide and the
colonial roots of Nazism (Olusoga & Erichsen 2010). Two important books at the
intersection between local history and environmental history have been written
by Emmanuel Kreike: Re-creating Eden. Land use, environment, and society in
Southern Angola and Northern Namibia (2004) and Deforestation and reforestation in Namibia. The global and local contradictions (2010). The history of the
San people (previously often called Bushmen) is told by Elizabeth Marshall
Thomas in The old way. A story of the first people (2006). Colonisation and resistance in Lesotho has been given a thorough presentation by Elizabeth Eldredge
in Power in colonial Africa. Lesotho 18701960 (2007), whilst the growth of
Botswana as a modern nation state has been described, placing Seretse Khama
at the centre, in Colour bar. The triumph of Seretse Khama and his nation (Williams 2006). The first Botswanan president is also one of the three prominent
African statesman whose portraits are given in We shall not fail. Values in the na-
89
tional leadership of Seretse Khama, Nelson Mandela and Julius Nyerere (Mungazi
(2005).
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Tauris.
Politics, economics and society

Tore Linn Eriksen
Preamble
This chapter, too, should be read against the background of the 2005 edition
of Studying Africa, and should therefore be regarded as a supplement covering
books which have been published over the last few years. The selection is based
on the same criteria as the previous chapter on African history. In that chapter
one will also find a number of books especially general accounts - that take
the reader up to the present situation.
Introductions
There are several illuminating introductions to politics, economics and social
conditions in Africa, often in the form of textbooks for undergraduate students
at universities and colleges. A good place to start is Tom Young: Africa. A
beginners guide (2010), which is a brief, highly readable, and thought-provoking
introduction. Another book that serves the same purpose is The political economy
of Africa (Padayachee 2010). Highly recommended within the same field are
also Understanding contemporary Africa (Gordon & Gordon 2006), Vincent
Khapoyas The African experience (2009) and Alex Thomsons An introduction to
African politics (2010), which have all appeared in new editions. A wide range
of perspectives are also offered in Goran Hydens African politics in comparative
perspective (2006), Heather Deegans Africa today. Culture, economics, religion,
security (2009) and Reframing contemporary Africa. Politics, culture and society in
the global era (Soyinka-Airewele & Edozie 2010). The Danish diplomat Klaus
Winkel has written Hvorfor er det svrt s Afrika? (2007), which has many
interesting descriptions, but is rather weak on analytical explanations. Updated
information and critical analyses are provided in the indispensable yearbook
Africa yearbook: Politics, economy and society South of the Sahara (Mehler et al.
2010).
General overviews
Radical perspectives on the development of African society based on empirical
studies inform several new books, such as Patrick Bonds Looting Africa. The
economics of exploitation (2006), James Fergusons Global shadows. Africa in the
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neoliberal world order (2006), Ray Bushs Poverty & neoliberalism. Persistence and
reproduction in the Global South (2007), Graham Harrisons Neo-liberal Africa.
The impact of global social engineering (2010) and Stefan Andreassons Africas
development impasse (2010). A brief guide with the same critical perspective is
Gerald Caplans The betrayal of Africa (2008).
A broad spectrum of issues relevant for an understanding of the continent
as a whole is also taken up by Todd J. Moss in African development (2007),
Stephen Chan in Grasping Africa. A tale of tragedy and achievement (2007) and
Pierre Englebert in Africa. Unity, sovereignty and sorrow (2009), among others.
Two books by Pdraig Carmody cover the same ground: Neoliberalism, civil society and security in Africa (2007) and Globalization in Africa. Recolonization or
renaissance? (2010). Comprehensive elucidation is also provided in a number of
collections of articles, for example, Violence, political culture and development in
Africa (Kaarsholm 2006), Africas development in the twenty-first century (Konadu-Agyemang 2006), Africa in the 21st century (Mazama 2007), Africa in the
post-decolonization era (Bissell 2008), Readings in modernity in Africa (Geschiere
2008), Neo-liberalism and globalization in Africa (Whilstah 2009), Self-determination and national unity. A challenge for divided nations (Deng 2009), Africans
and the politics of popular culture (Falola & Aqwuele 2009) and Perspectives on Africa. A reader in history, culture and representation (Grinker 2010). An innovative
contribution that diagnoses Africa, as if it were a question of a doctor-patient
relationship, is Sterling Johnson: Suffering and smiling (2008). The potentials
and barriers for achieving a union of all the African states is discussed by E. Ike
Udandu in Confronting the challenges and prospects in the creation of a United
States of Africa in the 21st century (2010).
In The challenge for Africa (2009) Nobel prize-winner Wangari Maathai reflects on the continents future based on her experiences in Kenya, as does one
of Africas most prominent authors, Ngugi wa Thiongo in Something torn and
new. An African renaissance (2009). In two recent books, the legacies of two of
Africas foremost nationalist leaders and political thinkers are analysed: Africas
contemporary challenges. The legacy of Amilcar Cabral (Lopes 2009) and Africas
liberation. The legacy of Nyerere (Chachage & Cassam 2010).
A brief introduction to the social science research agenda is given by Fantu
Cheru in Africas development in the 21st century (2008). In two comprehensive
volumes Paul Tiambe Zeleza has brought together articles which address research
questions relevant for a wide range of disciplinary and thematic perspectives in
The study of Africa. Vol. I. Disciplinary and interdisciplinary encounters (2006)
and in The study of Africa. Vol. II. Global and transnational engagements (2007).
Examples are also drawn from Africa in a book dealing with fascinating and
often ignored topics in Shadows of war. A social history of silence in the twentieth
century (Efratet et al. 2010). ). Afrika. 23 afrikaner om vgval och utmaningar
(Magnusson 2010) is a collection of short contributions from African contributors
about African politics and social conditions.
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For a wider audience

Whilst most of the books discussed so far are written with an academic audience
in mind, , there is no lack of more journalistic accounts which provide information, insight and food for thought for a broader readership. This is particularly
the case when the works are written by serious observers who have closely followed African development over a long period of time, and who are interested
in creating more than just sensational headlines. Among the best books in this
category are Richard Dowdens Africa. Altered states, ordinary miracles (2008),
Robert Guests The shackled continent. Africas past, present and future (2004),
Charlagne Hunter-Gaults New news out of Africa. Uncovering Africas renaissance (2006), and Tomm Kristiansens Afrika en vakker dag (2006). (Martin
Merediths extensive narrative about Africa after independence The state of
Africa has been placed in the history chapter). In P vg till presidenten (2010)
Swedish journalist Stig Holmqvist recalls his experiences of journeys and studies
in Africa over 40 years, with particular emphasis on East Africa.
It should also be mentioned that the Football World Cup competition in
South Africa in 2010 gave rise to several fascinating books about the history of
African football and its current challenges; see Ian Hawkeys Feet of the chameleon. The story of African football (2009), Steve Bloomfields Africa united. How
football explains Africa (2010) and Peter Alegis African soccerscapes. How a continent changed the worlds game (2010).
The African state
Patrick Chabal has provided an original contribution showing how difficult it
is to grasp the complexity of African development using conventional that is,
Western political concepts in Africa. The politics of suffering and smiling (2009).
Together with Jean-Pascal Daloz, he has also written a perceptive study with the
same perspectives: Africa works. Disorder as political instrument (2005). In the
same category is Jean-Francois Bayart with a new edition of his classic study
The state in Africa. The politics of the belly (2009). Another influential analyst is
Robert H. Bates, who has recently published When things fall apart. State failure
in late-century Africa (2008). The question of how the African state functions
and how it may be understood is also the main subject addressed in Beyond
state failure and collapse (Kieh 2007), A new paradigm of the African state (Muio
& Martin 2009) and the collection of articles Failed and failing states. The challenges to African reconstruction (Ndulo & Grieco 2010). The functioning of the
state apparatus in facilitating capitalist expansion is discussed critically by Yeah
Mentan in The state in Africa. An analysis of historical trajectories of global capitalist expansion and domination in the continent (2010).
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Democracy, governance and political parties

The complex nature of democracy and democratisation in Africa is addressed
in a wide range of articles in Turning points in African democracy (Mustapha
& Whitfield 2009) and Democracy in Africa. Progress and retreat (Diamond &
Plattner 2010). John W. Forje has contributed two books on the same topic:
State-building and democracy in Africa (2009a) and Here the people rule. Political
transitions and challenges for democratic consolidation in Africa (2009b), whilst
Joelien Pretoris discusses development in Africa in the light of Samuel Huntingtons theories of democracy in African politics. Beyond the third wave of democratization (2008). A more radical perspective is adopted by Issa G. Shivji in Where
is Uhuru? Reflections on the struggle for democracy (2009), by Browen Manby in
Struggles for citizenship in Africa (2009), and by scholars contributing to Liberal
democracy and its critics in Africa (Lumumba-Kasongo 2005) and The fate of
Africas democratic experiences (Villaon & VonDoepp 2005). Issues related to ethnicity and political development are examined in Ethnicity and democracy (Berman 2004), whilst the relationship between politics, identity, power, democracy,
and poverty is explored in Power and nationalism in Africa (Falola & Hassan
2008) and Democratic reforms in Africa (Ndulo 2006). National parliamentary
elections are described and analysed in Votes, money and violence. Political parties
and elections in Sub-Saharan Africa (Basedau 2007) as well as in Turning points
in African democracy (Mustapha & Whitfield 2010).
A wide range of important issues is addressed by Staffan I. Lindberg in Democracy and elections in Africa (2006), who is also the editor of Democratization by elections (Lindberg 2009). The UN Economic Commission for Africa
presents its biannual African governance report, the most recent being published
in 2009 (ECA 2009).
A separate volume on Africa is now included in a series of books presenting
political parties across the globe: Political parties and democracy in Africa and
Oceania (Sindjourn 2010). Political activities rooted in Islam are discussed by a
wide range of scholars in Interpreting Islamic political parties (Salih 2009) and
Islam and Muslim politics in Africa (Soares & Otayek 2007). Under the aegis
of International IDEA, with its headquarters in Stockholm, a large number of
case studies are summarised in the report Political parties in Africa (Salih &
Nordlund 2007). The role and functions of parliaments are analysed in African parliaments. Between government and governance (Salih 2006) and Legislative
power in emerging African democracies (Barkan 2009). Legacies of power. Leadership change and former presidents in African politics (Southall & Melber 2006)
discusses various consequences of changes of president, whilst the question of
whether traditional authorities at the community and regional levels have
been given renewed importance is raised in State recognition and democratization
in Sub-Saharan Africa (Buur & Kyed 2007).
The question of political participation and citizenship is an important subject addressed in a series of books from Zed Books, offering studies from all
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over the Third World. Examples from Africa are mainly drawn from South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Angola in Inclusive citizenship (Kabeer 2005), Spaces for
change (Cornwall & Coelho 2006), Citizenship and social movements (Thompson & Tapscott 2010), Mobilization for democracy (Coelho & von Lieses 2010),
and Globalizing citizens (Gaventa & Tandon 2010).
Social movements and NGOs
The most recent and best survey of social movements, with a number of African case studies, is Movers and shakers (Ellis & van Kessel 2009). Social movements and NGOs are also examined in Against global capitalism. African social
movements confront neoliberal globalization (Prempeh 2006), Silences in NGO
discourse. The role and future of NGOs in Africa (Shivji 2007), and NGOs, Africa
and the global order (Pinkney 2009). The political significance of trade unions
in the struggle for democracy is a central feature in several collections of articles; see in particular Trade unions and the coming of democracy in Africa (Kraus
20008) and Trade unions and party politics. Labour movements in Africa (Beckman 2010), whilst Grard Kester explores workplace conditions in Trade unions
and workplace democracy in Africa (2007). Student activism is described and
analysed by Leo Zeilig in Revolt and protests. Student politics and activism in SubSaharan Africa (2007), whilst the role of intellectuals is discussed by African
researchers in two collections of articles from CODESRIA: African intellectuals.
Rethinking politics, language, gender and development (Mkandawire 2005) and
Intellectuals and African development (Beckman & Adeloti 2006). The political
effects of the offensive by the evangelical churches is described in Evangelical
Christianity and democracy in Africa (Ranger 2008).
Human rights
The issues of democracy and human rights are closely intertwined, and the African human rights regime with its starting point in the charter which came
into effect in 1986 is discussed both comprehensively and critically in a new
edition of Malcolm D. Evans The African charter on human and peoples rights
(2008) and in Kofi O. Kufuors The African human rights system. Origins and evolution (2010), in addition to the collection of articles Africas long road to rights
(Abbas 2007). The position of minorities is discussed in the collection of articles
Minorities and the state in Africa (Mbanaso & Korieh 2010), whilst potential
conflicts between justice and peace in transitional societies are elucidated in
Peace versus justice? The dilemmas of transitional justice in Africa (Sriram 2010).
Gender perspectives
Gender perspectives on power and politics also characterise several books dealing with Africa as a whole. Three comprehensive collections of articles provide
a broad overview: Readings in gender in Africa (Cornwall 2005), African gender
studies (Oyewumi 2006), and Power, gender and social change in Africa (Ndulu &
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Grieco 2009), whilst the struggle for womens rights is addressed in a number of
studies collected in Grace, tenacity and eloquence. The struggle for womens rights in
Africa (Burnett 2007. Womens movements and their struggle for democracy are
also examined in Women in African parliaments (Bauer & Britton 2006), African
womens movements. Transforming political landscapes (Tripp et al. 2008), and
Democracy and the rise of womens movements in Africa (Fallon 2008). A gender
perspective on politics and democracy based on case studies from a number of
African countries is provided in Governing women (Goetz 2008). Several studies
rich in detail can also be found in the collection of articles Womens movements
in the global era (Basu 2010). An interesting case study from Cape Verde is Cape
Verdean women and globalization (Carter 2009), whilst articles concerned with
feminist perspectives on knowledge have been collected in African feminist politics of knowledge. Tensions, challenges, possibilities (Arnfred & Adomako 2010).
International affairs and African conflicts

An excellent introduction to African international affairs is Ian Taylors The international relations of Sub-Saharan Africa (2010). A good survey is also provided
by Philippe Hugon in African geopolitics (2009), whilst Africa in world politics
(Harbeson & Rotchild 2008) is a classic collection of articles in a new edition.
Sub-Saharan Africa (2010)is a separate volume in a series of books on hot
spots, in which Toyin Falola and Adebayo O. Oyebade deal with both international, regional and national conflicts in the period after decolonisation. Africa
is also discussed together with other regions in the South in The South in world
politics (Alden et al. 2010), where a central argument is that significant changes
in global relations of power are taking place. . A new scramble for Africa (Southall
& Melber 2009) and Arena Afrika. Kapplp om makt and ressurser (Johnstad &
Ommundsen 2009) are two topical collections of articles relating to the imperialist scramble for investments and natural resources in Africa. Blood on the stone
(Smillie 2010) deals in detail with corruption, greed, ethnic and global rivalries
in four diamond wars in Africa Sierra Leone, Angola, Congo, and Liberia,
whilst Oil, diamonds, and human rights in the marketplace (Muvingi 2008) looks
at international actions to halt violence and conflicts arising from the struggles
and oil exploitation and mining in Sierra Leone, Angola and Sudan.
Olayiwola Abegunrin applies a pan-African perspective to international relations in Africa in global politics in the twenty-first century (2009), whilst the
importance of the UN for Africa and Africas importance for the UN is
highlighted in From global apartheid to global village (Adebayo 2009). The role
of states that stand out by reason of their size is also an interesting topic, as
discussed by several contributors to Big African states. Angola, DRC, Ethiopia,
Nigeria, South Africa (Clapham 2006). There is still a great deal of insight to be
gained from the role of the big Western powers in Africa and the North (Engel &
Olsen 2005). A highly recommended series of books examines the relationships
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of various major powers to Africa, such as The United States in Africa (Copson
2007), China in Africa (Alden 2007) and Britain in Africa (Porteous 2008). US
strategies in Africa, not least in the war against terror, are analysed by David
J. Francis in U.S. strategy in Africa (2010) as well as in the articles collected in
Securing Africa. Post -9/11 discourses on terrorism (Smith 2010). In The dark Sahara (2009) Jeremy Keenan argues that US involvement in Algeria and in the
Sahel region in fact promotes terrorism and instability. French interests in Africa
are critically examined by Bruno Charbonneau in France and the new imperialism (2008), whilst Japanese-African relations are the object of two new books:
Japan and Africa (Lehman 2010) and Japan-Africa relations (Lumumba-Kasongo
(2010). A useful overview of relations between Africa and the EU is The European
Unions Africa policies (Sicurelli 2010).
China in Africa
Chinese expansion in the African continent and Chinese-African relations are
topical issues that have increasingly attracted attention in recent years. Anyone
requiring a brief overview is recommended to start with the above-mentioned
book by Chris Alden (2007) and with Ian Taylors China s new role in Africa
(2009). The rise of China and India in Africa (Fantu Cheru and Obi 2010) is an
up-to-date and stimulating collection of articles, which also includes India. The
relationship between China and Africa is also closely examined in The dragons
gift (Brautigam 2009), China safari (Michel & Beuret 2009), Chinas African
challenge (Reine 2009), The new presence of China in Africa (van Dijk 2009) and
China-African development relations (Dent 2009). Several collections of articles
address the same topic; see amongst others African perspectives on China in Africa
(Manjji & Marks 2007), Chinas new role in Africa and the South (Guerrero &
Manji 2008), China returns to Africa (Alden et al. 2008) and China and Africa
(Strauss & Saavedra 2010).
Oil: exploration and exploitation
The importance of the African continent as a major oil producer and exporter
is a question which must be addressed from many angles and perspectives, as
it involves international power struggles, the scramble for finite resources, and
the politics of African states. As a result of the rising export of oil and greater
influence of major foreign companies (among others Norwegian Statoil), a considerable body of empirical and theoretical studies has emerged in recent years.
Among general and readable introductions, John Ghazvinians Untapped. The
scramble for Africas oil (2007), Nicholas Shaxsons Poisoned wells. The dirty politics of African oil (2007) and not least Duncan Clarkes Crude oil (2008) are
highly recommended. An informative collection of articles in Norwegian, with
several African contributors, is Oljespill. Jakt p Afrikas svarte gull (Jorde 2007).
Valuable information about several African oil producers can also be found in
The politics of the global oil industry (Falola & Genova 2005). Oil and governance
113
deals with Chad, Angola, Gabon and Sao Tom & Principe (Alexander & Gilbert 2010), whilst the expansion of Asian companies in Nigeria and Angola is
examined in Thirst for oil (Vines et al. 2009). We will return to studies that are
more specifically devoted to individual countries in the regional sections below.
Peace and conflict
Regarding conflicts, conflict solutions, and security policy in the African continent, there have been many important contributions in recent years. Apart from
the books listed in the regional sections below, Guy Arnolds The A to Z of civil
wars in Africa (2007) is a useful reference work. Augustine Ohanwe makes a crucial point that the opportunities for solving individual conflicts have improved
after the end of the Cold War in Post-cold war conflicts in Africa. Case studies
of Liberia and Somalia (2009). Many collections of articles, such as Security,
reconstruction and reconciliation (Ndulo 2006), African guerrillas. Raging against
the machine (Bs & Dunn 2007), Writers, writing on conflict and war in Africa
(Ndibe & Hove 2009), African security governance (Cawthra 2009), and Conflict
of securities (Abubakar et al. 2010) are also worth consulting. The curse of Berlin
(Adebajo 2010) is a historically informed study which devotes most attention
to conflicts in Africa after the Cold War. Bjrn Mllers Religion and conflict in
Africa (2006), focusing particularly on East Africa, is a comprehensive introduction to religion, politics, and conflict in Africa, with a number of examples from
history as well as from our own times. A substantial report on reconciliation
after internal conflicts, with examples from, amongst others, Rwanda, Burundi
and Sierra Leone is Traditional justice and reconciliation after violent conflicts.
Learning from African experience (Huyse & Salter 2008).
Karin Dokken adopts an empirically based security perspective in African
security politics redefined (2008) as do editors Paul T. Zeleza and Alfred Nhema
in a central two-volume work, The roots of African conflicts (2008a) and The
resolution of African conflicts (2008b). A number of studies of youth, politics
and conflict in Africa are brought together in Vanguard or vandals? (Abbink &
van Kessel 2005). Peace & conflict in Africa (Francis 2008) and War and peace
in Africa (Falola & Njoku 2010) are two other valuable collections of articles.
African mechanisms for resolving conflicts and institutional norms are discussed
in Africas new peace and security architecture (Engel & Porto 2010), whilst the
role of the African Union (AU) is treated more specifically in The African Union
(Badejo 2008). David Keens important work Complex emergencies (2008) takes
most of its examples from Africa .
Migration and globalisation
Migration is another significant issue in the study of Africas place in the global
system; see, for instance, Africa on the move (Tienda et al 2006), The human cost
of African migration (Falola & Afolabi 2009), Globalisation and transnational
migrations (Adebayo & Adesina 2009), and International migration within, to
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and from Africa in a globalised world (Adepoju 2010). The fact that Africa is not
merely a passive recipient of globalisation, but instead develops its own ideologies and local cultures in the encounter with foreign impulses is an important
point made in Situating globality (van Binsbergen & van Dijk 2004).
Aid and development cooperation

As a consequence of the considerable dependence of many African countries on
foreign aid, it is to be expected that both positive and negative aspects of development cooperation have been the subject of a growing body of literature. An
excellent place to start is Gran Hydns new book Bistnd och utveckling. Afrika:
Givarnas stora utmaning (2010), which provides a well-balanced overview of a
complex issue. In recent years there has been a clear tendency for books with
a critical often dismissive position to receive the greatest attention. Several
well-known books in this category are written by economists who largely regard
aid in its present form together with poor systems of government and state
control instead of the freedom of the market as the main reason for the lack
of progress on the African continent: The white mans burden (Easterly 2006),
The bottom billion (Collier 2007), and Dead aid. Why aid is not working and how
there is another way for Africa (Moyo 2008). In a mixture of news reporting and
polemic, Bengt Nilsson argues in Sveriges afrikanska krig (2009) that Swedish
aid in fact contributes to both corruption and the prolonging of wars. There are
also many examples of criticism from the other side of the ideological spectrum,
in which it is argued that many forms of Western aid contribute to maintaining
foreign dominance, structural adjustment , and the power of national elites.
Among prominent contributions from this position are Giles Boltons Africa
doesnt matter. How the West has failed the poorest continent and what we can do
about it (2008), Jonathan Glennies The trouble with aid. Why less could mean
more for Africa (2008) and Yash Tandons Aid and dependence (2009). The
same perspective is reflected in Aid to Africa. Redeemer or coloniser? (Abbas &
Niyiragara (2009). Conflicting views on development aid are collected in Aid
to Africa (Miller 2009). The literature on aid and development cooperation also
includes The trouble with Africa (Calderisi 2007), and Smart aid for African development (Joseph & Gilliers 2008). Several chapters are concerned with Africa
from a comparative perspective in Foreign aid for development (Mavrotas 2010).
Hans Holmns Snakes in paradise (2010) offers a critical and thoughtful view
of the role of NGOs within the aid industry, whilst an important point made
by many contributions in The politics of aid. African strategies for dealing with
aid donors (Whitfield 2008) is that African states are not passive recipients, but
have their own strategies and vested interests when aid policies are being formulated. The idea that development aid may have positive effects in particularly
vulnerable and weak states is argued in Aid that works (Manor 2006). Peter Gill
examines how much or indeed how little of the great aid effort in Ethiopia in
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the mid-1980s is of lasting value in Famine and foreigners. Live Aid and Ethiopia
(2010).
Economic achievements and problems

A significant part of the literature listed above has to do with chiefly economic
matters, often under the designation political economy. But there are also
a large number of books that concentrate more explicitly on economic development, and which are mostly written by professional economists, such as a
comprehensive two-volume work with both general overviews and national
case studies: The political economy of economic growth in Africa, 19602000
(Ndulu 2007). Two substantial edited volumes that focus on the same subject
are Growth and development in Africa (Seck & Bisari 2009) and Back on track
(Seck & Boko 2010). Textbooks on Africas geography also offer a wealth of useful information about economic structures, production, and resources, such as
two standard works both appearing in new editions; see Benjamin Stock: Africa
South of the Sahara. A geographical interpretation (2004) and Samuel AryeeteyAttoh et al.: Geography of Sub-Saharan Africa (2010).
Anyone seeking updated information and up-to-the-minute perspectives
should consult three annual reports prepared by the United Nations Conference
on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the UN Economic Commission for
Africa (ECA), and African Development Bank (ADB). The most recent editions are African Development Report 2008/2009 (ADB 2009), Economic report
on Africa 2010 (ECA/AUC 2010) and Economic development in Africa report
2010 (UNCTAD 2010). The role of the UN Economic Commission for Africa
and African Development Bank is analysed by Kwame Akonor in African economic institutions (2010), whilst the World Banks great and often damaging
power in Africa is critically discussed by Graham Harrison in The World Bank
and Africa. The construction of government states (2007), by David Williams in
The World Bank and social transformation in international politics (2008), and by
Vanessa Wijngaarden in The World Bank and the representation of Africa (2010).
Informative discussions of economic developments in South Africas economy,
as well as Chinas/Indias role in Africa, are included in Southern engines of global growth (Santos-Pauling & Wan 2010). The significance of the World Trade
Organisation (WTO) in Africa and Africas role in the WTO are examined by
Richard E. Mshomba in Africa and the World Trade Organization (2009) and by
Donna Lee in Africa in the World Trade Organisation (2010), whilst a number of
critical articles about world trade are collected in From slave trade to free trade.
How trade undermines democracy and justice in Africa (Burnett & Manji 2007).
Economic challenges in reconstruction after conflict are considered in the edited
volume Reconstructing economic governance after conflict in resource-rich African
countries (Wohlmut & Urban 2007).
Beyond the African tragedy (Smith 2006) examines Africa from a develop-
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ment and globalisation perspective. The vulnerability of African exporters of

raw materials within a trading system that favours rich countries and transnational corporations is analysed in Globalization and restructuring of African
commodity flows (Fold & Larsen 2008), whilst Antoinette Handley explores the
links between trade, industry, and the state, with examples from four African
countries, in Business and the state in Africa (2008). The power of large foreign
companies involved in mining in Africa and the need for public regulation are
both analysed in Roger Moodys Rocks & hard places. The globalization of mining
(2007) and in the edited volume Mining in Africa (Campbell 2009). A wealth
of information on oil and gas extraction is also found in Oil and gas in Africa
(ADB 2009). Other economic sectors are given attention in Meeting the information challenge (Grieco et al. (2006), The hydropolitics of Africa. A contemporary challenge (Kitoussou 2007), Africas finances. The contribution of remittances
(Bardouille 2007), and Africa, transport and the Millennium Development Goals
(Brieco et al. 2009).
Poverty and inequality

Poverty and the prospects for poverty reduction are explored from a comparative perspective in several new and comprehensive collections of articles: New
growth and poverty alleviation strategies in Africa (Wohlmut 2008), Inside poverty
and development in Africa (Rutten et al. 2009), Poverty in Africa (Beasley 2009),
The poor under globalization in Africa, Latin America and Africa (Nissanke &
Thorbacke 2010), and The comparative political economy of development. Africa
and South Asia (Harris-White & Heyer 2010), whilst Roger Throw & Scott
Kilam critically examine conflicting explanations of African poverty in Enough.
Why the worlds poorest starve in an age of plenty (2009). Several writers also put
forward proposals for improving social welfare measures in Social protection
in Africa (Ellis et al. 2009). Whilst many writers have explained development
problems by focusing their attention on social chaos, crime, and corruption,
several of the contributors in Law and disorder in the postcolony (Comaroff &
Comaroff 2006) argue that these characteristics have to be understood in the
context of globalisation, the market economy, and other features of development which criminalise poverty. A plea for poverty reduction through free
trade and economic liberalism is made in Africa unchained (Ayittay 2006). Opportunities for as well as obstacles to development within the framework
of the African Union (AU) and the African NEPAD initiatives are discussed in
The African Union and new strategies for development in Africa (Adejumobi &
Olukoshi 2008) and in Future Africa. Prospects for democracy and development
under NEPAD (Rukato 2010). The African problems in achieving the UNs
millennium goals form the focus in Millennium Development Goals. Achievements and prospects for meeting the targets in Africa (Nwonwu 2008). Corruption
as a problem for development is examined by, among others, Giorgi Blundo
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et al. in Everyday corruption and the state. Citizens and public officials in Africa
(2006).
Rapidly increasing population in big cities, urbanisation, and living conditions are addressed in a number of books; see, for example, Reconsidering informality (Hansen & Vaa 2004), Urbanization and African cultures (Falola & Salm
2005), For the city yet to come (Simone 2005), Crisis and creativity (Konings &
Foeken 2006), Cities in contemporary Africa (Murray & Myers 2007), Postcolonial African cities (Demissie 2008), African cities (Locatelli & Nugent 2009) and
African informal workers (Lindell 2010), whilst perspective informed by historical and anthropological research is offered by Stefan Goodwin in Africas legacies
of urbanization (2006).
Land, resources and climate

In a continent where the great majority still live in rural areas and are dependent on agricultural production, access to land, water, and natural resources are
fundamental issues. Here, too, we often find the source of conflicts, as shown
in collections of articles such as Conflicts over land and water in Africa (Derman
2007) and The struggle over land in Africa. Conflicts, politics and change (Anseeuw
& Alden 2010), as well as Natural resources and conflicts in Africa. The tragedy of
endowment (Alaos 2007). A brief overview is also provided by Johan Holmberg
in Natural resources in Sub-Saharan Africa. Assets and vulnerabilities (2010). Fred
Nelson provides an environmental perspective on rights and access to land in
Community rights, conservation and contested land (2010).
The agricultural strategies of the World Bank are analysed and criticised
by Kjell Havnevik et al. in African agriculture and the World Bank. Development or impoverishment? (2007), whilst Ambreena Manji discusses the important question of power and land reform in The politics of land reform in Africa
(2006). The same subject is considered in Land and sustainable development in
Africa (Amanor & Moyo 2008) and from a global perspective in Reclaiming
the land (Moyo & Yeros 2005). Sam Moyo also provides a brief survey of important research questions in African land questions, agrarian transitions and the
state. Contradictions of neo-liberal land reforms (2008), whilst Christian Lund has
closely studied land tenure and local resources in Local politics and the dynamics
of property in Africa (2008). A more optimistic perspective, based on case studies of successful agricultural, projects is offered by several authors in Successes in
African agriculture. Lessons for the future (Haggblade & Hazell 2010).
There are reasons to expect a great number of books concerned with Africa in
the global greenhouse and the effects of climate change on people and the environment in the years to come. Meanwhile, Camilla Toulmins Climate change
in Africa (2009) is a good place to start. A compelling description of how the
climate crisis has already affected peoples lives and the basis of production in
South Africa is given by Leonie Joubert in Boiling point. People in a changing
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climate (2008), whilst strategies for adaptation are discussed on the basis of a
number of empirically rich local studies in Adapting to climate change in Southern Africa (Pearson 2010).
AIDS, health and politics

HIV/AIDS is a major health and social problem in a number of African countries, and many books devote great attention to social, cultural, economic and
political aspects. A good place to start is a survey written by prominent historian John Iliffe: The African aids epidemic. A history (2006). Other introductions
include Ann Whiteside: HIV/AIDS. A very short introduction (2008) and Toyin
Falola & Matthew M. Heaton: HIV/AIDS, illness and African well-being (2007).
Among other books on the same subject are Aids and power. Where there is no
political crisis yet (de Waal 2006), The invisible cure. Africa, the West and the
fight against AIDS (Epstein 2007), AIDS and governance (Poku 2007) and The
politics of AIDS. Globalization, the state and civil society (Follr & Thrn 2008). A
number of informative and personal accounts from people who themselves have
been affected are told directly in Stephanie Nolens 28 Stories of AIDS in Africa
(2007). A gender perspective emphasizing the vulnerability of African women is
given in Gender and HIV/AIDS (Boesten & Poku 2009) and in African womens
unique vulnerabilities to HIV/AIDS (Fuller 2008).
The cultural and political context largely based on South African case studies is discussed in AIDS, South Africa and the politics of knowledge (Youde
2007) and in HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa (Baxen & Breidlid 2009), whilst
the story of how people, organisations, and local authorities have joint forces in
Botswana to reduce the risk of illness is told with great empathy by Unity Dow
and Max Essex in Saturday is for funerals (2010). A new book linking the extent
of AIDS to the IMFs undermining of public health services and the struggle
against illness is Rick Rowdens The deadly ideas of neo-liberalism (2009), whilst
Sophie Harman shows in The World Bank, civil society and HIV/AIDS (2010) that
the World Bank programmes in this field also have a market-oriented agenda.
Northern Africa
For historical reasons, much of the literature for parts of northern Africa is in
French and Arabic, and therefore falls outside this account. The same applies to
a number of countries in West Africa (see below). It is also quite common for
general surveys to treat countries in North Africa and the Middle East in the
same volume. This is, for instance, the case in a widely used textbook now in
its sixth edition: The government and politics of the Middle East and North Africa (Long 2010). Examinations of political developments in countries such as
Egypt, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria are found in Political parties
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and democracy. The Arab world (Ibrahim & Lawson 2010). The same geographical area is dealt with in two comprehensive collections of articles which look
at development from a gender perspective: Gender and diversity in Middle East
and North Africa (Salieh 2010) and Women in the Middle East and North Africa
(Sadiqi & Ennaji 2010), whilst attention is focused on economic conditions in
Industrial policy in the Middle East and North Africa (Galal 2007) and Economic
performance in the Middle East and North Africa (Sayan 2010). Covering the area
between Morocco and Afghanistan, Dispossession and displacement (Chatty &
Finlayson 2010) discusses forced migration and refugees. The political situation
in North Africa (the Maghreb) is explored by a number of prominent scholars
in The Maghrib in the new century (Maddy-Weitzman & Zisenwine 2007) and in
North Africa. Politics, region, and the limits of transformation (Zoubir & AmirahFernndez 2008).
Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Western Sahara
James Le Sueur has recently written a concise and clear introduction to recent
developments in Algeria in Algeria since 1989 : Between terror and democracy.
(2010). The colonial roots of political and social conflicts are analysed by Martin
Evans & John Phillips in Algeria. Anger of the dispossessed (2007) and by J. N. C.
Hill in Identity in Algerian politics (2009), whilst Miriam R. Lowi discusses the
countrys oil policies in Oil wealth and the poverty of politics (2009). Political and
cultural activism is studied from an anthropological perspective in the edited
volume Berbers and others (Hoffman & Miller 2010).
A recent study of Morocco is James N. Saters Morocco. Challenges to tradition
and modernity (2010). A perspective on growth, stability and authoritarian rule
in Tunisia is provided by Christopher Alexander in Tunisia (2010), whilst the
countrys relations with the EU are thoroughly examined in Europe and Tunisia (Powel & Sadiki (2010). Two books that focus on social developments and
Libyan international politics are Luis Martinez The Libyan paradox (2006) and
Yehudit Ronens Qaddifis Libya in world politics (2008).
A comprehensive and topical examination of Egypt is found in the edited volume Egypt. The moment of change (El Mahdi & Marfleet 2009). The significance
of the Muslim Brotherhood is discussed by Mohammed Zahid in The Muslim
Brotherhood and Egypts successions crisis. The politics of liberalization and reform in
the Middle East (2009) and with a perspective far beyond Egypt by Barry Rubin
in The Muslim Brotherhood (2010). The Norwegian historian Bjrn Olav Utvik
has contributed a detailed study of Islamic economics in The pious road to development (2006), whilst another Norwegian historian, Terje Tvedt, has edited a
collection of articles on cooperation and conflict between states that form part
of the Nile basin: The river Nile in the post-colonial age (2010).
Moroccos illegal occupation of Western Sahara and the compliance of the
world community are discussed in several books; see, for example, End game
in Western Sahara (Shelley 2004) and Western Sahara (Zunes & Mundy 2010),
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whilst a brief overview of the natural resources of the area is provided in The
Western Saharan conflict (Olsson 2006).
Western Africa
A considerable part of the literature about politics in West Africa is, of course,
in French and therefore falls outside this digest. Victor T. Le Vines Politics in
francophone Africa (2007), however, is a concise introduction in English. Two
studies of conflicts and regional cooperation are Globalization and politics of
the Economic Community of West African States (Edi 2007) and Governance and
crisis of the state in Africa. The context and dynamics of the conflicts in West Africa
(Akude 2009). For an interesting collection of articles with a regional perspective, see Political Islam in West Africa (Miles 2007).
There are also many valuable books concerned with individual West African countries, such as three books focusing on Ghana: Reconstructing the nation
in Africa (Amoha 2007), Ghana. One decade of the liberal state (Boafo-Arthur
2007), and Politics of social change in Ghana (Talton 2010). African market women. Seven life stories from Ghana (Clark 2010) is a detailed study of the central
position occupied by market women and the challenges they face. In Development economics in action (2010), Tony Killick provides a detailed history of
economic developments in Ghana from independence up to 2008. The political
system in Sierra Leone is described by William Reno in Corruption and state
politics in Sierra Leone (2008), whilst David Keen concentrates on the countrys
deep-seated internal conflicts in Conflict and collusion in Sierra Leone (2005),
and Myriam Denoy goes into greater detail about the Revolutionary United
Front in Child soldiers (2010). The conflicts in Liberia are considered in War to
peace transition (Omeje 2008). In Voicing the voiceless Walter Gam Neik makes
an important contribution to a neglected area of research in Cameroon by focusing on ordinary people instead of the elite. An intriguing study of what is often called civil society in Cameroon is Piet Konings Neoliberal bandwagonism
(2009). Political manipulation by the Ivory Coast elite is also emphasised as one
of the most important explanations for deep and long-lasting conflicts in Mike
McGoverns Making war in Cote d Ivoire (2010). The disastrous famine in Niger
in 2005, which was overshadowed by Asian tsunami in the international media,
is described in A not-so natural disaster (Crombe & Jzquel 2009) with a focus
on the attempts by Mdecins Sans Frontires to attract international attention.
Nigeria
As Africas most populous state, it is to be expected that there exists a vast
amount of literature concerned with present-day Nigeria, in addition to the
several books listed in the previous chapter which provide a general account of
Nigerian history, taking their readers up to the contemporary period. Usman A.
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Tar offers a critical examination in The politics of neoliberal democracy in Africa

(2008), whilst the widespread corruption is discussed in A culture of corruption
(Smith 2007) as well as in Corruption in Nigeria (Oji & Ojo 2010). By way of
analysing the important elections of 2007, a pessimistic analysis of the future
prospects for democracy is offered in Nigerias stumbling democracy and its implications for Africas democratic move (Okafor 2008). Ethnicity, nation, and state are
important subjects treated in Breakdown and reconstitution (Bah 2005), whilst
The Yoruba in transition. History, values and modernity (Falola & Genova 2006)
offers an illuminating perspective of one of the countrys most populous ethnic
groups. Toyin Falola also discusses the breakdown of both religious politicisation
and secular ideologies in Violence in Nigeria (2009), whilst the countrys foreign
policy after the Cold War is analysed in the collection of articles Gullivers trouble
(Adebayo & Mustapha 2008). The complex issue of social networks and the informal economy is analysed by Kate Meager in Identity economics, social networks
and the informal economy in Nigeria (2010).
Nigerias oil policy and the role of large foreign companies occupy a prominent
position in several books more generally concerned with oil in Africa (see above),
but there are also several writers who concentrate more explicitly on Nigeria. . An
excellent example of this is a lucidly written account by Michael Peel: A swamp
full of dollars. Pipelines and paramilitaries at Nigerias oil frontier (2009). Among
other books dealing with the same topic which deserve to be mentioned are Shell
Petroleum Development Company, the state and underdevelopment of Nigerias Niger
delta (Omoweh 2005), The next Gulf. London, Washington and oil conflict in Nigeria (Rowell et al. 2005), High stakes and stakeholders. Oil conflict and security in
Nigeria (Omeje 2006), Oil and politics in the Gulf of Guinea (de Oliveira 2007),
When citizens revolt (Okonta 2008), and Development as conflict (Agbonifo 2009).
In Course of the black gold (2008), photojournalist Ed Kashi documents the destruction in Nigeria as a result of oil extraction over a period of 50 years.
Central Africa: Congo and Rwanda/Burundi

A great number of books on central Africa concentrate not surprisingly on
regional and international conflict zones. Two good surveys, both written by
prominent historians, are Rene Lemarchands The dynamics of violence in Central
Africa (2008) and Grard Pruniers African world war. Congo, the Rwandan genocide, and the making of a continental catastrophe (2008). Grard Prunier has also
contributed a volume concentrating on Congo, where one of the main points
made is that foreign interests have always been so great that it is difficult to talk
of Congolese wars: From genocide to continental war. The Congolese conflict and
the crisis of contemporary Africa (2009). The problems of achieving international
peace settlements are discussed in The trouble with the Congo (Autesserre 2010).
Congo is also examined in depth by David Renton et al. in The Congo. Plunder
& resistance (2007), by Thomas Turner in The Congo war. Conflict, myth and
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reality (2007), and in Norwegian by Per E Fosser in Kongo. Landet verdens helst
vil glemme (2007).
There is no lack of new books and new editions of previous publications
dealing with the genocide in Rwanda. Two indispensable studies are Linda
Melverns Conspiracy to murder (2006) and A people betrayed. The role of the West
in Rwandas genocide (2009). The shared responsibility of the international community is critically explored by Jared A. Cohen in One hundred days of silence
(2006), which largely deals with the USA, whilst Andrew Wallis looks at the
role of France in Silent accomplice. The untold story of Frances role in the Rwandan
genocide (2006). Straus Scott sheds new light on the origins of the genocide in
The order of genocide. Race, power, and war in Rwanda (2006), and the role of the
Christian churches is described in Timothy Longmans Christianity and genocide
in Rwanda (2010). An ordinary man. The true story behind Hotel Rwanda (Rusesabagina 2007) is a personal account that formed the background to the film
Hotel Rwanda, whilst A thousand hills (Kinzer 2008) is a tribute to Rwandas
president, Paul Kagame. One of the few books written by a Rwandan about the
genocide and later attempts at reconstruction and reconciliation is Sub-Saharan
Africas development challenge (Kimanuka 2009). The role of the media during
the genocide both inside and outside Rwanda comes under critical scrutiny
in The media and the Rwandan genocide (Thompson 2007). Attention is also
focused on Rwanda and Darfur in a number of books in the field of genocide
studies, such as in Folkemordenes svarte bok (Hagtvet 2008) and Blood and soil.
A world history of genocide and extermination from Sparta to Darfur (Kiernan
2008). Three more recent books, which deal with Burundi in particular, are
Gender and genocide (Daley 2006), Life after violence A peoples history of Burundi
(2008), and Burundi. The biography of a small African country (2008).
Eastern Africa
Eastern Africa is a very wide and vague concept, but often covers the whole
area from the Horn of Africa south to Malawi. This bibliography also includes
the Sudan in this category.
Somalia and Somaliland
In the Horn of Africa we begin with Somalia and Somaliland, which like other
conflict zones have received a great deal of attention in recent years. A good
background is provided in a new book by Ioan Lewis, one of the foremost scholars of the region: Understanding Somalia and Somaliland (2008). Three interesting edited volumes are Somali at the crossroads (Osmann & Souare 2007), State
collapse and post-conflict development in Africa. The case of Somalia 19602001
(Mohamoud 2008), and Milk and peace, drought and war (Hoehne & Luling
2010). Two new contributions are Afyare A. Elmis Understanding the Somali
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conflagration. Identity, Islam and peacebuilding (2010), and Martin M. Murphys

book on piracy off the coast and its links to religion and politics in the interior:
Somalia, the new piracy? (2010). The reasons for Somalilands relative success
in a region marked by destructive conflicts are discussed by Mark Bradbury in
Becoming Somaliland (2008), whilst Kenneth R. Rutherford deals with the intervention in Somalia in Humanitarianism under fire (2008).
Ethiopia and Eritrea
Ethiopia and Eritrea are also examined in several new books, which focus on
international relations as well as internal developments. Among a number of
important books which deserve to be mentioned are Kjetil Tronsvolls War and
the politics of identity in Ethiopia. The making of enemies and allies in the Horn of
Africa (2009), and Gebru Tarekes The Ethiopian revolution and war in the Horn
of Africa (2009). Several collections of articles are also available, such as Ethnic
federalism. The Ethiopian experience in comparative perspective (Turton 2006) and
Borders and borderlands as resources in the Horn of Africa (Feyissa & Hoehne
2010). In Eritrea. A dream deferred (2009), Gebru Tareke subjects developments
after independence to a critical analysis, whilst the countrys foreign policy and
regional role are dealt with in Eritreas external relations (Reid 2010). Michaela
Wrong provides a detailed journalistic portrait of Eritrea in I didnt do it for you
(2005).
Sudan and Darfur
Turning to the Darfur conflict, three classic accounts with a historical perspective
have recently appeared in updated editions: Darfur. The long road to disaster (Burr
& Collins 2008), Darfur. A short history of a long war (Flint & de Waal 2008),
and Darfur sorrows. The forgotten history of a humanitarian disaster (Daly 2010).
Simplified accounts of genocide and one-sided presentations are analysed (and
criticised) by both Grard Prunier in Darfur. The ambiguous genocide (2005) and
Mahmood Mamdani in Saviors and survivors. Darfur, politics and the war on terror
(2009). Among many new studies providing a survey of Sudan are Jok Madut
Joks Sudan. Race. Religion and violence (2007), Ibrahim Elnurs Contested Sudan.
Politics, war and reconstruction (2009), Francis M. Dengs New Sudan in the making (2009), and Richard Cocketts Sudan. Darfur, Islamism and the world (2010).
Much information is also provided by several authors in Darfur and the crisis of
governance in Sudan (Hassan & Ray 2009). In Guerrilla government (2005) ystein Rolandsen deals with Southern Sudan in the 1990s, whilst in Presidentens
mann. Oppdrag Sr-Sudan (2009), Norwegian journalist Tomm Kristiansen gives
his views on the current situation based on his experiences as a communications
adviser to the authorities in South Sudan after it gained greater autonomy. In
The scramble for Africa. Darfur intervention and the USA (Fake & Funk 2008)
it is argued that US interests in the area are linked to oil and other economic
resources. A detailed case study of the problematic aspects of aid and emergency
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aid in a conflict situation is provided by David J. Keen in Benefits of famine. A

political economy of famine and relief in Southwestern Sudan, 19839 (2008). Kerstin Lundell gives a timely documentation of foreign oil interests in Sudan, with
a clear Swedish connection, in Affrer i blod och olja (2010).
Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania
If we move further south, Ugandas distinctive political system is analysed from
a comparative perspective by Giovanni Carbone in No-party democracy (2008)
and by Aili Mari Tripp in Musevenis Uganda. Paradoxes of power in a hybrid regime (2010). The Ugandan election system is also described in detail in Electoral
democracy in Uganda (Kiiza et al. 2008). Ben Jones argues in Beyond the state in
rural Uganda (2008) that more insight is gained if politics is studied independent of what is happening at the state level. . Tim Allen explains in Trial justice
(2006) why the insurgent and terror movement, the Lords Resistance Army,
in north Uganda is rightly brought before the International Criminal Court
(ICC), and updates his analysis with a broader perspective in The Lords Resistance
Army: Myth and reality (2010). The attempts to reduce poverty are described in
Poverty alleviation policy in Uganda since 1986 (Sverrisson 2005), whilst the role
of social movements is discussed in NGOs, poverty reductions and social exclusion
in Uganda (Namara 2009). Womens land rights and privatization in East Africa
(Daley & Englert 2009) is based on case studies from several countries.
In neighbouring Kenya, political conflicts and a failing democracy within the
framework of a multi-party system in particular have attracted attention. Among
recent books in this category are Kenya. The struggle for democracy (Murunga &
Nasongo 2007), Kenyas quest for democracy (Mutua 2008), Reforming contemporary state. The politics of history, conflict and reconciliation in Kenya (Bosire
2010), and Kenyas uncertain democracy. The election crisis 2008 (Kagwanja &
Southall 2010). The exposure of corruption and misuse of power is at the heart
of a bestselling journalistic account book by Michaela Wrong: Its our turn to eat.
The story of a Kenyan whistleblower (2009). Unbowed. One womans story (2007)
is Nobel prize-winner Wangari Maathais personal story, whilst Raila Odinga.
An enigma in Kenyan politics (Badejo 2006) is a personal portrait with a broader
perspective.
A wide-ranging research collaboration between Tanzania and Scandinavian
scholars has resulted in a timely book on central aspects of Tanzanias economy
and politics: Tanzania in transition. From Nyerere to Mkapa (Havnevik & Isinki
2010), whilst Knud Vilbys Independent Tanzania. Challenges since Uhuru
(2009) is a more journalistic account based on his long-term engagement with
Tanzania. A radical criticism of developments over the past decade has been
provided by the prominent Tanzanian lawyer and social scientist Issa G. Shivji in
Let the people speak. Tanzania down the road to neo-liberalism (2009a). The same
writer also offers a model for how to analyse economic systems in societies like
Tanzania in Accumulation in an African periphery (Shivji 2009b).
125
Southern Africa
A good introduction to Southern Africa, with an emphasis on political and economic issues is given by Jonathan Farley in Southern Africa (2008), whilst Janice
Love concentrates more on international relations in Southern Africa in world
politics (2006). Even if the book is a few years old, there is still a great deal of
information and interesting perspectives to be found in Politics in Southern Africa. State and society in transition (Bauer & Taylor 2005). In two collections of
essays, John S. Saul critically examines the unfulfilled hopes of a radical change
of course after independence: The next liberation struggle (2005) and Decolonization and empire (2008). A regional perspective focusing on xenophobia, poverty,
and obstacles to immigration is adopted by Francis Nyamnjoh in Insiders and
outsiders. Citizenship and xenophobia in contemporary Southern Africa (2006) and
by several contributors to Surviving on the move. Poverty and development in
Southern Africa (Crush & Frayne 2010).
South Africa
As demonstrated in the previous chapter concerned with African history, South
Africa clearly stands out in terms of the amount of valuable books. Since many
years have now passed since the fall of the apartheid regime, it is also to be expected that more light is shed on the difficult and according to critics, far too
slow transition into a more just society. . A brief survey of economics and politics is provided by Anthony Butler in Contemporary South Africa (2009). Much
relevant and updated information can be found in the annual edition of State of
the Nation, (Kagwanja & Kondlo 2009), whilst a stimulating overview of the
first 10 years after 1994 is provided by many scholars in The development decade?
(Padayachee 2006). Among several well-written books for a general audience are
R. W. Johnson: South Africas brave new world. The beloved country since the end
of apartheid (2009), Andrew Feinstein: After the party. Corruption, the ANC and
South Africas uncertain future (2009) and Alec Russell: After Mandela. The battle
for the soul of South Africa (2009). An interesting reference work is New South
African keywords (Shepherd & Robins 2009).
A critical account of crucial issues relating to ideology is provided in several
books, such as William M. Gumedes Thabo Mbeki and the battle for the soul
of the ANC (2007), Mueni wa Muius The pitfalls of liberal democracy and late
nationalism in South Africa (2009), Mark Gevissers A legacy of liberation. Thabo
Mbeki and the future of the South African dream (2009) and Xolela Mangcus
The democratic moment. South Africas prospects under Jacob Zuma (2010). In addition, there are several comprehensive collections of articles; see, for example,
The Zuma administration. Critical challenges (Kondlo & Maserumule (2010) and
Testing democracy. Which way is South Africa going? (Misa-Drexter & February
2010). In Chiefs in South Africa (2005) Barbara Oomen shows that traditional
leaders and local cultural traditions in many ways seem to have strengthened
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their position after the fall of the apartheid system.

Soweto inside out (Roberts & Thloloe 2004) provides a journalistic and sociohistorical perspective on an important urban area. Mega-events such as the
Football World Cup in 2010 have also attracted a great deal of attention; the
collection of articles in The race to transform (Desai 2010) succeeds in placing
South African sport in a social and political perspective. A fascinating tale of the
great significance of the game of football for dignity and survival among political
prisoners on Robben Island is More than just a game. Football vs. apartheid (Korr
& Close 2008).
James L. Gibson concludes his three volume work on the transition from
apartheid with a study showing how little has been done as regards the redistribution of land: Overcoming historical injustices. Land reconciliation in South Africa (2009). The land issue is also critically examined in Dispossession and access to
land in South Africa (Yanou 2009) and Land, memory, reconstruction and justice
(Walker et al. 2010). Social movements and the popular struggle from below
are discussed in several edited volumes, such as Voices of protest (Ballard 2006),
Women activism in South Africa (Britton 2008) and From revolution to rights.
Social movements, NGOs & popular politics after apartheid (Robins 2009). The
role of the trade union movement and of expectations that are not fulfilled is
analysed by Sakhela Buhlungi in A paradox of victory (2010). The poverty of ideas
(Dikeni & Gumede 2010) argues that South African intellectuals have failed
in their role as public intellectuals and committed social actitivists after the fall
of apartheid. A revealing book about the close collaboration between Israel and
South Africa during apartheid, which also involves discussions of nuclear weapons, has not surprisingly attracted considerable attention: The unspoken alliance
(Polakow-Suransky 2010).
Biographies
No African (or scarcely any other person alive today) has attracted as much attention as Nelson Mandela. His latest book, Conversations with myself (2010), is
a seminal contribution to a growing body of literature that includes interviews,
letters, newly discovered primary sources, personal notes and photographs. Arguably the best biography so far has appeared in an updated edition to coincide
with the Football World Cup in South Africa in 2010: Nelson Mandela. A biography, written by Martin Meredith (2010). A leading South African scholar,
Tom Lodge, offers a more analytical and critical version in Nelson Mandela. A
critical life (2006), whilst Elleke Boehmer provides a concise account in Nelson
Mandela. A very short introduction (2008), and in Young Mandela (2010), David
J. Smith is particularly interested in the private life of Mandela, his importance
for the transition to armed struggle, and the central role of white communists.
The story of one of the most important trials in South African history (the Riviona trial of 1964) has been told in great detail by one of the defence lawyers in
The state vs. Mandela (Joffe 2007), whilst the book behind the major film about
127
Mandela and the South African rugby series in the World Cup finals of 1995
has the title Invictus. Nelson Mandela and the game that made the nation (Carlin
2010).
In recent years more books have emerged that tells the story of other leaders
in the South African liberation struggle; among the most prominent examples
are Memoirs (Kathrada 2004), Oliver Tambo (Callinicos 2006), Shadows of difference. MacMaharaj (OMalley 2007), Oliver Tambo remembered (Jordan 2007),
Hani. A life too short (Smith & Tromp 2009) and The mission. A life for freedom
in South Africa (Goldberg 2010). Two new books are devoted to Steve Biko and
his significance: Biko lives. Contesting the legacies of Steve Biko (Mngxitana 2008)
and Celebrating Steve Biko. We write what we like (van Wyck 2010).
Other countries in southern Africa
New books concerned with countries in the region other than South Africa are
more scarce. There are, however, several titles which critically examine president
Robert Mugabes personal power and his repressive regime in Zimbabwe. such as
Heidi Hollands Dinner with Mugabe. The untold story of a freedom fighter who
became a tyrant (2008) and Martin Merediths updated edition of Mugabe. Power, plunder, and the struggle for Zimbabwe (2007). Unlike accounts more focused
on individuals, John L. Moore widens the perspective by focusing on internal
and external pressures in the direction of market liberalism in Zimbabwes fight
to the finish (2008), whilst Zimbabwes land reform (Scoones et al. 2010) argues
that the Zimbabwean land reform is not the unmitigated disaster many people
seem to believe. An autobiographical memoir of the struggle for Zimbabwes independence is Fay Chungs Re-visiting the second Chimurenga (2006), whilst the
important election of 2008 is thoroughly analysed by Eldred V. Masunungure
in Defying the winds of change (2009).
The notion of Botswanas political and economic miracle is critically scrutinised by Kenneth Good in Diamonds, dispossession & democracy in Botswana (2008), as well as by Christian John Makgala in Elite conflicts in Botswana
(2006) and by Motsoni Marobela in Political economy of Botswana public sector
management (2010). The state, development and the role of local economic systems
in Southern Africa (Laudemiro 2008) is a comparative study of Botswana and
Mozambique, whilst From enslavement to environmentalism (Hughes 2008) is
a detailed study of a region on the border between Mozambique and Zambia
focusing on the ways in which the lives of ordinary peasants have been affected
by colonialism as well as neo-liberalism in more recent years. In Do bicycles equal
development in Mozambique (Hanlon & Smart 2009) the question raised is how
many really benefit from the growth in recent years in Mozambique, whilst development and dependence on foreign aid are examined in Foreign aid, governance and institutional development in Mozambique (Awortwi & Nurunga 2007).
The deep-seated conflicts in another former Portuguese colony are also brought
into perspective by Patrick Chabal and Nuno Vidal in Angola. The weight of his-
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tory (2007), and by Assis Malaquias in Rebels and robbers. Violence in post-conflict
Angola (2007), whilst Karl Maiers Angola. Promises and lies (2007) is an important book in a new edition and Adebayo O. Oyebades Culture and customs in
Angola (2007) focuses on cultural and political developments. The contentious
issue of land reform and property rights in Namibia is critically assessed through
reports and interviews in Erika von Wietersheims This is our land (2008).
Vera Chirwa vividly tells her story as a freedom fighter and opposition leader
in Malawi in Fearless fighter. An autobiography (2007). Malawi also provides the
background for Harri Englunds in-depth study of poverty and the discourse
on rights: Prisoners of freedom. Human rights and the African poor (2006). A
good overview of Zambias post-independence history is provided in the edited
volume One Zambia, many histories (Gewald 2008), whilst Institutions and ethnic politics in Africa (Posner 2005) focuses more specifically on identities and
political development. The significance of the mineworkers struggle for better
living conditions and democracy is explored by Miles Larmer in Mineworkers
in Zambia (2008), whilst social conditions are assessed by Mdwanga Noyoo in
Social politics and human development in Zambia (2010).
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A guide to the sources

Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala, 2011

About the authors

Searching for facts

Africa Information on the

Principal types of official

Tore Linn Eriksen

The History of Africa

Older newspapers and periodicals

African history in a global

Politics, economics and

International affairs and African

About the authors

Searching for literature on the Internet

Searching for journal articles

Quarterly Index of African Periodical Literature Nairobi: Library of Congress.

Subject related databases

African Studies Abstracts Online http://www.ascleiden.nl/Library/Abstracts/ASA-Online

Searching for facts

Country specific information

Searching for facts

discusses aspects such as their history, geography, politics, economics, people

Subject related information

Searching for facts

er with their amendments, are published as supplements to the statute books

Searching for facts

Ethnic groups and languages

Historical Dictionaries of Africa. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press

Searching for facts

Africa Information on the Internet

Question: What is education in Kenya like from a gender perspective?

Africa Information on the Internet

Africa Information on the Internet

A selection of Internet sources made by Karen Fung at the Africa Collection,

A summary of bibliographic sources and research material about Africa, created

Africa Information on the Internet

is unstable in some countries. Local connections may be lacking between cities,

Africa Information on the Internet

Development and aid issues

Political and economic development

African Affairs, which is published on behalf of Royal African Society, publishes

Older newspapers and periodicals on microfilm,

African Business. London: IC Magazines, 1978 http://www.africasia.com/africanbusiness/

Journal of African Cinemas: Bristol: Intellect, 2009 http://www.atypon-link.com/INT/

AFRINUL African Newspaper Union List http://www.crl.edu/grn/afrinul/search

Other web resources

Statistics consist of numerical information that describes a phenomenon or an

Some sources of statistics

spondence and more comparable statistical data. On AFRISTATs website there

Source: AFRISTAT, http://www.afristat.org/, January 2011.

Source: AEO, http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/, January 2011.

Bank for International Settlements (BIS) is an international organisation that

Source: BIS, http://www.bis.org/, January 2011.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) collects

Yes. PDF. Licence

Source: BIS, http://www.bis.org/, January 2011.

The United Nations Statistics Division of the Department of Economic and

Source: http://unstats.un.org/, January 2011.

Source: UNECA, http://www.uneca.org/, January 2011.

On 20 October 2010, in celebration of the World Statistics Day, UNCTAD

Every four years

Source: UNCTAD, http://www.unctad.org/, January 2011.