COURSE: CC503 TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

The application of technological & scientific

principles to the planning, functional design,
operation & management of facilities for any
mode of transportation in order to provide
for the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient,
economical & environmental compatible
movement of people & goods
Institute of Transportation Engineerings, ITE (1987)

A branch of civil engineering that includes

planning, design, construction, operation,
and maintenance of roads, bridges, and
related infra structure to ensure effective
movement of people and goods

Phase of transportation engineering which

deals with planning, geometric design &
traffic operations of roads, streets &
highways, their networks, terminals, abutting
lands & relationships with other modes of
transportation
of Transportation Engineerings, ITE (1987)

Vehicle
or vessel
Transportatio
n
system

Persons
and/ or
goods

Traffic
system
Relationship
between
transport
people/goods &
infrastructure

Activity
system

Built
infrastruc
ture

Transport that used to move people and /

or goods
The development of transport system causes the
changes community lifestyle and become more
modernize.

People that need to be transport

Community lifestyle developed new transportation
systems exist & introduce more sustainable
transportation system.

Goods that need to be transport

Transportation system increase caused supply and
demand goods/ freight (going in and out) to a
certain location also increase.

infrastructure which includes a variety of

fixed installations such as roads and street,
railroads, pipelines, canals, airports and
harbors.

Transportation is responsible for the

development of civilization from very old
times by meeting travel requirement of
people and transport requirement of goods.
Such movement has changed the way people
live and travel. In developed and developing
nations, a large fraction of people travel daily
for work, shopping and social reasons. But
transport also consumes a lot of resources
like time, fuel, materials and land.

Three (3) main functions of transportation

are:
a. Is to link residence with employment
b. Producers goods for the users such as provide
facilities to work, shopping and recreation
c. Give access to health, education and other
amenities

Road Networking

Private Transport
Private transport is only subject to the owner of the
vehicle, who operates the vehicle.
Eg: own vehicles such as; motorcar, motorcycle

Public Transport

Public transport operations are done through prvate enterprise or by

goverments.
Eg: bus services, taxi sevices, rail services, air services

Trade and Commercial Transport

Eg: vehicle that carry freight/ goods, heavy vehicle such as lorry, truck

TRANSPORTATION MODES

TYPES

ROADS/ SURFACE
TRANSPORTATION

a. Roadways
Private vehicle (motocar,
motorcycle, bicycle)
Recreational vehicle
Heavy vehicle (truck, lorry, bus,
etc)
b. Railways
Railroads (mostly < 300
miles & suburban commuters:
KTM, ETS Electric Train
Service)
Rail transit (LRT, Monorail,
ERL)

WATERWAYS TRANSPORT

Hovercraft (ferry sevice)

Ships (cruise traffic, ferry service)
Barges (cargo, containers)

TRANSPORTATION MODES

AIRWAYS TRANSPORT

TYPES

Air carriers (mostly < 300 miles

& across bodies of water)
General aviation

PIPELINE TRANSPORT

Constitute a highly specialized

freight transportation system

Their market is almost

entirely crude oil, petroleum
products and natural gas

OTHER MODES CABLE & BELT

SYSTEM

Cables and belt system

used extensively for transportation
of freight within industrial
complexes

these are used for

specialized passenger
transportation system such as ski
lifts and moving belts in airports.

Definition:
Transportation planning is the process of
making decisions
Purpose
To provide the information necessary for
making decisions on when and where
improvements should be made in the
transportation system, thus promoting travel
and land development patterns that are in
keeping with community goals and
objectives.

a)
b)

c)
d)
e)
f)

The important of transportation planning where

engineers and planners can prepare plans for
future to guide the city or community.
6 items why transportation planning is
important:
Efficiency
Improve safety
Land use planning
Environment protection
Economic accessibility
Material used

Short Term Planning

Medium Term Planning
Long Term Planning

Define Goals
Values
Goals
Objectives
Measures of effectiveness

Identify needs

Develop alternative solutions

Evaluate alternative
Feasibility
Demand
Cost
Environment al impact
Decision Process
Select alternative to implement
Implementation of preferred alternative

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

Goal Definition: a determination and statement of the goals

of the transportation system. These are often based on the
community values, as identified by the planner. Goals are
often expressed in very oards terms, with more specific
objectives and (possibly) measures of effectiveness then
being deduced from the goals.
Identification needs: this involves comparison of the actual
performance of the transportation system with its goals,
objectives, and measures of effectiveness. Where
performance falls short of the standard, some sort of
improvement needed.
Developed of alternative solutions: to address each need
identified.
Evaluation of alternative solutions: in terms of physical,
economic, and financial feasibility, cost, demand,
environmental impact, etc.
A decision process: in which particular alternatives are
selected for implementation

The main purpose of this stage is to identify

alternatives systems to meet the objectives at
the highest standard. The needed data in this
level is the predicted variables levels at the
systems analysis, functional & criteria of this
result had been identified during define the
problem stage

Four (4) stages that must be done:

i.
Forecast demand stages
ii.
Evaluation stages
iii. Adoption and implementation stages
iv. Continuing stages

i.

Forecast Demand Stages

To predict the level and type of economic activity that
can be developed in the town areas.
To plan for 20 to 25 years ahead
Forecast demand stages is an important and difficult
phase in the transport planning process.
Here future land use pattern also needs to be
predicted
Other items to be predicted are economy activity,
population forecast, estimate future, employment
pattern, and growth in land use pattern (as residential,
industrial, commercial, recreational and open spaces)

ii.

Evaluation Stages
Four aspects are identified, namely wide financial
performance of the environmental, economic &
political
Asessment of financial, economic & system
performance for each selection began in the
formulation of the plan but normally its will come
together.
All the aspects will put together and studies on
environmental effects will be carried out for each
selection.
Agreement was also considered in terms of political
reference with several government agencies in the
metropolitan area that mostly have different objectives
& interest.

iii.

Adoption & Implementation stages

Transportation planning staff to present the
result of evaluation for each choice to the
commiitees or regional commisioners transport
planning policy.
Implementation is often the responsibility of the
state and central government and not the group
who choose the plan.

iv.

Continues Study Stages

After the transportation plan completed, the
staff who involved with the study will be the
group member for ongoing transportation
studies.
Functions: storing the current data on the
patterns of land use, travel and transport system
development.
The group of continuing research will monitor &
administer the assistance given by the central
government for the transportation projects within
the region and they have the same job with the
financial advisory board for the local program.

Origin Destination Studies

The specific uses of O D survey data are

a.
To determines the extent of preliminary
preparation for organizing the survey.
b.
To determine the amount of by passable traffic
that enters a town, and thus establish the need for
the bypass.
c.
To develop trip generation & trip distribution
models in transport planning process.
d.
To determine the extent to which the present
highway system is adequate & to plan new
facilities.
e.
To assess the adequate of parking facilities & to
plan for future

Volume Study
a. Fundamentals measures of traffic on a
road system in a given interval of time.
b.The term are known as FLOW and its
expressed in vehicles per hour (vph) or
vehicles per day (vpd)
c. when the traffic is composed of a number
of types of vehicles, it is normal practice to
convert the flow into equivalent passenger
car unit (PCUs). The flow then expressed as
PCUs per hour or PCUs perday

Spot Speed Study

a. Speed is one of the most important
characteristic of traffic and its measurement is
a frequent necessity in engineering traffic
study.
b. Speed is the rate of movement of traffic or
specicfied components of traffic and its
expressed in metric units in Kilometer per
hour (K.P.H)
c.Study of speed is using SPOT SPEED method
is the instantaneous speed of a vehicle at a
specified location.

Travel Time and Delay Studies

a.
Delay and journey speed will determine
through the running speed, where it is an
average speed maintained by a vehicle over a
given course while the vehicle is in motion.
b. Journey speed known as overall travel speed,
is the effective speed of a vehicle between two
points, and is the distance between two points
divided by the total time taken by the vehicle
to complete the journey, including all delays
incurred en route.

Parking Study
a. Parking study is to gather information
regarding availability of parking space,
extent of its usage and parking demand.
b. It also study regarding parking charges
and what will be the effect of the pricing
policy on parking.

Social Aspect
i. Community association.
ii. Services and facilities provided
iii.Occupant transfer

Economic Aspect
i. Occupation, income and business activity
ii. Local resident activities
iii.Effect towards the property tax
iv.Community and territory development
v. Natural resources

Physical Aspect
i. Environmental design value, scenery and
history
ii. Earth ecosystem
iii.Water ecosystem
iv.Air quality
v. Sound and vibration

To perform three
team:
Physical aspect,
economic and social

Main issue:
Housing, occupation
& transportation
Shopping, housing
and transportation
Recreation,
environment,
agriculture and mining

Identifying
process
(discussion)

Structure plane
(solution)

Problem selection and

important needs