SYNOPSIS

SYNOPSIS
In this project we are fabricate the cam vice. It works in the principle
or eccentric cam mechanism. The main features of the cam vice are
promotes mass production, can hold irregular jobs, more rigidity, reduce
fatigue, etc. Cam was designed to hold the job at high pressure. The other
parts were designed to hold the job in rigid condition. Cam vice is suitable
for mass production. It is possible to hold irregular components also, and
similar components can be very quickly.

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Cam vice is one of the clamping devices used to hold the job in rigid
condition. Cam vice is operated by eccentric cam mechanism. There is a
cam lever. The job can be held tightly in between the jaw. In this, first the
job is place in between jaws, and movable jaw is adjusted by adjusting the
screw rod to maintain according to the eccentricity of the cam with cam
profile. After that, cam lever at the top is operated so that the job is held
tightly in the fixture.

This type of fixture is useful for mass production where only similar
size of jobs is to be held. It reduces operators fatigue and also reduces
stetting time and cost of production.

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

TYPES OF VISES
Without qualification, "vise" usually refers to a bench vise with flat, parallel
jaws, attached to a workbench.
* A woodworker's bench vise is a more or less integral part of the bench.
* An engineer's bench vise is bolted onto the top of the bench.
Other kinds of vise include:
* hand vises (hand-held),
* machine vises - drill vises (lie flat on a drill press bed). Vises of the
same general form are used also on milling machines and grinding
machines.
* compound slide vises are more complex machine vises. They allow
speed and precision in the placement of the work.

* cross vises, which can be adjusted using leadscrews in the X and Y axes;
these are useful if many holes need to be drilled in the same workpiece using
a drill press. Compare router table.
* off-center vises,
* angle vises,
* sine vises, which use solving triangles and gauge blocks to set up a
highly accurate angle,
* rotary vises,
* diemakers' vises,
* table vises,
* pin vises (for holding thin, long cylindrical objects by one end),
* jewellers' vises and by contrast,
* leg vises, which are attached to a bench but also supported from the
ground so as to be stable under the very heavy use imposed by a
blacksmith's work.
WOODWORKING VISES

For woodworking, the jaws are made of wood, plastic or from metal,
in the latter case they are usually faced with wood to avoid marring the work
piece. The top edges of the jaws are typically brought flush with the bench
top by the extension of the wooden face above the top of the iron moveable
jaw. This jaw may include a dog hole to hold a bench dog. In modern metal
woodworkers' vises, a split nut is often used. The nut in which the screw
turns is in two parts so that, by means of a lever, it can be removed from the
screw and the moveable jaw can be quickly slid into a suitable position at
which point the nut is again closed onto the screw so that the vise may be
closed firmly onto the work.
METALWORKERS' VISES
For metalworking, the jaws are made of metal which may be hardened
steel with a coarse gripping finish. Quick change removable soft jaws are
being used more frequently to accommodate fast change-over on set-ups.
They are also kept for use where appropriate, to protect the work from
damage.
Metalworking bench vises, known as engineers' or fitters' vises, are
bolted onto the top surface of the bench with the face of the fixed jaws just
forward of the front edge of the bench. The bench height should be such that

the top of the vise jaws is at or just below the elbow height of the user when
standing upright. Where several people use the one vise, this is a good guide.
The nut in which the screw turns may be split so that, by means of a
lever, it can be removed from the screw and the screw and moveable jaw
quickly slid into a suitable position at which point the nut is again closed
onto the screw. Many fitters prefer to use the greater precision available
from a plain screw vise. The vise may include other features such as a small
anvil on the back of its body.
Vise screws are usually either of an Acme thread form or a buttress
thread. Those with a quick-release nut use a buttress thread.
METALWORKING VISES IN MACHINE SHOPS
In high production machine work, work must be held in the same
location with great accuracy, so CNC machines may perform operations on
an array of vises. To assist this, there are several machine-shop specific vises
and vise accessories.

Hard and soft machine jaws have a very important difference between
other metalworking vise jaws. The jaws are precision ground to a very flat

and smooth surface for accuracy. These rely on mechanical pressure for
gripping, instead of a rough surface. An unskilled operator has the tendency
to over-tighten jaws, leading to part deformation and error in the finished
workpiece. The jaws themselves come in a variety of hard and soft jaw
profiles, for various work needs. One can purchase machinable soft jaws,
and mill the profile of the part into them to speed part set-up and eliminate
measurement. This is most commonly done in gang operations, discussed
below. For rectangular parts being worked at 45 degree angles, prismatic
hard jaws exist with V grooves cut into them to hold the part. Some vises
have a hydraulic or pneumatic screw, making setup not only faster, but more
accurate as human error is reduced.
For large parts, an array of regular machine vises may be set up to
hold a part that is too long for one vise to hold. The vises' fixed jaws are
aligned by means of a dial indicator so that there is a common reference
plane for the CNC machine.

For multiple parts, several options exist, and all machine vise
manufacturers have lines of vises available for high production work.

* The first step is a two clamp vise, where the fixed jaw is in the center of
the vise and movable jaws ride on the same screw to the outside.
* The next step up is the modular vise. Modular vises can be arranged and
bolted together in a grid, with no space between them. This allows the
greatest density of vises on a given work surface. This style vise also comes
in a two clamp variety.
* Tower vises are vertical vises used in horizontal machining centers.
They have one vise per side, and come in single or dual clamping station
varieties. A dual clamping tower vise, for example, will hold eight relatively
large parts without the need for a tool change.
* Tombstone fixtures follow the same theory as a tower vise. Tombstones
allow four surfaces of vises to be worked on one rotary table pallet. A
tombstone is a large, accurate, hardened block of metal that is bolted to the
CNC pallet. The surface of the tombstone has holes to accommodate
modular vises across all four faces on a pallet that can rotate to expose those
faces to the machine spindle.
* New work holding fixtures are becoming available for five-axis
machining centers. These specialty vises allow the machine to work on

surfaces that would normally be obscured when mounted in a traditional or

tombstone vise setup.

CHAPTER III
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

CHAPTER III
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS

3.1. CAM
A cam is a projecting part of a rotating wheel or shaft that strikes a
lever at one or more points on its circular path. The cam can be a simple
tooth, as is used to deliver pulses of power to a steam hammer, for example,
or an eccentric disc or other shape that produces a smooth reciprocating
(back and forth) motion in the follower which is a lever making contact with
the cam.
The reason the cam acts as a lever is because the hole is not directly in
the centre, therefore moving the cam rather than just spinning. On the other
hand, some cams are made with a hole exactly in the centre and their sides
act as cams to move the levers touching them to move up and down or to go
back and forth.

3.2. LEAD SCREW

A lead screw also known as a power screw or translation screw, is a
screw designed to translate radial motion into linear motion. Common

applications are machine slides (such as in machine tools), vises, presses,

and jacks.
A lead screw nut and screw mate with rubbing surfaces, and
consequently they have a relatively high friction and stiction compared to
mechanical parts which mate with rolling surfaces and bearings. Their
efficiency is typically between 25 and 70%, with higher pitch screws tending
to be more efficient. A higher performing, and more expensive, alternative is
the ball screw.
The high internal friction means that leadscrew systems are not usually
capable of continuous operation at high speed, as they will overheat. Due to
inherently high stiction, the typical screw is self-locking (i.e. when stopped,
a linear force on the nut will not apply a torque to the screw) and are often
used in applications where backdriving is unacceptable, like holding vertical
loads or in hand cranked machine tools.
Leadscrews are typically used well greased, but, with an appropriate nut, it
may be run dry with somewhat higher friction. There is often a choice of
nuts, and manufacturers will specify screw and nut combinations as a set.

The mechanical advantage of a leadscrew is determined by the screw pitch

and lead. For multi-start screws the mechanical advantage is lower, but the
traveling speed is better.
Backlash can be reduced with the use of a second nut to create a static
loading force known as preload; alternately, the nut can be cut along a radius
and preloaded by clamping that cut back together.
A lead screw will back drive. A leadscrew's tendency to backdrive depends
on its thread helix angle, coefficient of friction of the interface of the
components (screw/nut) and the included angle of the thread form. In
general, a steel acme thread and bronze nut will back drive when the helix
angle of the thread is greater than 20.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
The advantages of a leadscrew are:
Large load carrying capability
Compact
Simple to design

 Easy to manufacture; no specialized machinery is required

Large mechanical advantage
Precise and accurate linear motion
Smooth, quiet, and low maintenance
Minimal number of parts
Most are self-locking
The disadvantages are that most are not very efficient.
Due to the low efficiency they cannot be used in continuous power
transmission applications.
They also have a high degree for friction on the threads, which can
wear the threads out quickly.
For square threads, the nut must be replaced; for trapezoidal threads, a
split nut may be used to compensate for the wear.

3.3. FRAME STAND

Frame stand in this device is made up of combination of sheet metal

or flat rods welded together. The frame stand is used to hold the fixed jaw,
moving jaw, and lever, lead screw, handle and cam arrangements in this
device.

3.4. LEVER
The lever is used to lock and unlock the cam arrangements in this
device. The liver is an easily operateable device in this equipment.

3.5. HANDLE
The handle is used to adjust operate the lead screw in this equipment.
The handle is fixed one corner of the lead screw.

3.6. FIXED JAW & MOVING JAW

The fixed jaw is stable; the jaw is mounted on the frame stand in this
equipment.

The moving jaw is easily adjustable by the lead screw arrangement.

We can easily move the moving jaw on this equipment by rotating the lead
screw by handle and operating the lever in cam arrangement.

CHAPTER IV
DESIGN AND DRAWING

CHAPTER IV
DESIGN AND DRAWING

4.1. MACHINE COMPONENTS

The DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF CAM VICE consists of the
following components to full fill the requirements of complete operation of
the machine.
Cam arrangements
Lead screw
Frame stand
Lever
Handle
Fixed jaw
Moving jaw

4.2. DRAWING FOR DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF CAM

VICE

CHAPTER V
WORKING PRINCIPLE

CHAPTER V
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The cam vice consists of fixed jaw, moving jaw, lever, lead screw,
handle, cam mechanism and frame stand. The fixed jaw is fixed on the
frame. The moving jaw is arranged parallel through the fixed jaw. The cam
arrangement is placed before the moving jaw. The cam arrangement consists
of lever. The after the cam arrangement the lead screw is arranged. The lead
screw is used to adjust the cam arrangement in the equipment. The main
purpose of the cam vice is used to clamp and unclamp the same size
specimens on it. This vice is used in mass production. The specimen is
placed between the fixed jaw and moving jaw, and then the cam lever is
operated by manually. The specimen is clamped at a perfect stage, and then
the lead screw is used to fit the correct area in the cam arrangement. Now we
can easily clamp and unclamp the same size of specimens in this equipment
very easily.

CHAPTER VI
MERITS & DEMERITS

CHAPTER VI
MERITS & DEMERITS
MERITS
Idle time of the machine is reduced
When compared with the mechanical vices, it continues less time for
clamping and unclamping the job
It reduces the clamping time
Hence, production rate is higher

DEMERITS
Limited size of specimens only clamped in this vice

CHAPTER VII
APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER VII
APPLICATIONS

Applicable in workshops
Applicable in small and medium scale industries

CHAPTER VIII
LIST OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER VIII
LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are
discussed below.
1. PROPERTIES
The material selected must posses the necessary properties for the
proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied
Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand
environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.
The following four types of principle properties of materials
decisively affect their selection
Physical
Mechanical
From manufacturing point of view
Chemical

The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific
gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.
The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,
Compressive shear, bending, torsion and buckling load, fatigue
resistance, impact resistance, elastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of
elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding properties.
The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of
view are,
Cast ability
Weld ability
Surface properties
Shrinkage
Deep drawing etc.
2. MANUFACTURING CASE
Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface
qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating substances may
demand the use of special materials.

3. QUALITY REQUIRED
This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the
material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a less
number of components which can be fabricated much more economically by
welding or hand forging the steel.
4. AVAILABILITY OF MATERIAL
Some materials may be scarce or in short supply, it then becomes
obligatory for the designer to use some other material which though may not
be a perfect substitute for the material designed. The delivery of materials
and the delivery date of product should also be kept in mind.
5. SPACE CONSIDERATION
Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the
forces involved are high and space limitations are there.
6. COST
As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material
plays an important part and should not be ignored.

Some times factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and nonmaintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of proper
materials.

CHAPTER IX
COST ESTIMATION

CHAPTER IX
COST ESTIMATION

1. MATERIAL COST
2. LABOUR COST
Lathe, drilling, welding, drilling, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost

3. OVERGHEAD CHARGES
The overhead charges are arrived by manufacturing cost
Manufacturing Cost

= Material Cost + Labor Cost

=
=

Overhead Charges

= 20%of the manufacturing cost

=

4. TOTAL COST
Total cost

= Material Cost +Labor Cost +Overhead Charges

=
=
Total cost for this project =

CHAPTER X
CONCLUSION

CHAPTER X
CONCLUSION

This project is made with pre planning, that it provides flexibility in

operation.

This innovation has made the more desirable and economical. This
project DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF CAM VICE is designed with
the hope that it is very much economical and help full to workshops, small
and medium scale industries.

This project helped us to know the periodic steps in completing a

project work. Thus we have completed the project successfully.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Design data book

-P.S.G.Tech.

2. Machine tool design handbook Central machine tool Institute,

Bangalore.

3. Strength of Materials - R.S.Kurmi

4. Manufacturing Technology - M.Haslehurst.

5. Design of machine elements - R.S.Kurmi

PHOTOGRAPHY