EGR 232 Dynamics

Homework 01:
Homework:

Fall 2013

Problem 11:2
x 12t 3 18t 2 2t 5

The motion of a particle is defined by the relation

where x and t are expressed in meters and second, respectively. Determine the position and the
velocity when the acceleration of the particle is equal to zero.
solution:
This is typical of a case 1 problem:

x=f(t)

Use:
dx
dt

v(t )

a(t )

and

dv d 2 x

dt
dt 2

Therefore:
x 12t 3 18t 2 2t 5
v

dx d
(12t 3 18t 2 2t 5) 36t 2 36t 2
dt dt

and
d 2 x dv d

(36t 2 36t 2) 72t 36

2
dt
dt dt

Find the time when the acceleration goes to zero.

0 72t 36
72t 36
t 0.5

Then the position and velocity at t = 0.5 s are

x(t 0.5) 12(0.5)3 18(0.5) 2 2(0.5) 5 3
m

v(t 0.5) 36(0.5) 36(0.5) 2 7

2

m/s

EGR 232 Dynamics

Problem 11:8

Homework 01:

Fall 2013
x t 3 9t 2 24t 8

The motion of a particle is defined by the relation

where x and t are expressed in inches and seconds, respectively. Determine a) when the velocity
is zero, b) the position and the total distance traveled when the acceleration is zero.
solution:
This is typical of a case 1 problem:

x=f(t)

Use:
v(t )

dx
dt

a(t )

and

dv d 2 x

dt
dt 2

Therefore:
x t 3 9t 2 24t 8
v

dx d 3
(t 9t 2 24t 8) 3t 2 18t 24
dt dt

d 2 x dv d

(3t 2 18t 24) 6t 18

dt 2 dt dt

and

Find the time when the velocity is zero.

0 3t 2 18t 24

0 t 2 6t 8 (t 4)(t 2)
t=2 s

or

t=4s

Find the time when the acceleration is zero.

0 6t 18
t=3s
Find the position at t = 0, t = 2, and t = 3
x(t 0) (0)3 9(0) 2 24(0) 8 8

x(t 2) (2)3 9(2) 2 24(2) 8 12

x(t 3) (3)3 9(3) 2 24(3) 8 10

m
total distance traveled: from -8 to 12 and back to 10 = 20 + 2 = 22 m

EGR 232 Dynamics

Problem 11:15

Homework 01:

Fall 2013

a k / x
The acceleration of a particle is defined by the relation
. It has been experimentally
determined that v = 15 ft/s when x = 0.6 ft and that v = 9 ft/s when x = 1.2 ft. Determine a) the
velocity of the particle when x = 1.5 ft, b) the position of the particle at which its velocity is zero.

Solution:
This is typical of a case 4 problem: a=f(x)
Use:
adx vdv

v0

x0

vdv adx

v v02 2 adx

v 2 v02 2 adx

x0

x0

Conditions include:
Therefore:
k
a
x
v

x = 0.6 and v = 15 ft/s

or
and x = 1.2 ft and v = 9 ft/s

x
v 2 v02
1
k dx
2
x
x0

k
v vdv x x dx
0
0

v 2 v02
k{ln( x ) ln( xO )}
2

solving for k:
v 2 v02
2{ln( x) ln( xO )}

for x0 = 0.6 and v0 = 15 ft/s

and x = 1.2 ft and v = 9 ft/s
2
2
v v0
92 152
k

103.9
2{ln( x) ln( xO )} 2{ln(1.2) ln(0.6)}
therefore when x=1.5

v v02 2k{ln(x ) ln( xO )} (15)2 2(103.9){ln(1.5) ln(0.6)}

34.6 5.88 ft / s

When v = 0
v 2 v02
x
ln( x ) ln( xO ) ln( )
2k
xO

x xOe

v 2 v02
2 k

x
e
xO

v 2 v02
2 k

0.6e

02 152
2(103.9)

x xOe

v 2 v02
2 k

1.772 ft

EGR 232 Dynamics Homework 01:

Fall 2013
Problem 11:24
A bowling ball is dropped from a boat so that it strikes the surface of a lake with a speed of 25
a 10 0.9v 2
ft/s. Assuming the ball experience a downward acceleration of
when in the water
determine the velocity of the ball when it reaches the bottom of the lake which is at a depth of 30
ft.
a f (v )
Solution: Case 5 problem where
t
v
1
dt

t
v a dv
0
0
and
x

x x0

x0

dx

vdt

t0

initial condition:

t0 = 0, x0 = 0, v0= 25 ft/s

So:
t

dt

t0

1
v 10 0.9v 2 dv
0

t t0

10 0.9v

dv

v0

where the right hand side can be found using Mathematica

therefore:
t t0 0.166667 ln(3.16228 0.948683v ) 0.166667 ln(3.162328 0.94868v )
This equation is difficult to solve implicitly for v, which prevents it from being integrated easily.

A simpler method uses a different solution method:

x
v
v
dx

x
v a dv
adx vdv
0
0

So:
x

v
x dx v 10 0.9v 2 dv
0
0

x x0

v0

This integral is a little easier to solve.

Using Mathematica

therefore setting up the full indefinte integral:

x 0.555556 ln(10 0.9v 2 ) C
10 0.9v 2 e 1.8( x C )
0.9v 2 10 e 1.8( x C )

10 0.9v

dv

10 e 1.8( x C )
11.11 1.11e 1.8( x C )
0.9

Or for the hard core mathematics majors who insist on doing it by hand, using substitution:

u 10 0.9v

dv

du 1.8v dv

1
du
1.8v

v
v
v
1
1
1

x x0
dv

du

du

10 0.9v
u 1.8v
1.8 v0 u
v0
v0

where

then

x x0

1
ln(u)
1.8

v
v0

1
ln(10 0.9v 2 )
1.8

v
v0

solving for v:
10 0.9v 2
1.8(x x0 ) ln(10 0.9v ) ln(10 0.9v ) ln
2
10 0.9v0
2

2
0

10 0.9v 2 (10 0.9v02 )e 1.8( x x0 )

v2

10 (10 0.9v02 )e 1.8( x x0 )

0.9

10 (10 0.9v02 )e 1.8( x x0 ) 10 (10 0.9v02 )e1.8( x x0 )

0.9
0.9

1/2

with x0 =0 , x = 30, and v0= 25

10 (10 0.9(25)2 )e 1.8(30)
v

0.9

1/2

11.11 613.88e 1.8(30)

1/2

3.33 ft / s

An Alternative solution: Numerical Integration using Simulink Simulation Model.

a 10 0.9v
Let

dv
10 0.9v 2
dt

Create the Simulink block model of the equation:

Running this model from a Matlab script file:

% Run the Simulink model and return t,x,and v.
sim('bowlingballwater',[0,9])
plot(t,v,'b-',t,x,'k:')
grid on
title('bowling ball in water problem')
xlabel('time, t, [s]')
ylabel('depth [m] and velocity [m/s]')
legend('Velocity','Depth')
disp('t
x
v')
Out=[t(1:5:end),x(1:5:end),v(1:5:end)]

As can be seen from both the graph and the tabular output,
at a depth of 30 m, the velocity is around 3.333 m/s and takes
around 8.65 seconds to get there. This confirms the answer
from the integration method.

0.0000 0.0000 25.0000

0.0000

0.0002 24.9956

0.0000

0.0012 24.9734

0.0002

0.0062 24.8631

0.0013

0.0309 24.3262

0.0063

0.1470 21.9612

0.0226

0.4591 16.7276

0.0461

0.7983 12.5326

0.0810

1.1712

9.2600

0.1310

1.5684

6.9035

0.1985

1.9761

5.3544

0.2886

2.4088

4.3791

0.4053

2.8823

3.8152

0.5524

3.4185

3.5250

0.7324

4.0394

3.3975

0.9124

4.6464

3.3550

1.0924

5.2488

3.3407

1.2724

5.8496

3.3358

1.4524

6.4499

3.3342

1.6324

7.0500

3.3336

1.8124

7.6500

3.3334

1.9924

8.2500

3.3334

2.1724

8.8500

3.3333

2.3524

9.4500

3.3333

2.5324 10.0500

3.3333

...

...

...

6.6724 23.8500

3.3333

6.8524 24.4500

3.3333