EM P 01 Energy Statistics & Emergy Prices Slides

Energy Management :: 2007/2008
Class # 1P
Course organization and

Energy statistics
Energy Prices
Dr. Joo Parente

joao.parente@dem.ist.utl.pt
Energy Management
Evaluation
CLASSES:
Theoretical
Monday, from 14h30 to 16h30 (IST - room V1.36, Civil Eng. Building) or Friday from 15h to 17h (IST - room
QA02.1, South Tower), and
Practical
Tuesday from 13h to 14h30 (IST - room C12, Central Building), or from 14h30 to 16h (IST - room V1.25, Civil
Eng. Building), or
Thursday from 14h30 to 16h (IST - room V1.33, Civil Eng. Building), or from 16h to 17h30 (IST - room V1.16,
Civil Eng. Building).
Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices
Slide 2 of 53
Energy Management
Course Organization
Week
Dates
Summary
10,14Set
Sustainabilityandresourcemanagement
17,21Set
EnergyMarkets
OUT,1
24,28Set
Energyandenvironment:LCA
PresentationTERMPAPERTopics
1,5Out
Energyandenvironment:LCA
OUT,2
8,12Out
EnergyServices
DefinitionTermPaperTopics
15,19Out
EnergySystemsmodeling:Blocks
OUT,3
22,26Out
EnergySystemsmodeling:IO
OUT,4
29Out,2Nov
EnergyManagementinIndustry
5,9Nov
MainEnergyTransformationEquipmentsCharacterization,energyaudits
10
12,16Nov
EnergyManagementSystemsinIndustry
11
19,23Nov
IntegrationofEnergySystems:Demandsidemanagement.
12
26,30Nov
EnergyEfficiency,toolsandpractice
13
3,7Dez
Energyefficiencyinbuildings
14
10,14Dez
Theroleofrenewables
Assignement
OUT,5
OUT,6
Slide 3 of 53
Energy Management
Evaluation
Contribution to the
final classification
6 Assignments
3% each
1 Term paper
22 %
1 Exam
60 %
Slide 4 of 53
Energy Management
Primary Energy Supply
Source: http://www.snowman-jim.org/science/images
Slide 5 of 53
Energy Management
Primary Energy Supply :: Regional Shares of TPES
*Excludes electricity and heat trade.

**Asia excludes China.
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

(Europe) Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Italy;
Luxembourg; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Slovak Republic; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; United
Kingdom;
(rest of the world) Australia; Canada; Japan; Korea; Mexico; New Zealand ;United States
Source: IEA, 2007

Slide 6 of 53
Energy Management
Primary Energy Supply :: Fuel Shares of TPES
*Excludes electricity and heat trade.

**Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat, etc.
toe - tones of oil equivalent
Source: IEA, 2007

Slide 7 of 53
Energy Management
Primary Energy Supply :: Oil
Source: BP, 2007
Slide 8 of 53
Energy Management
Primary Energy Supply :: Oil
Source: BP, 2007
Source: IEA, 2007
Slide 9 of 53
Energy Management
Primary Energy Supply :: Natural Gas
Source: BP, 2007
Slide 10 of 53
Energy Management
Primary Energy Supply :: Natural Gas
Source: BP, 2007
Source: IEA, 2007
Slide 11 of 53
Energy Management
Primary Energy Supply :: Coal
Source: BP, 2007
Slide 12 of 53
Energy Management
Primary Energy Supply :: Coal
Source: BP, 2007
Slide 13 of 53
Energy Management
Primary Energy Supply :: Nuclear
Source: BP, 2007
Slide 14 of 53
Energy Management
Source: IEA, 2007
Slide 15 of 53
Energy Management
Source: IEA, 2007
Slide 16 of 53
Energy Management
Primary Energy Supply :: Hydroelectricity
Source: BP, 2007
Slide 17 of 53
Energy Management
Source: IEA, 2007
Slide 18 of 53
Energy Management
Source: IEA, 2007
Slide 19 of 53
Energy Management
Primary Energy Supply in Portugal
http://idgnow.uol.com.br/idgimages/galerias/energia_das_ondas/energia_ondas_01.jpg
Source: http://www.eco.edp.pt/image/Empresas.jpg
Source: http://www.ge.com/es/docs/442700_Serpa.jpg
Slide 20 of 53
Energy Management
Primary Energy Supply in Portugal:: Total Primary Energy Supply by fuel

13%
16%
5%
1990
Total Primary Energy Supply by fuel

kTOE
30 000
Others (2)
Electricity (1)
Natural Gas
Oil
Coal
25 000
66%
20 000
2004
11%
14%
domestic production
13%
15 000
6%
net imports
10 000
13%
86%
5 000
2004
57%
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
(1) 1GWh = 86 TOE

(2) Includes wood, wastes, biogas and thermal solar heat after 2005
Source: DGGE, 2007
Slide 21 of 53
Energy Management
Energy Transformation
Source: http://www.fenco-era.net/
Slide 22 of 53
Energy Management
Energy Transformation :: Electricity Production
Source: http://www.fenco-era.net/
Slide 23 of 53
Energy Management
Source: IEA, 2007
Slide 24 of 53
Energy Management
5%
Electricity production
Terawatt-hours
4% 3%
27%
33%
20000
Africa
Middle East
S. & Cent. America
Asia Pacific
Europe & Eurasia
North America
2006
16000
28%
12000
8000
4000
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
0
2006
Source: BP, 2007
Slide 25 of 53
Energy Management
Source: IEA, 2007
Slide 26 of 53
Energy Management
Energy Demand
Source: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY - ENERGY USES IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES, Prof. Michael W. Golay, MIT - Nuclear Engineering Dept. 2007
Slide 27 of 53
Energy Management
Energy Demand :: Consumption per capita
Source: BP, 2007
Slide 28 of 53
Energy Management
Energy Demand :: Regional consumption pattern
Slide 29 of 53
Energy Management
Energy Demand :: Consumption by sector
1973
35%
25%
33%
7%
2005
26%
28%
37%
9%
Other includes geothermal. solar. electricity and heat. wind. etc.
Source: IEA, 2007
Slide 30 of 53
Energy Management
Energy Demand :: Oil
Source: IEA, 2007
Slide 31 of 53
Energy Management
Energy Demand :: Natural Gas
Source: IEA, 2007
Slide 32 of 53
Energy Management
Energy Demand :: Coal
Source: IEA, 2007
Slide 33 of 53
Energy Management
Energy Demand :: Electricity
Source: IEA, 2007
Slide 34 of 53
Energy Management
Energy Demand in Portugal
http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/7/70/300px-Night_Tram,_Lisboa.jpg
http://www.jackiemcauliffe.net/lomo/porto.jpg
Portugal at Night
Adapted from NASA image
Slide 35 of 53
Energy Management
Energy Demand in Portugal :: Energy consumption by source

5%
Energy consumption by source

kTOE
19%
15%
46%
1990
Others
Electricity
Natural gas
Oil
Coal
25 000
20 000
15%
15 000
1%
17%
10 000
5 000
22%
2004
60%
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Others include wood, wastes, heat,
Source: DGGE, 2007
Slide 36 of 53
Energy Management
Energy Demand in Portugal :: Energy consumption by sector

10%
Energy consumption by sector

kTOE
39%
23%
1990
25 000
Services
Domestic
Transportation
Industry (1)
20 000
28%
15 000
18%
10 000
29%
5 000
20%
2004
33%
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
(1) Includes transformation and extraction industry. Does not include final uses as raw materials, nor non energetic uses of oil.
Source: DGGE, 2007
Slide 37 of 53
Energy Management
Energy Supply & Demand Trends
Source: http://www.lisbonideaschallenge.com.pt
Slide 38 of 53
Energy Management
Energy Supply & Demand Trends :: TPES outlook by fuel type
Wood Coal
80
Gases
Solids
60
Hydrogen
40
Liquids
Oil
20
Natural Gas
0
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
Copyright 1999-2004, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549 USA.
Slide 39 of 53
Energy Management
References & Further Reading
IEA 2007, Key World Energy Statistics http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2007/key_stats_2007.pdf

BP 2007, Statistical Review of World Energy June 2007 http://www.bp.com/
DGGE 2007, http://www.dgge.pt/
Tester, J. et al 2005, Sustainable Energy Choosing Among Options, MIT Press 1st Edition.
IEA 2004, Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Portugal 2004 review, International Energy Agency, 2004
http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/portugal.pdf
IEA 2001, Energy Indicators and Sustainable Development, presented at COP7 meeting, 29 October9 November,
Marrakesh http://www.iea.org/textbase/papers/2001/cop7sus.pdf
Source: IEA, 2007
Slide 40 of 53
Energy Management
PROBLEMS
Slide 41 of 53
Energy Management
Problems
PROBLEM 1:
Consider a house with an electrical contract of 10,35 kVA. The present contract is in simple tariff. The
consumption power daily profile is represented in the figure.
The owner is considering to substitute the fridge by a new one. The fridge presents an average power of 200
W, while the new one is expected to consume 100 W.
Consider the following simplifications:
a) Winter peak schedule
b) Constant power consumption of the fridge
Questions:
a)
b)
c)
What is the present electricity monthly bill ?

Is dual tariff, cycle daily, less expensive ?
Considering that the contract has been optimized, what will be the annual saves from the fridge
substitution ?
Slide 42 of 53
Energy Management
Problems
PROBLEM 1:
Slide 43 of 53
Energy Management
Regulated market tariff
RESIDENTIAL (BTN)
Energy (peak and off-peak period)
Contracted Power
NON RESIDENTIAL (BTE, MT, AT, MAT)

Energy (3 or 4 periods)
Peak power (Php)
Contracted power (Pc)
Slide 44 of 53
Energy Management
Residential
TARIFFS
FIX TERM
Contracted
power
(kVA)
3,45
PEAK SCHEDULE
2.881.831
Price for
simple tariff
(/month)
5,57
Price for
dual tariff
(/month)
8,25
4,6
45.504
7,47
10,64
5,75
25.336
9,38
13,03
6,9
1.137.272
11,29
15,42
10,35
342.316
16,68
22,13
13,8
116.915
22,16
28,95
17,25
34.800
27,50
35,58
20,7
141.403
33,09
42,56
Number of
contracts
DAILY CYCLE
WINTER
SUMMER
8h - 22h
9h - 23 h
WEEKLY CYCLE
Working
days
ALL YEAR
7h - 24h
Saturday
WINTER
9h30 - 13h
18h30 - 22h
SUMMER
9h - 14h
20h - 22h
Sunday
ALL YEAR
Never
VARIABLE TERM
Energy in peak period
Energy in off peak period
0,1077 /kWh
0,1077 /kWh
0,0584 /kWh
Application: A house with a 6,9 kVA contracted power has a monthly consumption of 200 kWh at peak
hours and 100 kWh at off-peak hours. What is the best option in the Regulated Market ?
Slide 45 of 53
Energy Management
Problems
SOLUTION PROBLEM 1:
a) 3 minutes
Daily consumption is
Daily consumption = 6x4 + 5 + 4x5+3x9 + 5x1 = 81 kWh/day
Monthly consumption:
Monthly consumption = 81 x 30 = 2430 kWh/month
Present electricity monthly bill:
Monthly bill = Fixed term + Variable term = 16,68 + 2430 x 0,1077 = 278 /month
b) 5 minutes
For the daily cycle:
Peak hours (8h 22h) = 6x3 + 5 + 4 + 3 x 9 = 54 kWh/day or 1620 kWh/month
Off peak hours = 81 54 = 27 kWh/day or 810 kWh/month
Present electricity monthly bill:
Monthly bill = 22,13 + 1620x0,1077 + 810x0,0584 = 243 /month
There is a benefit with the dual tariff, daily cycle.
c) 3 minutes
Supposing that, the contract has been changed for the dual tariff, daily cycle. The daily cost saving will be:
(considering that there are 14 peak hours and 10 off peak hours)
Daily cost saving = (0,2 0,1) x (14x0,1077 + 10x0,0584) = 0,21 /day
The cost saving in one year will be:
Monthly cost saving = 0,21x365 = 77 /year
Slide 46 of 53
Energy Management
Problems
PROBLEM 2:
Consider a WC that have to ways to dry your hands: electrical hot air blow and recycled paper. The electrical
equipment has a power of 1,5 kW and takes 60 seconds to dry your hands. Drying with paper requires 30 g of
paper.
Consider that:
a) The production of 1 kg of paper requires 0,2 m3 of natural gas and 0,3 kWh
b) The electricity of charged under a BTN simple tariff
c) In industry electricity as a price of 0,07 /kWh
With this conditions:
a) What is the energy consumption of each solution ?
b) What is the cheaper solution ?
Slide 47 of 53
Energy Management
FUEL PRICES
INDUSTRY
TRANSPORTS
RESIDENTIAL
LHV
(MJ/kg)
PRICE
PRICE
/GJ
Coal (power st.)
29
0,05 /kg
Biomass
10
0,05 /kg
Natural gas
39
0,03 /kWh
Fuel-oil
40
0,46 /kg
12
Propane
47
1,1 /kg
23
Gas-oil
43
1,084 /l (0,835 kg/l)
30
Petrol
45
1,32 /l (0,75 kg/l)
39
Natural gas
39
0,58 /m3
14
Gas-oil
43
0,733 /l (0,835 kg/l)
20
Butane
47
1,38 /kg
29
Propane
47
1,7 /kg
36
Average prices, based on data from DGEG (www.dgge.pt).

Natural gas prices are strongly dependent on the consumption magnitude
as will be presented forward.
Biomass prices depend very much of biomass source, size and humidity
Consolidation: Is electricity an expensive energy ?

Slide 48 of 53
Energy Management
Problems
SOLUTION PROBLEM 2:
a) 5 minutes
The electricity consumption is:
Electricity consumption = 1,5 x (60 / 3600) = 0,025 kWh
The industrial consumption to produce 1 kg of paper is:
Industrial consumption
= 0,2 m3 x 39 MJ/m3 x (1/3,6) kWh/MJ +0,3 kWh
= 2,2 + 0,3 = 2,5 kWh/kg paper
Considering that each paper towel weights 30 g:
Industrial consumption = 2,5 x 0,03 = 0,075 kWh
In this case, the best solution in terms of energy consumption is the hand dryer.
b) 5 minutes
With the hand dryer, the electric consumption costs:
Electricity cost = 0,025 x 0,1077 = 0,0026
With the paper towel, the natural gas costs 0,03 /kWh. As already calculated, the natural gs consumption
represents 2,2 kWh/kg of paper, meaning that:
Paper towel cost = 0,03 x (2,2 x 0,03 + 0,3 x 0,07) = 0,0026
In terms of energy cost, both solutions are equivalent.
Slide 49 of 53

EM P 01 Energy Statistics &amp; Emergy Prices Slides

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Energy Management :: 2007/2008

Course organization and

Dr. Joo Parente

Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices

Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices

Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices

Primary Energy Supply

Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices

Primary Energy Supply :: Regional Shares of TPES

*Excludes electricity and heat trade.

OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices

Source: IEA, 2007

Primary Energy Supply :: Fuel Shares of TPES

*Excludes electricity and heat trade.

toe - tones of oil equivalent

Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices

Source: IEA, 2007

Primary Energy Supply :: Oil

Source: BP, 2007

Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices

Primary Energy Supply :: Oil

Source: BP, 2007

Source: IEA, 2007

Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices

Primary Energy Supply :: Natural Gas

Source: BP, 2007

Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices

Primary Energy Supply :: Natural Gas

Source: BP, 2007

Source: IEA, 2007

Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices

Primary Energy Supply :: Coal

Source: BP, 2007

Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices

Primary Energy Supply :: Coal

Source: BP, 2007

Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices

Primary Energy Supply :: Nuclear

Source: BP, 2007

Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices

Primary Energy Supply :: Nuclear

Source: IEA, 2007

Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices

Primary Energy Supply :: Nuclear

Source: IEA, 2007

Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices

Primary Energy Supply :: Hydroelectricity

Source: BP, 2007

Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices

Primary Energy Supply :: Hydroelectricity

Source: IEA, 2007

Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices

Primary Energy Supply :: Hydroelectricity

Source: IEA, 2007

Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices

Primary Energy Supply in Portugal

Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices

Primary Energy Supply in Portugal:: Total Primary Energy Supply by fuel

Total Primary Energy Supply by fuel

(1) 1GWh = 86 TOE

Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices

Class # 1P :: Course organization and Energy statistics+ Energy Prices

Energy Transformation :: Electricity Production

EM P 01 Energy Statistics & Emergy Prices Slides

EM P 01 Energy Statistics & Emergy Prices Slides