ELECTRONIC

FILTER
SIMULATION
& DESIGN
Giovanni Bianchi
Roberto Sorrentino

New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto

Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments

xiii
xvi

1 Basic Concepts

1.0 Introduction
1.1 Basic Definitions
1.2 Mathematical Background
1.2.1 Fourier Transform
1.2.2 Laplace Transform
1.3 Filter Responses
1.3.1 Frequency Response
1.3.2 Transfer Function
1.3.3 Pulse Response
1.3.4 Step Response
1.4 Approximations of the Ideal Low-Pass Characteristic
1.4.1 Butterworth Approximation
1.4.2 Chebysheff Approximation
1.4.3 Cauer Approximation
1.4.4 Bessel Approximation
1.4.5 Some Remarks on the Polynomial Filters
1.5 Time Response
1.5.1 Step Response
i
1.5.2 Pulse Response
1.6 Representation of 2-Port Linear Networks
1.6.1 Impedance Matrix
1.6.2 Admittance Matrix

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1.6.3 ABCD Matrix

1.6.4 Scattering Matrix
1.6.5 Image Parameters
1.7 Related Files
References

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2 Lumped Passive Filters

53

2.0 Introduction
53
2.1 Lumped Passive 2-Port Networks
53
2.2 Impedance and Frequency Normalization of a
Low-Pass Filter
55
2.3 Image Parameters for Low-Pass Filters
57
2.3.1 Constant-A; Low-Pass Filters
59
2.3.2 Procedure for the Dual Filter Derivation
63
2.3.3 m-Derived Low-Pass Filters
66
2.3.4 Procedure for the m-Derived Filter Design
67
2.4 Polynomial Low-Pass Filters
71
2.4.1 Singly Terminated Polynomial Low-Pass Filters
71
2.4.2 Doubly Terminated Polynomial Low-Pass Filters... 84
2.4.3 Some Remarks on Passive Polynomial Low-Pass
Filters
97
2.4.4 Closed-Form Synthesis Formulae for LC
Low-Pass Filters
99
2.5 Polynomial High-Pass, Band-Pass, and Notch Filters
103
2.5.1 High-Pass Filters
105
2.5.2 Band-Pass Filters
109
2.5.3 Notch Filters (or Band-Stop Filters)
120
2.6 Complementary Filters
122
2.7 Limitations on Lumped Passive Filters
125
2.7.1 Dissipation Loss
125
2.7.2 Parasitic Elements
129
2.8 Related Files
132
References
133

3 Active RC Filters

135

3.0 Introduction
135
3.1 Operational Amplifiers
135
3.1.1 Basic Configurations
136
3.1.2 AC Response
138
3.1.3 Stability
139
3.1.4 Noise in Operational Amplifiers
141
3.1.5 Opamp Dynamic Range
143
3.2 Active Filters Simulating Passive LC Ladder Networks .. 145
3.2.1 Simulation of Shunt Inductors
146
3.2.2 Frequency-Dependent Negative Resistors
148
3.3 Low-Pass Filters Realization with Bi-Quad Cells
152
3.3.1 Factorization of Low-Pass Transfer Function
152
3.3.2 Active Bi-Quad Cells
,
156
3.3.3 Active Low-Pass Filter Examples
172
3.4 Active High-Pass Filters
176
3.5 Band-Pass Active Filters
180
3.5.1 Real-Pole Band-Pass Mapping
180
3.5.2 Complex Pole and Imaginary Zeroes Band-Pass
Mapping
183
3.5.3 Band-Pass Transfer Function Factorization
184
3.5.4 An Example of an Active Band-Pass Filter
188
3.6 Active Notch Filters
191
3.6.1 Notch Response Factorization
192
3.6.2 An Example of an Active Notch Filter
193
3.7 All-Pass Filters
196
3.8 Performances of the Active RC Filters
.'
199
3.8.1 Active Filter Noise
199
3.8.2 Active Filter Dynamic Range
201
3.8.3 Sensitivity
206
3.8.4 Standard Component Values
208
;
3.9 Related Files
209
References
211

4 Transmission Lines
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Definitions
4.2 Telegraphist Equation of the Uniform Multicoupled
Transmission Lines
4.3 Admittance Matrix of the TEM Multicoupled Lines
4.4 Isolated Transmission Lines
4.4.1 Loss-Free Isolated Transmission Lines
4.4.2 Design Equations for Some Common
Transmission Lines
4.4.3 High-Order Modes
4.4.4 Common Properties of Finite-Length
Transmission Lines
4.4.5 Lossy Transmission Lines
4.5 Symmetrical Coupled Lines
4.5.1 Even and Odd Modes . ,
4.5.2 Immittance Matrices
4.5.3 Equivalent Circuits
4.5.4 Design Equations for Symmetrical Coupled
Lines
4.6 Additional Analyses of Multicoupled Lines
4.6.1 Equivalent Circuits
4.6.2 Distributed Capacitance
4.7 Additional Considerations About Transmission
Lines
4.8 Related Files
References

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5 Low-Pass and Band-Stop Distributed Filters . . . 289

5.0 Introduction
/.
5.1 Semi-Lumped Low-Pass Filters
5.1.1 Design Principle
5.1.2 Semi-Lumped Filter Design
5.1.3 Limitations of the Semi-Lumped Filters

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5.2 Richards Transform

5.3 Redundant Networks
5.3.1 Impedance Inverters
5.3.2 Kuroda Identities
5.4 Band-Stop Filters
5.4.1 Commensurate Band-Stop Filters
5.4.2 Non-Commensurate Band-Stop Filters
5.4.3 Examples of Distributed-Constant Filters
5.5 Related Files
References

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336

6 High-Pass and Band-Pass Distributed Filters... 337

6.0 Introduction
6.1 Semi-Lumped High-Pass Filters
6.1.1 Semi-Lumped High-Pass Elements
6.1.2 Semi-Lumped High-Pass Filter Synthesis
6.1.3 Semi-Lumped High-Pass Filter Design
6.2 Comb-Line Filters
6.2.1 Synthesis of the Comb-Line Filters
6.2.2 Analysis of the Comb-Line Filters
6.2.3 An Example of a Comb-Line Filter
6.3 Periodic Band-Pass Filters
6.4 Interdigital Filters
6.4.1 Synthesis Formulae for the Interdigital Filters
6.4.2 An Example of a Narrow-Band Interdigital
Filter
6.5 Direct-Coupled Stub Filters
6.5.1 Direct-Coupled Stub Synthesis Formulae
6.5.2 Examples of Direct-Coupled Stub Filters
6.6 Edge-Coupled Filters
6.6.1 Narrow-Band Edge-Coupled Filters
6.6.2 Wide-Band Edge-Coupled Filters
6.6.3 Spurious Response in Edge-Coupled Filters
6.7 Other Types of Pass-Band Filters and Design
Techniques

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6.7.1 Pass-Band Filter Synthesis with the Coupling

Coefficients
6.7.2 Hairpin Filters
6.7.3 Tapped Filters
6.8 Related Files
References

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409

7 Special Designs of High-Frequency Filters

411

7.0 Introduction
7.1 Multiplexers
7.1.1 An Example of a Noncontiguous Diplexer
7.1.2 An Example of a Contiguous Triplexer
7.2 Tunable Filters
7.2.1 Varactor Characterization
7.2.2 Tunable Comb-Lines
7.2.3 Tunable Notch
7.3 Active Filters
7.3.1 Gallium Arsenide Field Effect Transistors
7.3.2 Filters with Automatic Loss Compensation
7.3.3 Filters with Automatic Frequency Control
7.4 Pseudo-Elliptic Filters
7.5 High-Power Filters
_
7.6 Related Files
References

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8 Discrete-Time Filters
8.0 Introduction
8.1 Mathematical Background
8.1.1 Z-Transform
8.1.2 Discrete Fourier Transform
8.1.3 Fourier Series .',
8.2 Digital Signal Processing
8.2.1 Sampling
8.2.2 Quantization

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8.2.3 Quantization Distortion

8.2.4 ADC Pulse Shaping
8.2.5 Signal Interpolation
8.2.6 Response of the Analog Channel
8.3 Digital Filters
8.3.1 Basic DSP Working Principles
8.3.2 IIR Filters
8.3.3 FIR Filters
8.4 Switched-Capacitor Filters
8.5 Related Files
References

9 Waveguide Filters
9.0 Introduction
9.1 Propagation in Waveguides
9.1.1 TE and TM Modes
9.1.2 Phase Constant
9.1.3 Dominant Mode
9.1.4 Guided Wavelength
9.1.5 Phase and Group Velocities
9.1.6 Wave Impedance and Characteristic
Impedance
9.1.7 Rectangular Waveguide
9.1.8 Ridge Waveguide
9.1.9 Circular Waveguide
9.2 Reactive Elements in Waveguide
9.2.1 Shunt-Inductive Obstacles
9.2.2 Shunt-Capacitive Obstacles
9.3 Shunt-Inductive Loaded Filter
9.3.1 Design Procedure
;
9.3.2 Design Example
9.3.3 Design Procedure for Wide-Band Filter
9.3.4 Design Example

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9.4 Cross-Coupled Cavity Filters

9.4.1 Elliptic and Generalized Chebysheff Filtering
Functions
9.4.2 Coupling Matrix Description for Narrow-Band
Cross-Coupled Filters
9.4.3 Rectangular Waveguide Realization
9.4.4 Design Procedure of H-Plane and E-Plane
Folded Filters
9.4.5 Design Examples
9.5 Dual-Mode Cavity Filters
9.5.1 Dual-Mode Circular and Rectangular Cavity
Filters
9.6 Low-Pass Filters
9.6.1 Tapered Corrugated Waveguide Filters
9.6.2 Evanescent-Mode Ridged Waveguide Filters
9.7 Related Files
References

Appendixes
Appendix A: Calculation of the Polynomial
Coefficients from a Factorized Expression
Appendix B: Reflection Coefficients Zeroes of a
Polynomial All-Pole Low-Pass Filter
Appendix C: Complementarity of the Singly
Terminated Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters
with the Same Cutoff Frequency, Order, and
Load Resistance

Index

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