Fluid Mechanics Lecture 1

Engineering Fluid Mechanics
CWR 3201 (Sec. 1)
Spring 2015
Dr. Kelly Kibler
Engineering Fluid Mechanics

CE 3201 (Sec. 1)
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
Engineering Fluid Mechanics covers fundamentals of fluid mechanics with
hydraulic applications: fluid properties, hydrostatics, dimensional analysis,
energy, momentum, continuity, and open channel flow.
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this course is to apply the fundamental principles of mechanics to
fluids: conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. This course will provide the
requisite material for fluid dynamics, hydraulics, and heat transfer courses in the
Engineering programs.
RESOURCES
Required text: Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, Cengel &
Cimbala, 3rd Edition (2014), McGraw-Hill
Supplemental text: Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Elger, Williams, Crowe &
Roberson, 10th Ed. (2013), Wiley.
Course content
Basic concepts of Fluid
Mechanics; Fluid properties
Fluid properties
Week
1
2
Fluid statics
Fluid kinematics
Energy
6, 7
Momentum
8, 10
Dimensional analysis
12
Internal flow
13
Differential flow
14
Open channel flow
15
Basic concepts of
fluid mechanics
Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Lecture 1
January 12, 2015
Dr. Kelly Kibler
INTRODUCTION- fluids
Fluids are matter in liquid or gaseous phase.

A fluid deforms continuously under the influence of shear
stress, no matter how small.
By contrast, solids can resist shear stress by deforming.
When a constant shear force is
applied, a solid eventually stops
deforming at some fixed strain angle
, whereas a fluid never stops
deforming and approaches a
constant rate of strain.
Engineering Fluid Mechanics- Basic concepts of fluid mechanics
INTRODUCTION- fluids
Fluids are matter in liquid or gaseous phase.

A fluid deforms continuously under the influence of shear
stress, no matter how small.
By contrast, solids can resist shear stress by deforming.
When a constant shear force is
applied, a solid eventually stops
deforming at some fixed strain angle
, whereas a fluid never stops
deforming and approaches a
constant rate of strain.
What would happen if the rubber were a fluid?

INTRODUCTION- fluid mechanics

Fluid mechanics
behavior of fluids under the influence of forces
fluid statics- fluids at rest

fluid dynamics- fluids in motion
interaction of fluids at fluid-solid or fluid-fluid interfaces
Categories of fluid mechanics

hydrodynamics- flow of incompressible fluids
hydraulics- liquid flows in pipes of open channels gas
dynamics- flow of fluids with significant density changes
aerodynamics- flow of gases over bodies
Fluid forces- components of stress
Stress force per unit area

Normal stress () normal
component of force acting on a
surface per unit area
Pressure normal stress on a static
fluid
Shear stress () tangential
component of force acting on a
surface per unit area
The normal stress and shear stress

at the surface of a fluid element.
For fluids at rest, the shear stress
is zero and pressure is the only
normal stress.
Shear stress develops between layers

of fluid moving at different
velocities;
when fluids move shear stress
develops.
When fluids are static, they are in a
state of zero shear stress.
Phases of matter
Solids
Intermolecular bonds are strong relative to liquids and gases.

Molecules are packed close together- because of the small distances, attractive
forces are large.
Positions of individual molecules are fixed relative to one another.
Liquids
Strength of intermolecular bonds is intermediate, weaker than solids but

strong relative to gases.
Molecular spacing is similar to solids.
Positions of individual molecules are not fixed relative to one another and
molecules may rotate and translate freely.
Gases
Intermolecular bonds are weak relative to liquids and solids.

Molecules spaced far from one another- intermolecular forces are small.
Molecular ordering is nonexistent; particles move at random.
Molecules in the gas phase are at a higher energy state than those in liquid or
solid phase.
Properties of liquids and gases
Unlike a liquid, a gas does not

form a free surface, and it expands
to fill the entire available space.
In a liquid, volume remains

relatively constant because of the
strong cohesive forces between the
molecules.
As a result, a liquid takes the shape
of the container it is in, and it forms a
free surface.
Gas molecules are widely spaced,
and the cohesive forces between
them are very small.
Therefore, a gas expands until it
encounters the walls of the container
and fills the entire available space.
Unlike liquids, a gas in an open
container cannot form a free surface.
10
Velocity profile at a solid-fluid interface

The no-slip condition
Boundary
layer
velocity
Due to the no-slip condition, at a solidfluid interface, the velocity of the fluid
and the solid must be equal. If the solid
is stationary, velocity of the fluid is
equal to zero.
Fluid in motion comes to a

complete stop (velocity = 0) at a
stationary solid-fluid interface.
Fluid layer that sticks to the
surface slows the next fluid layer,
and so on, creating a characteristic
parabolic velocity-depth profile.
Region of flow affected by the
velocity gradient is called the
boundary layer
In turn, the fluid exerts drag force
on the solid in the direction of
flow.
11
Velocity profile at a solid-fluid interface

The no-slip condition
Boundary
layer
Laminar
sublayer
velocity
Due to the no-slip condition, at a solidfluid interface, the velocity of the fluid
and the solid must be equal. If the solid
is stationary, velocity of the fluid is
equal to zero.
Region of flow affected by the

velocity gradient is called the
boundary layer
Region of the boundary layer
where the velocity gradient is
linear is known as the laminar
sublayer.
Because inertial forces are
more balanced by viscous
forces in the laminar sublayer,
flow properties are different in
this region.
12
Influence of the solid-fluid interface to fluid velocities
In cross-sectional flow of the San Joaquin River, you can see

the influence of no-slip physics on fluid flow velocities
River Ecohydraulics - Physical aquatic habitat of lotic ecosystems
13
Classification of fluid flows
viscous vs. inviscid flow
Viscosity is a measure of internal

resistance to flow; the internal
stickiness of the fluid.
When two layers of flow move relative
to one another, the slower layer tries to
slow down the faster layer. A friction
force develops between the layers; the
strength of the internal friction is
described by the viscosity.
All fluids have viscosity, but we may
neglect viscous forces in some cases.
In viscous flows frictional effects are
significant and may not be neglected.
In regions of inviscid flow, viscous
forces are small relative to inertial or
pressure forces and may be neglected
in analysis.
Neglecting viscous terms in inviscid
flow regions greatly simplifies analysis
without much loss of accuracy.
In this picture, viscosity of the

fluids increases from left to
right.
14

regions of viscous vs. inviscid flow
z
At a solid-fluid interface, a
viscous flow region
develops very close to the
surface. This is the
laminar sublayer. The
remainder of the flow is
the inviscid flow region.
Inviscid flow
region
Laminar sublayerviscous flow region
15
internal vs. external flow
Flow of an unbounded fluid over

a surface is external flow.
External flow
Flow completely bounded by

solid surfaces (e.g. in a pipe) is
internal flow.
Viscous effects are limited to

solid-fluid interfaces and in
wake regions downstream of
objects.
Internal flow
Viscous effects influence the

entire flow field.
Flows of liquid in a partiallyfilled duct with a free surface is

open channel flow.
Open channel flow
16
compressible vs. incompressible flow
Flows with nearly constant density are assumed

incompressible.
If we assume a fluid is incompressible, we assume that the
volume of the fluid remains unchanged over the course of
motion.
Application to liquids densities of liquids are nearly

constant, therefore we may approximate liquids as
incompressible.
Application to gases Gases are highly compressible.
17
compressible vs. incompressible flow
Gases are highly compressible. To determine if a gas flow

may be modeled as incompressible requires analysis of
Mach number (Ma, dimensionless):
Ma < 1 Subsonic flow (some may

be modeled as incompressible)
Ma = 1 Sonic flow
Ma > 1 Supersonic flow
Ma >> 1 Hypersonic flow
c = 346 ms-1 in air at STP
Gas flows can be modeled as incompressible if density

variations are < 5% (usually when Ma < 0.3).
Good rule of thumb: compressibility may be neglected in

problems involving flows of air at STP at speeds under 100 ms-1
18
laminar vs. turbulent flow
Laminar flow- highly

ordered fluid motion
characterized by smooth
layers of fluid
Turbulent flow- Highly
disorganized fluid motion
characterized by velocity
fluctuations
Transitional flow- A flow
that alternates between
being laminar and
turbulent.
Turbulence is characterized by
Reynolds number (Re, dimensionless)
19
natural (unforced) vs. forced flow
Forced flow- fluid is forced

to flow over a surface or in
a pipe by external means
such as a pump or a fan.
The fan is forcing air flow over the dog.
Water flows naturally over an elevation

gradient.
Natural flow- fluid motion

is due to natural means
such as buoyancy or
gravity.
20

steady vs. unsteady; uniform vs. nonuniform
(a) An instantaneous snapshot of an

unsteady flow, and (b) a long
exposure (time-averaged) picture of
the same flow approximates the
steady flow condition.
steady flow- properties of

flow (velocity, temperature,
volumetric flow ect.) at a
given point in space do not
change over time
unsteady flow- properties
of flow at a given point in
space change over time
transient flow- describes
developing flows
uniform flow- over a given
region, properties of flow
do not change spatially
nonuniform flow-over a
given region, properties of
flow vary through space
Change
over time
Variation
in space
21

developing vs. fully developed flows
When a fluid flows over a surface (e.g. enters a pipe), the velocity
profile changes with z for some length until the flow stabilizes such
that velocity is constant with respect to z.
Flow which has stabilized in this way is fully developed.
22

one, two, and three dimensional flows
Flow is said to be one-, two-, or three-dimensional if the velocity

varies in one, two or three dimensions, respectively.
Velocity of fully developed flow in a pipe

depends only on r, thus it is one-dimensional.
23


Velocity varies both in r and z dimensions,

thus flow is two-dimensional.
24


If the velocity variation in one or two dimension is small relative to
the other dimension(s), flow may be modeled as one- or twodimensional.
Assuming one- or two-dimensional flow greatly simplifies problem
solving and computation time.
Since the antennae length is much
greater than the diameter and the
flow of air over the length is
uniform, air flow over the car
antennae may be modeled as twodimensional.
25
Problem solving in fluids

dimensions and units
Dimensions
Primary dimensions, for instance mass (m), length (L), time (t)
Secondary dimensions are derived from primary dimensions, for
instance velocity (Ls-1), volumetric flow (L3s-1), force (mLs-2)
Units
Units express the magnitudes assigned to dimensions.
Mass in kilograms (kg), length in meters (m), flow in cubic meters per second
(m3s-1)
Two systems used in this class: English and SI
Dimensional homogeneity
All equations must be dimensionally homogeneous (all terms must
have the same dimensions).
A formula that is dimensionally homogeneous is not necessarily right, but
a formula that is not dimensionally homogeneous is definitely wrong.
26

conversion ratios
Unity conversion ratios are equal to 1 and unitless.

May be inserted into any computation to properly convert units.
Example 1-4: Using unity conversion ratios, show that 1.00

lbm weighs 1.00 lbf on earth.
To solve this problem, we will use the unity conversion:
1 lbf
ft
32.174lbm 2
s
=1
A formula that is dimensionally homogeneous is not necessarily right, but

a formula that is not dimensionally homogeneous is definitely wrong.
27

accuracy, precision, and significant digits
Accuracy error (inaccuracy) is the value of a reading minus the true

value. Associated with repeatable, fixable errors.
Precision error is the value of a given reading minus the mean of a

set of readings. Associated with unrepeatable, random error.
How close is the reading to the true value?
How good is your instrument at providing a consistent reading?
Significant digits indicate precision of a reading or calculation.

A solution to an engineering calculation may not be reported with
more precision than the information used to derive the solution.
The least significant numeral in a number implies the precision of a
measurement or calculation.
When performing calculations or manipulations of several
parameters, the final result is only as precise as the least precise
parameter in the problem.
Determine significant digits as a final step in a solution.
28

Fluid Mechanics Lecture 1

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Engineering Fluid Mechanics

CWR 3201 (Sec. 1)

Engineering Fluid Mechanics

Open channel flow

Fluids are matter in liquid or gaseous phase.

Engineering Fluid Mechanics- Basic concepts of fluid mechanics

Fluids are matter in liquid or gaseous phase.

What would happen if the rubber were a fluid?

INTRODUCTION- fluid mechanics

fluid statics- fluids at rest

interaction of fluids at fluid-solid or fluid-fluid interfaces

Categories of fluid mechanics

Engineering Fluid Mechanics- Basic concepts of fluid mechanics

Fluid forces- components of stress

Stress force per unit area

The normal stress and shear stress

Shear stress develops between layers

Intermolecular bonds are strong relative to liquids and gases.

Strength of intermolecular bonds is intermediate, weaker than solids but

Intermolecular bonds are weak relative to liquids and solids.

Engineering Fluid Mechanics- Basic concepts of fluid mechanics

Properties of liquids and gases

Unlike a liquid, a gas does not

Engineering Fluid Mechanics- Basic concepts of fluid mechanics

In a liquid, volume remains

Velocity profile at a solid-fluid interface

Engineering Fluid Mechanics- Basic concepts of fluid mechanics

Fluid in motion comes to a

Velocity profile at a solid-fluid interface

Engineering Fluid Mechanics- Basic concepts of fluid mechanics

Region of flow affected by the

Influence of the solid-fluid interface to fluid velocities

In cross-sectional flow of the San Joaquin River, you can see

Classification of fluid flows

viscous vs. inviscid flow

Viscosity is a measure of internal

Engineering Fluid Mechanics- Basic concepts of fluid mechanics

In this picture, viscosity of the

Classification of fluid flows

Laminar sublayerviscous flow region

Engineering Fluid Mechanics- Basic concepts of fluid mechanics

Classification of fluid flows

internal vs. external flow

Flow of an unbounded fluid over

Flow completely bounded by

Viscous effects are limited to

Viscous effects influence the

Flows of liquid in a partiallyfilled duct with a free surface is

Engineering Fluid Mechanics- Basic concepts of fluid mechanics

Open channel flow

Classification of fluid flows

compressible vs. incompressible flow

Flows with nearly constant density are assumed

Application to liquids densities of liquids are nearly

Application to gases Gases are highly compressible.

Engineering Fluid Mechanics- Basic concepts of fluid mechanics

Classification of fluid flows

compressible vs. incompressible flow

Gases are highly compressible. To determine if a gas flow

Ma < 1 Subsonic flow (some may

c = 346 ms-1 in air at STP

Gas flows can be modeled as incompressible if density

Good rule of thumb: compressibility may be neglected in

Classification of fluid flows