Overvoltages During Line Dropping of Compensated Lines

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C4-105
CIGRE 2012
Overvoltages During Line Dropping of Compensated Lines

M Owen
Beca Pty Ltd
Australia
SUMMARY
This paper addresses the Temporary Overvoltages (TOV) that occur when a long unloaded
compensated line is dropped. This topic has been raised in previous Cigr publications [1] although to
date a complete analysis has not been presented.
The current work was initiated following the study of a long 220kV AC cable circuit of length in the
order of 100km. Traditionally HVAC cables have only been applied over relatively short distances.
Application of AC cable circuits in the range of 100km is relatively new application of the technology.
During the EMTP study work, line side step increases in voltage, and low frequency resonance were
noticed upon disconnection of the compensated unloaded circuit. An out-of-phase voltage condition
was observed across the circuit breaker contacts due to the difference in system frequency applied at
the source side and the resonant frequency determined by the line capacitance components and shunt
reactor inductance. The shunt reactor was linear due to its gapped core and lacked mutual coupling
between phases due to its five limbed core construction. Previous work [2] examined the phenomenon
in respect of overhead lines and concluded, based upon a limited amount of analysis, that the
overvoltage is restricted only to the case of non-transposed circuits.
This paper has now extended that work using the Clarke component method which is appropriate for
transient study. It is shown that the effect can occur on perfectly transposed lines, and that the nonsimultaneous interruption of the current is a contributing factor to the effect.
The analysis considers a simple lumped model of the basic circuit. Similarity in the results observed
between the simple model and EMTP simulations of distributed line models give confidence in
accuracy of the latter.
The paper concludes that careful attention be paid to the out-of-phase power frequency recovery
voltage of the circuit breaker where such resonant overvoltages may potentially arise. It considers the
IEC standard for High Voltage AC Circuit Breakers [3] which states that for out-of-phase breaking
tests, the power frequency recovery voltage shall be 2.0/3 times the rated voltage for solidly earthed
neutral systems and 2.5/3 times the rated voltage for other systems. The standard also requires that
the power frequency recovery voltage be withstood during test for a period of at least 0.3s. In solidly
earthed systems which are prevalent at EHV system voltages, it is shown that the IEC test limits may
be exceeded.
KEYWORDS
Temporary Overvoltage, Compensation, Out-of-Phase breaking, Recovery Voltage, EMTP
Michael.owen@beca.com
CONFIGURATION
There are instances where large loads are supplied via a long distance circuits. The conventional
supply may be via an HVAC line, either overhead or underground cable. In order to facilitate the
connection application, it is common for Network Service Providers to prescribe limits at the
connection point on operating variables such power factor, voltage etc.. Reactive compensation is
conventionally provided to meet those requirements. The limits imposed for Mvar import / export can
result in requirements for high percentages of reactive compensation, which in turn can lead to missing
current zeros when the line is energized. Figure 2 below demonstrates typical transients that can occur
when a compensated line is energized. Standard interrupting tests are not performed on circuit
breakers with such high levels of DC offsets. Because the circuit breaker may be called upon by
protection to interrupt directly following line energization, some utilities [4] either adopt
countermeasures or apply circuit breakers that have been subject to DC interruption tests [5]. One
solution is to install two or more smaller reactors that are switched to match the circuit load.
Compensation may be applied as a set of two of three 30% switched reactors.
1600
1800
1200
1120
800
400
440
-240
-400
-800
-920
-1200
-1600
-1600
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
(a) 90% compensated
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
(b) 60% compensated
0.25
0.30
0.35
Figure 2. Line entry currents unloaded line
This paper reports on resonance effects noticed during ATP-EMTP simulation studies for deenergization of a compensated unloaded line. A reactor with a five limb core was chosen to align with
an existing installation, and to avoid the resonance effect, reported by others [6], due to mutual
coupling between the reactor phases.
MODELLING
The elementary circuit is shown below in Figure 1. This model is used to facilitate understanding, and
provides a lumped circuit which may be constructed in ATP-EMTP to exhibit the basic phenomenon.
A distributed parameter model similar to an existing circuit was also built to demonstrate that the same
effects also occur on a realistic model.
Other authors [2] have analyzed this basic circuit using Clarke components and reported that upon
circuit de-energization, high voltages occur due to resonance effects on untransposed lines. That
analysis is extended in this paper to show that high resonant voltages can also occur on perfectly
transposed lines for non-simultaneous interruption between phases. An overview of the Clarke
method is included in the Appendix. Full derivation of the Clarke equivalent network is reported in a
separate text [7]. In Figures 1a and 1b, the overhead line or underground cable circuit are modeled as
a set of lumped capacitors, with the circuit breaker pole opening shown by the switch sequence 1, 2
and 3. Figure 1d shows the Clarke equivalent network for the circuit, again with the corresponding
circuit breaker pole opening shown by the switches 1, 2 and 3.
(a) Single liine representation

n
(b) Three phase network of overhhead line system
(dd) Equivalent Claarke component network

n
hase network of ccable system

(c) Three ph
mpensated line
Figure 1. Reprresentation of com
The corrrespondence between linee capacitancee in Clarke and

a phase com
mponents is shown below
w.
For overrhead line:
(1)
(2)
For cable:
3
(3)
(4)
The corrrespondence between reaactor inductannce in Clarkee and phase components

c
is shown below.
(1)
f the study
y were:
Parameteers adopted for
Nom
minal voltagee 220 kV, 50H
Hz, with the operating vo
oltage at the switching loocation being
g 242 kV.
mpensated ovverhead line lumped

l
capaacitance mod
del.
Com
o
o
Compensated cable lumped capacitance model.

o
o
Cs = 1.1 nFkm-1, Cg = 7.7 nFkm-1.

Lr = 6.2 H (30% compensation @ 500km), reactor X/R ratio = 200.
Cs = 6 Fkm-1, Cc = 1.43, Fkm-1, Cg = 12 Fkm-1.

Lr = 2500 mH (30% compensation @ 100km), reactor X/R ratio = 200.
Compensated distributed parameter cable model based upon manufacturers data:

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Total length 100 km, compensation at mid-way point.

Fully cross bonded - minor section lengths 1.667 km.
Sheaths solidly bonded together and to earth at major sections with earth resistance 50.
Copper conductor radius 13.45 mm.
Aluminum sheath inner radius 44.83 mm.
Aluminum sheath outer radius 45.50 mm.
Serving radius 47.00 mm.
Trefoil formation, distance between conductor centers 51.00 mm.
Cs = 6 Fkm-1, Cc = 1.43 Fkm-1, Cg = 12 Fkm-1.
- permittivity adjusted to suit [8].
Lr = 2500 mH (30% compensation @ 100km), reactor X/R ratio = 200.
Lines unloaded.
Solidly earthed neutral system.
The circuit breaker pole span upon opening is a parameter reported [9] to contribute to overvoltage
upon de-energization. For the current work, a maximum value of 4ms was assumed, although for
modern well maintained equipment a value less than 2ms is expected. In all simulations, the current
chopping level was set to 1A.
RESULTS
The results plotted in Figures 2 to 21 demonstrate various combinations of parameters for:
500 km overhead line lumped capacitance model

100 km lumped capacitance cable model
100 km distributed parameter cable model
In each case the results for compensation levels of 60% and 30% are recorded. Results are obtained
for switch opening pole spans at 0ms and 4ms.
On the power frequency recovery voltage plots, lines are drawn to match the power frequency
recovery voltage test limits of the IEC standard for High Voltage AC Circuit Breakers [3]. The limits
are drawn for a 245 kV system and are 400 kV for solidly earthed neutral systems, and 500 kV for
other systems. During testing, the circuit breaker is expected to withstand the power frequency
recovery voltage for 0.3s.
It is immediately apparent from the results, that on occasions following interruption, the line side
voltages at the circuit breaker exhibit an oscillation that display a beat characteristic with peak
voltages that exceed the nominal value. This reflects onto the power frequency recovery voltage
across the circuit breaker, and test limits are exceeded within the 0.3s period. The effect is more
noticeable when the pole span is 4ms.
Inspection of the Clarke network in Figure 1 shows that the resonant frequency of the and circuits
are the same (cable and overhead line 27.2 Hz, at 30% compensation ), however the resonant
frequency of the circuit is different (cable 28.1 Hz, overhead line 14.6 Hz, at 30%
compensation). When the circuit is introduced into the network by operation of switch 1, currents
and voltages exhibit a resultant beat due to the difference in the , and frequencies. If however, all
switch currents were to chop current concurrently (Figure 21), the circuit never receives any
excitation, and the beat in frequency is not expected.
Two current interrupting patterns are observed, one in which two of the slopes at interruption are of
the same sign, with one different (e.g. Figure 5a), and each interruption is separated by 3.33ms; and
the other in which the slopes at interruption are all the same sign (e.g. Figures 2a), and each
interruption is separated by 6.66ms. The latter case is associated with a pole span of 4ms.
A slight interference on the second and third phases of the interrupting current is also observed.
Suppression of the peak of the second phase current to interrupt may be seen in Figure 2a, and careful
measurement shows that current zero of the last phase to interrupt is slightly extended over the normal
power frequency value. This effect is anticipated due to evolving nature of the circuit.
For similar current interruption patterns, similar power frequency recovery voltages are observed.
The Figures also show the Clarke component currents flowing into the reactor, and voltages across the
cable entry point respectively. The reason for the high voltage becomes clear when it is observed that
the component slowly shifts its phase relative to the and components. At some point, it is in antiphase to the others. Application of the inverse Clarke transform via equation A.6 demonstrates that
differences in the signs of the instantaneous Clarke component voltages can result in high voltages in
the phase components.
The results with a 4ms pole span generally exhibit more severe power frequency recovery voltages
than those with a 0ms pole span. This is expected, since inspection of Figure 1a shows that the the
circuit will experience a longer period of excitation due to a greater duration between the operation of
switches 1, 2 and 3.
Comparison of the results at 30% and 60% compensation show a tendency for higher recovery
voltages at lower levels of compensation. This may be attributed to the magnitude of current flowing
prior to the interruption. The higher the initial current the higher are the voltages developed in the
equivalent Clarke network (Figure 1d) following switch operation, and consequently the recovery
voltage is more severe.
The effect of increased resistance to earth at the first major section bonding point is shown in
Figure 17. The sheath voltage measured for the default study parameter of 50 for resistance to earth
is compared to the voltage obtained with a 1 value. As might be expected, the sheath voltage is
higher by an order of magnitude with the higher earth resistance. The other results for that case,
recorded in Figures 14 to 16 remain substantially the same.
500km 220kV lumped capacitance overhead line model, pole span 4ms
150
250.0
600
[kV]
[A]
[kV]
187.5
100
400
125.0
50
200
62.5
0.0
-62.5
-50
-200
-125.0
-100
-400
-187.5
-150
0.05
0.08
-600
0 00
0 05
0 10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 30
[s]
0 35
-250.0
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
[s]
0.35
(a)Breaker currents
(b) Breaker power frequency recovery voltage
(c) Phase voltages at cable entry
- scale ticks 50A
- scale ticks 200kV
- scale ticks 62.5kV
Figure 2. 500km 220kV overhead line (unloaded) - 60% compensated lumped capacitor model. Pole span = 4 ms
300
600
200
400
350.0
*10 3
*10 3
262.5
175.0
100
200
87.5
0.0
-87.5
-100
-200
-175.0
-200
-400
-262.5
-300
0 05
0 08
-350.0
-600
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.00
0.35
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
(a)Breaker currents
- scale ticks 100A
- scale ticks 200kV
500
500
*10 6
375
375
250
250
125
125
-125
-125
-250
-250
-375
-375
-500
-500
0 00
0 00
0 05
0 10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 30
0 05
0 10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 30
0 35
0 35
(a) Reactor currents - scale ticks 125A

(b) Sequence voltages at cable entry - scale ticks 125kV
component, component, component
500km 220kV lumped capacitance overhead line model, pole span 0ms
150
500
250.0
[kV]
[A]
[kV]
375
187.5
100
250
125.0
125
62.5
50
-50
0.0
-125
-62.5
-125.0
-250
-100
-187.5
-375
-150
0 05
0 08
-500
0 00
-250.0
0.00
0 05
0 10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 30
[s]
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
[s]
0.35
0 35
(a)Breaker currents
- scale ticks 50A
- scale ticks 125kV
300
600
300
*10 3
*10 3
200
400
200
100
200
-100
100
-200
-100
-400
-200
-200
-600
-300
0 00
-300
0 05
0 10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 30
0 35
0 00
0 05
0 10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 30
0 35
(a)Breaker currents
- scale ticks 100A
- scale ticks 200kV
- scale ticks 100kV
300
500
*10 6
375
200
250
100
125
-125
-100
-250
-200
-375
-300
-500
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0 00
0 05
0 10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 30
0 35

100km 220kV lumped capacitance cable model, pole span 4ms
400
500
250.0
[A]
[kV]
300
[kV]
375
200
187.5
250
125.0
100
125
0.0
-100
-125
-62.5
-200
-250
-125.0
-187.5
-375
-300
-400
0.04
62.5
-500
0.00
0.06
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
[s]
-250.0
0 00
0.35
0 05
0 10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 30
[s]
0 35
0.08
(a)Breaker currents
- scale ticks 100A
- scale ticks 125kV
Figure 8. 100km cable (unloaded) 60% compensated, lumped capacitance cable model. Pole span = 4ms
600
300
500
[A]
[kV]
[kV]
400
375
200
250
200
100
125
-125
-200
-100
-250
-400
-200
-375
-600
0.030
-500
0 00
0.064
0 05
0 10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 30
[s]
0 35
-300
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
[s]
0.35
(a)Breaker currents
- scale ticks 200A
- scale ticks 125kV
- scale ticks 100kV
500
1200
*10 3
375
800
250
400
125
-125
-400
-250
-800
-375
-1200
0 00
0 05
0 10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 30
[s]
0 35
-500
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
[s]
0.35

100km 220kV lumped capacitance cable model, pole span 0ms

500
400
[kV]
[A]
200
[kV]
375
300
150
250
200
100
100
125
-100
-125
-200
-250
-300
-375
50
-50
-400
0.04
0.06
0.08
-100
-150
-500
0.00
0.10
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
[s]
-200
0.00
0.35
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
[s]
0.35
(a)Breaker currents
- scale ticks 100A
- scale ticks 125kV
- scale ticks 50kV
500
600
[kV]
200
375
*10 3
400
150
250
100
200
125
50
-125
-50
-250
-100
-200
-400
-150
-375
-200
-600
0 05
0.00
-500
0 00
0 08
0 05
0 10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 30
[s]
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
(a)Breaker currents
- scale ticks 200A
- scale ticks 125kV
- scale ticks 50kV
700
500
525
375
350
250
175
125
*10 6
-175
-125
-350
-250
-375
-525
-700
0 00
0 05
0 10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 30
[s]
-500
0 00
0 35
0 05
0 10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 30
[s]
0 35

100km 220kV distributed parameter cable, pole span 4ms
500
250.0
500
[A]
[kV]
[kV]
375
187.5
375
250
125.0
250
125
62.5
125
0
0.0
0
-125
-62.5
-125
-250
-125.0
-250
-375
-187.5
-375
-500
0.05
0.08
-500
0 00
-250.0
0.00
0 05
0 10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 30
[s]
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
[s]
0.35
0 35
(a)Breaker currents
- scale ticks 125A
- scale ticks 125kV
Figure 14. 100km cable (unloaded) 60% compensated, fully cross bonded distributed parameter model. Pole span = 4ms
700
300
500
[A]
[kV]
525
[kV]
375
200
350
250
100
175
125
-175
-125
-100
-350
-250
-200
-525
-375
-700
0 05
-500
0.00
0 08
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
[s]
0.35
-300
0 00
0 05
0 10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 30
[s]
(a)Breaker currents
- scale ticks 175A
- scale ticks 125kV
- scale ticks 100kV
700
0 35
500
*10 6
375
400
250
125
100
-200
-125
-250
-500
-375
-800
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
[s]
-500
0 00
0.35
0 05
0 10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 30
[s]
0 35

200
4000
[V]
[V]
50
2000
-100
-250
-2000
-4000
-400
-6000
-550
-8000
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
[s]
-700
0.00
0.35
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
[s]
Sheath voltages at first joint - scale ticks 2000V

Sheath voltages at first joint - scale ticks 150V
Resistance to earth at major section joints - 50 ohm
Resistance to earth at major section joints - 1 ohm
Figure 17. 100km cable (unloaded) 30% compensated, fully cross bonded distributed parameter model.
0.35
100km 220kV distributed parameter cable, pole span 0ms

250.0
500
500
[A]
[kV]
[kV]
375
375
250
250
125
125
187.5
125.0
62.5
0.0
-125
-125
-62.5
-250
-250
-375
-125.0
-375
-187.5
-500
0.05
0.08
-500
0 00
0 05
0 10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 30
[ ]
0 35
-250.0
0 00
0 05
0 10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 30
(a)Breaker currents
- scale ticks 125A
- scale ticks 125kV
[s]
0 35
250.0
700
500
[kV]
[A]
[kV]
187.5
525
375
350
250
175
125
0.0
-175
-125
-62.5
-350
-250
-125.0
125.0
62.5
-375
-525
-700
0 060
0 075
-187.5
-500
0 00
0 090
0 05
0 10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 30
[s]
0 35
-250.0
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
[s]
(a)Breaker currents
- scale ticks 175A
- scale ticks 125kV
800
0.35
500
*10 6
600
375
400
250
200
125
-200
-125
-250
-400
-375
-600
-800
0.00
-500
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
[s]
(f
0.35
0.05
0.10
ff
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
[s]
0.35

400
600
200
*10 3
*10 3
300
150
400
200
100
200
100
50
0
-100
-50
-200
-200
-100
-400
-300
-150
-400
0 00
-600
60
64
0 05
0 10
0 15
0 20
0 25
0 30
0 35
-200
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
(a)Breaker currents
- scale ticks 200A
- scale ticks 100kV
- scale ticks 50kV
Figure 21. 100km cable (unloaded) 30% compensated, fully cross bonded distributed parameter model. Simultaneous current chop.
0.35
CONCLUSIONS
This paper has examined the effects of de-energizing an unloaded compensated line. This corresponds
to an out-of-phase breaking case [3], due to the sustained resonant voltage at the line side of the
circuit breaker following interruption.
A simple lumped model of the circuit representing the power frequency recovery voltage has been
analyzed to determine the transient currents and voltages. The similarity between the results observed
between the simple model and the distributed line model give confidence in the accuracy of the latter.
It has been established that high power frequency recovery voltages can occur when relatively low
levels (30%) of compensation are employed, however the effects are still occasionally observable even
at commonplace (60%) compensation levels.
The pole span during circuit breaker opening is shown to have a detrimental effect if it is of sufficient
duration to affect the sequence of current interruption between the phases. This is observed to occur
above about 4ms. With modern well maintained equipment however, a pole span greater than 2ms is
not expected.
10
Circuit breaker test limits for power frequency recovery voltage are specified in the IEC standard for
High Voltage AC Circuit Breakers [3]. It states that for out-of-phase breaking tests, the power
frequency recovery voltage shall be 2.0/3 times the rated voltage for solidly earthed neutral systems
and 2.5/3 times the rated voltage for other systems. The standard also requires that the power
frequency recovery voltage be withstood during test for a period of at least 0.3s.
This paper has demonstrated that the act of de-energizing an unloaded compensated line may cause
those limits to be exceeded. The standard however does include a caveat to say that operation leading
to a power-frequency recovery voltage higher than that corresponding to the rated voltage of the
circuit-breaker, in particular, at the end of long lines, should be subject to an agreement between
manufacturer and user.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author acknowledges the support of Beca Pty Ltd in the presentation of this paper.
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[2]
[3]
[4]
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[6]
[7]
[8]
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M. Owen, Transient Analysis Using Component Transforms, PEAM, (2011).
Power System Transients - Parameter Determination, CRC Press (2010).
M. Kizilcay, Switching Overvoltages in a 400-kV Cable System, PSCC, 2008.
11
APPENDIX
CLARKE ANALYSIS
The problem under consideration is transient in nature. In this paper Clarke analysis is adopted as the
method of analysis due to its validity under instantaneous conditions, and also to avoid the
inconvenience of the complex operator associated with the Symmetrical Component method.
Both the Symmetrical Component and Clarke transformations are each particular solutions to the
eigenvalue problem. The following relationship holds true:
=
(A.1)
Where impedance is represented as:

2
0
0
0
0
(A.2)
for:
(A.3)
The same form is also applicable to capacitance (C), inductance (L) and resistance (R) matrices
respectively, and:
=
(A.4)
where ( I ) is the unit matrix.
The phase (p) components (a, b & c) and Clarke ( ) components (, & ) are represented as:
(A.5)
Similarly for , where and
are the instantaneous currents and voltages respectively.
The transformations used are:
1
1
1
or:
0
2
2
(A.7)
=
1
=
2
1
0
or:
=
(A.6)
2
1
2
3
2
2
1
2
3
2
(A.8)
(A.9)
It may be observed from the above equations that the component is 3 times the zero sequence value
from the Symmetrical Component method. It may also be observed that the Clarke component
impedances and Symmetrical Component impedances are equal.
12

Overvoltages During Line Dropping of Compensated Lines

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Overvoltages During Line Dropping of Compensated Lines

(a) 90% compensated

(b) 60% compensated

Figure 2. Line entry currents unloaded line

(a) Single liine representation

(b) Three phase network of overhhead line system

(dd) Equivalent Claarke component network

hase network of ccable system

The corrrespondence between linee capacitancee in Clarke and

The corrrespondence between reaactor inductannce in Clarkee and phase components

mpensated ovverhead line lumped

Compensated cable lumped capacitance model.

Cs = 1.1 nFkm-1, Cg = 7.7 nFkm-1.

Cs = 6 Fkm-1, Cc = 1.43, Fkm-1, Cg = 12 Fkm-1.

Compensated distributed parameter cable model based upon manufacturers data:

Total length 100 km, compensation at mid-way point.

Solidly earthed neutral system.

500 km overhead line lumped capacitance model

(a) Reactor currents - scale ticks 125A

(a) Reactor currents - scale ticks 100A

100km 220kV lumped capacitance cable model, pole span 4ms

(a) Reactor currents - scale ticks 400A

100km 220kV lumped capacitance cable model, pole span 0ms

(a) Reactor currents - scale ticks 175A

100km 220kV distributed parameter cable, pole span 4ms

(a) Reactor currents - scale ticks 150A

Sheath voltages at first joint - scale ticks 2000V

100km 220kV distributed parameter cable, pole span 0ms

(a) Reactor currents - scale ticks 200A

Where impedance is represented as:

Similarly for , where and

are the instantaneous currents and voltages respectively.

The transformations used are:

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