JOB:

Determination of the coefficient of discharge,

coefficient of velocity and coefficient of contraction of an
orifice.

OBJECTIVE :
To study the terms (hydrostatic force, centre of pressure, depth
of centre of pressure etc )
To find out the coefficient of discharge, coefficient of velocity
and coefficient of contraction of an oriface.
APPARATUS:
Orifice and jet apparatus
Hydraulic bench
Stop watch
Steel ruler
RELATED THEORY:

ORIFICE:
An orifice is an opening with close perimeter in wall or in bottam of
the tank or in the plate normal to the axis of pipe.
It has sharp edges and can be used for the measurement of
CLASSIFICATION OF ORIFICE:
It is classified into three types.
BASED ON SHAPES:

Circular
Rectangular
Triangular
Square

BASED ON SIZE:

2011-civ-34

Ahmad Talha Wali

 Small orifice
Large orifice

BASED ON THE NATURE OF JET:

Open or simple orifice:
Simple orifice is surrounded by gas and is flowing under the
action gravity.
Submerged orifice;
it is stream of any liquid surrounded by fluid of same and is
not occurring under the action of gravity
VENACONTRACTA:
It is the point on a stream of a liquid out of the orifice where
the diameter of stream is least.
The particle issuing out of orifice continue to converge
because until they reach crossection (X-Y) where they become parallel.
Minimum crossectional area of jet is at vena ccontracta.
Venacontracta of a sharp edge orifice circular of diameter d
has been foud at a distance d/2 from the plane of the orifice.

COFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE:
It is the ratio of actual discharge to theoretical discharge.
Magnitude f hydrostatic force. The value of Cd is less than equal to
Cd = Qact / Qth
= V/(t AVth)
COFFICIENT OF VELOCITY:
Ratio of actual to theoretical velocity.
Cv = Vact /Vth
V actual can be find out experimentally by measuring
horizontal and vertical distance x and y respectively.
Consider a tank containing a liquid and vertical
orifice in one of its side. Let H is head causing flow and V is horizontal
velocity. Jet of an orifice having horizontal velocity V dependent on

2011-civ-34

Ahmad Talha Wali

gravity. Consider point P on jet, t is time taken by particles while

moving through sections xy to point P.
S = vt
V = x/t
y = gt/2
y = g(s/v)/2
V=

gx
2y

H = Za = Vb/2g
Vth = 2 gH

Cv =

gx
2y /

2 gH

Cv =

x
4 Hy

COEFFICIENT OF VENACONTRACTOR:
It is the ratio of crossectional area of Jet and venacontracta
(Aact) to the area of an orifice (A) known as coefficient of
contraction.
It is designated by symbol Cc.
Cc = Aact / A
Qact = Aact x Vact
Vact = Cc x A
Vact = Cu Vth
Qact = Aact x Vact
= Cc x A Cu Vth
= Cc Cu Qth
Cc = Cd/Cv

2011-civ-34

Ahmad Talha Wali

 PROCEDURE:
We measure head causing flow H.
We measure x , y distances.
We allow the water to flow from orifice.
With the help needles, we measure distance Y at the different
locations.
We measure the time for the collection of 2 litre of water.
Repeat the experiment for more observations.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Volume collected = 2 litre
x = 4.3cm
y = 6.78cm
No.
of
obs

(cm
)

(cm)

(c
m)

(se
c)

284

1.0

46

297

10

1.8

45

314

15

3.2

43

330

20

5.1

43

355

25

6.5

40

365

30

8.0

36

Vth
=

Vact

Qact

Qth

Cd

Cv

Cc

110.
7
165.
1
185.
7
196.
1
217.
2
234.
9

68.3
3
101.
85
114.
58
121.
02
133.
99
144.
94

460.
56
470.
99
484.
27
496.
47
514.
93
522.
13

0.15

0.15

0.22

0.22

0.23

0.23

0.24

0.24

0.26

0.26

0.27

0.27

2 gH
(cm/
s)
746.
4
763.
3
784.
8
804.
6
834.
6
846.
2

COMMENTS:
This job tells us about the terms coefficient of discharge, coefficient of
velocity and coefficient of contraction of an orifice.
We measure the coefficients using orifice and jet apparatus.

2011-civ-34

Ahmad Talha Wali

2011-civ-34

Ahmad Talha Wali