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APPLIED AERODYNAMICS
FALL 2014
HW#8
2 1 2
cr
3 1
(1.1)
The Re number is calculated based on the CMA and the freestream velocity as follows:
Re
V c
(1.2)
Since Re number and (assumed sea level conditions) are fixed, we can solve the equation
1.2 for V and find the wing speed to match the Re.
To calculate lift curve slope for each wing we just divide the variation of CL by the
corresponding angle of attack change:
CL
CL
(1.3)
The angle of attack in the simulations of this homework is 10 deg, and all the wings airfoil are
symmetrical ( = 0 = 0 ) so the lift curve slope is just the wing CL divided by .
To calculate the wing efficiency we just divide the CL by the 2D airfoil lift coefficient:
CL
Cl
(1.4)
The for the airfoil e168 at 10 deg of angle of attack is equals to 1.12.
Since the aspect ratio and the tapered ratio are defined, we can set only the = 3.28 and
then the span and tip chord will be calculated; once all the wings have the same root and tip
chord (only for question 1) then the MAC and the wing velocity will not change with the AR,
as we can see in the figure below:
CL distributions
1.2
AR = 4
AR = 10
AR = 16
CL
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
Downwash distributions
0
-5
AR = 4
AR = 10
AR = 16
-10
Downwash [ft/s]
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
Wing planform
14
12
AR = 4
AR = 10
AR = 16
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-10
-5
10
Since the wing section CL increases with the AR the overall CL will present the same behavior.
If the aspect ratio becomes large the wing CL get closer to the airfoil 2D viscid lift coefficient.
(i) Calculate the lift curve slope of each wing and determine the wing eciency e.
Show your work and discuss (as compared to each other and the elliptical case).
To calculate the lift curve slope we just have to use equation 1.3 with CL wing CL and
10 deg because the wing airfoil is symmetrical; the efficiency is calculated dividing the
wing CL by the airfoil Cl (which is approximately 2). The trends of the CL results can be
graphically represent in the figure below:
(j) Based on your results, where do you expect stall to occur rst?
The stall occur first at the middle of the wing. At the tips the induced velocity due the vortices
is large therefore the effective angle of attack is lower than the actual wing of attack; on the
other side in the center of the wing the induced angle is lower so the effective angle of attack
is closer to the wing angle of attack so this region will stall first.
2. (15%) Analyze the following case:
AR = 10
= 0.2, 0.6, 1.0 (sweep)
= 0 deg
= 10 deg
(a) What is the MAC and speed for each case to match the required Reynolds number?
CL distributions
1.2
1
CL
0.8
0.6
lambda = .2
lambda = .6
lambda = 1
0.4
0.2
0
-20
-15
-10
-5
10
15
20
Downwash distributions
lambda = .2
lambda = .6
lambda = 1
-5
-10
Downwash [ft/s]
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-20
-15
-10
-5
10
15
20
Wing planform
6
lambda = .2
lambda = .6
2
lambda = 1
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-6
-4
-2
(j) Based on your results, where do you expect stall to occur rst?
If the wing is tapered, with the same airfoil and no twist angle, the stall occurs first at
the tip and then progress to the wing center.
3. (15%) Analyze the following case:
AR = 10
=1
= 30, 0, 30 deg (sweep)
= 10 deg
(a) What is the MAC and speed for each case to match the required Reynolds number?
CL distributions
1.2
1
CL
0.8
0.6
gama [deg] = 30
gama [deg] = 0
gama [deg] = -30
0.4
0.2
0
-20.00
-15.00
-10.00
-5.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
Downwash distributions
0.00
-5.00
Downwash [ft/s]
-10.00
-15.00
-20.00
-25.00
gama [deg] = 30
gama [deg] = 0
gama [deg] = -30
-30.00
-35.00
-40.00
-45.00
-20.00
-15.00
-10.00
-5.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
Wing planform
gama [deg] = 30
gama [deg] = 0
gama [deg] = -30
-2
-4
-6
-8
-6
-4
-2
The Lifting Line Theory does not assume any variation of wing geometry in the y
direction (longitudinal airplane axis), therefore the three wings have same CL, induced
drag and downwash if we use the LLT.
(g) Discuss the eect of sweep on the downwash distribution.
The downwash distribution is not affected by the sweep in the LLT method.
(h) Discuss the eect of sweep ratio on CL.
Same as item f.
(i) Calculate the lift curve slope of each wing and determine the wing eciency e.
Show your work and discuss (as compared to each other and the elliptical case).
Since the CL distribution is the same for all cases then do lift curve slope does not
change either.
(j) Based on your results, where do you expect stall to occur rst?
Base on the results using LLT is not possible get any conclusion, because the CL
distribution is the same for all cases.
4. (15%) Analyze the following case:
AR = 10
= 1, 1.5, 2 (sweep)
= 30 deg
= 10 deg
(a) What is the MAC and speed for each case to match the required Reynolds number?
CL distributions
1.2
1
CL
0.8
0.6
lambda = 1
lambda = 1.5
lambda = 2
0.4
0.2
0
-30.00
-20.00
-10.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
Downwash distributions
5.00
0.00
Downwash [ft/s]
-5.00
-10.00
-15.00
-20.00
-25.00
lambda = 1
lambda = 1.5
lambda = 2
-30.00
-35.00
-40.00
-45.00
-30.00
-20.00
-10.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
Wing planform
4
lambda = 1
lambda = 1.5
lambda = 2
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-5
10
versa; then increasing the taper ratio just maintain this kind of behavior (high lift
coefficient at the tip and lower in the root).
(i) Calculate the lift curve slope of each wing and determine the wing eciency e.
Show your work and discuss (as compared to each other and the elliptical case).
(j) Based on your results, where do you expect stall to occur rst?
The stall occurs first at the central region of the wing, because this part has higher
effective angle of attack.