Questions On Doctrine

SeveHtlt-doll AdvcHtists Answer
Seventh-day Adveutists
QUESTIONS on DOCTRINE
ASPECTS
AN EXPLANATION OF CERTAIN MAJOR ASPECTS
OF SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST BELIEF
Prepared
a Representative
of
'Group ot
Representative 'Group
Prepared by
by a
Seventh-day
Bible Teachers,
Adventist Leaders,
Teachers,
Leaders, Bible
Seventh-day Adventist
and Editors
Editors
HERALD
REVIEWAND
REVIEW -AND HERALD
PUBLISHING
ASSOCIATION
PUBLISHING ASSOCIATION
WASHINGTON,
D.C.
WASHINGTON, D.C.
COPYRIGHT
1957
1957
BY THE
REVIEW AND HERALD PUBLISHING ASSOCIATION
OFFSET IN U.S
U.S A.
A.
Contents
Introduction
Introduction
________________________________________________________________________________________________ _ 77
Fun.damental Beliefs
Beliefs of
Seventh-day Adventists
Adventists
--_____________ _
1 1
II
Fundamental
of Seventh-day
1.
I. PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
Doctrines We Share
Share With
Other Christians
Doctrines
Christians _____ ._. ___________________ _ 21
With Other
The Bible,
Bible, Only
Rule of
Faith and
Pmctice ___ . _____________ ._______ _ 26
and Practice
of Faith
Only Rule
Seventh.day Adventist
Adventist Relationship
Relationship to
Past Positions
Positions -. _____ _ 29
29
to Past
Seventh-day
II. QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS ABOUT CHRIST
II.
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
6.
7.
7.
8.
8.
35
35
Deity and
Pre-existence of
of Christ
and Eternal
Eternal Pre-existence
Christ __ ._. _______________________ .___
Deity
Deity of
Membership ___._... _._.. __ . ___ .____________
Christ and
and Church
Church Membership
of Christ
Deity
The Incarnation
Incarnation and
of Man" ________ . ___ .______________ ._.. _.__
and the
the "Son
"Son of
The
Bodily Resurrection
Resurrection of
Christ ___ . __________ ._______ ... ____ . __ .. _____ .
The Bodily
of Christ
Christ,
and
Michael
the
Archangel
Christ, and Michael the Archangel _._. _______ .. __________. __ . ___ ... _.. ____
42
42
50
50
66
66
71
71
III. QUESTIONS
III.
QUESTIONS ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF ELLEN C.
G. WHITE'S
WRITINGS TO THE BIBLE
9. Ellen C. White's Writings
9.
to the Bible
Writings and Their Relation to
89
IV.
IV. QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS ON THE LAW
LAW AND LEGALISM
10.
JO.
11.
11.
12.
12.
13.
13.
14.
14.
Christ
Heart of
of the
Advent Message
Message __ . _____ . ________ .________ ._. __
Christ the
the Heart
the Advent
The Basis
Basis and Fruitage
Fruitage of
Christian Experience
Experience ... _. _____. _____
of Christian
The Ten Commandments,
Commandments, God's
Standard of
of Conduct ._
________
God's Standard
Distinction Between the Decalogue
Decalogue and the
Distinction
the Ceremonial Law
The Relationship
Relationship of
Grace
to
Works
___________________
Law
and
Grace
to
of
101
101
105
105
121
121
129
129
135
135
V. QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS ON THE SABBATH, SUNDAY,
SUNDAY, AND THE MARK
OF THE BEAST
15.
15.
16.
16.
17.
17.
18.
18.
19.
19.
20.
20.
21.
21.
tilt.
The Foundation of
of Sabbath Observance -------.-.. --------.-----------The Sabbath
Sabbath and the
Moral Law __ ._._ .. _.... ____ .. ___ ._._.___ .________ . ____._.
the Moral
Saturday
Observance
a Valid
a
Observance
Criterion __ ._ ..... _________ ... __ ._ .. ___ ._._._
Valid Criterion
Saturday
Historic Concept
of the
of the
Beast __ ... _. ___ ..... __ .___ . ___...
...
Historic
the Mark of
the Beast
Concept of
When the
Be Received
Received __ . _____... _....... _...._____ .. _______ . _____ .
the Mark Will
Will Be
Who Constitute
the
"Remnant
Church"?
___
..
__
.
___
..
_______________
Church'"/
Constitute the
What Constitutes
_____ .______________________________. ________ .. __ ...
Constitutes "Babylon"?
"Babylon"?
154
15
VI. QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS ON PROPHECY, DANIEL 8
VI.
8 AND
177
177
179
179
183
183
186
186
197
197
9,
9, AND THE
2300 DAYS
22.
Basic Principles
Principles of
Prophetic Interpretation
Interpretation .___ .. ____ .. ____ ._____ . __ .
22. Basic
of Prophetic
23. Christ
Pre-eminent in
Daniel 8
8 and 9
9 ... ___ .. __ ._. _____ ~_ .. _____ . __ . ___ ..
23.
Christ Pre-eminent
in Daniel
205
205
244
244
QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS ON DOCTRINE
66
24.
Problems Pertaining
Pertaining to
to Daniel
Daniel 88 ................................... __ .... __ ....24. Problems
25.
Relation of
of Daniel 99 to
2300 Days
Days of
at
to 2300
25. Relation
of Seventy
Seventy Weeks of
Dalliel 88 .....................................................................................
Daniel
26. Tlte
Seventieth Week of
of Daniel
Daniel 99 and the Gap
Theory ...
26.
The Seventieth
Gap Theory
27. Scholarly
Scholarly Precedents
Precedents for
for 1814
Ending of
of 2300
2300 Year
Days
1S44 Ending
27.
Year-Days
28.
Antiochus Epiphanes
the Prophetic
Prophetic Specifications
Specifications of
of
28. Antiochas
Epiphanes and the
Daniel...............................
Daniel
-
....
VII.
QUESTIONS ON CHRIST AND His
HIS MINISTRY
VII. QUESTIONS
252
252
26t\
268
296
296
So!)
309
3 7
317
1
IN THE
SANCTUARY
29.
29.
the Atonement ............................................

A Wider
Wider Concept
of the
Concept of
Provided; Sacrificial
SlIc"i{icial Atonement
Ato])rment
Atonement Provided;
Applied
................................
...........................................
Applied
Salvation
Prefigured
in
the
Sanctuary
Service
........................
the
Service
Salvation Prefigured in
Sanctuary
The Heavenly
Heavenly Sanctuary
Sanctuary-Figurative
or Literal
Literal Concepts
Concepts.
Figurative or
The High-Priestly
HighPriestly Ministry
Ministry of
of Christ
Christ ........................................
The Meaning
Meaning of
Azazel ................................................................
of Azazel
The Transaction
the Scapegoat
Scapegoat ....................................
Transaction With the
The Investigative
Investigative Judgment
Judgment in
Setting of
the Arminian
Anninian
in the
the Setting
of the
Concept
Concept ..........................................................................
30. Sacrificial
Sacrificial
30.
31.
31.
32.
32.
33.
33.
34.
34.
35.
35.
36.
36.
....
341
341
349
349
356
356
365
365
369
369
391
391
396
396
402
402
VIII. QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS ON THE SECOND ADVENT AND THE
VIII.
MILLENNIUM
37.
Second Coming
449
Christ ....... _........................................... 449
37. The Second
of Christ
Coming of
38.
of the
the Millennium ........................................ 465
38. Varied
Varied Concepts
465
Concepts of
39.
Adventist Understanding
the Millennium ........................ 489
489
39. Adventist
of the
Understanding of
IX. QUESTIONS
IX.
QUESTIONS ON IMMORTALITY
40.
40.
41.
41.
Innate or
Immortality ............................................ 511
Innate
or Conditional
Conditional Immortality
511
in Death ................................
520
The Condition of
520
of Man in
42. The Punishment of
oj the
533
42.
the Wicked .................................................. 533
43.
Lazarus ... _................................................
544
43. The Rich Man and Lazarus
544
44. Champions
Immortality Span
Span the
567
44.
the Centlll'ies
Centuries 567
of Conditional
Champions of
X. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS
45. Intent
Intent of
45.
the
of the
Term "Everlasting
613
Gospel" ................... _..... ___ .... 613
"Everlasting Gospel"
16.
Satan, Demons,
Demons, and Angels
Angels ..................... _._ ............................... GI8
46. Satan,
618
47.
47. The Question
622
of Unclean Foods ................................................ 622
Question of
48.
48. Adventist
to
World
M.issions
Program
'.'.'.".".
625
to
Missions
625
Relationship
Program
Representative Adventist
Adventist Doctrinal
Doctrinal Literature
Literature _.................. 629
629
Representative
XI.
ApPENDIXES AND INDEXES
XL APPENDIXES
A. Christ's
Christ's Place
Place in
641
in the
the Godhead .........__...................... _.........._ ... 641
B.
B. Christ's
During the
Incarnation .................................... 647
647
Christ's Nature During
the Incarnation
C.
C. The Atonement
A tonement ......... _.................... _......................... _..................... 661
661
Scripture Index ..... _..........._......................._................................... 693
693
Scripture
General Index .................................._.............................................. 710

71
~
*
Introduction
Introduction
to meet aa definite
This book came into
definite need.
Into being
need.
being to
Interest concerning
Adventist belief
belief
Interest
concerning Seventh-day
and
work has
has increased
the movement has
has grown.
grown. But in
in
increased as
as the
recent
recent years
years especially,
there
seems
to
be
a
desire
on
the
there
a
the
desire
to
be
especially,
part of
of many
many non-Adventists for
for aa clearer
understanding
clearer understanding
part
of
of our teachings
objectives. Uncertainty
Uncertainty regarding
teachings and objectives.
regarding
our basic
basic beliefs
beliefs is
the
is abundantly
in much of
of the
evident in
abundantly evident
literature published
published concerning
us.
are
already
us.
literature
are
There
already
concerning
many
purporting to
the story
story of
this people.
people.
to give
of this
many books purporting
give the
Recently, however,
however, one of
of the
the large
large Protestant
Protestant pubpubRecently,
lishing
houses
here
in
the
United
States
planned
houses
in
the
the
States
lishing
planned the
still
production
of
still
another
book.
of
several
of
book.
An
author
of
several
production
works dealing
the history
history and beliefs
beliefs of
of certain
certain
dealing with the
religious
groups
requested
to
produce
this
new
was
to
this
religious groups
requested
produce
book, the
the purpose
to present
present aa general
of which was to
book,
general
purpose of
review of
of our history
belief. It
It was to
to be an objechistory and belief.
objecwith particular
particular emphasis
in
those
areas
tive analysis,
analysis, with
tive
in
areas
those
emphasis
wherein Adventist
Adventist teachings
teachings differ
other
differ from some other
Christian
Christian groups.
groups.
In order
order to
to be
be factual
the subject
In
in his
factual in
his treatment of
of the
subject
this author
author did what authors in
in general
failed
this
have
failed to
to
general
he visited
visited our denominational headquarters
headquarters in
in
do: he
do:
Washington, D.C.,
information.
firsthand information.
B.C., and obtained firsthand
Washington,
Moreover,
he
came
not
for
just
a
single
visit,
in
not for just a single visit, but in
Moreover, he
company
with other
trips
a number of
other scholars
scholars made a
of trips
company with
to the
the General
General Conference covering
a
period
of
almost
a
of
to
covering
period
7
88
QUESTIONS
two years.
years. Hundreds of
hours went Into
into this
this research,
of hours
research,
and hundreds of
books
and
pamphlets,
both
Adventist
of books
pamphlets, both Adventlst
and non-Adventlst,
non-Adventist, were examined.
In addition
addition there
there
examined. In
were aa large
large number of
interviews. During
During these
these many
of interviews.
many
of study,
the major
major aspects
of Adventist
Adventist teachteachmonths of
study, the
aspects of
ing
carefully analyzed.
were carefully
analyzed. The inquiries
growing out
ing were
inquiries growing
of this
investigation were
were ultimately
ultimately couched in
in a
a series
series
of
this investigation
of searching
questions
to
comprehensive
answers
to
which
answers
of
comprehensive
searching questions
were requested.
requested.
The replies
replies were prepared
prepared by
by aa group
group of
of recognized
recognized
leaders, in
in close
Bible teachers,
teachers, editors,
close counsel
counsel with Bible
editors,
leaders,
and administrators.
administrators. The goal
goal was
was to
to set
forth our basic
basic
set forth
and
beliefs
in
terminology
currently
used
in
theological
in
used
cirbeliefs in terminology currently
theological circles.
not to
to be aa new statement
but
statement of
of faith,
cles. This was not
faith, but
rather an
an answer to
to specific
questions
concerning
our
rather
specific questions concerning
faith.
was natural
natural that
these answers
that these
It was
answers would come
faith. It
within
official statement
Funof the
the official
statement of
of Funwithin the
the framework of
damental Beliefs
Adventists
apwhich
Beliefs of
Adventists
of Seventh-day
Seventh-day
appears
in
our
Church
is
included
in
this
in
Manual
and
is included
in
this
pears
volume, pages
pages 11-18.
In view
view of
fact, these
these answers
11-18. In
of this
this fact,
answers
volume,
represent the
the position
position of
of our denomination
denomination in
the area
in the
area
represent
of
prophetic interpretation.
of church doctrine
doctrine and prophetic
interpretation.
As the
the answers progressed,
progressed, it
the work on the
it was felt
felt
that
church members would be
be equally
benefited
that our church
benefited
equally
by the
the material
material being
therefore it
it was
was
by
being prepared,
prepared, and therefore
decided to
to publish
the
completed
in
form.
the
in
decided
work
book
form.
completed
publish
So this
this volume came into
the form of
the
into being.
of the
being. While the
work is
is rather
rather unusual,
unusual, it
it will,
we
trust,
meet
a
definite
a definite
trust,
will,
need.
need.
The writers,
writers, counselors,
editors who produced
counselors, and editors
produced
the answers
answers to
to these
have
labored conscienthe
these questions
have
labored
conscienquestions
tiously
to state
beliefs of
of Seventh-day
state accurately
the beliefs
tiously to
accurately the
Seventh-day
INTRODUCTION
Adventists.
Adventists.
99
But because
because of
very nature
nature of
the SevSevthe very
of the
of the
enth-day Adventist
Adventist Church organization
statement
enth-day
organization no statement
of Seventh-day
Adventist
belief
can
be
considered
ofof
ofAdventist
can
be
considered
belief
Seventh-day
by
the
General
Conference
ficial unless
unless it
ficial
it is
is adopted by
the
General
Conference
adopted
in quadrennial
accredited delegates
delegates from
in
session, when accredited
quadrennial session,
the
world field
present. The answers
this
the whole world
in this
field are
are present.
answers in
are an expansion
of
our
doctrinal
positions
convolume are
of
doctrinal
conexpansion
positions
tained
in the
the official
of Fundamental Beliefs
tained in
official statement
statement of
Beliefs
already
referred
to.
Hence
this
can
be
viewed
can
referred
to.
this
volume
be
viewed
already
as truly
truly representative
representative of
beliefs of
as
of the
the faith
faith and beliefs
of the
the
Seventh-day
Adventist
Church.
Adventist
Seventh-day
Those who have prepared
these answers make no
prepared these
claim that
they have provided
the final
claim
that they
final word on ChrisChrisprovided the
tian
doctrine. Seventh-day
Adventists
believe
that
man's
tian doctrine.
Adventists
that
believe
Seventh-day
understanding
of
God's
truth
is
progressive.
"The
path
truth
is
of
understanding
progressive.
path
of
the just
just is
shining
light,
that
shineth
more
and
of the
is as
as the
that
shineth
the shining light,
more unto the
perfect day"
day" (Prov.
4: 18). We surely
the perfect
(Prov. 4:18).
surely
should know more of
will and purpose
purpose than
than did
of God's will
righteous men of
in days
days to
to come we
earlier ages.
of earlier
ages. And in
righteous
should rightly
rightly expect
unfolding of
of Bible
Bible truth.
truth.
further unfolding
expect further
and
the
Bible
the
Bible
only
as
our
the
as
Bible
the
Bible
While we accept
only
accept
rule of
faith and practice,
we
clearly
recognize
that
rule
that
of faith
clearly recognize
practice,
all truth
not understand
understand perfectly
perfectly all
truth which God
we do not
would have
have His children
have we ever
ever
children know today.
today. Nor have
the
noble
line
of
We
honor
claimed such
the
line
such knowledge.
noble
of
claimed
knowledge.
as Wycliffe,
Wycliffe, Luther,
Luther, Tyndale,
Calvin,
witnesses such
such as
witnesses
Tyndale, Calvin,
of the
great leaders
leaders of
the past,
past, whose
Knox, Wesley,
Knox,
Wesley, and other great
led
forward
in its
the
church
forward
in
advance into
into new light
led
its
light
fuller
understanding of
will. And we believe
believe that
that
of God's will.
fuller understanding
these last
God has
in these
last days
days that
that is
is in
in
has given
light in
special light
given special
advance of
the gospel
perceived by
by earlier
earlier ChrisChrisof the
advance
light perceived
gospel light
tian
leaders.
tian leaders.
10
10
QUESTIONS
In harmony
harmony with the
the apostolic
injunction, "Be ready
ready
In
apostolic injunction,
always
to every
every man that
that asketh
asketh you
to give
always to
you
give an answer to
aa reason
reason of
of the
hope that
is in
in you
you with meekness and
that is
the hope
fear" (1
(l Peter
Peter 3:15),
3: 15), we have here
to give
reasons
fear"
here sought
sought to
give reasons
faith. We invite
friends to
to examine
for
invite our Christian
Christian friends
for our faith.
these answers
answers in
of the
the Word of
in the
the light
of God.
these
light of
The officers
officers of
the General Conference of
of Seventhof the
day Adventists
the material
material appearing
this
that the
in this
felt that
Adventists felt
appearing in
day
only be
be helpful
helpful to
to the
the members of
of
volume would not only
their own church but that
it would also
that it
also furnish reretheir
liable
information on Adventist beliefs
beliefs and teachings
teachings
liable information
to
many inquiries,
that,
in
recent
years,
arisen
in
recent
have
arisen
to the
the many
that,
years,
inquiries,
regarding
Adventist
doctrines.
They
therefore
redoctrines.
have
Adventist
therefore
reThey
regarding
quested
that
this
book
be
published
for
general
use
for
this
that
use
published
general
quested
with
the fervent
prayer and hope
hope that
it may
may be useful
useful
that it
fervent prayer
with the
in
making clearer
of
salvation
through
our
of
Lord
in making
the way
salvation
clearer the
way
through
Jesus
Christ.
Jesus Christ.
THE
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Fundamental
Fundamental
Beliefs of Seventh-day Adwntists

Adventists
Beliefs of Scvcntli-day
Seventh-day
fundamental
Adventists hold certain
certain fundamental
which, together
together with
a
with a
which,
portion
of
the
scriptural
references
upon
which
they
of
the
references
which
portion
scriptural
they
upon
are based,
based, may
may be
be summarized as
follows:
are
as follows:
1.
the Holy
Holy Scriptures
the Old and New
L That the
of the
Scriptures of
by
inspiration
Testaments were given
of God,
contain
God, contain
given by inspiration of
an all-sufficient
all-sufficient revelation
revelation of
of His will
will to
to men,
men, and are
are
the only
only unerring
unerring rule
rule of
of faith
faith and practice
practice (2
the
(2 Tim.
3:15-17).
3:15-17).
2. That the
the Godhead,
or Trinity,
Trinity, consists
the
2.
of the
consists of
Godhead, or
Eternal Father,
Father, aa personal,
Being, omnipotent,
omnipotent,
Eternal
personal, spiritual
spiritual Being,
omnipresent,
infinite In
in wisdom and love;
love;
omniscient, infinite
omnipresent, omniscient,
the Lord
Lord]Jesus
esus Christ,
the Son of
the Eternal
Eternal Father,
the
of the
Christ, the
Father,
through
all things
created and through
through
things were created
through whom all
the salvation
hosts will
will be acthe redeemed hosts
salvation of
of the
acwhom the
complished; the
the Holy
Holy Spirit,
third person
person of
the
the third
of the
Spirit, the
complished;
in the
Godhead,
the great
power in
the work
Godhead, the
great regenerating
regenerating power
of redemption
28: 19).
of
(Matt. 28:19).
redemption (Matt.
3.
is very
very God,
God, being
being of
Christ is
of the
the
3. That Jesus
Jesus Christ
as the
same nature
nature and essence
the Eternal Father.
Father. While
essence as
retaining His
His divine
took upon
upon Himself the
the
divine nature He took
retaining
nature
of the
lived
on
the
earth
as
aa
earth
as
the human family,
lived
the
nature of
family,
as
man,
exemplified
in
His
life
as
our
example
the
prinIn
life
the
man, exemplified
example
principles of righteousness, attested His relationship
relationship to
to God
ciples of righteousness, attested
the cross,
by many
many mighty
mighty miracles,
miracles, died
died for
for our sins
sins on the
cross,
by
was
raised from the
to the
the Father,
Father,
the dead,
was raised
dead, and ascended to
where
intercession for
for us
us
to make intercession
lives to
ever lives
where He ever
the principal
beliefs, the
principal features
features of
of
beliefs,
11
11
12
12
QUESTIONS
(John
2; 4:14-16;
4:14-16; 7:25).
1:1, 14;
14; Heb. 2:9-18;
2:9-18; 8:1,
8:1, 2;
(John 1:1,
7:25).
4. That every
order to
to obtain
in order
4.
obtain salvation
salvation
every person
person in
must experience
the new birth;
birth; that
this comprises
that this
must
experience the
comprises an
entire transformation
transformation of
of life
life and character
character by
by the
reentire
the refaith
the
creative
power of
Lord
faith
in
the
creative power
of God through
through
Jesus Christ
Christ (John
16; Matt.
Matt. 18:3;
Acts 2:37-39).
3:16;
18:3; Acts
Jesus
(John 3:
2:37-39).
5.
baptism is
is an ordinance
ordinance of
of the
the Christian
5. That baptism
Christian
church
and should
forgiveness
follow repentance
should follow
church and
repentance and forgiveness
faith
By its
is shown in
in the
the death,
of
its observance
observance faith is
of sins.
sins. By
death,
burial, and resurrection
resurrection of
the proper
proper
Christ. That the
of Christ.
burial,
by immersion (Rom.
1-6; Acts
form of
baptism is
is by
of baptism
Acts
6:1-6;
(Rom. 6:
16:30-33.)
16:30-33.)
it relates
6.
will of
relates to
to moral
moral conas it
the will
of God as
con6. That the
duct is
is comprehended
in
His
law
of
ten
commandlaw
in
ten
of
duct
comprehended
unchangeable preprements;
that these
these are
are great
moral, unchangeable
ments; that
great moral,
cepts,
binding
upon
all
men,
in
every
age
(Ex.
20:
1in
all
20:1men,
every age (Ex,
cepts, binding upon
17).
17).
7. That the
of this
this ununfourth commandment of
the fourth
7.
changeable
law
requires
the
observance
of
the
seventhlaw
the
observance
of
the
seventhchangeable
requires
This holy
at the
the same
same time
day
is at
Sabbath. This
institution is
time a
a
holy institution
day Sabbath.
sanctification, aa sign
memorial of
of creation
creation and a sign
of sanctification,
sign of
sign
of
believer's rest
rest from his
his own works
works of
of the
the believer's
of sin,
sin, and
his entrance
the rest
of soul
promises
rest of
his
entrance into
into the
soul which Jesus
Jesus promises
to those
those who come to
to Him. (Gen.
2: 1-3; Ex.
Ex. 20:8-11;
to
20:8-11;
(Gen. 2:1-3;
31:12-17;
4:1-10.)
31:12-17; Heb. 4:1-10.)
of ten
ten commandments points
8.
the law of
points out
8. That the
out
is
the
of
which
death.
law
sin,
the
penalty
of
is
death.
The
law
cannot
save
cannot
save
sin,
penalty
the
the transgressor
his sin,
impart power
power to
keep
to keep
sin, nor impart
transgressor from his
him from sinning.
In infinite
infinite love
love and mercy,
mercy, God
sinning. In
provides
a
way
whereby
this
may
be
done.
furnishes
a
be
this
done.
He
furnishes
way whereby
may
provides
a substitute,
even
Christ
the
Righteous
One,
to
a
Christ
the
die in
in
substitute,
Righteous One, to die
man's stead,
to be
be sin
us, who knew
sin for
for us,
stead, making
making "him to
in
FUNDAMENTAL BELIEFS
13
13
no sm;
that we might
the righteousness
righteousness of
of
be made the
sin; that
might be
in him" (2
God in
one is
Cor. 5:21).
is justified, not
(2 Cor.
5:21). That one
justified,
by obedience
obedience to
to the
the law,
law, but
but by
by the
the grace
that is
is in
in
by
grace that
to
Christ
By
accepting
Christ,
is
reconciled
to
Christ Jesus.
is
reconciled
man
Christ,
Jesus. By accepting
God,
justified
by
His
blood
for
the
sins
of
the
past,
and
the
His
sins
of
blood
for
the
God, justified by
past,
saved from the
the power
of sin
by His
Ris indwelling
life.
sin by
indwelling life.
power of
Thus the
the gospel
becomes
"the
power
of
unto
salsalunto
God
becomes
"the
of
gospel
power
that
believeth"
(Rom.
1:
16).
This
vation to
to everyone
one
that
believeth"
every
(Rom. 1:16).
is wrought by the
experience is
agency of
of the
the Holy
divine agency
Holy
experience
wrought by the divine
Spirit,
to the
the Sin
Bearer,
convinces of
sin and leads
leads to
Sin Bearer,
of sin
Spirit, who convinces
inducting the
into the
covenant relationthe believer
relationbeliever into
the new covenant
inducting
God
is
written
his
heart,
ship,
where
the
law
of
the
of
his
is
written
on
heart, and
ship,
the
through
power of
of the
indwelling Christ,
Christ,
the indwelling
through the enabling
enabling power
his life
life is
his
the divine
divine prepreis brought into
to the
brought into conformity
conformity to
cepts.
and
merit
of
this
wonderful
transforThe
transforhonor
merit
of
this
wonderful
cepts.
mation belong
belong wholly
wholly to
to Christ.
Christ. (1
(1 John
John 2:1,
2: 1, 2;
3:4;
2; 3:4;
3:20; 5:8-10;
2:8-10; 3:17;
3:17; Gal.
2:20;
Rom. 3:20;
Gal. 2:20;
5:8-10; 7:7;
7:7; Eph.
Eph. 2:8-10;
Reb.
Heb. 8:8-12.)
8:8-12.)
hath immortality"
9.
9. That "God only
only hath
immortality" (1
(1 Tim.
6:
16).
Mortal
possesses
a
nature
inherently
sinman
a
nature
inherently sin6:16).
possesses
ful and dying.
Eternal life
life is
gift of
through
ful
is the
the gift
of God through
dying. Eternal
faith
(Rom. 6:23).
"He
that
hath
the
Son
faith in
in Christ
the
that
hath
Christ (Rom.
6:23).
is
hath life"
(1
John
5:
12).
Immortality
is
bestowed
life"
(1 John 5:12). Immortality
upon
the righteous
righteous at
the second coming
coming of
of Christ,
at the
Christ,
upon the
righteous dead are
the grave
when the
the righteous
raised from the
are raised
grave and
the living
righteous translated
to meet the
the Lord.
Lord. Then
the
translated to
living righteous
it
that those
those accounted
immortality."
on
it is
faithful "put
is that
accounted faithful
immortality."
"put
(1 Cor.
Cor. 15:51-55.)
(1
15:51-55.)
10.
of man in
in death
of
is one of
10. That the
condition of
death is
the condition
remen, good
and
evil
alike,
reunconsciousness. That all
all men,
evil
unconsciousness.
alike,
good
main in
the grave
death to
the resurrection.
resurrection.
in the
to the
grave from death
4; John
(Eccl.
Ps. 146:3,
5:28, 29.)
9:5, 6;
6; Ps.
146:3, 4;
John 5:28,
29.)
(Eccl. 9:5,
14
14
QUESTIONS
II.
there shall
be aa resurrection
resurrection both
both of
11. That there
the
of the
shall be
will
just and of
of the
resurrection of
of the
the just
just will
the unjust.
just
unjust. The resurrection
take place
place at
of
Christ;
the
resurtake
at the
resurthe second
of
the
second coming
Christ;
coming
rection
of the
the unjust
unjust will
will take
place aa thousand
thousand years
rection of
take place
years
later,
at
the
dose
of
the
millennium.
(John
29;
at
the
the
millennium.
close
of
later,
5:28, 29;
(John 5:28,
I1 Thess.
4: 13-18; Rev.
Rev. 20:5-10.)
Thess. 4:13-18;
20:5-10.)
12.
the finally
impenitent, including
induding Satan,
12. That the
Satan,
finally impenitent,
the
author of
will,
by
the
fires
of
the
last
day,
the
the author
of sin,
fires
last
the
of
sin, will, by
day, be
reduced to
to aa state
nonexistence, becoming
becoming as
as though
state of
reduced
of nonexistence,
though
sin
they
had
not
been,
thus
purging
God's
universe
of
thus
not
God's
universe
of sin
been,
they
purging
6:23;
Mal.
4:
1-3;
Rev.
20:9,
10;
Mai
and sinners
sinners (Rom.
Rev.
4:1-3;
20:9, 10;
(Rom. 6:23;
Obadiah 16).
16).
13.
period is
is given
given in
in the
Bible
the Bible
13. That no prophetic
prophetic period
but that
that the
the longest
longest one,
second
second advent,
one,
advent, but
the 2300
2300 days
days of
Daniel 8:
14,
terminated
in
1844,
the
of Daniel
terminated
in
8:14,
1844, and
to an event
brought us
us to
cleansing of
the sancevent called
called the
the cleansing
sancof the
brought
tuary.
tuary.
to reach
the
to
reach the
14.
the true
of which the
the tabertaber14. That the
true sanctuary,
sanctuary, of
nacle
is
temple
of
God
in
a type,
nacle on earth
of
earth was a
is the
the
in
temple
type,
heaven, of
8 and ononof which Paul speaks
in Hebrews 8
heaven,
speaks in
ward, and of
Jesus, as
as our great
high
of which the
the Lord Jesus,
ward,
great high
priest, is
is minister;
minister; that
that the
the priestly
priestly work of
of our Lord
priest,
is the
is
the antitype
the Jewish
the work of
of the
of the
Jewish priests
priests
antitype of
of
of the
former dispensation;
that this
this heavenly
heavenly sancthe former
sancdispensation; that
cleansed
the
at
the
of
the
tuary
is
the
one
to
be
cleansed
is
to
at
the
the
of
end
tuary
its
in
of
2300
of
Daniel
8:
14,
its
cleansing
being.
as
in
as
2300 days
8:14,
days
cleansing being,
the
of judgment,
the type,
type, aa work of
judgment. beginning
beginning with
with the
the enentrance
Christ as
high priest
priest upon
upon the
the judgment
judgment
trance of
of Christ
as the
the high
phase of
of His
His ministry
heavenly sanctuary,
in the
the heavenly
forephase
ministry in
sanctuary, foreshadowed in
the earthly
service
of
cleansing
the
sancin the
of
sancservice
the
earthly
cleansing
the day
tuary
judgof judgof atonement. This work of
tuary on the
day of
FUNDAMENTAL BELIEFS
15
15
ment In
in the
the heavenly
heavenly sanctuary
began in
in 1844.
Its
1844. Its
sanctuary began
probation.
completion will
will close
close human probation.
completion
15.
the time
time of
the judgment
judgment and in
in
15. That God,
in the
of the
God, in
accordance
with His
His uniform
dealing with
with the
the human
accordance with
uniform dealing
family
in warning
warning them of
of corning
coming events
events vitally
vitally affectaffectfamily in
ing
sends forth aa proclatheir destiny
3:6, 7),
ing their
destiny (Amos
(Amos 3:6,
procla7), sends forth
mation of
the approach
of
the
second
advent
of
Christ;
of the
advent
of
of
the
second
Christ;
approach
that this
that
this work is
three angels
is symbolized by the
of
symbolized by the three
angels of
Revelation
threefold message
message brings
Revelation 14;
their threefold
that their
14; and that
brings
to
to view
view aa work of
to prepare
prepare aa people
people to
to meet
of reform
reform to
Him at
at His
His coming.
coming.
16.
the time
the cleansing
cleansing of
of the
the sanctuary,
sanctuary,
16. That the
time of
of the
synchronizing
the period
period of
the proclamation
proclamation of
with the
of
of the
synchronizing with
the
the message
message of
is aa time
time of
of Revelation
Revelation 14,
of investigative
14, is
investigative
judgment; first,
to the
the dead,
dead, and secsecreference to
first, with reference
judgment;
ond,
with reference
reference to
the living.
This investigative
to the
ond, with
investigative
living. This
judgment
determines
who
of
the
myriads
in
of
determines
the
myriads sleeping
judgment
sleeping In
the dust
dust of
of
a
part
in
the
first
a
in
the
first
the
of the
earth are
are worthy
of
the earth
worthy
part
are
resurrection,
of Its
its living
multitudes are
resurrection, and who of
living multitudes
worthy of
of translation.
Peter 4:17,
4: 17, 18;
translation. (1
10;
18; Dan. 7:9,
7:9, 10;
worthy
(1 Peter
Rev.
Rev. 14:6,7;
14:6,7; Luke 20:35.)
20:35.)
17.
of Christ
be aa godly
godly
the followers
Christ should be
followers of
17. That the
conformpeople, not
not adopting
unholy maxims or
or conformthe unholy
adopting the
people,
ing
to
the
unrighteous
ways
of
the
world,
not
loving
its
of
the
not
the
to
world,
loving its
ways
unrighteous
ing
sinful
pleasures or
its follies.
countenancing its
follies. That bebeor countenancing
sinful pleasures
as the
lievers should
should recognize
recognize their
their bodies
bodies as
the temple
temple of
of
lievers
clothe
that therefore
therefore they
the Holy
they should
should clothe
the
Holy Spirit,
Spirit, and that
that
body in
neat, modest,
modest, dignified
apparel.
Further,
in neat,
that body
Further,
dignified apparel.
course
that in
in their
their entire
entire course
in eating
that
drinking and In
eating and drinking
as
their
lives
of
conduct
they
should
shape
of conduct they should shape their lives as becometh.
becometh^
folMaster. Thus the
followers of
the folof the
the meek and lowly
followers
lowly Master.
intoxilowers of
of Christ
Christ will
will be
be led
led to
to abstain
abstain from all
all intoxilowers
16
16
QUESTIONS
eating drinks,
drinks,
eating
tobacco,
tobacco,
and other
other narcotics,
narcotics, and to
to
habit and practice.
avoid every
body- and soul-defiling
every bodysoul-defiling habit
practice.
(1 Cor.
Cor. 3:16,17;
2:9,10;
1 Tim. 2:9,
1 John
3:16, 17; 9:25;
9:25; 10:31;
10:31; 1
10; 1
(1
John
2:6.)
2:6.)
18.
the divine
principle of
tithes and offerings
18. That the
divine principle
of tithes
offerings
the gospel
is an acknowledgment
acknowledgment of
of
for
for the
the support
of the
support of
gospel is
God's ownership
in
our
lives,
that
are
stewards
we
in
and
that
are
God's
stewards
lives,
ownership
render account to
to Him of
of all
all that
that He has
who must render
has
committed to
to our possession
(Lev.
27:30;
Mal.
3:8-12;
Mai.
3:8-12;
possession (Lev. 27:30;
Matt. 23:23;
23:23; I1 Cor.
Matt.
Cor. 9:6-15).
Cor. 9:9-14;
2 Cor.
9:9-14; 2
9:6-15).
19.
placed in
in His church
church the
the gifts
of
has placed
19. That God has
gifts of
as
enumerated
in
1
Corinthians
12
and
the Holy
Holy Spirit,
in
1 Corinthians
as
the
12
Spirit,
Ephesians
these gifts
gifts operate
in harmony
harmony with
with
4. That these
operate in
Ephesians 4.
given for
the
the divine
divine principles
are given
of the
the Bible,
for the
the
Bible, and are
principles of
perfecting
of
the
saints,
the
work
of
the
ministry,
the
the
of
the
of
the
saints,
ministry, the
perfecting
edifying
of
the
body
of
Christ
(Rev.
12:17;
the
Christ
of
of
19:10;
body
(Rev. 12:17; 19:10;
edifying
the gift
of the
of prophecy
prophecy
11 Cor.
Cor. 1:5-7).
the Spirit
gift of
Spirit of
1:5-7). That the
is
one of
the identifying
identifying marks of
of the
the remnant church.
church.
of the
is one
(1
Cor.
1:5,7;
12:1,28;
Rev.
12:17;
19:10;
3:7;
Rev.
Amos
Cor.
19:10;
28;
7;
12:1,
12:17;
1:5,
3:7;
(1
They
recognize
that
this
gift
was
Hosea 12:10,
13.)
that
this
Hosea
12:10, 13.) They recognize
gift was
the life
of Ellen
Ellen G. White.
White.
manifested in
in the
life and ministry
manifested
ministry of
20.
the second
coming of
of Christ
is the
the great
great
second coming
Christ is
20. That the
the
grand
climax
of
the
gospel
hope
of
the
church,
the
of
the
the
climax
of
church,
grand
gospel and
hope
plan
of
salvation.
His
coming
will
be
literal,
personal,
will
salvation.
be
literal, personal,
coming
plan of
and visible.
Many important
events will
will be
be associated
associated
visible. Many
important events
of the
the dead,
return, such as
the resurrection
with
with His return,
as the
resurrection of
dead,
the destruction
destruction of
the wicked,
the
purification
of
the
of the
the
of
the
the
wicked,
purification
earth,
the
reward
of
the
righteous,
the
establishment
of the righteous, the establishment of
of
earth, the
His everlasting
kingdom. The almost
almost complete
complete fulfillfulfillHis
everlasting kingdom.
lines of
ment of
various lines
prophecy, particularly
particularly ^those
,those
of prophecy,
of various
found
in the
the books
books of
with
Daniel and the
of Daniel
the Revelation,
found in
Revelation, with
the physical,
physical, social,
social, industrial,
industrial,
existing conditions
in the
conditions in
existing
FUNDAMENTAL
political,
political,
BELIEFS
17
17
religious worlds,
worlds, indicates
indicates that
that Christ's
Christ's
and religious
at the
the doors"
doors" (Matt.
(Matt. 24:33).
24:33). The
coming "is
"is near,
near, even
even at
coming
exact time
time of
of that
that event
event has
has not
not been
been foretold.
foretold. Believers
Believers
exact
are exhorted
exhorted to
to be
be ready,
ready, for
for "in
"in such
such an hour as
as ye
ye
are
think not
not the
the Son of
of man" (Matt.
(Matt. 24:44)
24:44) will
will be rerethink
vealed.
vealed.
(Luke 17:26-30;
21 :25-27; John
John 14:1-3;
14: 1-3; Acts
Acts
17:26-30; 21:25-27;
(Luke
9:28; James
James 5:1-8;
5:1-8; Joel
Joel 3:9-16;
3:9-16;
1:9-11;
Rev. 1:7;
1:9-11; Rev.
1:7; Heb. 9:28;
3: 1-5; Dan.
Dan. 7:27;
7:27; Matt.
Matt. 24:36,
24:36, 44.)
44.)
2 Tim. 3:1-5;
2
the millennial
millennial reign
reign of
of Christ
Christ covers
covers the
the
21. That the
21.
period between the
the first
first and the
the second
second resurrections,
resurrections,
period
during which time
time the
the saints
of all
aU ages
ages will
will live
live with
saints of
during
of the
their blessed
blessed Redeemer in
in heaven.
heaven. At the
the end of
the
their
will
millennium, the
the Holy
Holy City
City with
with all
aU the
the saints
saints will dedemillennium,
scend to
to the
the earth.
wicked, raised
raised in
in the
the second
second resresscend
earth. The wicked,
up on the
the breadth
breadth of
of the
the earth
earth with
with
urrection, will
will go
urrection,
go up
Satan
at their
their head to
the
camp
of
the
saints,
the
of
the
Satan at
to compass
saints,
camp
compass
ou t of
fire will
will come down from God out
of heaven and
when fire
devour them.
them. In
the conflagration
destroys Satan
In the
devour
conflagration which destroys
host, the
itself will
will be
be regenerated
regenerated and
the earth
his host,
earth itself
and his
universe
cleansed
the universe
curse. Thus the
the effects
effects of
the curse.
cleansed from the
of the
of
will be
the foul
blot of
foul blot
of sin.
sin. (Revbe purified
of God will
(Revpurified from the
1-4; 22 Peter
elation
Peter 3:7-10.)
Zech. 14:
elation 20;
14:1-4;
20; Zech.
3:7-10.)
22.
will make all
all things
22. That God will
earth,
things new. The earth,
will
the
pristine
beauty,
will
forever
the
restored
to
its
become
forever
restored to its pristine beauty,
to
abode
of the
the Lord. The promise
saints of
of the
the saints
abode of
promise to
his
Christ
Abraham,
Christ
he
and
his
seed
should
that through
Abraham, that
through
of etereterendless ages
possess
the endless
earth throughout
the earth
ages of
throughout the
possess the
nity,
fulfilled. "The kingdom
will be
be fulfilled.
'dominion,
kingdom and 'dominion,
nity, will
the whole
and the
of
the
kingdom
under
the
the
of
the greatness
kingdom
greatness
saints
of
heaven
to
the
people
of
the
saints
of the
the
to
will be
be given
heaven will
people
given
High,
whose
kingdom
is
an
everlasting
kingdom,
most
is
most High, whose kingdom
everlasting kingdom,
and
serve and obey
shall serve
all dominions
dominions shall
and all
(Dan.
obey him" (Dan.
18
18
QUESTIONS
7:27). Christ
Christ the
the
7:27).
will reign
reign supreme,
supreme, and every
every
Lord will
is in
in heaven and on the
the earth
earth and under
the earth,
earth, and such
such as
as are
are in
in the
the sea,
sea, will
will .ascribe
ascribe "bless"blessthe
ing,
and
honour,
and
glory,
and
power"
unto
that
that
"him
honour,
glory,
power" unto
ing,
sitteth upon
upon the
the throne,
throne, and unto the
the Lamb for
for ever
ever and
sitteth
ever" (Gen.
(Gen. 13:14-17;
13:14-17; Rom. 4:13;
4:13; Heb. 11:8-16;
11:8-16; Matt.
Matt.
ever"
5:5;
Isaiah
35;
Rev.
21:1-7;
5:13;
7:27).
Dan.
Isaiah
Rev.
35;
21:1-7;
5:13;
5:5;
7:27).
creature which
creature
is
I.I Preliminary
Preliminary Questions
Questions
Doctrines We Share
Christians
Other Christians
Sliare With Other
Doctrines
QUESTION
QUESTION
I1
What doctrines
AdventiSts
doctrines do Seventh-day
in common with
with Christians
general, and
hold in
in general^
Christians in
in
in
what aspects
Christian thought
of Christian
they
aspects of
thought do they
differ?
differ?
in general
Christians in
divided into
are divided
Christians
into various
various
general are
thought on practically
practically every
doctrine
of
schools
of thought
schools of
of the
the
doctrine
every
Bible. On some doctrines
Adventists
find
Bible.
doctrines Seventh-day
Adventists
find
Seventh-day
themselves in
in one group,
themselves
other doctrines
doctrines we
group, and on other
may
be
classified
quite
differently.
With
some
religious
classified quite differently.
may
religious
groups
doctrines in
in common. With
many doctrines
groups we hold many
others we may
may find
find little
little common doctrinal
others
doctrinal ground.
ground.
not accept
certain
doctrines
held
by some Chriscertain
held
ChrisWe do not
doctrines
by
accept
are
not
based
on
the
Word
tians
because we feel
feel they
are
tians because
not
based
oh
the
they
of
God.
of
Adventist beliefs
beliefs are
Practically all
all Seventh-day
are
Practically
held
by one or
few are
disor more Christian
Christian groups.
are disheld by
groups. A few
tinctive with
with us.
beliefs could be classified
in reus. Our beliefs
reclassified in
tinctive
lation to
the beliefs
beliefs of
the folfolto the
of other Christians
Christians under the
lation
lowing headings:
headings:
lowing
I. In Common With Conservative

Christians and the
the
Conservative Christians
Historic Protestant
Protestant Creeds,
Creeds, We BelieveBelieve
Historic
I.
is the
the Sovereign
L That God is
Creator, upholder,
Sovereign Creator,
upholder,
21
21
22
22
QUESTIONS
ruler of
of the
the universe,
universe, and that
that He Is
is eternal,
eternal,
and ruler
omnipotent,
omniscient,
omnipresent.
and
omnipotent, omniscient,
omnipresent.
2. That the
the Godhead,
Godhead, the
the Trinity,
Trinity, comprises
comprises God
2.
the Father,
Father, Christ
Christ the
the Son,
Son, and the
the Holy
Holy Spirit.
Spirit.
the
3. That the
the Scriptures
Scriptures are
are the
the inspired
inspin:d revelation
revelation
3.
of
God
to
men;
that
the
Bible
is
the
sole
rule of
of
and
that the Bible is the sole rule
of
to men;
faith and practice.
practice.
faith
4. That Jesus
Jesus Christ
Christ is
is very
very God,
God, and that
that He has
has
4.
Father from all
all eternity.
eternity.
existed with
with the
the Father
existed
5. That the
the Holy
Holy Spirit
Spirit is
is aa personal
personal being,
being, sharshar5.
attributes
of
deity
with
the
Father
the
Son.
ing
the
the
Father
and
the
Son.
of
with
the
attributes
deity
ing
6. That Christ,
Christ, the
the Word of
of God,
God, became incarincar6.
nate through
through the
the miraculous
miraculous conception
conception and the
the virgin
virgin
nate
birth; and that
that He lived
an absolutely
absolutely sinless
sinless life
life here
here
lived an
birth;
earth.
on earth.
7.
the vicarious,
atoning death of
Jesus
the
of Jesus
7. That
vicarious, atoning
for the
the redemption
redemption of
of
once
is all-sufficient
for all,
once for
all-sufficient for
all, is
aa lost
lost race.
race.
S.
literally and bodily
8. That Jesus
Christ arose
arose literally
bodily
Jesus Christ
from the
the grave.
grave.
9.
bodily into
into
9. That He ascended
ascended literally
literally and bodily
heaven.
heaven.
10.
advocate in priestly
10. That He now serves
serves as
as our advocate
priestly
the
ministry
and
mediation
before
the
Father.
Father.
before
ministry
II.
pera premillennial,
11. That He will
will return
in a
return in
premillennial, personal,
advent.
sonal, imminent second advent.
his subsub12.
created sinless,
12. That man was created
sinless, but by
by his
sequent
faU
entered
a
state
of
alienation
and
depravity.
fall
alienation
entered
a
of
state
sequent
depravity.
13. That sa)vation
is by
13.
salvation through
Christ is
alone,
by grace
grace alone,
through Christ
through
faith
in
His
blood.
faith
in
blood.
through
in Christ
the new life
14.
14. That entrance
life in
is
Christ is
entrance upon
upon the
by
regeneration,
or
the
new
birth.
birth.
by regeneration, or the
Christ,
Christ,
DOCTRINES -WE
>WE SHARE
23
23
15. That man is

15.
is justified by faith.
justified by faith.
16. That man is
16.
by the
indwelling Christ
is sanctified
sanctified by
the indwelling
Christ
through
the Holy
Spirit.
through the
Holy Spirit.
17.
will be
be glorified
the resurrection
resurrection or
17. That man will
at the
or
glorified at
translation
the saints,
when
the
Lord
returns.
translation of
of the
the
returns.
saints,
18. That there
will be aa judgment
judgment of
there will
18.
of all
all men.
19.
the gospel
is
to
be
preached
witness
19. That the
is
to
be
as a
a witness
gospel
preached as
to all
all the
the world.
world.
to
II. On Certain
II.
Certain Controverted
Among ConservaControverted Doctrines
Doctrines Among
Conservative Christians,
Alternate
tive
of Two or
or More Alternate
Christians, We Hold One of
Views. We Believe
BelieveViews.
1. That man
1.
maR is
is free
choose or
or reject
reject the
the offer
offer
free to
to choose
of
of salvation
through Christ;
not believe
believe that
that
salvation through
Christ; we do not
predetermined that
that some men shall
shall be
be saved
God has
has predetermined
saved
and others
others lost.
lost.
2.
That
the moral law of
of ten
ten commandments,
commandments, or
the
or
2.
the Decalogue,
Decalogue, is
the standard
of life
conduct for
the
is the
for
standard of
life and conduct
not believe
believe that
that the
Decaall
all men of
all ages;
of all
the Decaages; we do not
either
changed
or
abolished.
logue
has
been
has
either
been
or
abolished.
logue
changed
3.
3. That baptism
baptism is
is to
be administered
administered by
to be
by single
single
immersion;
believe that
may be
be adminthat it
it may
not believe
immersion; we do not
istered by
by sprinkling,
pouring, or
or trine
trine immersion.
immersion,
istered
sprinkling, pouring,
4.
at creation
with conconcreation with
4. That man was endowed at
man
ditional immortality;
we
not
believe
that
has
that
do
believe
ditional
immortality;
innate
immortality or
soul.
innate immortality
or an immortal soul.
5.
will be
be punished
punished by
by suffering
the wicked will
5. That the
suffering
complete destruction
in the
the lake
lake of
of fire;
fire; we do not
not
and complete
destruction in
souls
are
hell
in
which
believe in
in an
burning
hell
in
souls
are
believe
an eternally
eternally burning
tormented
without
end
..
tormented without end.
6. That the
the seventh
of the
is the
the Sabbath;
the week is
seventh day
6.
Sabbath;
day of
not believe
that the
the Sabbath has
has been abolished,
we do not
believe that
abolished,
24
24
QUESTIONS
changed to
to the
or Is
is merely
a seventh
of
the first
seventh part
first day,
merely a
day, or
changed
part of
time.
time.
7. That the
the principle
of tithing
is God's plan
plan for
for
7.
tithing is
principle of
the support
of
His
church;
not
believe
that
tithtithwe
do
not
that
His
believe
the
of
church;
support
ing
was only
the Jews.
Jews.
for the
ing was
only for
8.
the world in
in six
six literal
literal days;
created the
8. That God created
days;
not believe
believe that
creation was accomplished
by
that creation
we do not
accomplished by
long
aeons
of
evolutionary
processes.
long aeons of evolutionary processes.
9. That the
the correct
prophetic interpretation
interpretation
of prophetic
correct view of
9.
is
best set
forth by
what
is
as
the
historical
school;
as
historical
is
known
the
is best
set forth
school;
by
we do not
not accept
accept the
the systems
followed
by
either
the
followed
either
the
by
systems
preterists or
the futurists.
futurists.
or the
preterists
10.
church and state
in enstate should operate
en10. That church
operate in
tirely
separate
spheres;
we
not
believe
that
in
an
do
not
that
in
believe
tirely separate spheres;
attempt
to control
religion or religious
religious activities
activities
control men's religion
attempt to
the church
church should
or that
that the
the state
the state,
state
should dominate the
the
state, or
should govern
the
church.
the
church.
govern
II. That the
instituted by
by Christ
Christ-that
11.
that
the ordinance
ordinance instituted
of
at the
time of
the Lord's
of the
feet at
of washing
another's feet
the time
Lord's
one another's
washing one
Supper-is
to
be
practiced;
we
not
believe
that
this
is to
do
this
not
that
believe
Supper
practiced;
merely an accommodation to
to the
neceswas merely
the customs and necessities of
those times.
sities
of those
times.
12.
practices as
as
abstain from such
such practices
12. That we should abstain
the
use of
of alcohol
tobacco; we do not
not believe
believe that
that
the use
alcohol and tobacco;
the
indulgence
these things
things is
fully representative
representative of
in these
Is fully
of the
Indulgence in
character
of our Lord.
character of
III. In a
III.
Areas of
a Few Areas
of Christian
Christian Thought,
Doctrines
Thought, Our Doctrines
Us. We BelieveDistinctive With Us.
Are Distinctive
Believe
1.
there
in heaven
heaven where
1. That
a sanctuary
Is a
there is
sanctuary In
Christ,
our High
Priest,
ministers
in
distinct phases
phases
ministers
In
distinct
two
Christ, our
Priest,
High
of His mediatorial
mediatorial work.
work.
of
DOCTRIN ES WE SHARE
DOCTRINES
25
25
2.
be an investigative
investigative judgment
judgment in
in
2. That there
there is
is to
to be
which the
the destinies
before Christ
destinies of
all men are
of all
are decided
decided before
Christ
comes in
the clouds
in the
clouds of
of glory.
glory.
3.
3. That the
prophecy, or
the prophetic
prophetic
the Spirit
of prophecy,
or the
Spirit of
gift,
is
of
the
gifts
of
the
Spirit
promised
is
one
of
the
of
the
to the
the
gift,
gifts
Spirit promised to
church in
in the
and
that
that
gift
was
manifested
church
the last
last days,
that
that
was
manifested
days,
gift
the work and
to the
the Seventh-day
Adventist Church in
to
in the
writings
of Ellen
Ellen G. White.
White.
writings of
4. That the
4.
the seal
the mark of
seal of
of God and the
of the
the
beast,
in
Revelation,
are
the
symbols
of
the
are
the
mentioned
in
of
the
Revelation,
beast,
symbols
in
last
opposing
forces of
evil in the
the last great
of good
congreat congood and evil
opposing forces
flict before
the second time.
time.
flict
before Christ
Christ comes the
14 repreS.
the three
of Revelation 14
repre5. That the
three angels
angels of
proclamation of
last message
message to
to the
sent
the world
sent the
the proclamation
of God's last
in preparation
preparation for
the coming
of our
our Lord.
Lord.
in
for the
coming of
'[he
Bible, Only
Rule of
Faith and
and Practice
Practice
Forth
Tfte Bible,
Only Rule
of
QUESTION
QUESTION
2
2
Regarding the
the Bible,
Bible, do
the inspiration
of the
inspiration of
Regarding
Seventh-day
is
Adventists
teach
that
the
Bible is
Adventists
teach
that
the
Bible
Seventh-day
the very
very word of
God,
the
only
infallible
rule
for
rule
the
the
for
of God,
only infallible
faith and practice?
practice?
faith
Seventh-day
believe that
that "all
scripture,"
"all scripture,"
Adventists believe
both Old and New Testament,
Genesis to
to RevelaRevelaboth
Testament, from Genesis
tion,
by
inspiration
of
God"
(2
3:
16),
Tim.
of
tion, was "given
"given by inspiration
(2
3:16),
and constitutes
constitutes the
the very
of God
God-the
truth that
that
the truth
very word of
"liveth
(1 Peter
Peter 1:23).
I :23). We recfor ever"
ever" (1
rec"liveth and abideth for
ognize the
the ultimate
ultimate and final
final authority
the Bible
Bible as
as the
authority on
ognize
what is
truth. The Holy
is truth.
Holy Scriptures
to us
us through
Scriptures came to
through
the ministry
ministry of
prophets who spake
wrote "as
the
of the
the prophets
and
"as
spake
they
by
the
Holy
(2
Peter
1:21).
moved
the
were
Ghost"
Peter
by
Holy
they
(2
1:21).
The apostles
apostles declared
that the
the God who made the
the
declared that
heavens and the
spake through
the mouth of
of
the earth
earth spake
heavens
through the
the prophets
of old
(Acts 4:24-26;
4:24-26; Matt.
Matt.
David and the
old (Acts
prophets of
1:22;
2:15; Acts 3:18-20;
28:25,26;
1:1; 4:7).
1:22; 2:15;
3:18-20; 28:25,
26; Heb. 1:1;
4:7).
these chosen messengers
messengers of
of God declared
declared that
And these
that
them
the
what was given
through
the
very
word
of
was
of
given through
very
God (Isa.
(Isa. 43:1;
45:1;
Jer.
17:19,20;
18:1,2;
22:1,2;
43:1; 45:1; Jer. 17:19, 20; 18:1, 2; 22:1, 2;
26: 1, 2).
Paul reminded his
his converts
converts that
that when 'they
26:1,
they
2). Paul
listened to
being
read,
they
hearing,
listened
to the
the Scriptures
were
read,
being
they
Scriptures
hearing,
26
BIBLE, RULE OF FAITH

BIBLE,
not
not the
the words
words of
of men,
men, but
but in
in truth,
truth, the
the
(l Thess.
Thess. 2:13).
2: 1:3).
(1
27
27
word of
of God
Through the
the ministry
ministry of
of these
these messengers
messengers of
of old,
old,
Through
Jehovah
declared
I-Iis
truth
to
the
world.
Quoting
the
the
to
world.
declared
His
truth
Jehovah
Quoting the
message
of
Moses:
"I
will
raise
up
a
Prophet
from
a
them
of
raise
Moses: "I will
message
up Prophet
among their
their brethren,
brethren, like
like unto
unto thee,
thee, and will
will put
put my
my
among
words in
in his
his mouth;
mouth; and he
he shall
shall speak
speak unto them all
all
that
And
that II shall
shall command him" (Deut.
(Deut. 18:
18).
JereJere18:18).
miah records
records the
the Lord as
as saying,
saying. "Behold,
"Behold, II have put
put
my words
words in
in thy
thy mouth" (Jer.
(Jer. 1:9).
1:9). The word which
my
these men spake
spake and wrote
wrote was not
not their
their own;
own; it
it was
these
the
to Ezekiel
Ezekiel God said,
said,
the word of
of the
the living
living God.
God. And to
"Son of
of man,
man, go,
get thee
thee unto
unto the
the house
house of
of Israel,
Israel, and
go, get
speak with
with my
my words
words unto
unto them" (Eze.
(Eze. 3:4).
3:4).
speak
as "Hear the
th"e word of
of the
the Lord";
Lord";
Expressions such
such as
Expressions
"I
the
Lord,
saying";
"The
of
"I heard the
word
the voice
voice of
the
Lord, saying";
of
of
the Lord came unto
the
me," et
occur more than
et cetera,
unto me,"
cetera, occur
1,300
prophetic writings
of the
the Old TestaTestain the
times in
the prophetic
1,300 times
writings of
ment. And the
writers make much
the New Testament writers
the
"I have received
received
the same claim.
claim. The apostle
says, "1
apostle Paul says,
of
of the
delivered unto you"
also II delivered
the Lord that
that which also
you" (l
(1
Cor.
"If
any
man
think
himself
to
be
a
prophet,
think
himself
to
Cor. 11:23).
"If
prophet,
11:23).
any
that II
or spiritual,
that the
or
the things
things that
let him acknowledge
acknowledge that
spiritual, let
the
Lord"
write
of the
write unto
are the
the commandments of
unto you
you are
(1
Cor.
14:37).
Cor.
(1
14:37).
it
that it
We take
in its
its entirety,
take the
the Bible
Bible in
believing that
entirety, believing
is
not
contains
the
word
of
God,
but
is
the
word
of
not merely
the
contains
God,
merely
of
of God.
We believe
believe in
the authority,
in the
reliability,
veracity, reliability,
authority, veracity,
unioh
and truth
Scriptures.
The
same
union
truth of
of the
the Holy
Holy Scriptures.
in Christ,
of
that is
is manifest in
the divine
of the
divine and the
the human that
Christ,
are "given
exists
in the
exists in
the Bible.
Bible. Its
Its truths,
revealed, are
truths, revealed,
by
"given by
28
28
QUESTIONS
inspiration
3: 16), yet
yet are
in
of God"
are couched in
God." (2
inspiration of
(2 Tim. 3:16),
the
the words of
of men.
Seventh-day
hold the
the Protestant
Protestant position
Adventists hold
position
that
that the
the Bible
Bible and the
only is
is the
the sole
of
rule of
the Bible
sole rule
Bible only
faith
for
Christians.
believe
that
faith and practice
that
for
Christians.
We
believe
practice
all theological
all
theological beliefs
beliefs must be
be measured by
by the
the living
living
Word,
judged
by
its
truth,
and
whatsoever
is
unable
to
is
Word, judged by its truth,
pass this
test, or
be out of
harmony with its
its
this test,
or is
is found to
to be
of harmony
pass
message,
is
to
be
rejected.
is
to
be
message,
rejected.
as the
the word of
of God as
the great
True Christianity
receives the
great
Christianity receives
treasure house
house of
truth and the
test of
of all
all inspiration.
inspiration.
treasure
the test
of inspired
inspired truth
The Great Controversy,

-The
193.
Controversy p.
p. 193.
We are
are to
to receive
as supreme
authority.-TestiTestireceive God's word as
supreme authority.
monies, vol.
vol. 6,
p. 402.
402.
monies,
6, p,
In our time
time there
is aa wide departure
their [the
In
there is
departure from their
Scrip[the Scriptures'] doctrines
is need of
of a return
return to
there is
to
doctrines and precepts,
tures']
precepts, and there
the great
great Protestant
principle-the
Bible, and the
the Bible
Bible only,
the
Protestant principle
the Bible,
only,
as
the rule
rule of
duty.-The
Controversy, pp.
pp. 204,
204,
The Great
as the
Great Controversy,
faith and duty.
of faith
205.
205.
,
Relationship to
Past Positions
Positions
to Past
Seventh-day
QUESTION
QUESTION
33
Adventists changed
changed
Have Seventh-day
from some of
positions advocated by
by certain
certain
the positions
of the
from
adherents
of earlier
years, from
from whom citations
citations
adherents of
earlier years,
are
still currently
citations
are still
circulated? Do such citations
currently circulated?
misrepresent
the
present
teachings
of
Adventist
present teachings of Adventist
misrepresent
leadership?
leadership?
Seventh-day
believe that
that the
the unfolding
unfolding
Adventists believe
truth
light
of
Bible
truth
is
progressive,
is
to
shine
"more
of
is
and
is
to
shine
light
progressive,
and more unto the
the perfect
day"
(Prov.
4:
18).
And
we
perfect day" (Prov. 4:18).
walk
have sought
in
the
to
in
the
advancing
light
of
truth.
We
to
sought
advancing light of truth.
have never
never driven in
in formal creedal
creedal stakes,
stakes, and said,
said,
"This is
is the
the truth;
truth; thus
thus far,
farther." Ellen
Ellen G.
G.
far, and no farther."
White,
writers,
wrote
in
1892:
of our leading
wrote
in
1892:
White, one of
writers,
leading
will ever
be revealed on the
the word of
of God to
to him
ever be
New light
light will
is in
living connection with the
the Sun of
Righteousness. Let
in living
who is
of Righteousness.
Let
the conclusion that
truth to
be
to the
that there is
is no more truth
no one come to
to be
revealed.
prayerful seeker
for truth
truth will
will find
precious
revealed. The diligent,
seeker for
find precious
diligent, prayerful
rays
light yet
yet to
of light
to shine
forth from the
the word of
shine forth
of God.-Counsels
God. Counsels
rays of
School Work,
p. 34.
34.
on Sabbath School
Work, p.
fathers of
of the
the Seventh-day
Adventist
The founding
founding fathers
of various
various denomChurch over a century
century ago
ago came out of
inational
backgrounds. While all
all were premillennialists,
premillennialists,
inational backgrounds.
some were Trinitarian;
others were Arian.
Arian. The majormajorTrinitarian; others
a
were
ity
Arminians;
a
few
Calvinists.
insisted
were
Calvinists.
Some
insisted
Arminians;
ity
on immersion;
immersion; aa few were content with
with sprinkling.
sprinkling.
on
points. And as
as with
with various
these points.
various
There was diversity
diversity on these
29
30
QUESTIONS
other religious
religious groups,
characterized
other
days were characterized
early days
groups, our early
by transition
transition and adjustment.
was being
being
by
adjustment. A church was
brought forth.
forth. As these
these men were already
already born-again
born-again
brought
emphasis was
was placed
believers, the
initial study
the initial
believers,
study and emphasis
placed
upon
the
distinctive
teachings
of
the
movement.
distinctive
And
the
of
the
movement.
teachings
upon
they were
were similarly
in developing
effective
similarly occupied
they
occupied in
developing an effective
organization.
organization.
In those
relatively little
was
In
those early
little attention
attention was
early years
years relatively
in
paid
to
the
respective
merits
of
Arminianism
in
contrast
merits
of
the
contrast
to
paid
respective
with the
the Calvinist
Calvinist position.
historic differences
differences of
of
position. The historic
thought
involved
reached
back
to
Augustine
and
had
reached
back
to
involved
Augustine
thought
Chrysostom. They
not concern
concern themselves
themselves with
They did not
Chrysostom.
"absolute
"divine sovereignty,"
"absolute decrees,"
decrees," "divine
sovereignty," "particular
"particular
election,"
they, at
"limited atonement." Nor did
did they,
or "limited
at
election," or
first,
the nature of
the Godhead,
Godhead, or
the
define the
of the
seek to
to define
or the
first, seek
the deity
deity of
problems of
involving the
of Christology,
of Christ
Christ
Christology, involving
problems
and His nature
nature during
the
incarnation;
the
personality
during the incarnation; the personality
and deity
deity of
the Holy
Holy Spirit;
nature, scope,
the nature,
of the
Spirit; the
scope, and
completeness
of
the
atonement;
the
relationship
the
the
of
of law
atonement;
completeness
relationship of
to
or
the
fullness
of
the
doctrine
of
righteousness
to grace
the
fullness
of
doctrine
of
or
the
grace
righteousness
the like.
by faith;
like.
faith; and the
by
But with
with the
the passage
years the
the earlier
of years
earlier diversity
of
diversity of
passage of
gave
way
to
unity
view on certain
certain doctrines
doctrines gradually
to
gradually gave way
unity
of
of view.
view. Clear
Clear and sound positions
positions were then
then taken
taken by
by
majority on such
doctrines as
the Godhead,
Godhead,
the
the great
such doctrines
as the
great majority
of
Christ,
and the
the
the deity
deity and eternal
the
eternal pre-existence
of
Christ,
pre-existence
the
personality
of
the
Holy
Spirit.
Clear-cut
views
were
of
Clear-cut
views
Holy Spirit.
personality
righteousness by
by faith,
the true
true relationrelationestablished
established on righteousness
faith, the
the death
death of
the
ship
of law and grace,
Christ as
of Christ
as the
grace, and on the
ship of
complete
sacrificial
atonement
for
sin.
sacrificial
for
sin.
complete
held to
their former
views,
A few,
to some of
of their
former views,
however, held
few, however,
and at
ideas got
at times
got into
into print.
print. However,
However, for
times these
these ideas
for
RELATIONSHIP TO PAST POSITIONS

decades
decades
31
31
the church
church has
has been practically
practically at
at one on
now the
the basic
basic truths
truths of
of the
the Christian
Christian faith.
faith.
the
very fact
fact that
that our
our positions
positions were
were now clarified
clarified
The very
seemed to
to us
us to
to be
be sufficient.
sufficient. Our teachings,
teachings, we felt,
felt, were
were
seemed
particular statement
statement of
of change
change from
from those
those
clear. And no particular
clear.
earlier ideas
ideas appeared
appeared necessary.
necessary. Today
Today the
the primary
primary
earlier
all
emphasis
of
aU
our
leading
denominational
literature,
of
our
denominational
literature,
leading
emphasis
as well
well as
as the
the continuous
continuous presentation
presentation over
over radio
radio and
as
of
television,
emphasizes
the
historic
fundamentals
of the
the
the
historic
fundamentals
television, emphasizes
Christian faith.
faith.
Christian
But the
the charges
have persisted.
persisted. Some conconattacks have
charges and attacks
tinue to
to gather
gather up
up quotations
quotations from some of
of our
our earlier
earlier
tinue
literature long
long since
since out
of date,
date, and print.
print. Certain
Certain
literature
out of
statements are
often wrested
wrested out
out of
of context,
context, which
statements
are cited,
cited, often
picture
of
the
beliefs
teacha
the
and teachgive
a
totally
distorted
of
beliefs
distorted
give
totally
picture
ings
of
the
Seventh-day
Adventist
of
today.
of
of
the
Adventist
Church
today.
Seventh-day
ings
into account.
Another consideration
taken into
account.
consideration should be taken
It
is that
Adventists, having
having no formal
It is
formal
that Seventh-day
Seventh-day Adventists,
not rigidly
rigidly bind
thinking of
their ministry.
creed, do not
of their
the thinking
bind the
creed,
ministry.
It
Adventist
It would be
indeed if
if from some Adventist
be strange
strange indeed
that
writer
did not
occasional statement that
writer there
there did
not appear
appear an occasional
was
of Seventh-day
the consensus
consensus of
of line
line with the
was out
out of
Seventh-day
face this
this probAdventist
bodies face
belief. Most religious
Adventist belief.
probreligious bodies
time.
time to
to time.
lem and embarrassment from time
for us
us
An
it desirable
desirable and necessary
All this
has made it
this has
necessary for
the
anew
upon
the
great
fundamento
to declare
declare our position
great
upon
position
to deny
tal
of the
the Christian
Christian faith,
tal teachings
faith, and to
every
deny every
teachings of
statement
or
implication
that
Christ,
the
second
person
that
statement or implication
Christ,
person
all
of
not one with the
the Father from all
the Godhead,
of the
Godhead, was not
full
and
that
His
death
on
the
cross
was
not
a
full
eternity,
cross
a
the
that
eternity,
Sevof Sevbelief of
and complete
sacrificial atonement. The belief
complete sacrificial
truths
is
clear
enth-day
these great
Adventists on these
great truths is clear and
enth-day Adventists
32
32
QUESTIONS
emphatic.
feel that
that we should not
not be
be identified
identified
emphatic. And we feel
with,
for,
certain
limited
and
faulty
certain
limited
conwith, or stigmatized
for,
stigmatized
faulty conheld
by
some,
particularly
in
our
formative
years.
cepts
in
by some, particularly
cepts
years.
This statement should therefore
therefore nullify
the stock
stock
nullify the
"quotations"
that have been circulated
circulated against
us. We
"quotations" that
against us.
are
are one with our fellow
fellow Christians
Christians of
of denominational
the
groups
in
the
great
fundamentals
of
in
of the
the faith
faith once
great
groups
saints. Our hope
a
delivered
is
a
crucified,
to the saints.
is in
in
delivered to
crucified, risen,
risen,
hope
ministering,
and
soon-returning
Saviour.
Saviour.
ministering,
soon-returning
n. Questions
Questions
II*
About Christ
Christ
Deity and
Eternal Pre~existence
Christ
Pn-existence of Christ
and Eternal
Deity
of
QUESTION
QUESTION
It is
frequently charged
Seventh-day
It
that Seventh-day
is frequently
charged that
Adventists deny
deny the
actual deity
eternal
preand
Adventists
eternal prethe actual
deity
existence of
Eternal Word. Is
Is this
this conconexistence
the Eternal
Christy the
of Christ,
tention true?
you believe
believe in
the Trinity?
tention
true? Do you
in the
Trinity?
Please give
give the
Biblical basis
jor your
your beliefs.
Please
the Biblical
basis for
beliefs.
I.
of Christ
Trinity
I. Believers
in Deity
Believers in
Christ and Trinity
Deity of
belief in
pre-existence of
of
in the
the deity
Our belief
deity and eternal
Christ,
the
second
person
of
the
Godhead,
is
on
recthe
of
the
is
recChrist,
Godhead,
person
ord
in our "Fundamental Beliefs
of Seventh-day
ord in
Beliefs of
Seventh-day Adventists,"
in our official
official Yearbook
ventists," appearing
annually in
appearing annually
and in
our authoritative
in our
authoritative Church Manual (1951
ed.,
(1951 ed.,
pp.
29-36).
Moreover,
those
who
are
baptized
into
the
those
are
Into
the
Moreover,
baptized
pp. 29-36).
Adventist Church subscribe
to the
of
Docthe "Summary
Adventist
subscribe to
of
Doc"Summary
trinal Beliefs"
Beliefs" appearing
Baptismal
trinal
appearing on our standard Baptismal
Certificate, article
reads:
article 2
of which reads:
2 of
Certificate,
Jesus
Christ, the
the second person
of the
the Godhead,
the etereterGodhead, and the
Jesus Christ,
person of
Son of
the only
sin; and man's
man's salvation
is the
of God,
salvation
God, is
only Saviour from sin;
faith in
in Him.
is
by grace
grace through
through faith
is by
nal
nal
this statement,
in affirmation
candidate signs
affirmation
The candidate
statement, in
signs this
of
belief,
before
baptism.
And
in
Appendix'
in
of belief, before baptism.
A, on
Appendix A,
pp. 641-645,
of statements on the
the
641-645, appears
compilation of
appears a compilation
pp.
deity and eternal
pre-existence of
of Christ
Christ and His posiposieternal pre-existence
deity
35
35
QUESTIONS
36
don
the Godhead from one of
of our
our most
most representtion in
In the
representWhite.
ative writers,
writers, Ellen
ative
G. White.
Ellen G.
to Christ's
the Godhead,
As to
in the
Christ's place
believe
Godhead, we believe
place in
Him to
to be
be the
the second person
the heavenly
heavenly Trinity
in the
Trinity
person in
-comprised
of
Father,
Son,
and
Holy
Spirit-who
are
are
of
who
Father,
Son,
Holy
Spirit
comprised
united not
not only
in
the
Godhead
but
in
the
provisions
in
united
the
in
but
the
only
provisions
of redemption.
redemption. A series
of succinct
statements on
on the
the
of
series of
succinct statements
Trinity
also appears
A, "Christ's
Place in
in Appendix
in
"Christ's Place
Trinity also
appears in
Appendix A,
the Godhead,"
(l)
that
Christ
is
Christ
is one
the
that
Godhead," clearly
clearly presenting
presenting (1)
with
Eternal Father-one
in nature,
nature, equal
equal in
power
in power
Father one in
with the
the Eternal
authority, God in
in the
sense,
eternal
and
the highest
eternal
and authority,
highest sense,
self-existent,
with
life
original,
unborrowed,
underived;
life
self-existent, with
original, unborrowed, underived;
and (2)
(2) that
that Christ
all eternity,
eternity, distinct
existed from all
Christ existed
distinct
but united
with, the
Father, possessing
possessing the
the same
from,
the Father,
united with,
from, but
the divine
glory, and all
all the
divine attributes.
attributes.
glory,
their belief
belief in
Seventh-day
Adventists base
base their
in the
the TrinTrinSeventh-day Adventists
ity
on
the
statements
of
Holy
Scripture
rather
than
on aa
of
rather
than
the
statements
on
Holy Scripture
ity
historic
creed.
Article
2
of
the
statement
on
Funda2
the
Article
of
historic creed.
mental Beliefs,
Beliefs, is
is explicit:
mental
explicit:
the Godhead,
Trinity, consists
consists of
of the
the Eternal
Eternal Father,
or Trinity,
That the
Godhead, or
Father,
omnisspiritual
Being, omnipotent,
omnipotent, omnipresent,
omnipresent, omnisspiritual Being,
cient,
infinite in
love; the
the Lord Jesus
In wisdom and love;
the Son
Christ, the
cient, infinite
Jesus Christ,
of the
Eternal Father,
Father, through
through whom all
all things
things were
were created
created and
of
the Eternal
through whom the
the redeemed hosts
hosts will
will be
accomthe salvation
salvation of
of the
be accomthrough
the
third
the
third
person
of
the
Godhead,
the
plished;
the
Holy
Spirit,
of
the
the
the
Godhead,
Holy
Spirit,
person
plished;
great regenerating
regenerating power
power in
in the
the work of
of redemption.
redemption. Matt.
Matt. 28:
19.
28:19.
great
a
a
personal,
personal,
representative statement
statement appears
the
in the
Another representative
appears in
Doctrinal
Beliefs"
the
Certificate
of
"Summary
of
on
Beliefs"
the
of
Doctrinal
Certificate of
"Summary
BajJtism,'
Baptism:
1.
true and living
God, the
first person
person of
the Godhead.
the first
of the
1, The true
Godhead,
living God,
is
our heavenly
heavenly Father,
He, by
by His Son,
Christ Jesus,
is our
created
Son, Christ
Father, and He,
Jesus, created
all things.
(Matt. 28:18,19;
Cor. 8:5,
6; Eph.
Eph. 3:9;
3:9; Jer.
Jer. 10:10-12;
all
28:18, 19; I Cor.
8:5, 6;
10:10-22;
things. (Matt.
Reb. 1:1-3;
Acts 17:22-29;
Col. 1:16-18.)
Heb.
17:22-29; Col.
1:1-3; Acts
1:16-18.)
1
ETERNAL PRE-EXISTENCE OF CHRIST
37
37
2.
the second
person of
of the
the Godhead,
2. Jesus
the
second person
Christ, the
Godhead, and the
Jesus Christ,
eternal Son of
eternal
the only
only Saviour
man's salof God,
Is the
salSaviour from sin:
sin; and man's
God, is
is by
by grace
through faith
(Matt. 28:18,
28: J 8, 19;
vation is
faith in
in Him. (Matt.
19; John
grace through
John
3:16;
5:2; Matt.
Matt. 1:21;
6; Acts
Acts 1:12;
John 5:11,
3:16; Micah 5:2;
12;
1:21; 2:5,
2:5, 6;
4:12; I John
5:11, 12;
Eph. 1:9-15;
1:9-15; 2:4-8;
2:4-8; Rom. 3:23-26.)
Eph.
3:23-26.)
3. The Holy
3.
the third
person of
the Godhead,
is
third person
of the
Godhead, is
Holy Spirit,
Spirit, the
Christ's representative
Christ's
representative on earth,
leads sinners
sinners to
to repentance
repentance
earth, and leads
and to
to obedience
obedience of
requirements. (Matt.
(Matt. 28:18,
28:18, 19;
of all
all God's
God's requirements.
19;
John 14:26;
Eph. 4:30.)
4:30.)
14:26; 15:26;
15:26; 16:7-15;
16:7-15; Rom. 8:1-10;
8:1-10; Eph.
John
I
U. Biblical Basis for Belief in

in Deity
of Christ
Christ
Deity of
II. Biblical Basis for
The deity
is established
by
of our Lord Jesus
Christ is
established by
deity of
Jesus Christ
at
at least
least eleven
eleven separate
of evidence,
evidence, which,
which, taken
taken
lines of
separate lines
collectively,
completely
establish
deity.
are:
are:
establish
His
These
collectively, completely
deity.
1. ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE TITLE "SON OF GOD"
1.
BY CHRIST HIMSELF.-While
among men Christ
HIMSELF. While here
Christ
here among
acknowledged
to
the
Son
of
(Matt.
Himself
be
of
God
to
the
acknowledged
(Matt.
27:41-43;
con27:41-43; John
10:36; 17:1).
5:23; 9:35-37;
9:35-37; 10:36;
John 5:23;
17:1). He confirmed
others that
the Son of
firmed the
the testimony
of
of others
that He was the
testimony of
God (Matt.
John 1:32-34,
48, 49;
49; 11:27).
16:15-17; John
1:32-34, 48,
(Matt. 16:15-17;
11:27).
And numerous other
attest the
the fact
that He
other statements
fact that
statements attest
to be
be-the
was what He declared
of God
the Son of
declared Himself to
(Matt.
3:16, 17;
31; Acts
Acts 9:20;
17; John
9:20; Rom.
19:7; 20:30,
20:30, 31;
(Matt. 3:16,
John 19:7;
1:1-4;
2 Peter
Peter 1:16,
Cor. 1:19;
2 Cor.
1:16, 17).
4:14; 2
1:1-4; 2
1:19; Heb. 4:14;
17).
Christ
title "Son of
the
of God" without the
the title
Christ employed
employed the
slightest
reservation,
and
with
the
freedom
and
the
utmost
reservation,
slightest
in a most
frankness. It
the one title
embodies, in
It is
that embodies,
title that
frankness.
is the
the
explicit
way, His
His unique
unique relationship
relationship to
to the Father.
Father.
explicit way,
2. APPLICATION
ApPLICATION TO JESUS
JESUS CHRIST OF A SCORE OF
In the Old
DEITY.-In
NAMES AND TITLES RESTRICTED TO DEITY.
to
titles are
are ascribed
ascribed to
Testament some 70
70 names and titles
Jesus
Christ,
and
in
the
some
170
New
Testament
in
the
Jesus Christ,
more. Those restricted
to Deity
Deity include
restricted exclusively
more.
exclusively to
2.
38
QUESTIONS
"God" (John
with us"
us" (Matt.
"the
1:23); "the
1:1); "God with
(Matt. 1:23);
(John 1:1);
great
God"
(Titus
2:
13);
"God
blessed
for
ever"
for
blessed
great
(Titus 2:13);
(Rom.
9:5); "Son of
40 times);
times); "only
of God" (some
"only
(Rom. 9:5);
(some 40
begotten
Son"
(five
times);
"the
first
and
the
last"
last"
the
"the
first
begotten
(five times);
(Rev.
1:
17);
"Alpha
and
Omega"
(Rev.
22:
13);
(Rev. 1:17); "Alpha
Omega" (Rev. 22:13); "the
beginning and the
the end" (Rev.
13); "Holy
"Holy One"
beginning
22:13);
(Rev. 22:
all"
of all"
(Acts
3:
14);
"Lord"
(used
constantly);
"Lord
of
(Acts 3:14);
(used constantly);
(Acts
10:36);
"Lord
of
glory"
(1
Cor.
2:8);
"King
of
Cor.
of
(Acts 10:36);
glory" (1
2:8); "King of
glory"
(Ps.
24:8-10);
"Wonderful"
(Isa.
9:6);
"Everglory" (Ps. 24:8-10);
(Isa. 9:6);
lasting Father"
Father" (Isa.
9:6); "Word of
of God" (Rev.
19:
(Rev. 19:
lasting
(Isa. 9:6);
13);
"Word"
(John
I:
1);
"Emmanuel"
(Matt.
1
:23);
(Matt. 1:23);
13);
(John 1:1);
"mediator" (1
of kings,
kings, and
"King of
(1 Tim. 2:5);
2:5); and "King
Lord of
of lords"
lords" (Rev.
19:
16).
(Rev. 19:16).
3. ASCRIPTION
ASCRIPTION TO CHRIST OF ATTRIBUTES BELONG3.
ING
include omnipotence
omnipotence
ING SOLELY TO DEITY.-These
DEITY. These include
(Matt.
28: 18), omniscience (Matt.
(Matt. 9:4),
(Matt. 28:18),
9:4), omnipresence
omnipresence
(Matt.
immutability
(Heb.
13:8)-appearing
immutability
(Matt. 18:20),
(Heb.
appearing
13:8)
18:20),
in scores
texts.
in
scores of
of texts.
4.
ASCRIPTION TO CHRIST OF OFFICES
OFFICES AND PREROGA4. ASCRIPTION
TIVES POSSESSED
EXERCISED ONLY BY DEITY.
DEITY.TIVES
POSSESSED AND EXERCISED
of the
universe (John
(John 1:
1-3);
These embrace creation
the universe
creation of
1:1-3);
preservation
of
the
universe
(Heb.
1:
3);
right
the
universe
of
preservation
(Heb. 1:3); right and
power to
to forgive
2:5-12); right
right and power
power
sins (Mark
power
forgive sins
(Mark 2:5-12);
to judge
judge all
all men (Acts
17:
31
)
;
authority
power
to
and
to
authority
(Acts 17:31);
power to
raise the
the "dead
5:28,
29);
to
transform
our
raise
dead (John
to
transform
5:28,
(John
29);
bodies
bodies (Phil.
(Phil. 3:21);
to bestow immortality
immortality (1
Cor.
(1 Cor.
3:21); to
15:52,
15:52, 53).
53).
5.
ApPLICATION OF THE "I
5. APPLICATION
"I AM" OF THE OLD
TESTAMENT TO JESUS
JESUS CHRIST IN
IN THE NEW.
NEw.-When
When
Christ told
the Jews,
"Before
was,
I
am,"
Christ
told the
I
"Before
Abraham
am,"
was,
Jews,
(John
His hearers
hearers
(John 8:58),
8:58), He was claiming
deity, and His
claiming deity,
ETERNAL PRE-EXISTENCE OF CHRIST 39

39
of His
His words,
words, for
for they
they took
recognized the
the Implications
implications of
recognized
up "stones
"stones to
to cast
cast at
at him"
him"-the
Jewish punishment
punishment for
for
the Jewish
up
obviously used
used the
the words
high-handed blasphemy.
blasphemy. He obviously
high-handed
in the
the Old Testament,
Testament, "I
"I AM THAT II AM"
God In
of
of
AM THAT
(Ex. 3:14),
3: 14), long
long recognized
recognized as
as the
the symbol
symbol of
of deity,
deity,
(Ex.
Himself
the
attribute
of
self-existence.
applying
to
applying to Himself the attribute of self-existence.
6. IDENTIFICATION
IDENTIFICATION OF
OF JEHOVAH
JEHOVAH OF THE OLD TESTA6.
JESUS IN
IN THE NEW.
NEW.-There
are aa number
There are
MENT WITH JESUS
of Old Testament texts
texts containing
containing the
the name Jehovah
Jehovah
of
that have
have been
been applied
applied by
by New Testament writers
writers to
to
that
Jesus
Christ.
Christ.
Jesus
(Yahweh) In
in Psalm 102:22,
The word "Lord" (Yahweh)
102:22, and
the related
related verses
verses 25-28,
25-28, Is
is applied
applied to
to Jesus
Jesus In
in Hebrews
the
also
1:
10-12. The same divine
(Yahweh) appears
appears also
divine name (Yahweh}
1:10-12.
Hein
in
3,
and
is
applied
to
Christ
in
Is
to
Christ
in Habakkuk 2:2,
2:2, 3,
applied
brews
10:37.
brews 10:37.
Three other
either Yahweh or
instances where either
other instances
seen In
are applied
to
our
Lord
can
in the
be seen
Elohim are
can
to
applied
following:
In
Jeremiah
31:31
Yahweh
is
used,
is
is
used, and Is
following: In Jeremiah 31:31
referred
to the
in Hebrews,
Christ in
referred to
the work of
of Christ
Hebrews, chapters
chapters 8
also
in Haggai
and 10.
2:6 is
is also
10. The reference
reference to
to Yahweh in
Haggai 2:6
of
work
Messianic,
and
is
applied
to
the
of
Jesus
in
Hethe
to
is
Messianic,
Jesus
applied
45:
in
Psalm
brews
12:26.
The
divine
name
Elohim
in
45:
divine
brews 12:26.
9.
G, 7,
in Hebrews 1:8,
of God in
is applied to
the Son of
1:8, 9.
6,
7, is
applied to the
IN THE NEW TES7.
7. NAME OF THE SON COUPLED,
COUPLED, IN
FATHER. This
TAl\IENT,
IN
FULL
EQUALITY'*'
WITH
THE
FATHER.-This
IN
TAMENT,
EQUALITY*
in many different ways
"Christ's
is demonstrated in
with God the
the Father is
*Christ's equality
equality with
in
in the
the New Tc~mmcnt.
Testament.
1.
:23).
the Father
Father (John
1. To honor
honor the
the Son is
to honor the
is to
5:23).
(John 5
2.
is to
2. To see
to see
see Christ
Christ is
see God (John
14:7-9).
(John 14:7-9).
3.
Father (John
is to
to know the
the Father
Christ is
14:7).
3. To know Christ
(John 14:7).
4.
4. To believe
in Jesus
believe in
in God (John
believe in
is to
to believe
12:44).
Jesus is
(John 12:44).
5.
as does
does the
the same thing'
the Father (John
5. Christ
Christ does
does the
5:19).
(John 5:19).
things as
6.
:21).
as does
does the
the Father (John
6. Christ
Christ raises
raises the
the dead as
5:21)
(John 5
7.
in Himself as
as does
does the
the Father (John
life in
7. Christ
Christ has
has life
5:26).
(John 5:26).
.
QUESTIONS
40
appears in
in the
the apostolic
benediction (2
(2 Cor.
Cor. 13:
14);
apostolic benediction
13:14);
appears
the baptismal
baptismal formula (Matt.
19); and in
texts
the
in other
other texts
(Matt. 2S:
28:19);
where their
united.
their names are
are united.
S.
SINLESSNESS
OF JESUS
JESUS CHRIST
8. DECLARED
OF
SINLESSNESS
HIS LIFE
MEN.-This
was clearly
This was
THROUGHOUT His
LIFE AMONG MEN.
clearly
foretold
the Old Testament (Ps.
Isa. 53:9;
in the
foretold in
53:9;
45:7; Isa.
(Ps. 45:7;
in
it
was
expressly
declared
in
Jer.
23:5;
Zech.
9:9).
declared
it
And
Zech.
23:5;
expressly
Jer.
9:9).
the New Testament-as
the "Holy
of
God"
of
One
the
Testament as the
"Holy
(Mark
:24), "holy
thing" (Luke
:35), "holy
child
"holy child
(Mark 1
"holy thing'
1:35),
(Luke 1
1:24),
Jesus" (Acts
"hath
done
nothing
amiss"
(Luke
amiss"
"hath
(Luke
nothing
(Acts 4:27),
Jesus"
4:27),
23
:41), "no unrighteousness
unrighteousness ... in
in him" (John
(John 7:
IS),
7:18),
23:41),
sin"
"Holy
One
and
the
Just"
(Acts
3:
14),
"knew
no
sin"
the
"Holy
Just" (Acts 3:14),
(2
Cor. 5:21),
Peter 1: 19), "with"without spot"
(2 Cor.
5:21), "without
spot" (1
(1 Peter 1:19), "without blemish"
blemish" (1
Peter
1:19),
"did
Peter
no sin"
sin" (1
out
Peter
(1 Peter
(1
1:19),
2:22),
"separate
from
sinners"
(Heb.
7:26).
sinners"
(Heb. 7:26).
2:22), "separate
9. DIVINE
DIVINE WORSHIP AND PRAYER TO JESUS,
JESUS, WHICH
Is
were many
many instances
Is DUE ONLY TO GOD.-There
GOD. There were
instances
where Jesus
Jesus Christ,
without hesitahesitaas God and Creator,
where
Creator, without
Christ, as
as
well
as
tion
worship
even
angels
as
well
which
as
tion accepted
even
angels
accepted worship
declined with
with fear
horror
good men,
men, as
as creatures,
fear and horror
creatures, declined
good
Acts
(Rev.
19:10;
Acts
10:25,26).
The
prerogative
of
deity
of
19:10;
10:25,
deity
(Rev.
26).
prerogative
was assumed and asserted
throughout Jesus'
Jesus' New TestaTestawas
asserted throughout
ment life
life in
33; 28:9,
2S: 9, 17).
a score
in a
score of
of instances
instances (Matt.
14:33;
17).
(Matt. 14:
9.
10.
HIS
10. THE AWARENESS OF CHRIST CONCERNING His
DIVINE PERSON AND MISSION.-At
twelve He recogrecogMISSION. At twelve
nized God as
Father (Luke
thirty this
nized
as His Father
this
at thirty
(Luke 2:41-52);
2:41-52); at
awareness
His
divine
mission
was
revealed
at
His
awareness of
of
revealed at His
divine mission
baptism (Matt.
13-17); it
it appears
appears in
in the
the record
record of
of
baptism
(Matt. 3:
3:13-17);
the temptation
in
temptation (Matt.
4:
1-11);
in
the
calling
of
the
the
the
the
of
calling
(Matt. 4:1-11);
twelve and the
the seventy;
claims of
the Sermon on the
the
twelve
in claims
of the
seventy; in
Mount (Matthew
(Matthew 55 to
to 7).
7).
ETERNAL
ETERNAL PRE-EXISTENCE
PRE-EXISTENCE
41
OF CHRIST
CHRIST 41
11. CONVERGENCE OF MULTIPLE OLD TESTAMENT

11.
PROPHETIC SPECIFICATIONS AS FULFILLED IN JESUS
JESUS CHRIST,
CONSTITUTES THE CULMINATING EVIDENCE.-Quite
EVIDENCE. Quite aa
number of
of separate,
specific,
and
predictions
minute predictions
separate, specific,
pinpoint
as
the
One
was
to
come
from God
Him
as
the
who
to
pinpoint
(such
as Isa.
Isa. 7:
14; 9:6).
7:14;
(such as
9:6).
Deity of Christ and Church Membership
Deity of Christ and Church Membership
QUESTION
QUESTION
5
5
If a Unitarian
or an Arian (rejecting
Unitarian or
the
If
(rejecting the
trinity
the Godhead,
the deity
Godhead, and denying
of the
trinity of
denying the
deity
of Christ)
should seek
seek admission
into your
your
admission into
Christ) should
of
church, would a
a Seventh-day
Adventist minister
minister
churchy
baptize and receive
receive such
such into
membership?
into membership?
baptize
Is it
possible for
for an individual
individual to
to remain
Is
it possible
in
good
and
regular
standing
if
he
consistently
in good
consistently
regular standing if
refuses to
to church authority
to submit to
refuses
authority regarding
regarding
the historic
historic doctrine
doctrine of
of the
of Jesus
Jesus Christ?
Christ?
the deity
the
deity of
first question seemingly

While the
touches upon
the first
question seemingly touches
upon aa
it is
is nevertheless
highly important
problem, it
nevertheless hypothetihypothetihighly
important problem,
cal-for
the simple
reason that
Unitarian
that an avowed Unitarian
cal
for the
simple reason
or Arian
Arian does
not seek
membership in
seek membership
in an avowedly
does not
or
avowedly
Trinitarian church while still
his old
views
still holding
old views
Trinitarian
holding his
of
numerous
ministers
of
long
on the
of
of
the Godhead. A poll
ministers
poll
long
experience
connected
with
Ollr
denominational
headour
headdenominational
experience
quarters shows
shows that
that no minister
in this
this large
large group
has
minister in
group has
quarters
ever
a request.
faced with such a
ever been faced
request.
ministers are
Seventh-day
required thorthorare required
Seventh-day Adventist ministers
all
for
oughly
to
instruct
all
candidates
for
membership
preinstruct
to
oughly
membership preparatory
to
baptism.
This
period
of
instruction
usually
of
to
instruction
period
baptism.
usually
paratory
continues
a candidate
persists in
in
If a
candidate persists
for some months. If
continues for
holding erroneous
erroneous views
views concerning
concerning our Lord and
holding
42
42
DEITY AND CHURCH MEMBERSHIP
43
43
Saviour,
who' alone
then only
alone can
can save
save the
the sinner,
Saviour, who
sinner, then
only one
course
course could
c~uld be followed:
applicant would have
have to
followed: the
to
the applicant
be
that he is
is totally
unprepared
for
bapbe told
told frankly
frankly that
for
totally unprepared
baptism,
not be
our fellowship.
be received
received into
into our
tism, and could not
fellowship.
He would be counseled
counseled to
to study
further until
until he
underhe understudy further
stood and had fully
accepted the
the deity
Jesus Christ
of Jesus
Christ
fully accepted
deity of
and His redemptive
redemptive power.
could
not
permit
We
could
not
power.
permit one
who denies
believes what
what we deny,
denies what we believe,
believe, and believes
deny,
to become a
a member,
to
member, for
could never
never dwell
for we could
dwell totoin harmony.
gether in
harmony. Strife
disintegration would
Strife and disintegration
gether
result.
result.
Furthermore, the
Adventist Church
the Seventh-day
Furthermore,
uses a
uses
a uniform four-page
Baptism, which
of Baptism,
Certificate of
four-page Certificate
the
is
the
candidate
at
the
time
of
his
baptism. On
is given
at
his
candidate
the
time
of
given
baptism.
3
Bepages
2
and
3
appears
a
"Summary
of
Doctrinal
Bea
2
of
Doctrinal
pages
appears
"Summary
liefs
of Seventh-day
Adventists."
Following
article
1,
liefs of
article
1,
Seventh-day Adventists." Following
with the
Trinity, the
the second
reads:
which deals
deals with
the Trinity,
article reads:
second article
the
2.
Jesus Christ,
the second
person of
of the
the Godhead,
second person
2. Jesus
Christ, the
Godhead, and the
eternal
is the
eternal Son of
man's
of God,
the only
Saviour from sin;
sin; and man's
God, is
only Saviour
is by
by grace
in Him. (Matt.
28:18, 19;
salvation
salvation is
faith in
19;
grace through
through faith
(Matt. 28:18,
5:
John 3:16;
Matt. 1:21;
Acts 4:12;
4:12; I1 John
John 5:
3:16; Micah 5:2;
2:5, 6;
5:2; Matt.
1:21; 2:5,
6; Acts
John
11,
Eph. 1:9-15;
2:4-8; Rom. 3:23-26.)
3:23-26.)
11, 12;
12; Eph.
1:9-15; 2:4-8;
Then on page
4 is
is found the
candidate's "Bap"Bapthe candidate's
page 4
tismal Vow,"
Vow," with
thirteen terse
terse declarations
be
declarations to
with thirteen
to be
tismal
made in
in the
the affirmative
baptism is
is administered,
administere~,
before baptism
affirmative before
following
which
the
certificate
is
signed
dated.
and
dated. The
certificate
is
which
the
signed
following
in God
first of
of these
these affirmations
pertains to
to our belief
belief in
affirmations pertains
first
the Father,
God
the
Son,
and
the
Holy
Spirit.
the
the
the
Son,
Father,
Holy Spirit. The
next
the list
be answered,
reads:
to be
list of
of questions
in the
next in
answered, reads:
questions to
Christ on Calvary
2.
you accept
death of
of Jesus
Calvary as
as an
the death
2. Do you
Jesus Christ
accept the
atoning
sacrifice for
of men,
believe that
that through
sins of
the sins
for the
men, and believe
through
atoning sacrifice
His shed
blood men are
are saved
sin and its
faith
its penalty?
saved from sin
shed blood
in His
faith in
penalty?
This
This
into
is
the procedure
procedure preparatory
preparatory to
to baptism
baptism into
is the
QUESTIONS
44
44
the
Adventist faith.
this Baptismal
is
Certificate is
the Adventist
faith. That this
Baptismal Certificate
authoritative,
and
in
constant
use
in
the
church,
is
seen
in
the
seen
in
is
constant
use
authoritative,
church,
from its
its inclusion
inclusion in
It
in our official
official Church Manual. It
would, therefore,
therefore, seem that
that there
there is
is less
of
less likelihood
likelihood of
would,
one who holds
holds Arian or
Unitarian positions
positions entering
or Unitarian
entering
the
Seventh-day
Adventist
Church
than
of his
his entering
than
the Seventh-day Adventist
of
entering
some other
other Protestant
Protestant communion.
second question,
like the
first, is
largely hypois largely
The second
the first,
hypoquestion, like
inthetical. Our position
position can
be seen
in the
the official
official incan be
seen in
thetical.
the
struction for
for the
Church, the
the Seventh-day
Adventist Church,
struction
Church Manual,
Manual, covering
the
duties,
responsibilities,
the
duties,
covering
responsibilities,
procedures in
and procedures
in church relationships.
relationships. This book was
approved and issued
issued by
by the
the General Conference
in
Conference in
approved
regular session.
.mcerning the
authority and responresponthe authority
session. C
Cjncerning
regular
church
in
such
matters,
read
on
pages
sibility
of
the
we
in
read
such
of
the
church
matters,
sibility
pages
219 (1951
ed.):
218 and 219
218
(1951 ed.):
"The world's
world's Redeemer has
great power
power with His
has invested
invested great
He states
the rules
rules to
to be
be applied
in cases
of trial
trial with
with its
its
states the
cases of
applied in
people, as
as aa body,
body, responsible
responsible for
for
members
His people,
holds His
members..... God holds
the sins
sins existing
existing in
the leaders
leaders of
the
the
in individuals
If the
of the
individuals among
them. If
among them.
church neglect
neglect to
to diligently
out the
the sins
sins which
which bring
the
search out
church
diligently search
bring the
displeasure of
upon the
responsible for
for
the body,
of God upon
they become responsible
body, they
displeasure
apparent among
among His
His people,
people, and if
these
sins....
... If
If wrongs
if
these sins.
are apparent
wrongs are
pass on indifferent
indifferent to
to them,
them, they
they virtually
virtually
the servants
the
servants of
of God pass
sustain
justify the
are alike
alike guilty,
guilty, and will
will just
just
the sinner,
sustain and justify
sinner, and are
as surely
receive the
God; for
they will
will be made
as
the displeasure
for they
of God;
surely receive
displeasure of
responsible for
the guilty."
guilty."
the sins
for the
sins of
of the
responsible
church.
church.
On page
the heading
page 224,
heading "Reasons
for
"Reasons for
224, under the
there
are
listed
Shall Be Disciplined,"
Which Members Shall
there
are
listed
Disciplined,"
definite departures,
of which could
be
seven definite
could be
departures, anyone
any one of
grounds for
for disfellowshiping
a member. The first
first reads:
reads:
disfellowshiping a
grounds
1. Denial of
of faith
1.
fundamentals of
of the
the gospel
in
faith in
in the
the fundamentals
gospel and in
the
cardinal doctrines
the church
church or
or teaching
teaching doctrines
the cardinal
doctrines of
of the
doctrines conconthe same.
trary
to the
same.
trary to
45
45
These "fundamentals
the gospel,"
gospel," or
or "fundamen"fundamentals of
of the
tal beliefs," twenty-two
in number,
number, are
are found on pages
twenty-two in
pages
of the
29-36
29-36 of
the Church Manual. The second
third of
of
second and third
these
these fundamentals deal
with the
doctrine of
of God,
deal with
the doctrine
God, emTrinity, the
the omnipotence,
phasizing our belief
belief in
in the
the Trinity,
phasizing
omnipotence,
omniscience,
the Father,
Father, Son,
eternal existence
existence of
of the
omniscience, and eternal
Son,
and Holy
HoI), Spirit.
Spirit. We quote:
quote:
tal beliefs,"
2.
the Godhead,
Trinity, consists
the Eternal
Eternal
2. That the
or Trinity,
of the
consists of
Godhead, or
omnipotent, omnipresent,
aa personal,
personal, spiritual
Being, omnipotent,
spiritual Being,
omnipresent,
wisdom and love;
love; the
the Lord
Lord Jesus
Jesus Christ,
omniscient,
infinite in
in wisdom
Christ,
omniscient, infinite
the
the Son of
the Eternal
through whom all
things were
were
of the
Eternal Father,
all things
Father, through
through whom the
of the
the redeemed hosts
created
created and through
hosts
salvation of
the salvation
will
the
of the
will be
be accomplished;
the Holy
Holy Spirit,
the third
third person
person of
accomplished; the
Spirit, the
Godhead,
the great
regenerating
power
in
the
of
redempin
the
of
work
Godhead, the
great regenerating power
redemption.
19.)
tion. (Matt.
(Matt. 28:
28:19.)
3. That Jesus
is very
God, being
being of
of the
the same nature
nature
3.
Christ is
Jesus Christ
very God,
and essence
as the
Father. While retaining
retaining His
His divine
divine
essence as
the Eternal
Eternal Father.
nature,
took upon
Himself the
nature of
the human family,
the nature
of the
nature, He took
family,
upon Himself
earth as
man, exemplified
in His
His life
lived
lived on earth
a man,
as our
as a
life as
our example
example
exemplified in
attested His
His relationship
relationship to
to God
the
principles of
the principles
of righteousness,
righteousness, attested
loJy
mighty miracles,
died for
for our
sins on the
the cross,
our sins
cross, was
miracles, died
by many
many mighty
Father, where
where He ever
raised from
from the
ever
raised
the dead,
ascended to
to the
the Father,
dead, and ascended
1, 14;
Heb. 2:9-18;
lives to
us. (John
8:
lives
for us.
intercession for
14; Heb.
2:9-18; 8:
1:1,
(John 1:
1,2;
4:14-16; 7:25.)
1,2; 4:14-16;
7:25.)
Father,
Father,
stresses
The fourth
fourth of
beliefs" stresses
these "fundamental beliefs"
of these
the
nature of
the nature
of our salvation:
salvation:
ex4.
person, in
in order
order to
to obtain
obtain salvation,
salvation, must ex4. That every
every person,
This comprises
comprises an entire
transformation
birth. This
entire transformation
new birth.
of God through
and character
by the
power of
of
re-creative power
the re-creative
character by
life and
of life
through
2:
the Lord Jesus
Jesus Christ.
3:16; Matt.
Matt. 18:3;
Acts 2:
faith
Christ. (John
faith in
in the
18:3; Acts
(John 3:16;
37-39.)
37-39.)
"faith
Salvation,
then, comes about solely
through "faith
Salvation, then,
solely through
in the
the Lord Jesus
Jesus Christ."
refuses to
to recognize
Christ/' One who refuses
in
recognize
Christ
our
Lord
and
Saviour
Jesus
Christ
can,
the deity
of
Saviour
of
our
can,
the
Jesus
deity
ditherefore,
neither
understand
experience
that
dinor
understand
neither
therefore,
experience
disis
Not
in
its
fullness.
only
is
he
disvine
re-creative
power
fullness.
in
its
vine re-creative power
only
perience the
the
perience
QUESTIONS
46
46
qualified for
for
qualified
membership by
by his
his very
very unbelief,
unbelief, but he
he
membership
is
the mystic
mystic body
body of
the church.
is already outside
church.
of Christ,
Christ, the
already outside the
And there
there would be
nothing else
for the
the church
else for
to do
church to
be nothing
but to
recognize this
this separation
through
unbelief,
and
to recognize
but
unbelief,
separation through
to
act in
harmony with
with the
the instruction
instruction already
already referred
referred
to act
in harmony
to
in the
the Church Manual. Section
5 of
the reasons
of the
reasons
Section 5
to in
given
for
disfellowshiping
a
member
reads:
reads:
a
for
given
disfellowshiping
Persistent
refusal to
properly constituted
constituted church
to recognize
Persistent refusal
recognize properly
or to
the order
order and discipline
discipline of
of the
the church.
authority or
church.
to the
to submit to
authority
act in
in such
the church to
Although the
the authority
to act
of the
authority of
Although
a case
case
a
is recognized,
a member is
is
is
recognized, disfellowshiping
disfellowshiping a
never
entered into
but
only
after
but
after
much
into hurriedly,
never entered
hurriedly,
only
counsel,
prayer, and effort
reclaim the
the erring
erring one.
one.
effort to
to reclaim
counsel, prayer,
Usually,
practice, either
person who loses
loses
either the
in actual
actual practice,
the person
Usually, in
faith
the fundamentals of
the gospel
gospel finds
himself
of the
finds himself
faith in
in the
so
out of
of harmony
harmony with
with his
brethren that
that he
he withdraws
withdraws
his brethren
so out
voluntarily,
or
his
conduct
is
such
that
the
church
must
is such that the
voluntarily, or his
take
action in
in his
his case.
case.
take action
The historic
historic doctrine
the deity
deity of
of our Lord and
of the
doctrine of
Saviour
Christ
is
cardinal
belief
of
the Seventhis a
a
cardinal
belief
of the
SeventhSaviour Jesus
Christ
Jesus
day
Adventist Church.
day Adventist
Basis for
a Misunderstanding
Misunderstanding
Historic Basis
for a
The Historic
Seventh-day
often been
been misunderAdventists have
have often
misunderSeventh-day Adventists
to their
their belief
stood
relative to
belief concerning
the deity
stood relative
of
concerning the
deity of
Christ and the
Christ
the nature
nature of
the Godhead. The basis
of the
basis for
for
this misunderstanding
this
lies somewhat in
in matters
matters of
of defidefimisunderstanding lies
nition and historical
historical background.
background.
nition
In the
to
the interdenominational
In
interdenominational Millerite
Millerite movement to
which the
the early
Seventh-day
Adventists
belonged,
had
Adventists
early Seventh-day
belonged,
a
a few
few of
of the
the leaders
of aa denomination
denomination
leaders were members of
known as
This group
group had
had sounded their
their
as "Christians."
"Christians." This
47
47
no-creed, Bible-and-Bible-only
Bible-and-Bible-only rallying
rallying cry
cry in
in the
the early
early
no-creed,
nineteenth century
century Arminian revolt
revolt against
against the
the domidominineteenth
nant ecclesiastico-political
ecclesiastico-political New England
England Calvinism,
Calvinism, in
in
nant
assent to
to the
the Westminster
Westminster Confession
Confession of
of Faith
Faith
which assent
was aa sine
sine qua
qua non.
non. In
In their
their zeal
zeal to
to reject
reject everything
everything
was
not found
found in
in the
the Bible,
Bible, the
the "Christians"
were betrayed
betrayed
not
'Christians" were
*
interpreting the
the Godhead in
in
by overliteralism
overliteralism into
into interpreting
by
terms of
of the
the human
heman relationships
relationships suggested
suggested by
by the
the
terms
"begotten," that
that is,
is, into
into
words "Son,"
"Son," "Father,"
words
"Father," and "begotten,"
a
a tendency
tendency to
to disparage
disparage the
the non-Biblical
non-Biblical word "Trin"Trinity" and to
to contend
that the
the Son must have
have had aa
contend that
ity"
beginning in
the remote
remote past.
past. (However,
(However, these
these people,
people,
in the
beginning
in
at
in spite
of
being
called
Arian,
at
the
opposite
pole
were
the
of
called
Arian,
being
opposite pole
spite
from the
the liberal,
liberal, humanistic
humanistic Arians
Arians who became UniUnifrom
tarians, and whose view
view of
of Christ
Christ represented
represented Him to
to
tarians,
be
a mere man.)
man.)
be a
to the
the Bible
Bible
Some of
of these
these "Christians,"
"Christians," committed to
rather
as
guide and making
making Christian
character rather
as their
their guide
Christian character
than belief
belief the
the only
test
of
church
membership,
than
test
of
membership, were
only
revivalist
inclined
a
sympathetic
hearing
to the
the revivalist
inclined to
to give
give
sympathetic hearing to
to
welpreaching
of
William
Miller
in
the
1840's
and
to wel1840's
in
the
preaching of William Miller
their
closed their
come the
the Millerites
other churches closed
Millerites when other
doors
the Millerite
Millerite movement
in the
them. However,
to them.
doors to
However, in
speculation
of the
the Godhead played
nature of
the nature
played no
speculation on the
important
part.
important part.
Mil":Tue'
Adventists had been Milearliest Seventh-day
TEe ea:Tliest
lerites,
from
various
denominations,
and
among
various
denominations,
lerites, coming
among
coming
them were
"Christian" preachers,
two "Christian"
were two
possibly
preachers, and possibly
in our
well. Their proportion
several
as well.
several lay
proportion in
lay members as
early
their dwindling
is unknown,
unknown, and their
dwindling
membership is
early membership
of
descendants
of
our memthe thinking
not molded the
have not
descendants have
thinking
of
bership,
nor
did
their.
understanding
of
the
Godhead
bership, nor did their, understanding
48
48
QUESTIONS
message to
to the
the world.
world.
become aa part
of our essential
essential message
part of
memToday
probably
only
a
portion
of
a
minute
of
our
Today probably only
portion
bership has
has ever
heard of
any dispute
as to
to
ever even heard
of any
dispute as
bership
Christ once
beginning in
the unmeaswhether Christ
in the
once had a
a beginning
ured aeons
aeons of
the past.
past. And even
even the
the few so-called
ured
so-called
of the
"Arians"
among
us-though
erring
in
their
theoretical
in
theoretical
"Arians" among us though erring
their
theology of
the nature
relationships of
of the
the Godnature of
of the
of the
the relationships
theology
head-have
free as
orthodox brethbrethhead have been
as free
as their
their more orthodox
been as
the
ren of
any thought
thought of
from
the
glory
of any
of detracting
glory and
detracting
divine lordship
Jesus as
as Creator,
Creator, Redeemer,
divine
of Jesus
Redeemer, Saviour,
Saviour,
lordship of
and Advocate.
Advocate.
in the
Our people
people have
have always
believed in
the deity
deity and
always believed
pre-existence
of
Christ,
most
of
them
quite
likely
unof
of
most
Christ,
pre-existence
quite likely unaware
exact relationships
relationships of
of any
to the
the exact
of
aware of
as to
any dispute
dispute as
the Godhead. Nor has
public preaching
preaching discussed
has our public
discussed
the
distincChristology, but has
has placed
placed the
emphasis on the
the distincthe emphasis
Christology,
tive
message
of
the
Lord's
coming.
However,
we
have
tive message of the Lord's coming. However,
statements
Ellen G.
G. White,
White, at
least from the
the 1870's
at least
statements from Ellen
1870's
of
Christ,
His
oneness
and 1880's,
and
the deity
on
His
oneness
of
1880's, on the
Christ,
deity
and equality
equality with
with God;
from about
about 1890
she
1890 on she
God; and from
expressed
posiherself with increasing
expressed herself
increasing frequency
frequency and positiveness in
correct certain
certain erroneous
in an endeavor to
to correct
tiveness
erroneous
as the
opinions held
held by
by some-such
the literalistic
literalistic notion
some such as
notion
opinions
that Christ
the "only
begotten"
Son
had,
the
that
in the
as the
Christ as
had, in
"only begotten"
remote ages
ages past,
past, had aa beginning.
beginning.
make
Why
did
she
not
her stronger
emphasis from
she
Why
stronger emphasis
the beginning?
the
beginning? Doubtless
reason that
that she
Doubtless for
for the
the same reason
she
advised against
with
advised
pursuing
theological
controversy
with
against pursuing theological controversy
mistaken brethren
brethren-for
the sake
sake of
unity
respected
for the
but mistaken
of unity
respected but
on the
message of
the imminent
the main features
features of
of the
the message
of the
return
all felt
felt called
called of
of God to
return of
of Christ,
to
Christ, which they
they all
proclaim
to
the
world.
advice was,
was, in
in substance:
substance:
proclaim to the world. Her advice
49
49
you are,
are, do not
not stir
up the
the substir up
subNo matter how right
right you
ject
at
the
present
time
because
it
will
cause
disunity.
the
it
will
at
time
cause
because
disunity.
present
ject
Quite possibly
toleration of
a few variant
variant
of a
possibly our toleration
Quite
theories
has
not
been
too
high
a
price
to
pay
for
freefor
not
freehas
a
to
theories
too high
price
pay
for
creedal dogmatism
dom from creedal
controversy, and for
dogmatism and controversy,
unity
of
spirit
and
effort
in
our
task.
task.
of
in
effort
world
unity
spirit
'The
Incarnation and
of Man
Man"
the "Son
and the
The Incarnation
"Son of
QUESTION
QUESTION
What do Adventists
Adventists understand by
Christ's
by Christ's
use of
of the
you
use
the title
title "Son of
of man"? And what do you
the
consider to
purpose of
of the
the basic
basic purpose
to have been the
consider
incarnation?
incarnation?
Inspired Word and the

Incarnate Word,
Word, or
the
the Incarnate
or the
The Inspired
twin pillars
pillars in
in the
the faith
faith of
of Seventhare twin
SeventhWord made flesh,
flesh, are
day Adventists,
Adventists, in
true Christians.
Christians. Our
all true
in common with all
day
these two immutable
entire hope
hope of
of salvation
rests on these
salvation rests
entire
provisions of
consider the
the incarnation
incarnation
of God. Indeed,
Indeed, we consider
provisions
of Christ
to be the
the most stupendous
fact, in
in itself
itself and
of
Christ to
stupendous fact,
its consequences,
in
the
history
of
man,
and
the
key
to
the
the
its
in
of
man,
history
key to
consequences,
all the
the redemptive
redemptive provisions
provisions of
of God. Everything
before
all
before
Everything
the incarnation
up to
all tfyat
tlJat follows
follows after
the
incarnation led
led up
to it;
after
it; and all
grows
out
of
it.
undergirds
the
of
the
gospel,
it. It
out
of
It
the
whole
of
the
undergirds
grows
gospel,
and is
absolutely essential
the Christian
Christian faith.
faith. This
is absolutely
essential to
to the
union of
of the
the Godhead with humanity
humanity-of
the Infinite
Infinite
of the
with the
the finite,
the Creator
with the
with
the creature,
in order
Creator with
order
creature, in
finite, the
in humanity
that Divinity
that
Divinity might
might be revealed
humanity-passes
revealed in
passes
our human comprehension.
united heaven and
Christ united
comprehension. Christ
in His own Person through
earth, God and man,
man, in
through this
this
earth,
provision.
provision.
at His incarnation
Furthermore,
became what
incarnation Christ
Christ became
Furthermore, at
He was not before.
before. He took upon
upon Himself aa human
50
THE INCARNATION
51
51
bodily form,
form, and accepted
the limitations
limitations of
of human
bodily
accepted the
bodily life,
of existence
existence while
while on earth
earth
as the
the mode of
life, as
bodily
was wedded to
to humanity
humanity in
among men. Thus Deity
in
among
Deity was
the one
one and
and only
only God-man.
one Person,
as He became the
Person, as
This is
is basic
basic in
in our
our faith.
faith. The vicarious
death
vicarious atoning
atoning death
of Christ
Christ on the
the cross
the inevitable
inevitable outgrowth
outgrowth of
of
cross was
was the
of
this
this primary
primary provision.
provision.
Again,
identified Himself
Himself with
with the
huChrist identified
the huAgain, when Christ
man race,
race, through
through the
the incarnation,
incarnation, the
the eternal
eternal Word
of
time.
of God entered
entered into
the earthly
relationships of
of time.
into the
earthly relationships
But from
from thenceforth,
thenceforth, ever
of God became
ever since
since the
the Son of
man, He has
has not
be man. He adopted
adopted human
ceased to
to be
not ceased
man,
nature,
His Father,
Father, He not
not
returned to
to His
nature, and when He returned
only
carried with Him the
humanity which He had
the humanity
only carried
assumed at
but He retained
retained His
His perfect
at the
the incarnation,
assumed
incarnation, but
perfect
nature forever-thenceforth
eternally identifyhuman nature
forever thenceforth eternally
identifying
Himself with
with the
redeemed. This has
has
the race
race He had redeemed.
ing Himself
writbeen well
well expressed
expressed by
by one of
most prominent
prominent writof our most
been
our nature,
nature, the
the Saviour
ers,
Ellen G.
Saviour
G. White: "In
"In taking
ers, Ellen
taking our
never
has
to humanity
by
a
tie
that
is
never
that
is
tie
has bound Himself to
a
humanity by
is linked
to
be broken.
broken. Through
the eternal
eternal ages
ages He is
linked
to be
Through the
Desire of
Ages (1940),
p.
25.
with us."-The
with
us."
25.
The Desire
of Ages
(1940), p.
I. The Son of
the Son of
of Man
of God Becomes the
I.
of
Through the
the majesty
majesty and glory
the incarnation,
incarnation, the
glory of
Through
uniof the
Word, the
the Creator
the uniCreator and Lord of
Word,
the Eternal
the
Eternal
verse
verse
(John
(John
that
it was then
1:
1-3), was
was veiled.
veiled. And it
then that
1:1-3),
term
used
the
man-aa
used
of man
the Son of
of God became the
the Son of
more than
times
in
the
Testament.
Taking
Testament.
in
the
New
than eighty
times
Taking
eighty
humanity upon
the huHimself, He became one with the
humanity
upon Himself,
of God
race that
that He might
might reveal
the fatherhood of
reveal the
man race
to
man, and that
that He might
might redeem lost
lost mankind.
sinful man,
to sinful
52
52
QUESTIONS
At His
His incarnation
incarnation He became flesh.
flesh. He hungered
hungered
and thirsted
was weary.
weary. He needed
needed food
food and rest
thirsted and was
rest
and was
was refreshed
by sleep.
shared
the
lot
of
He
refreshed by
lot
shared
the
of
sleep.
man,
craving human sympathy
and
needing
divine
asdivine
asman, craving
needing
sympathy
sistance. Nevertheless,
Nevertheless, He ever
the blameless
sistance.
ever remained the
blameless
Son of
of God.
He sojourned
was tempted
tempted and tried,
tried,
earth, was
sojourned on earth,
touched with
with the
feelings
of
our
human
infirand was touched
of
the feelings
our
infirmities,
yet He lived
free from
His
a life
lived a
life wholly
sin. His
from sin.
mities, yet
wholly free
was aa real
real and genuine
humanity,
one
that
must
pass
that
genuine humanity,
pass
through the
the various
various stages
growth, like
like any
of growth,
other
stages of
through
any other
race. He was subject
member of
of the
the race.
to Joseph
Joseph and
subject to
was
Mary,
and
a
worshiper
in
the
synagogue
a
in
the
Mary,
worshiper
synagogue and Temthe
ple.
He
wept
over
the
guilty
city
Jerusalem, and at
at
of Jerusalem,
ple.
guilty city of
wept
a
the
grave of
a
loved
one.
He
expressed
His
dependthe grave
of
loved one.
expressed
dependence
upon God by
by prayer.
prayer. Yet
Yet all
all the
the while
while He retained
retained
ence upon
His deity-the
His
the
deity the one and only
only God-man. He was the
second
Adam, coming
in
the
"likeness"
of
sinful
husecond Adam,
in
the
"likeness"
sinful
huof
coming
flesh (Rom.
3), but without
taint of
man flesh
a taint
without a
of its
its sinsin(Rom. 8:
8:3),
ful propensities
ful
propensities and passions.
passions. (See
(See also
Appendix B.)
also Appendix
B.)
The first
time the
the title
title "Son of
of man*'
man" appears
in the
first time
the
appears in
it is
homeless
New Testament it
is applied to
as a
a homeless
Jesus as
applied to Jesus
wanderer,
His head (Matt.
a place
to lay
wanderer, without a
lay His
place to
(Matt. 8:20);
8:20);
as a
the last
last time
time as
returning
King
(Rev.
the
a glorified,
14:
glorified, returning King (Rev. 14:
14).
It
was
as
the
Son
of
that
to
save
the
was
as
of
man
It
the
that
He
to
came
save
the
14).
lost
10). As Son of
claimed authority
lost (Luke
of man He claimed
authority
(Luke 19:
19:10).
sins (Matt.
to forgive
to
1-8). As Son of
of man He sowed
forgive sins
(Matt. 9:
9:1-8).
the
truth (Matt.
was betrayed
betrayed (Matt.
the seed
of truth
seed of
(Matt. 13:37),
(Matt.
13:37), was
17:22;
22:48),
was
crucified
(Matt.
26:2), rose
Luke
crucified
rose
17:22;
22:48),
(Matt. 26:2),
from the
the dead (Mark
ascended to
to heaven
heaven
(Mark 9:9),
9:9), and ascended
(John
6:62).
(John 6:62).
It is
is likewise
likewise as
that He is
is now in
of man that
in
It
as Son
Son of
THE INCARNATION
53
53
heaven (Acts
(Acts 7:56)
church on
watches over
over His
His church
7:56) and watches
earth (Rev.
earth
(Rev. 1:
12,
13,
20).
Moreover,
it
is
as
the Son
Son
1:12, 13, 20). Moreover, it is as the
of
that He will
will return
return in
clouds of
of heaven
of man that
in the
the clouds
heaven
(Matt.
as Son of
of man He will
exewill exe24:30; 25:31).
(Matt. 24:30;
25:31). And as
cute judgment
cute
judgment (John
5:27)
and.
receive
His
kingdom
His
receive
(John 5:27) and.
kingdom
(Dan.
7: 13, 14).
the inspired
record of
of His
His role
is the
role
(Dan. 7:13,
14). That is
inspired record
as
as Son of
of 'man.
man.
II. Miraculous
the Divine
the Human
Miraculous Union of
of the
Divine and the
II.
Christ
was aa miraculous
union of
the
Christ Jesus
our Lord was
miraculous union
of the
Jesus our
divine nature
nature with
with our
nature. He was
was the
the Son
divine
our human nature.
Son
of
of
while here
the flesh,
but He was
was also
the
man while
in the
here in
also the
flesh, but
Son of
God. The mystery
of the
the Incarnation
Incarnation is
is expressed
of God,
mystery of
expressed
definitely
in
the
Holy
Scriptures.
clearly
and
in
the
clearly
definitely
Holy Scriptures.
"
is the
"Great
the mystery
godliness: God was
was manifest
manifest
Great is
of godliness:
mystery of
Tim.
3:
16).
"God
was
in
Christ"
Cor.
in
in the
the flesh"
flesh" (1
in Christ" (2
(1
3:16).
(2 Cor.
5:
19). "The Word was
us"
was made flesh,
dwelt among
flesh, and dwelt
among us"
5:19).
(J
ohn
1:
14).
(John 1:14).
What aa wonderful
wonderful truth!
has been referred
referred to
truth! This has
to
by Ellen
Ellen G.
G. White as
as follows:
follows:
by
clothed His
all the
the while
while
He clothed
His divinity
humanity. He was all
divinity with humanity.
as
God, but
but He did
veiled the
the demonstradid not
not appear
as God. He veiled
demonstraas God,
appear as
the homage,
homage, and called
tions
Deity which had commanded the
called
of Deity
tions of
forth the
admiration, of
the universe
of God. He was God while
while
the admiration,
universe of
of the
forth
upon earth,
Himself of
of the
the form
form of
of God,
God, and in
in
divested Himself
but He divested
earth, but
upon
fashion of
of a man. He walked the
the
its stead
took the
the form and fashion
its
stead took
a man. For our sakes
poor, that
that we through
through
earth as
as a
sakes He became poor,
earth
laid aside
aside His
His glory
glory and His
His poverty
poverty might
might be made rich.
rich. He laid
His
the glories
glories of
of the
the form
form of
majesty.
of God He for
for
but the
was God,
God, but
majesty. He was
relinquished.-The
Herald, July
July 5,
aa while
while relinquished.
The Review and Herald,
1887.
5, 1887.
The more we think
becoming aa babe here
here on
Christ's becoming
think about Christ's
it be that
that the
earth, the
the more wonderful
wonderful it
it appears.
the
earth,
appears. How can it
divine Son of
is still
Bethlehem's manger
still the
the divine
of
helpless babe
babe in
in Bethlehem's
manger is
helpless
that He
God? Though
believe that
can believe
cannot understand it,
God?
it, we can
Though we cannot
babe.
sakes became a
who made the
the worlds,
our sakes
a helpless
helpless babe.
for our
worlds, for
54
54
QUESTIONS
the angels,
as the
Though
higher than
than any
though as
as great
the
of the
angels, though
great as
Though higher
any of
Father
the throne
throne of
heaven, He became one with
with us.
us. In
In Him
Father on the
of heaven,
and man became one,
it is
in this
this fact
fact that
that we find
find the
is in
the
God and
one, and it
our fallen
race. Looking
Looking upon
upon Christ
Christ in
in the
the flesh,
hope
fallen race.
of our
flesh, we
hope of
upon God in
the brightness
brightness of
of
look
see in
in Him the
in humanity,
look upon
humanity, and see
the Father.
Father.-The
divine
glory, the
the express
image of
The Youth's
Youth's
of God the
divine glory,
express image
Nov. 21,
21, 1895
Instructor, Nov.
1895...
Instructor,
The Creator
Creator of
in whom was
was the
the fulness
of the
the
fulness of
of worlds,
worlds, He in
the manger.
was manifest
manifest in
helpless babe
babe in
in the
bodily, was
in the
the helpless
Godhead bodily,
manger.
Far
higher than
than any
the angels,
equal with
with the
the Father
Father in
in dignity
Far higher
of the
angels, equal
dignity
any of
and glory,
glory, and
yet wearing
wearing the
the garb
garb of
of humanity!
humanity! Divinity
Divinity and
and yet
humanity
were mysteriously
mysteriously combined,
combined, and man and God became
humanity were
the hope
hope of
our fallen
one. It
of our
find the
fallen race.
race.
is in
this union that
that we find
one.
in this
It is
upon Christ
humanity, we look
look upon
upon God,
Looking
see
Christ in
in humanity,
God, and see
Looking upon
in Him the
the brightness
brightness of
His glory,
glory, the
the express
image of
of His
of His
in
His
express image
person.-Signs
Times, July
30, 1896.
the Times,
1896.
of the
Signs of
July 30,
person.
'
In
both His natures,
natures, the
the divine,
divine, and the
the human,
human, He
In both
was perfect;
perfect; He was sinless.
this was
was true
true of
was
sinless. That this
of His
His
divine
nature there
question. That it
it 'Yas
there can
can be no question.
divine nature
was
so
humanity is
true. In
His challenge
the
so of
of His
is also
also true.
In His
His humanity
to the
challenge to
Pharisees of
His day,
of you
you convinceth
convinceth
Pharisees
of His
said, "Which of
day, He said,
me of
sin?" (John
Gentiles
apostle to
to the
the Gentiles
of sin?"
8:46). The apostle
(John 8:46).
declared
that He "knew no sin"
(2 Cor.
5:21); that
that He
declared that
sin" (2
Cor. 5:21);
was "holy,
harmless,
undefiled,
separate
from
sinners"
was
sinners"
from
"holy, harmless, undefiled, separate
(Heb.
7:26). Peter
Peter could
"did no sin"
sin"
that He "did
could testify
testify that
(Heb. 7:26).
(1
Peter
2:22);
and
John
the
beloved
assures
us
that
Peter
beloved
us
the
assures
that
(1
John
2:22);
"in
John
3:5).
not
only
did
His
"in Him is
is no sin"
sin" (1
did
But
not
His
(1 John 3:5).
only
friends
emphasize the
of His
His nature;
nature; His
friends emphasize
the sinlessness
sinlessness of
it. Pilate
Pilate was
was forced
to confess
confess that
that
enemies also
also declared
declared it.
forced to
he
he found "no fault"
23:
14).
Pilate's
wife
in Him (Luke
fault" in
Pilate's
wife
(Luke 23:14).
to have
warned her
h:!r husband 'to
have "nothing
to do with
with that
that
"nothing to
just man" (Matt.
27: 19).
devils were
were compelled
compelled
the devils
(Matt. 27:
just
19). Even the
to
to acknowledge
His
Sonship
hence
His
deity.
and
His
hence
acknowledge
Sonship
deity. When
marf they
commanded to
to come out of
of the
they had possessed,
possessed,
the mall."
they
retorted,
"What
have
we
to
do
with
thee,
to
with thee, Jesus,
they retorted,
Jesus,
THE INCARNATION
55
55
thou Son of
Mark's gospel
of God" (Matt.
them
"the
gives "the
(Matt. 8:29).
gospel gives
8:29). Mark's
Holy One of
of God" (Mark
Holy
(Mark 1:24).
1:24).
Ellen G.
G. White has
has written:
written:
Ellen
He took
took "the
nature, but not
the sinfulness
man."
"the nature,
not the
sinfulness of
of man/'
-Signs
of the
May 29,
29, 1901.
the Times,
1901.
Times, May
Signs of
"We should
have
no
misgivings
in regard
regard to
to the
should
the
misgivings in
perfect sinlessness
nature of
of Christ."sinlessness of
of the
the human nature
Christ."
perfect
The SDA Bible
5, p.
p. 113l.
Bible Commentary,
1131.
vol. 5,
Commentary, vol.
Why
did
Christ
take
nature?
This has
has been
been
did
Christ
human
take
nature?
Why
well
expressed as
well expressed
as follows:
follows:
Laying aside
His royal
royal robe
robe and kingly
crown, Christ
Christ clothed
clothed
aside His
Laying
kingly crown,
His divinity
divinity with humanity,
humanity, that
that human beings
beings might
might be
be raised
His
raised
their degradation,
degradation, and placed
placed on vantage-ground.
vantage-ground. Christ
from their
Christ
not have
have come to
earth with
with the
the glory
that He had
could
to this
could not
this earth
glory that
in
the heavenly
heavenly courts.
beings could
not have
borne
in the
courts. Sinful
Sinful human beings
could not
have borne
veiled His divinity
divinity with
with the
the garb
garb of
humanity,
the sight.
the
of humanity,
sight. He veiled
but He did
did not
part with
with His
His divinity.
divinity. A divine-human
divine-human Saviour,
not part
but
Saviour,
came to
to stand
of the
the fallen
fallen race,
to share
their
He came
stand at
at the
the head
head of
in their
share in
race, to
experience from childhood
to manhood. That human beings
beings
childhood to
experience
might
be partakers
partakers of
to this
this earth,
earth,
of the
the divine
divine nature,
nature, He came to
might be
a life
perfect obedience.
obedience.-ELLEN
ELLEN G. WHITE in
in The
and lived
life of
of perfect
lived a
Herald, June
(Italics supplied.)
supplied.)
Review and Herald,
1905. (Italics
15, 1905.
June 15,
Himself humanity,
humanity, that
that He might
might reach
reach
Christ
took upon
Christ took
upon Himself
the divine
to
the human to
humanity
It required
divine and the
humanity.. . . . It
required both the
.
The Desire
bring salvation
to the
Desire of
of Ages,
Ages,
world.
salvation to
the world.-The
bring
p. 296.
296.
p.
Taking
upon Him,
Christ came to
to be
be one with
with
Him, Christ
humanity upon
Taking humanity
the same time
time to
to reveal
heavenly Father
humanity and at
reveal our heavenly
Father to
to
at the
humanity
beings. He was
was in
in all
all things
things made like
like unto His
sinful
sinful human beings.
even as
as we are.
are. He was hungry
brethren. He became flesh,
brethren.
flesh, even
hungry and
thirsty
weary. He was
by food and refreshed
refreshed by
by
sustained by
was sustained
thirsty and weary.
the lot
man,. and yet
yet He was the
the blameless
blameless
sleep.
lot of
of man,
shared the
sleep. He shared
earth in
of God.
was aa stranger
sojourner on the
the earth-in
Son
Son of
God. He was
stranger and sojourner
as men and
the
world, but
but not
not of
the world;
tempted and tried
tried as
of the
the world,
world; tempted
a life
free from
women today
today are
yet living
life free
are tempted
tried, yet
living a
tempted and tried,
sin.-Testimonies,
vol. 8,
286.
sin.
8, p.
Testimonies, vol.
p. 286.
Christ
We emphasize
emphasize again
that in
in His
His human nature
nature Christ
again that
was
perfect
and
sinless.
sinless.
was perfect
QUESTIONS
56
56
In
this respect,
of vital
vital import
import must be
be
In this
something of
respect, something
considered. The Sinless
our blessed
blessed Lord,
Lord, voluntarvoluntarconsidered.
Sinless One,
One, our
of our
ily
upon Himself
Himself the
the burden and penalty
penalty of
took upon
ily took
sins.
This was
in full
full counsel
counsel and cooperation
sins. This
was an act
act in
cooperation
with God the
Father.
with
the Father.
the iniquity
of us
us all"
all" (Isa.
(Isa. 53:6).
God "laid
"laid on him the
53:6).
iniquity of
for
"When thou
his soul
soul an offering
thou shalt
shah make his
offering for
sin
" (verse
(verse 10).
sin ...."
10).
act of
And yet,
yet, this
voluntary act
blessed
of our blessed
this was a
a voluntary
Saviour,
for we read:
read:
Saviour, for
"He shall
shall bear
iniquities" (verse
their iniquities"
bear their
11).
(verse 11).
"He hath
hath poured
out
his
soul
unto
death" (verse
death"
his
unto
soul
out
(verse
poured
12).
12).
"Who his
his own self
his own body
body on
sins in
in his
self bare
bare our sins
the tree"
tree" (1
Peter
2:24)
.
the
Peter
(I
2:24).
.
.*""- As
As aa member of
family He was
was mortal,
mortal, but
as' aa
the human family
but as
of the
was the
the fountain
of life
to the
the world.
world. He could,
could, in
in His
fountain of
life to
God He was
divine person,
person, ever
have withstood
withstood the
advances of
of death,
death, and
ever have
the advances
divine
refused
to come under its
its dominion;
but He voluntarily
voluntarily laid
laid
refused to
dominion; but
down His
His life,
life, that
that in
doing He might
might give
give life
life and bring
in so
so doing
bring
immortality
to light
was this!
thisl It
angels.
It amazed angels.
immortality to
light..... What humility
humility was
can
never
describe
it;
the
imagination
cannot
take
The tongue
the
take
describe
cannot
can
it;
imagination
tongue
it in.
eternal Word consented
to be made flesh!
it
in. The eternal
consented to
flesh God became
It was
was aa wonderful
G. WHITE in
in The
man! It
wonderful humility.-ELLEN
humility. ELLEN G.
Herald, July
July 5,
(Italics supplied.)
Review and Herald,
1887. (Italics
5, 1887.
supplied.)
Only the
the sinless
of God could
be our substitute.
substitute.
sinless Son of
could be
Only
This our
our sinless
sinless Redeemer did;
took upon
upon Himself
Himself
did; He took
the
the sins
of the
world, but,
but, in
so,
there
was
sins of
the whole world,
in doing
there
doing so,
.
the slightest
of corruption
not the
slightest taint
taint of
corruption upon
upon Him. The
not
Holy
Bible,
however,
does
say
that
God
"made him to
does
that
to
Bible,
however,
Holy
say
be sin
us" (2
Cor.
5:21).
This
Pauline
expression
sin for
for us"
Cor.
Pauline
5:21).
(2
expression
has puzzled
puzzled theologians
centuries, but
but whatever
whatever it
for centuries,
has
it
theologians for
means, it
not mean that
that our Immaculate
it certainly
does not
means,
certainly does
a sinner.
sinner. The text
text states
that He was
was made
Lord became a
states that
THE INCARNATION
57
57
"to be sin."
sin." Hence it
"to
took our place,
it must mean that
that He took
place,
He died
died in
that
"he
was
numbered
with
in our stead,
with
stead, that "he
the
the transgressors"
12), and that
that He took
the
took the
transgressors" (Isa.
(Isa. 53:
53:12),
that
was
ours.
burden and penalty
that
was
ours.
penalty
All true
All
true Christians
recognize this
redemptive act
of
Christians recognize
act of
this redemptive
on
Calvary's
cross.
There
is
an
abundance
of
scripJesus
of scripis
Calvary's cross.
Jesus
tural testimony
this fact.
tural
to this
fact.
testimony to
The writings
writings of
are entirely
harEllen G.
in harof Ellen
G. White are
entirely in
on
this
point.
mony
with
the
Scriptures
with
this
the
mony
Scriptures
point.
that
that
The Son of
of God against
against sin.
All
of God endured the
sin. All
the wrath of
the accumulated
the
accumulated sin
sin of
the world
world was
laid upon
the Sin-bearer,
Sin-bearer,
was laid
of the
upon the
the
the One who was
was innocent,
be the
the
the One who alone
alone could
could be
innocent, the
propitiation for
was obedient.
obedient. He was
for sin,
because He Himself
Himself was
sin, because
propitiation
One with
with God. Not aa taint
of corruption
corruption was
was upon
upon Him.
Him.-Signs
taint of
Signs
of the
the Times,
Dec. 9,
1897. (Italics
9, 1897.
Times, Dec.
of
(Italics supplied.)
supplied.)
with us,
must bear
bear the
the burden
burden of
our guilt
guilt and
As one with
of our
us, He must
woe. The Sinless
of sin.
sin. The peace
peace lover
lover
woe.
Sinless One must
feel the
the shame of
must feel
the truth
must abide
abide with
with falsehood,
falsehood, purity
dwell with
with strife,
must dwell
truth must
strife, the
purity
with vileness.
Every sin,
every discord,
discord, every
every defiling
defiling lust
vileness. Every
lust that
that
sin, every
transgression had brought,
brought, was
was torture
torture to
to His
His spirit.
spirit . ... Upon
Upon
transgression
Him who had laid
glory and accepted
accepted the
the weakness
weakness of
laid off
of
off His
His glory
redemption of
rest.-The
Desire of
of
humanity
the redemption
The Desire
the world must rest.
of the
humanity the
p. III.
Ill. (Italics
Ages, p.
Ages,
(Italics supplied.)
supplied.)
The weight
sins of
of the
pressing His soul,
soul, and
the sins
the world was pressing
of the
weight of
His countenance
unutterable sorrow,
a depth
depth of
of anguish
anguish
His
countenance expressed
sorrow, a
expressed unutterable
felt the
the overwhelming
overwhelming
that
fallen man had
had never
never realized.
that fallen
realized. He felt
that deluged
the world.
world. He realized
realized the
the strength
of
tide of
tide
of woe that
strength of
deluged the
the
and
of
unholy
passion
that
controlled
the
indulged
appetite
that
controlled
of
unholy passion
indulged appetite
world.-The
Herald, Aug.
Aug. 4,
4, 1874.
1874.
world.
the
Entire
justice was
in the
atonement. In the
the place
place of
of the
the atonement.
Entire justice
was done in
the
Son of
of God received
received the
the penalty,
penalty, and the
sinner,
the spotless
sinner, the
spotless Son
his
Christ as
sinner
goes free
free as
as he receives
holds Christ
as his
receives and holds
as long
sinner goes
long as
guilty, he is
upon as
as innocent.
personal Saviour.
is looked upon
Saviour. Though
Though guilty,
personal
The
Christ
by justice.
justice.-The
Christ fulfilled
fulfilled every
every requirement
requirement demanded by
Youth's
Instructor, April
25, 1901.
1901. (Italics
Youth's Instructor,
(Italics supplied.)
supplied.)
April 25,
punishment of
the guilty.
guilty. Innocent,
Innocent,
Guiltless,
the punishment
bore the
Guiltless, He bore
of the
the
yet
offering
Himself
as
a
substitute
for
the
transgressor.
for
as
substitute
a
Himself
transgressor. The
yet offering
the divine
guilt of
of every
every sin
sin pressed
pressed its
its weight
upon the
divine soul
soul of
of the
the
weight upon
guilt
.
58
58
QUESTIONS
world's
of the
Dec. 5,
1892. (Italics
the Times,
Redeemer. Signs of
world's Redeemer.-Signs
5, 1892.
Times, Dec
(Italics
supplied.)
supplied.)
All
this He bore
bore vicariously.
vicariously. He took
took it
it upon
upon His
His
All this
sinless
it on the
cross.
the cruel
cruel cross.
sinless soul
soul and bore
bore it
There is
this question
question which needs
needs
of this
is another
another aspect
aspect of
that is,
is, that
that Jesus
Jesus not
not only
took
to be
be emphasized,
to
only took
emphasized, and that
bore
and bore
bore the
the "iniquities
of
us
all,"
took
and
bore
He
took
of
us
all,"
"iniquities
something
intihowever, which was intielse, something,
something, however,
something else,
mately
associated
with
our
sins.
sins.
mately associated with
"Surely
he hath
our griefs,
griefs, and carried
carried our
hath borne our
"Surely he
sorrows"
(Isa. 53:4).
"A
man
of
sorrows,
and
acquainted
of
sorrows" (Isa.
sorrows,
53:4).
acquainted
with grief"
grief" (verse
3).
(verse 3).
Matthew refers
to this
this passage:
passage:
refers to
"Himself took
took our infirmities
bare our sicksickinfirmities and bare
nesses" (Matt.
(Matt. 8:
17).
nesses"
8:17).
The Weymouth
translation reads:
reads:
translation
Weymouth
"" 'He took
took on Him our weaknesses,
the
bore the
weaknesses, and bore
"
burden of
of our diseases.'
diseases/ "
burden
the Twentieth Century
Century gives:
gives:
And the
"" 'He
'He took
took our infirmities
himself, and bore
bore the
infirmities on himself,
the
"
burden of
of our diseases.'
diseases.' "
ph era-LXX)
iniquities (Isa.
bore (Gr.
As He bore
(Gr. pherd
LXX) our iniquities
(Isa.
53:
so
bore
(Gr.
anaphera)
our
weaknesses
(Matt.
53: 11)
1
our
so
He
bore
weaknesses
(Matt.
(Gr. anaphero)
1)
8:
17, Weymouth).
8:17,
Weymouth).
let us
us observe
is implied
implied in
this.
But let
in this.
further what is
observe further
both
in
Notice the
words used
used to
to express
the
thought,
Notice
the words
in
the
thought,
express
Isaiah
Isaiah 53
53 and Matthew 8.
bore our griefs,
griefs, our sorsor8. He bore
rows,
our infirmities,
sicknesses. The original
original words
words
rows, our
infirmities, our sicknesses.
pains, diseases,
diseases) and weaknesses.
are
also translated
translated pains,
are also
weaknesses.
On this
this note the
the following
in
the
writings
of Ellen
Ellen G.
in
the
G.
following
writings of
White:
He was subject
to the
the infirmities
infinnities and weaknesses
weaknesses by
by which
which
subject to
THE INCARNATION
59
man is
is encompassed,
encompassed, "that
it might
be fulfilled
was spoken
"that it
fulfilled which was
might be
spoken
Esaias the
by Esaias
the prophet,
prophet. saying,
Himself took
took our
our infirmities,
infirmities, and
by
saying, Himself
bare our sicknesses."
was touched
with the
the feeling
feeling of
our
bare
sicknesses." He was
touched with
of our
infirmities, and was
was in
like as
in all
all points
as we are.
are. And
infirmities,
points tempted
tempted like
yet
sin." He was
was the
the Lamb "without
blemish and
"without blemish
yet He "knew no sin"
without
without spot."
misgivings in
in regard
regard to
the
should have
to the
have no misgivings
spot." ... We should
of
the
perfect sinlessness
sinlessness of
nature of
of Christ.-Signs
the human nature
Christ.
perfect
of the
Signs of the
June 9,
Times,
1898. (Italics
9, 1898.
Times, June
(Italics supplied.)
supplied.)
He was
with corruption,
was unsullied
a stranger
stranger to
sin; yet
unsullied with
to sin;
corruption, a
yet He
prayed. and that
that often
crying and tears.
tears. He prayed
prayed
often with
with strong
prayed,
strong crying
for His
His disciples
identifying Himself
Himself with
for
with
for Himself,
thus identifying
Himself, thus
disciples and for
our needs,
which are
are so
needs, our
our weaknesses,
our failings,
failings, which
so common
weaknesses, and our
with humanity.
was aa mighty
petitioner, not
not possessing
possessing the
the
humanity. He was
mighty petitioner,
but compassed
compassed with
like
passions of
of our
fallen natures,
natures, but
our human,
with like
human, fallen
passions
infirmities, tempted
tempted in
in all
points even
even as
as we are,
are, Jesus
Jesus endured
all points
infirmities,
agony
required
help
and
support
from
His
Father.-Testiwhich
Testifrom
His
Father.
agony
required help
support
monies,
vol. 2,
p. 508.
508. (Italics
2, p.
monies, vol.
(Italics supplied.)
supplied.)
He is
is aa brother
in possessing
possessing like
brother in
in our
like
not in
our infirmities,
but not
infirmities, but
the
sinless
One,
His
nature
recoiled
from evil.
passions.
the
As
sinless
evil. He
His
nature
recoiled
One,
passions.
from
torture of
a world
world of
sin. His
His huendured struggles
huof soul
soul in
in a
of sin.
struggles and torture
privilege. He required
required all
manity
necessity and privilege.
a necessity
all
manity made prayer
prayer a
t.he stronger
which His
His Father
was
the
Father was
divine support
stronger divine
support and comfort which
ready
to impart
impart to
to Him,
had, for
the benefit
benefit of
man,
of man,
to Him who had,
for the
Him, to
ready to
left the
in aa cold
cold and thankthankleft
joys of
the joys
of heaven and chosen
chosen His
His home in
less
world.-Ibid.,
p. 202.
202. (Italics
less world.
Ibid., p.
(Italics supplied.)
supplied.)
.
It
be construed,
however, from the
recIt could
could hardly
the recconstrued, however,
hardly be
of either
was
diseased
ord of
that
Jesus
diseased
ord
either Isaiah
that
Isaiah or
or Matthew,
Matthew,
Jesus
or that
or
that
fallen
He experienced
the frailties
to which our fallen
frailties to
experienced the
nature is
bear all
all this.
this. Could
is heir.
human nature
heir. But He did bear
as He
it
not be
be that
that He bore
also,
just as
this vicariously
bore this
it not
also,
just
vicariously
bore the
the sins
the whole world?
world?
bore
sins of
of the
are
These weaknesses,
weaknesses, frailties,
These
infirmities, failings
frailties, infirmities,
failings are
to
have
with
our
sinful,
fallen
natures,
have
to
things
which
we,
fallen
with
sinful,
natures,
we,
things
when
He
bear. To us
us they
they are
natural, inherent,
inherent, but
are natural,
bear.
bore them,
them, He took
not as
as something
innately His,
took them not
bore
His,
something innately
in
but He bore
bore them as
bore them in
substitute. He bore
as our substitute.
but
Christ
His
perfect,
sinless
nature.
Again
remark,
Christ
we
nature.
His perfect, sinless
remark,
Again
60
60
QUESTIONS
bore all
this vicariously,
just as
bore the
the
all this
bore
as vicariously
vicariously He bore
vicariously, just
iniquities
of
us
all.
iniquities of us all.
It is
is in
in this
this sense
understand the
the
all should
It
that all
sense that
should understand
writings
of
Ellen
G.
she
refers
occasionally
when
she
refers
of
Ellen
G.
White
occasionally
writings
nature. We
to
to sinful,
deteriorated human nature.
fallen, and deteriorated
sinful, fallen,
read
that
Jesus
took
"our
nature"
(The
Desire
Age.'>,
read that Jesus took "our nature" (The Desire of
of Age*,
p. 25);
25); He "took
upon Himself
Himself human nature"
nature" (The
"took upon
(The
p.
Bible Commentary,
vol.
5,
p.
1128);
"took
the
He
the
SDA Bible
"took
vol.
5,
Commentary,,
p. 1128);
nature of
of man" (The
Desire
of
Ages,
p.
117);
He
took
Desire
nature
took
of Ages, p. 117);
(The
"our sinful
nature" (Medical
Ministry, p.
p. 181);
took
sinful nature"
(Medical Ministry,
181); He took
"our
Instruction
Relating
to
the
Instruction
to
"our fallen
nature" (Special
the
fallen nature"
Relating
(Special
p.
13,
May
26,
1896);
Review and Herald Office,
26,
13,
Office, p.
May
1896); He
took
"man's
nature
in
its
fallen
condition"
(Signs
of the
in
its
the
nature
fallen
condition"
took
(Signs of
Times,
9, 1898).
Times, June
June 9,
1898).
All these
these are
cogent statements,
but surely
All
are forceful,
forceful, cogent
statements, but
surely
no one would designedly
attach
a
meaning
attach
a
to them
designedly
meaning to
which runs
runs counter
writer has
has given
given
the same writer
counter to
to what the
in
other places
places in
Notice the
the setting
in other
in her
in which
her works.
works. Notice
setting in
are used.
these
expressions are
used.
these expressions
He took
took "the
nature but not the
sinfulness of
"the nature
of man."
the sinfulness
the Times,
-Signs
May 29,
1901.
29, 1901.
Times, May
of the
Signs of
He took
took "man's nature
fallen condition,"
condition," but
in its
nature in
its fallen
"Christ
did not
least participate
participate in
in its
its sin."not in
in the
the least
sin."
"Christ did
The SDA Bible
Bible Commentary,
vol.
5,
p.
1131.
1131.
vol.
5, p.
Commentary,
"He is
is aa brother
brother in
infirmities, but
but not
not in
posin our infirmities,
in possessing
like
passions."-Testimonies,
vol.
2,
p.
202.
like
vol.
202.
2,
Testimonies,
sessing
passions."
p.
In.
with our
our needs,
needs, our
weakIn "identifying
our weak"identifying Himself with
a
and
our
feelings,
...
He
was
a
mighty
petitioner,
nesses,
nesses,
feelings,
mighty petitioner,
not
j)ossessing the
the passions
passions of
our human,
human, fallen
fallen nananot possessing
of our
tures."-Testimonies,
vol. 2,
pp. 508,
508, 509.
509. (Italics
(Italics suptures."
2, pp.
Testimonies, vol.
supplied.)
plied.)
"We should
misgivings in
in regard
regard to
to the
jJerthe pershould have no misgivings
.
THE INCARNATION
61
61
feet sinlessness
sinlessness of
nature of
the human nature
The
Christ!'
feet
of the
of Christ."-The
SDA Bible
Bible Commentary,
vol.
5,
p.
IISI.
(Italics
Commentary, vol. 5, p. 1131. (Italics supsupplied.)
plied.)
The Son of
like one of
of us,
us, except
of God "became
''became like
in
except in
sin/'
sin."-The
Instructor, Oct.
Oct. 20,
20, 1886.
The Youth's
Youth's Instructor,
1886. (Italics
(Italics
supplied.)
supplied.)
taint of
"Not aa taint
corruption was upon
upon Him."
Him."-Signs
of corruption
Signs
the
of
the
Times,
Dec.
9,
1897.
(Italics
supplied.)
Dec.
1897.
9,
Times,
of
(Italics supplied.)
It will
in the
It
will be noted in
quoted above
above that
that
the statements
statements quoted
while
while the
the writer
writer mentions
mentions that
that Jesus
took our nature,
nature,
Jesus took
He Himself
Himself was
was not
but sinless.
not sinful,
sinless.
sinful, but
Whatever Jesus
took was
was not
not His
His intrinsically
intrinsically or
inor inJesus took
nately.
His
taking
the
of
our
inherited
weakness
the
burden
our
of
inherited
weakness
nately.
taking
and failings,
failings, even after
thousand years
years of
after four
four thousand
of accumulated infirmities
infirmities and degeneracy
(The
Desire
of
Ages,
lated
Desire
of Ages,
degeneracy (The
pp.
49,
117),
did
not
in
the
slightest
degree
taint
His
did
in
the
taint
His
not
49,
slightest degree
pp.
117),
nature. "He took
took upon
upon His sinless
nature
our
human nature.
nature
sinless
sinful
Ministry, p.
p. 181.
nature." Medical Ministry,
sinful nature."-Medical
181. "We should
should
misgivings in
regard to
to the
the perfect
perfect sinlessness
of
have no misgivings
in regard
sinlessness of
the
Bible Comthe human nature
The SDA Bible
nature of
of Christ."-The
Christ/'
1131.
mentary, vol.
vol. 5,
p. 1131.
5, p.
mentary
"He voluntarily
voluntarily assumed human nature.
nature. It
was His
It was
act, and by
His
own
consent."-The
and
The
Review
consent/'
own act,
by
Herald,
July
5,
1887.
1887.
Herald, July 5,
the humvoluntarily subjected
to all
all the
He voluntarily
subjected "Himself to
vol. 4,
bling
conditions
of
man's
nature"
(Testimonies,
4,
of
conditions
(Testimonies, vol.
bling
form
of
a
servant"
p.
458),
and
"took
upon
him
the
of
a
servant"
the
"took
upon
p. 458),
of Abraham"
the seed
seed of
(Phil.
2:7); He "took
"took on him the
(Phil. 2:7);
Cor.
sin for
(Heb.
2: 16), that
that He was made "to
for us"
us" (2
(2 Cor.
"to be sin
(Heb. 2:16),
"like
unto
his
5:21),
and
that
was
in
all
things
"like
his
in
all
made
was
He
and
that
things
5:21),
brethren" (Heb.
2:
17).
brethren"
(Heb. 2:17).
the
All
took, all
that He bore,
all that
that Jesus
All that
bore, whether the
Jesus took,
,
62
62
QUESTIONS
diseases and
penalty of
or the
the diseases
burden and penalty
of our iniquities,
iniquities, or
frailties
of
our
human
nature-all
was
taken
all
nature
taken and borne
frailties of our
of the
vicariously.
bearing vicariously
the sins
sins of
the
as bearing
vicariously the
vicariously. Just
Just as
whole world
world did
taint His
His perfect,
perfect, siI).less
sinless soul,
did not
not taint
soul,
neither
did bearing
the diseases
diseases and frailties
frailties of
of our
neither did
bearing the
fallen
nature taint
taint Him in
in the
the slightest
degree with
with the
the
fallen nature
slightest degree
corrupting
influences
of
sin.
sin.
of
influences
corrupting
Let us
us ever
blessed Lord was
was
that our blessed
ever remember that
Let
sinless.
have no misgivings
misgivings in
regard to
to the
the
in regard
sinless. "We should
should have
perfect sinlessness
nature of
Christ."
the human nature
of Christ."
sinlessness of
of the
perfect
1131.
-The
Bible Commentary,
vol.
5,
p.
1131.
vol.
The SDA Bible
5,
Commentary,
p.
In treating
treating upon
humanity of
Christ, you
you need to
to guard
of Christ,
In
the humanity
guard
upon the
strenuously
every assertion,
lest your
your words
words be
be taken
taken to
to mean more
assertion, lest
strenuously every
than
they imply,
imply, and thus
thus you
you lose
or dim the
the clear
clear perceptions
perceptions
than they
lose or
humanity as
combined with
with divinity.
divinity. His
His birth
birth was
was aa
of His
His humanity
as combined
of
God. . . . "That holy
thing which shall
shall be
be born of
of
miracle
miracle of
of God.
holy thing
thee
be called
of God." ... Never,
Never, in
any
in any
thee [Mary]
shall be
the Son of
called the
[Mary] shall
way, leave
the slightest
upon human minds that
that aa
leave the
way,
slightest impression
impression upon
taint
to, corruption
rested upon
upon Christ,
taint of,
that
or inclination
inclination to,
or that
of, or
Christ, or
corruption rested
He in
way yielded
was tempted
tempted in
in all
all
in any
to corruption.
any way
yielded to
corruption. He was
is tempted,
tempted, yet
called "that
"that holy
holy thing."
points like
like as
as man is
is called
yet He is
points
thing."
It is
mystery that
that is
to mortals
mortals that
is a
It
a mystery
is left
left unexplained
that Christ
Christ
unexplained to
points like
yet be
be without
without
could
be tempted
tempted in
all points
as we are,
could be
in all
like as
are, and yet
incarnation of
has ever
ever been,
been, and will
will ever
ever remain,
remain,
sin.
sin. The incarnation
of Christ
Christ has
which is
is revealed,
revealed, is
for us
us and for
for our
aa mystery.
is for
our children,
children,
mystery. That which
but let
let every
every human being
from the
the ground
making
but
of making
being be warned from
ground of
one as
as ourselves;
ourselves; for
for it
it cannot
cannot
Christ
Christ altogether
such an one
human, such
altogether human,
be.-The
Bible Commentary,
vol. 5,
pp. 1128,
be.
The SDA Bible
1129.
5, pp.
1128, 1129.
Commentary, vol.
.
What aa wonderful Saviour

is Jesus
Lord!
Saviour is
Jesus our Lord!
III. Could Christ
III.
Christ Have Sinned?
Sinned?
On this
aspect of
vital question
question there
there is
is diversity
this aspect
of this
this vital
diversity
of
opinion in
the Christian
church at
at large.
large. Some feel
in the
of opinion
Christian church
feel
that it
for
Jesus
to
sin;
others
that
it
was
it was impossible
for
to
that
that
it
others
was
sin;
impossible
Jesus
possible. We join
join with the
the latter
in our understanding
understanding
latter in
possible.
THE INCARNATION
63
63
of
of this
this matter
matter and,
many other
phases of
of Christian
as in
in many
other phases
Christian
and, as
doctrine,
eminent
scholars
in
the
church
through
scholars in the church through the
the
doctrine,
centuries have
centuries
have expressed
themselves much as
as we do.
do. Our
expressed themselves
position on this
this is
well expressed
by Ellen
is well
G. White:
Ellen G.
White:
position
expressed by
it was
Many
that it
was impossible
impossible for
for Christ
Christ to
to be
be overcome
Many claim that
not have
have been
been placed
placed in
in Adam's
He could
could not
position; He could
have gained
gained the
the victory
that Adam failed
failed
could not
not have
position;
victory that
If we have in
to gain.
to
sense
a
more
trying
conflict
than
in any
sense
a
than
had
conflict
gain. If
any
trying
Christ,
then He would not
able to
to succor
us. But our
our Saviour
not be
be able
succor us.
Saviour
Christ, then
took
took humanity,
humanity, with
with all
all its
the nature
nature of
of man,
man,
its liabilities.
liabilities. He took
took the
with the
the possibility
possibility of
yielding to
to temptation.
of yielding
temptation. We have nothing
nothing
to
to bear
bear which He has
has not
. . In
In man's
man's behalf,
behalf, Christ
not endured
endured.. ....
Christ
conquered by
by enduring
the severest
test.-The
Desire of
Ages,
severest test.
The Desire
of Ages,
conquered
enduring the
p.
117.
(Italics
supplied.)
117.
p.
(Italics supplied.)
by temptation.
by
temptation. Then
That revered
revered and honored
honored theologians
theologians in
past
in the
the past
have held the
view is
the following:
the same view
is evident.
evident. Note the
following:
Had He been endowed from the
with absolute
absolute impec
the start
start with
impecor
with
or
with
the
impossibility
of
sinning,
could
be aa
cability,
the
of
He
could not
not be
cability,
sinning,
impossibility
true man,
true
man, nor
nor our model for
His holiness,
holiness, instead
instead of
for imitation:
imitation: His
of
being His
His own selfacquired
act and inherent
merit, would be
be an
inherent merit,
being
self-acquired act
accidental or
temptation an unreal
unreal show.
accidental
or outward gift,
His temptation
show. As
gift, and His
aa true
true man,
man, Christ
responsible moral
Christ must have been a
a free
free and responsible
agent:
freedom implies
the power
power of
choice between
between good
good and
of choice
agent: freedom
implies the
the
as well
evil,
the power
power of
well as
obedience to
to the
as obedience
of disobedience
disobedience as
evil, and the
law
Person of
of Christ,
law of
of COd.-PHILIP
36.
God. PHILIP SCHAFF,
35, 36.
SCHAFF, The Person
Christ, pp.
pp. 35,
If
the truth
truth . . . -viz.,
the force
force of
of temptation
temptation was
was
If the
that the
viz., that
be overstrong
enough to
to create
the consciousness
of a struggle
struggle-be
over
create the
consciousness of
strong enough
looked, then
then the
whole curriculum of
moral trial
trial through
through which
of moral
the whole
looked,
once into
into aa mere stage
per
Jesus
passed on earth
at once
earth degenerates
stage perdegenerates at
Jesus passed
times this
this doketic
doketic view
view finds
ac
formance. ....
. . In
finds no acIn modern times
formance.
being agreed
that the
the forces
forces
ceptance;
theologians of
all schools
schools being
of all
agreed that
ceptance; theologians
the Son of
fought so
so noble
noble aa fight,
of evil,
evil, with
with which
which the
of Man fought
of
fight, were
ALEXANDER B.
not shadows,
shadows, but
but substantial
formidable foes.
foes.-ALEXANDER
B.
not
substantial and formidable
BRUCE, D.D.,
D.D., The Humiliation
Humiliation of
of Christ,
p. 268.
268.
BRUCE,
Christ, p.
in the
sense
a proper
proper manner and in
the sense
in a
Whenever we attribute,
attribute, in
are not
of Scripture,
the moral
moral elements
to Jesus,
Jesus, we are
of man to
elements of
all the
of
Scripture, all
of choosing
to disjoin
disjoin from
from them the
is the
the power
power of
the freedom which is
to
choosing
to admit
this very
reason we are
are to
between good
good and evil;
for this
between
evil; and for
very reason
at some time
it
that he
he might
might at
time have been influintlu
it as
as conceivable,
conceivable, that
.
64
QUESTIONS
enced
to aa departure
the will
will of
of God.
God. Unless
Unless this
this be sup'
enced to
departure from the
supposed, the
the history
the temptation,
temptation, however it
it may
may be
be exexof the
history of
posed,
plained,
the expression
in the
the
have no significancy;
significancy; and the
expression in
plained, would have
Epistle to
to the
the Hebrews
Hebrews "he
was tempted
tempted in
points as
in all
all points
as we"
"he was
Epistle
would be
be without
without meaning.
meaning.
As Jesus
Jesus was
was aa complete
man, this
susceptibility and this
this posthis susceptibility
complete man,
posthey not
not thus
sibility
must be
coexist in
to coexist
in Him. Did they
thus
be supposed
sibility must
supposed to
coexist, he
he would cease
to be
be an
an example
example of
of perfect
perfect human
cease to
coexist,
the Sinless
mortality.-KARL
ULLMANN, An Apologetic
Apologetic View of
of the
Sinless
KARL ULLMANN,
mortality.
Character
of Jesus
II.
Character of
p. 11.
Jesus (1841),
(1841), p.
must not
not understand
understand by
term [sinlessness
Jesus]
of Jesus]
the term
We must
by the
[sinlessness of
an absolute
of
sinning
but
only
the
actual
fact
of
but
of
the
actual
fact
of
absolute impossibility
sinning
only
impossibility
not
in aa rational
rational and free
nature inseparable
is in
free nature
not sinning,
and, what is
sinning, and,
inseparable
holiness.-Ibid.,
from this
this fact,
highest moral
moral perfection
perfection and holiness.
the highest
fact, the
Ibid.,
p. 13.
13.
p.
IV.
IV.
The Purpose
Purpose of
of the
the Incarnation
Incarnation
As to the
the incarnation,
incarnation, the
the answer
the purpose
of the
purpose of
appears
in
the
texts
supporting
the
following
six points,
in
texts
the
the
appears
supporting
following six
points,
which summarize the
for
coming
to earth
for
the reasons
His
reasons
earth
coming to
in human form.
in
form.
1.
1. HE CAME TO REVEAL GOD TO THE WORLD.WORLD.
1
See John
John 1:14,18;
3:1-36;
17:6,26;
1
John
1:2;
4:9.
1:14, 18; 3:1-36; 17:6, 26;
John 1:2; 4:9.
2. HE CAME TO BRING GOD AND MAN TOGETHER.TOGETHER.
2.
See
1:51
(compare
Gen.
28:12);
Matt. 1:23;
See John
1:51
1:23;
28:12); Matt.
John
(compare
11 Peter
3: 18.
Peter 3:18.
3.
3. HE CAME TO IDENTIFY HIMSELF WITH MAN BY
NAME.-He
of man" some seventy-seven
seventy-seven
NAME.
is called
called "Son of
He is
times in
the Gospels,
such
as
in
Luke
19:
10.
in the
in
times
as
such
19:10,
Gospels,
4.
4. HE CAME TO BEAR THE SINS
SINS OF MANKIND.
MANKIND.-See
See
Isa.
Isa. 53:6,
2:24; 11 John
1:29, margin;
53:6, II;
11; John
margin; 1I Peter 2:24;
John 1:29,
John
3:5.
3:5.
5.
IN OUR STEAD.-See
Isa. 53:
STEAD. See Isa.
5. HE CAME TO DIE IN
53:
5-10;
Matt.
26:28;
Acts
20:28;
Rom.
4:25;
5:6-10;
1
Cor.
Matt.
Acts
1
Cor.
26:28;
4:25; 5:6-10;
20:28;
540;
15:3;
2:9; 11 Peter
Peter 1:18,
1 Tim. 2:6;
Gal. 1:4;
1:4; 1
15:3; Gal.
2:6; Heb. 2:9;
1:18,
19;
18.
3:18.
2:24; 3:
19; 2:24;
THE INCARNATION
65
6.
HIS WORKS.
6. HE CAME TO DESTROY THE DEVIL AND His
-See
12:31;
16:33;
2:14;
I
See John
1 John 3:8.
Heb.
12:31;
16:33;
2:14;
John
John 3:8.
V.
V.
An Unfathomable Mystery
Mystery
In considering
of such
transcendent and
a subject
such transcendent
considering a
subject of
vital
importance as
the incarnation
incarnation of
Christ, we must
vital importance
as the
of Christ,
ever
aspects
ever remember that
that there
it that
there are
are many
of it
that
many aspects of
we can
can never
never fathom.
catch aa glimpse
fathom. Even when we catch
glimpse
of the
the truth,
truth, human language
language seems altogether
altogether inadeof
inadequate
express the
the beauties
beauties of
the wonders and the
the
of the
quate to express
matchless and inimitable
mystery of
the incarnation
of
matchless
inimitable mystery
of the
incarnation of
Jesus
Christ.
Ellen
G.
has
written:
Christ.
Ellen
written:
White
has
Jesus
In contemplating
the incarnation
incarnation of
of Christ
humanity, we
In
in humanity,
Christ in
contemplating the
stand
baffled before
before an unfathomable mystery,
mystery, that
that the
stand baffled
the human
mind can not
not comprehend.
reflect upon
upon it,
it, the
the
comprehend. The more we reflect
amazing does
of
the
Times,
July
30,
1896.
it appear.-Signs
more amazing
does it
the
1896.
30,
Times,
of
Signs
July
appear.
Even though
though this
is true,
true, there
thank God,
this is
there are,
God, some
are, thank
phases
of
the
truth
that
have
revealed.
And what
that
been
the
truth
have
revealed.
of
phases
us to
to
has been made known in
in the
the Word of
of God is
is for
for us
has
study.
same
author
has
written
the
following
on
has
written
the
The
following
study.
this point:
point:
this
problem to
to study,
study, let
let us
us fix
fix our minds
When we want aa deep
deep problem
in earth or
the most
most marvelous
marvelous thing
thing that
that ever
took place
place in
ever took
on the
heaven-the
of the
the Son of
Cod.-Manuscript
76,
of God.
the incarnation
incarnation of
heaven
Manuscript 76,
1903.
1903.
'The
Bodily Resurrection
Resurrection of
Christ
Christ
The Bodily
of
QUESTION
QUESTION
77
What is
Adventist posiposi.
the Seventh.day
is the
tion
physical, or bodily,
bodily, resurrecresurrecthe physical,
tion regarding
regarding the
tion
of Christ'!
tion of
Christ?
Seventh-day
Adventists believe
believe in
the physical,
physical, or
in the
or
bodily, resurrection
resurrection of
Jesus Christ
the dead as
of Jesus
Christ from the
as
bodily,
in His atoning
verily as
they believe
atoning death
death on Calvary.
believe in
as they
verily
Calvary.
This is
a cardinal
of the
the Christian
cardinal doctrine
doctrine of
is a
Christian faith,
for
faith, for
Christianity
rests
upon
the
indisputable
fact
that
Christ
rests
the
that
Christ
fact
Christianity
upon
indisputable
rose from the
17).
the dead (1
Cor. 15:
rose
(1 Cor.
15:17).
of Christ
The resurrection
resurrection of
to be
be understood
understood
Christ is
is not to
merely
in
a
spiritual
sense.
He
actually
rose
from the
sense.
in
rose
the
merely
actually
spiritual
dead. He who came from the
the same
the tomb was the
dead.
1Jesus
esus who lived
in the
the flesh.
flesh. He came forth
a
lived here in
forth in
in a
so real
glorified
body, but it
real that
that the
the women
it was real-so
real
glorified body,
to the
the sepulcher,
as well
as the
the disciples,
disciples, saw
well as
who went to
sepulcher, as
28:17;
Mark
16:9,
12,
14).
two disdisHim (Matt.
The
12,
16:9,
28:17;
(Matt.
14).
ciples
on
the
way
to
Emmaus
talked
with
(Luke
to
talked
with
Him
the
way
(Luke
ciples
said to
24).
to the disciples,
disciples, "Behold my
my
24). He Himself said
hands and my
my feet"
feet" (Luke
"flesh and
hands
(Luke 24:39).
24:39). He had "flesh
ate with them (verse
bones" (verse
43).
bones"
(verse 43).
39). He ate
(verse 39).
Thomas had reason to
to know it
it was the
the same Jesus,
Jesus,
he was invited
hither thy
thy finger,
finger, and bebefor
to "reach
"reach hither
invited to
for he
hold my
my hands;
hands; and reach
reach hither
hither thy
hand, and thrust
thrust
hold
thy hand,
66
RESURRECTION OF
O:F CHRIST
67
67
It Into
side" (John
it
into my
my side"
Yes, it
was the
the Saviour
It was
Saviour
(John 20:27).
20:27). Yes,
It
Himself. It was not
not aa spirit,
not aa ghost.
was the
real
It was
the real
spirit, not
ghost. It
divine Son of
forth from the
the grave.
grave.
divine
of God who came forth
The resurrection
resurrection of
our Lord was
was aa vital
vital
of Jesus
Jesus our
part
of
the
message
of
the
early
church.
the
aposof
the
of
the
church.
When
the
message
early
part
aposChrist the
the Messiah,
tles
tles preached,
preached, they
preached of
of Christ
Messiah,
they preached
the dead.
preached
who was raised
raiscd from the
dead. "They
"They . . . preached
through
Jcsus
the
resurrection
the
dead"
(Acts
the
from
resurrection
the
through Jesus
(Acts
4:2);
they
"gave
...
witness
of
the
resurrection
of
the
the
the
witness
of
of
resurrection
4:2); they "gave
(verse 33);
"preached unto them
Lord Jesus"
Jesus" (verse
33); Paul "preached
Jesus,
and
the
resurrection"
(Acts
the
resurrection"
Jesus,
(Acts 17:18).
17:18).
The resurrection
resurrection of
Christ is
of vital
vital imporof Jesus
is of
Jesus Christ
imporin
God's
great
plan
of
salvation.
Even
the death
tance
in
the
of
tance
God's great plan of salvation.
death of
Jesus, sublime as
was, would have
have been
been of
as it
it was,
of no avail,
avail,
Jesus,
not for
His resurrection
the dead.
dead. The
were it
were
it not
for His
resurrection from the
in his
great apostle
apostle to
the Gentiles
this clear
his
Gentiles makes this
to the
clear in
great
ringing
testimony
to
the
living
Christ.
In
that
wonderringing testimony to the living Christ. In that
the resurrection,
resurrection, in
in his
his message
message to
to the
the
ful
ful chapter
chapter on the
this
Corinthian church,
the vital
vital place
place that
that this
see the
Corinthian
church, we see
in the
purpose of
of God. Note what
great
has in
the purpose
transaction has
great transaction
the situation
if Christ
Christ had not
not been raised
raised
situation would be if
the
from the
the dead.
dead.
1.
benefit from preaching
preaching the
the
1. There would be no benefit
is
gospel:
"And
if
be
not
risen,
then
is
preachthen
our
not
if Christ
Christ
risen,
preachgospel:
ing
vain"
(1
Cor.
15:
14).
Cor.
vain"
15:14).
(I
ing
if
2. There would be
be no forgiveness
of sins:
sins: "And if
2.
forgiveness of
are
sins"
not raised,
raised, ...
are
yet
in
your
sins"
(verse
Christ
be not
... ye
Christ be
your
(verse
yet
ye
17).
17).
3. There
purpose in
in believing
believing in
in
be no purpose
There would be
3.
is vain"
faith
Jesus:
"And
if
be
not
raised,
your
faith
is
vain"
be
not
if Christ
Christ
raised,
your
Jesus:
(verse
17).
(verse 17).
There would be
be no general
resurrection from
4. There
4.
general resurrection
.
68
QUESTIONS
the
be preached
preached that
that he
he rose
the dead:
If Christ
dead: "Now if
rose from
Christ be
some
among
you
that
there
is no
that
there
Is
how say
say
among you
resurrection of
the dead?"
dead?" (verse
resurrection
of the
12).
(verse 12).
5.
hope beyond
beyond the
the grave:
"If
5. There would be no hope
grave: "If
Christ
be not
.
.
.
then
they
also
which
are
then
Christ be
also
not raised,
which
are
raised,
they
fallen asleep
asleep in
perished" (verses
(verses 17,
fallen
In Christ
are perished"
Christ are
17, 18).
18).
This is
message of
power, for
for It
it is
by the
the power
power
of power,
Is by
This
is a
a message
of
His resurrection
resurrection that
that we live
live the
the Christian
of His
Christian life,
life, and
His life
is lived
out in
life of
of the
the believer.
believer.
In the
life is
lived out
the life
Those who are
buried with Christ
baptism are
in baptism
Christ in
are
are buried
with
Him
In
represented
as
rising
with
in
His
resurrection
His
as
resurrection
rising
represented
(Rom.
Col. 2:12,
2: 12, 13).
a
2:4, 5;
6:5, 8,
8, 11;
5; Col.
11; Eph.
(Rom. 6:5,
Eph. 2:4,
13). As a
result of
this union with Christ,
a
life
is
imparted
result
of this
a
new
life
Is
Christ,
Imparted
to the
the believer
believer (Rom.
Cor. 4:10,
4: 10, 11;
Col. 3:
10).
to
2 Cor.
6:4; 2
11; Col.
(Rom. 6:4;
3:10).
The power
power of
is thus
thus made availavailof Christ's
Christ's resurrection
resurrection Is
able to
19, 20;
20; Phil.
Phil. 3:10;
3: 10; Heb.
Heb. 7:
16).
able
to him (Eph.
1:19,
(Eph. 1:
7:16).
Once we were dead in
now
we
are
alive
In sins;
in
are alive in
sins;
Christ. We were crucified
Christ; now Christ
lives
crucified with Christ;
Christ.
Christ lives
in us
in
us (Gal.
(Gal. 2:20).
Our
personal
experience
of
this
o
this
2:20).
personal experience
quickening
of
the
soul,
this
liberating
action
of
the
the
this
of
the
action
of
soul,
liberating
quickening
Spirit
of life,
the inward
inward witness
witness and the
the supreme
is the
life, is
Spirit of
supreme
evidence
the reality
reality of
the resurrection.
resurrection.
evidence of
of the
of the
of our Lord Is
is the
Above aU,
the resurrection
resurrection of
the assurassurall, the
ance that
that we,
we, too,
shall
be
resurrected
at
His
second
ance
shall
be
at
His
resurrected
second
too,
coming
(1 Cor.
23).
Cor. 15:20,
15:20, 23).
coming (1
the dead,
dead,
the
The Historicity
of the
Resurrection
the Resurrection
Historicity of
of this
Many evidences
given
this astonishing
evidences of
event were given
Many
astonishing event
to
the early
at least
least ten
ten appearto the
Christians. There were at
early Christians.
appearof Jesus
after His resurrection.
ances
Jesus after
ances of
resurrection. (1)
(1) To Mary
Mary
Magdalene: Mark 16:9;
John 20:
14-17. (2)
the
20:14-17.
16:9; John
Magdalene:
(2) To the
the way
to tell
disciples that
that Christ
Christ had
had
tell the
the disciples
women on the
way to
RESURRECTION OF CHRIST
69
69
Matthew 28:9.
Peter: Luke 24:34.
24:34. (4)
28:9. (3)
(3) To Peter:
(4)
To the
the two disciples
the road
road to
to Emmaus: Mark
disciples on the
16:
12; Luke 24:
15, 31.
31. (5)
the assembled
assembled disciples
16:12;
24:15,
(5) To the
disciples
risen:
risen:
the evening
the resurrection
14;
on the
of the
resurrection day:
16:14;
evening of
day: Mark 16:
Luke 24:36;
John
20:
19.
(6)
the
assembled
disdis20:19.
To
the
assembled
24:36; John
(6)
John 20:26-29.
the disciples
ciples aa week later:
later: John
20:26-29. (7)
ciples
(7) To the disciples
at the Sea of
of Galilee:
Galilee: John
at
John 21:1-22.
21:1-22. (8)
(8) To the
the eleven
eleven
on a mountain in
five
brethren
being
in Galilee,
five
hundred
brethren
Galilee,
being
Matthew
present:
28: 16; Mark 16:7;
1 Corinthians
15:
Corinthians 15:
16:7; 1
28:16;
present:
6.
6.
(9)
the
Corinthians 15:7.
15:7. (10)
(9) To James:
James: 1I Corinthians
(10) To the
eleven
eleven disciples
disciples at
of the
at the
16:
the time
time of
the ascension:
ascension: Mark 16:
19;
Acts
1:4-12.
Acts
1:442.
19; Luke 24:50-52;
24:50-52;
A. T. Robertson comments on the
the meeting
meeting with
the
the five
five hundred disciples:
disciples:
The strength
strength of
lies in
in the
the fact
that the
the majority
of this
this witness
witness lies
fact that
majority
(hoi
pleious) of
were still
Paul wrote
this
of them were
wrote this
still living
(hoi pleious)
living when Paul
Epistle,
25 years
after Christ's
resurrection.-Word
not over
over 25
Word
Christ's resurrection.
Epistle, ... not
years after
Pictures in
in the
the New Testament,
p. 188.
Pictures
vol. 4,
188.
4, p.
1931, vol.
Testament, 1931,
.
Besides
the testimony
of the
the apostles
witBesides the
the wittestimony of
apostles and the
the women,
women, there
testimony of
the Jewish
Jewish
ness
ness of
of the
there is
is the
the testimony
of the
council (Matt.
28:
11-15),
and
also
of
the
auaucouncil
also
of
the
Roman
(Matt. 28:11-15),
to
early
church
writers.
Pilate
bethorities, according
Pilate
beto
writers.
thorities,
early
according
in
came acquainted
with
the
facts,
recorded
in
them
and
with
the
recorded
facts,
acquainted
his regular
regular report
to the
the emperor.
Eusebius, fourthfourthhis
report to
emperor. Eusebius,
wrote:
century
bishop
and
church
historian,
wrote:
historian,
century bishop
of our
wonderful resurrection
our
ascension of
And when the
the wonderful
resurrection and ascension
in accordance with an
Saviour
were already
Saviour were
noised abroad,
abroad, in
already noised
ancient
custom which prevailed
among the
the rulers
rulers of the
the provprovancient custom
prevailed among
the novel
occurrences which
reporting to
to the
Emperor the
novel occurrences
inces,
the Emperor
of reporting
inces, of
took place
place in
in order
that nothing
nothing might
might escape
in them,
order that
took
him,
them, in
escape him,
Pontius
Tiberius of
of the
the reports
reports which were
Pilate informed
informed Tiberius
Pontius Pilate
resurrection
through all
Palestine concerning
concerning the
the resurrection
noised
all Palestine
noised abroad through
our Saviour
Jesus Christ
the dead.
dead. He gave
account
of our
Christ from the
Saviour Jesus
of
gave an account
also of
other wonders
wonders which he had learned
learned of
him, and how,
of him,
also
of other
how,
70
70
QUESTIONS
believed
after
his death,
having risen
dead, he
he was
was now
now believed
the dead,
risen from
from the
after his
death, having
by many
many to
to be
be a
a god.
god.
by
Tertullian
That
Pilate made
made an
an official
official report
to Tiberius
stated also
also by
by Tertullian
stated
is
Tiberius is
That Pilate
report to
(Apol.
21), and
and isis in
probable. Justin
Justin Martyr
Martyr (Apol.
35 and
menI. 35
and 48)
in itself
itself quite
48) men(Apol. 1.
(Apol 21),
quite probable.
so-called Acts
tions
certain Acts
Acts of
Pilate as
as well
well known
his day,
day, but
but the
the so-called
Acts of
Pilate
in his
known in
tions certain
of Pilate
of Pilate
still extant
forms are
are spurious,
spurious, and
and belong
belong to
to aa much
later
much later
in various
various forms
extant in
period. They
They are
are very
and curious,
curious.
fanciful and
period.
very fanciful
-Nicene and
and Post-Nicene
Post-Nicene Fathers,
Fathers, second
vo!' I,I, p.
p. 105.
second series,
105.
'Nicene
series, vol.
which are
are
which
still
The
populace must
must have
have known
known about
the
at the
about it, for
for at
The populace
time
the resurrection
resurrection there
an earthquake
there was
was an
and
time of
of the
earthquake and
many of
of the
the saints
These were
were the
the antitype,
anti type, in
in
saints arose.
arose. These
many
part at
at least,
least, of
the wave
wave sheaf
that was
was offered
offered in
sheaf that
in olden
of the
olden
part
days. The
record says:
"And the graves were opened;
The record
days.
says: "And the graves were opened;
and
many bodies
bodies of
which slept
arose, and
the saints
and many
of the
saints which
slept arose, and
came out
out of
of the
the graves
his resurrection,
came
after his
and went
went
resurrection, and
graves after
into
the holy
holy city,
unto many"
many" (Matt.
into the
and appeared
city, and
appeared unto
(Matt.
27:52,53).
27:52,53).
Commenting
on this
this experience, Ellen
G. White
White
Commenting on
experience, Ellen G.
has
has written:
written:
it,
As
As Christ
He brought
brought from
multitude of
Christ arose,
the grave
a multitude
from the
of
arose, He
grave a
at
captives.
at
His
death
had
rent
open
their
His
death
had
rent
their
captives. The earthquake
earthquake
open
and when
graves, and
when He arose,
they came
came forth
forth with
with Him.
Him .... Now
Now
arose, they
graves,
were
to
be
they
were
to
be
witnesses
for
Him
who
had
raised
them
from
the
witnesses
who
had
for
Him
raised
them
the
from
they
dead..... These
dead
These went
went into
the
city,
and
appeared
unto
many,
the
and
unto
into
city,
many,
appeared
declaring,
has risen
risen from
the dead,
dead, and
and we
we be
be risen
risen with
with
Christ has
from the
declaring, Christ
Him. Thus
Him.
Thus was
was immortalized
truth of
of the
the resurrecimmortalized the
the sacred
sacred truth
resurrection.-The
Desire of
Ages, p.
786.
tion.The Desire
of Ages,
p, 786,
.
Christ,
Michael the
and Michael
the Archangel
Christ, and
Archangel
QUESTION
QUESTION
It
It has been charged
charged that
Seventh-day
that Seventh-day
Adventists hold the same belief
the JehoJehoas do the
belief as
vah's Witnesses concerning
concerning Michael
Michael-that
that Michael the archangel
Jesus Christ
prior to
to His
Christ prior
archangel was Jesus
incarnation,
being.
that He was a created being,
incarnation, and that
Is this
this accusation valid?
valid? If
If Michael is
is Christ,
Is
Christy
how do you
you explain
Jude 9?
9?
explain Jude
We emphatically
emphatically reject
reject the idea set
set forth
this
in this
forth in
question,
and
the
position
by
the
Jehovah's
Witthe
held
the
by
position
Jehovah's
question,
nesses. We do not believe
believe that
that Christ is
is aa created
created being.
being.
nesses.
We, as
as a people,
people, have not considered the
the identification
identification
of Michael of sufficient
to dwell upon
upon it
it at
at
sufficient prominence
prominence to
length
either
in
our
literature
in
preaching.
in
literature
our
either
or
preaching.
length
pre
clear views on the subject,
But we do have clear
subject, and are prepared
to
set
them
forth.
concerning
our
views
forth.
And
to
set
concerning
pared
Michael,
by various
various
it might
added, have been held by
Michael, it
might be added,
eminent scholars
scholars through
therethrough the centuries. We are therefore not alone in our understanding.
fore
understanding.
We believe
believe that
that the
the term "Michael" is
is but one of
the
the many
many titles
to
the
Son
of
the second
the
titles applied
to
the
God,
applied
a
does
But
view
person
of
the
Godhead.
such
not in
of
person
any way
way conflict
conflict with our belief
belief in His full
full deity
deity and
any
eternal
pre-existence, nor does it
it in the least
least disparage
eternal pre-existence,
disparage
person and work.
His person
72
72
QUESTIONS
Michael
Michael
is referred
referred to
to in
in the
the book of
of Jude
Jude as
as the
the
were it
it not
not for
for other
other Scripture
Scripture referreferarchangel. And were
archangel.
ences, which
which present
present Him in
in another
another relationship,
relationship, one
ences,
might at
at first
first conclude
conclude that
that He was aa created
created being,
being, as
as
might
that
are
the
angels
in
general.
We
believe,
however,
that
are the angels in general.
believe, however,
those other
other relationships
relationships indicate
indicate His
His real
real status,
status, and
those
leader
of
that,
in
addition,
serves
as
supreme
leader
of the
the
as
He
serves
in
addition,
that,
supreme
in
not
that
does
angelic
hosts.
His
serving
in
that
capacity
does
not
His
But
capacity
serving
angelic hosts.
created angel.
angel. A number of
of important
important
make Him aa created
factors must
must be
be considered
considered in
in aa study
study of
of this
this question.
question.
factors
is
I.
Relation to
to Angelic
Angelic Hosts
Hosts
in Relation
I. Christ
Christ in
as such
Angels are
are created
beings (Col.
(Col. 1:
16), and as
such
created beings
1:16),
Angels
are not
not to
to be
be worshiped
worshiped (Col.
2: 18; Rev.
Rev. 19:
10). They
They
are
(Col. 2:18;
19:10).
are God's
God's messengers
messengers to
to those
those who shall
shall be heirs
heirs of
of
are
13, 14).
salvation
salvation (Heb.
1:13,
14).
(Heb. 1:
But Christ
Christ has
has "a
excellent name" than
than the
"a more excellent
the
angels
(Heb. 11:4).
:4). He has
has "a
"a name which is
is above
above every
every
angels (Heb.
name" (Phil.
(Phil. 2:9),
above
that
of
every
angel
in
heaven
that
of
in
heaven
every angel
2:9),
(Eph.
The angels
are subject
to Him (1
Peter
1:21). The
angels are
(Eph. 1:21).
subject to
(1 Peter
3:22).
10), and worship
before Him (Phil.
They bow before
3:22). They
(Phil. 2:
2:10),
worship
of
Him (Heb.
6).
Angels
of
God
refuse
the
worship
refuse
the
of
(Heb. 1:
Angels
1:6).
worship of
men (Rev.
22:8,
9).
22:8,
(Rev.
9).
II. The Son of
in the
of God in
II.
the Old Testament
the Old Testament there

there is
In the
is record
record of
of a
a divine
divine
is called
called the
Being
the "angel
of the
the Lord" (Ex.
Being who is
"angel of
(Ex. 3:2),
3:2),
the "angel
of
the
of
God"
(Ex.
14:
19),
and
the
"angel
the
of his
his
"angel
(Ex. 14:19),
"angel of
presence"
(lsa.
63:9),
"messenger
of
the
covenant"
(Mal.
of
the
covenant"
presence" (Isa. 63:9), "messenger
(Mai.
also "an Angel"
3:
1); also
3:1);
Angel" (Ex.
(Ex. 23:20),
23:20), "mine Angel"
Angel" (verse
(verse
"his angel"
23),
Let us
us note
note certain
certain
23), and "his
angel" (Dan.
(Dan. 3:28).
3:28). Let
of
of these
these references:
references:
MICHAEL THE ARCHANGEL
73
73
1. THE "ANGEL OF THE LORD/'

1.
LORD."- (a)
As manifested
(a) As manifested
to Gideon (Judges
to
11-22). The "angel
of the
the Lord"
Lord''
(Judges 6:
6:11-22).
"angel of
is equated with "the
(verse
II) is
(verse
14);
"the
Lord"
(verse 11)
equated
(verse 14); and
"Gideon built
built an altar
there unto
unto the
the Lord" (verse
(verse 24).
altar there
24).
As
(b)
manifested
to
(Judges
13:3-21).
manifested
to
Manoah
(b)
(Judges 13:3-21). Manoah's wife
wife refers
refers to
the "angel
of the
the Lord" (verse
to the
"angel of
(verse 3)
3)
that she
(verse 6),
and
that
she had seen
seen as
as "a
"a man of
of God" (verse
6),
Manoah said
said they
they had "seen
22). (c)
"seen God" (verse
(verse 22).
(c) As
manifested to
1-6). "The angel
angel of
the
to Joshua
of the
Joshua (Zech.
(Zech. 3:
3:1-6).
Lord" causes
causes iniquity
to
pass
away,
gives
change
of
to
and
of
away,
gives
change
iniquity
pass
raiment,
or righteousness
(verse
4).
This
is
the
prerogais
the
This
raiment, or
righteousness (verse 4).
prerogative
of Deity.
tive of
Deity.
2.
JACOB.-This
APPEARED TO JACOB.
This
2. "THE ANGEL" WHO ApPEARED
a
Angel
(Hosea
12:4)
appeared
to
Jacob
in
the
form
of
to
in
of a
the
Angel (Hosea 12:4) appeared
Jacob
(Gen. 32:24).
The
Angel
(man)
blessed
Jacob
man (Gen.
blessed
Angel (man)
Jacob
32:24).
(verse
29), and Jacob
have seen
face to
to face"
face"
"I have
seen God face
said, "I
(verse 29),
Jacob said,
(verse
Worship of
is not
not permitted
permitted (Col.
of angels
angels is
(Col.
(verse 30).
30). Worship
differ2: 18; Rev.
Rev. 19:
10; 22:8,
This
is
an
important
differis
This
22:8, 9).
2:18;
19:10;
important
9).
ence
Christ and angels.
ence between Christ
angels.
3.
HIS PRESENCE."-This
Angel
PRESENCE." This Angel
3. THE "ANGEL OF His
"saved,"
63:9), hence is
is equated with
"saved," "redeemed" (Isa.
equated
(Isa. 63:9), hence
Deity
(d.
Isa.
43:
11;
44:6).
Isa.
43:11;
44:6).
Deity (cf.
4. "MINE ANGEL."
ANGEL."-This
(Ex. 23:23)
23:23) could
This "Angel"
4.
"Angel" (Ex.
in
is
pardon transgression,
(verse
transgression, and God's "name is in him" (verse
pardon
of
the
21).
As
forgiveness
of
sin
is
the
prerogative
of
God
sin
is
of
prerogative
forgiveness
21).
inevitable
that
(Mark
2:7),
the
conclusion
seems
inevitable
that
"mine
conclusion
the
(Mark 2:7),
this backAngel"
is aa member of
the Godhead. With this
of the
Angel" is
ground, it
not difficult
recognize that
that there
there was
to recognize
difficult to
is not
it is
ground,
with God,
the
in ancient
ancient days,
with
God, in
days, One who was known in the
the
foregoing
instances
as
"the
angel
of
the
Lord,"
or
"mine
of
"the
as
instances
Lord,"
angel
foregoing
Angel," and then
2:7). At the
the
later as
as "my
then later
(Ps. 2:7).
"my Son" (Ps.
Angel,"
same
was "mine anointed"
anointed" (Heb.,
(Heb., Meshiach).
Meshiach).
time He was
same time
74
74
QUESTIONS ON
ON DOCTRINE
DOCTRINE
QUESTIONS
He Isis also
also called
called "a
"a child,"
child," "a
"a son"
son" (Isa.
(Isa. 9:6).
9: 6). And
And
He
this "son"
"son" isis none
none other
other than
than "The
"The mighty
mighty God,
God, The
The
Peace"
of
everlasting
Father,
Prince
of
Peace"
(verse
6).
Prince
The
Father,
6).
(verse
everlasting
varies
The
Targum
on
Isaiah
9:5
(Hebrew
versification
varies
versification
9:5
Isaiah
on
Tar
The
(Hebrew
gum
from KJV)
KJV) reads:
reads: "Wonderful
"Wonderful counsellor,
counsellor, Mighty
Mighty God,
from
who lives
lives for
for ever,
ever, the
"the Anointed
Anointed one [or,
[or, Messiah]."
Messiah]."
He %vho
this
III. Identity
Identity of
of "Prince
"Prince of
of Princes"
Princes"
III.
The expression
expression "Prince
"Prince of
of princes"
princes" occurs
occurs but once
in the
the Divine
Divine Record
Record-Daniel
8:25. In
In the
the vision
vision seen
seen
Daniel 8:25.
In
even
himself
by
Daniel
an
opposing
power
"magnified
himself
an
Daniel
opposing power "magnified
by
to the
the prince
prince of
of the
the host";
host"; In
in the
the angel's
angel's explanation
explanation
to
"stand
is said
said to
to "stand up
up against
against the
the
to Daniel
Daniel this
this power
power Is
to
Prince of
of princes."
princes." The "prince
"prince of
of the
the host"
host" is
is equated
equated
Prince
with "the
"the Prince
Prince of
princes." Reference
Reference is
is obviously
of princes."
with
obviously
is
to other
similar
here
made
to
Deity.
The
expression
is
similar
to
to
here
expression
Deity.
of the
136:3 speaks
expressions
the Word. Psalm 136:3
the
in the
speaks of
expressions in
of
"Lord
10:
17
of
the
"God
of
the
of
10:17
of lords,"
"Lord of
lords," Deuteronomy
Deuteronomy
of
gods,"
and
Revelation
19:
16
of
the
"King
of
kings."
the
of
19:16
Revelation
"King
kings."
gods,"
Doctor
in his
his Commentary
Doctor Slotki,
Daniel, shows
Slotki, in
Commentary on Daniel,
the
the same
to be the
of princes"
the term
term "Prince
"Prince of
8:25) to
princes" (Dan.
(Dan. 8:25)
In
as
of
the
host"
of
verse
11.
And
in
comment11.
of
verse
of
the
host'*
as the
the "prince
"prince
ing
the Cambridge
these two expressions,
says,
Cambridge Bible says,
ing on these
expressions, the
"i.e.
or "prince
of
of princes,"
"Prince of
this "Prince
But this
"I.e. God."
God." But
princes," or
"prince of
the
as Michael.
to as
Michael. Daniel 10:21
10:21
referred to
is also
also referred
the host,"
host," is
of
tells
prince,"
and
Daniel
12:
1 of
tells of
of "Michael
"Michael your
12:1
your prince,"
this
is also
the
Michael,
prince."
But
this
Prince
is
the
also
"the great
Michael, "the
great prince."
in Daniel
Messiah,
the Prince"
read of
of "Messiah the
Prince" in
for we read
Messiah, for
9:25.
Parker states:
states:
Others agree.
9:25. Others
agree. Joseph
Joseph Parker
the ancient
ancient Jews
the angel
Michael
known amongst
as the
or
Michael was
was known
amongst the
Jews as
angel or
prince
the nation
of the
nation of
of Israel.
Israel. The
The very
had special
who had
charge of
special charge
very
prince who
best
in teaching
the name
concur in
that the
name "Michael"
"Michael"
writers concur
best Jewish
teaching that
Jewish writers
It is
is held
isis the
"Messiah/' It
the title
title "Messiah."
held by
them that
the
same as
that the
the same
as the
by them
75
75
in which he is
few passages
passages in
to can
can be
be most
most satisfactorily
few
is referred
referred to
satisfactorily
this supposition.
explained on this
speaking in
in the
the text
text was
was
explained
supposition. The man speaking
"a certain
"a
certain man clothed
in linen,
linen, whose
whose loins
loins were
were girded
with
clothed in
girded with
fine gold
of Uphaz.
Uphaz. His
His body
body also
like the
the beryl,
beryl, and his
fine
also was like
his face
face
gold of
as
the appearance
eyes as
and
of lightning,
as the
as lamps
of fire,
his eyes
fire, and
lightning, and his
appearance of
lamps of
his arms and his
his feet
like in
to polished
polished brass,
brass, and the
feet like
in colour
his
colour to
the
voice
his words
words like
of aa multitude"
multitude" (vers.
5, 6).
of his
like the
voice of
the voice
voice of
(vers. 5, 6).
This is
is the
the dazzling
personage that
that has
has appealed
This
nameless personage
dazzling and nameless
appealed
to the
the religious
religious imagination
through all
all the
the known centuries
of
to
centuries of
imagination through
time.
day-not
cold, grey
days, but
but aa day
day of
of
not one of
earth's cold,
time. One day
of earth's
grey days,
brighter cast
cast-we
that Personage,
Personage, and name him,
him, and
we shall
shall see
see that
brighter
thank him for
the tender
tender veiling
of aa light
that might
might have
have
for the
veiling of
light that
struck
People's Bible,
Bible, vol.
vol. 16,
p. 438.
The People's
creation blind.-The
struck creation
blind.
438.
16, p.
Daniel 10:5,
in Daniel
The One unnamed in
6
but described
described
10:5, 6-but
as
having the
the appearance
of
lightning-is
well
known
of
is well
as having
appearance
lightning
in
apocalyptic
vision.
similar
description
of
Him
:s
A
similar
is
in apocalyptic vision.
description of
is unnamed
found in
in Revelation
Revelation I:
13-15. Is
Is not
not He who is
1:13-15.
in Daniel
in DaniellO:
13, when He
Daniel 10:13,
6 now named in
Daniel 10:5,
in
10:5, 6
is
designated as
as Michael?
is designated
Testament writers
writers also
take up
up this
this thought
thought
also take
New Testament
Daniel
Christ
to
and apply
the
terminology
of
to
Jesus
Christ
our
of
the
and
terminology
Jesus
apply
Lord. He is
be "the
Prince of
of life"
life" (Acts
"the Prince
to be
is declared
declared to
Lord.
(Acts
"the
Prince" and "a
(Acts 5:31);
5:31); and "the
3:15);
"a Saviour"
Saviour" (Acts
"a Prince"
3:15); "a
prince of
of the
the kings
the earth"
(Rev. 1:5).
of the
earth" (Rev.
1:5).
kings of
prince
This
Messiah, of
of the
the apocalyptic
visions of
of
or Messiah,
This Prince,
Prince, or
apocalyptic visions
Michael.
Hence
ancient
days, is
thus equated
with
Michael.
the
the
is thus
ancient days,
equated
of the
name Michael
believe, one of
of the
the titles
titles of
the
Michael is,
is, we believe,
is called
called the
the ArchSon
of the
the living
Son of
living God. But Michael is
also
this
9)
and
this
term,
we
believe,
also
applies
angel
(Jude
believe,
term,
applies
angel (Jude 9)
to
our
Lord.
our
to Jesus
Jesus
IV.
IV. The Term "Archangel"
"Archangel"
as the
to Christ
Having
given consideration
Christ as
the "Angel
consideration to
"Angel
Having given
fact that
mention
the
the
Lord"
and
having
made
of
the
fact
of
of the Lord"
having
titles of
let
"Michael"
are titles
of our Lord,
Lord, let
"Michael" and "archangel"
"archangel" are
76
76
QUESTIONS
us observe
the
of the
us
the significance
observe the
significance of
of the
first
part of
the term
first part
"archangel."
"archangel."
related
prefix archi,
archi, but
but related
"Arch"
from the
the Greek prefix
"Arch" is
is from
also be conconshould also
words such
arch on should
arche and archon
as arche
words
such as
sidered.
sidered.
A reM means beginning,
beginning, and can
can also
also involve
involve the
the
Arche
ideas
of rule
rule and authority.
is rendered
rendered in
in the
the KJV
KJV
It is
ideas of
authority. It
as
Cor. 15:24); "principality" (Eph.
(Eph. 1:21);
as "rule"
"rule" (1
(1 Cor. 15:24); "principality"
1:21);
and "first
principles"
(Heb.
5:
12).
A
rehOn
Archon
means
"first principles"
(Heb. 5:12).
Arche and archon
are used
used at
at times
times in
in
"prince," "ruler."
"ruler." Arche
archon are
"prince,"
in the
of
the
Lord."
relation
to our Lord as
the
of
relation to
as in
the term "Angel
Lord."
"Angel
Arche is
used Messianically
Messianically in
in Isaiah
Isaiah 9:6
9:6 where
where in
the
in the
is used
Arche
(Bagster's translation)
it is
rendered "governLXX (Bagster's
is rendered
translation) it
"governin the
"whose
government
[arche]
ment" in
the expression,
is
expression,
government [arche] is
upon
his
[Messiah's]
shoulder."
his
shoulder."
upon
[Messiah's]
In
the New Testament,
Jesus our
our Lord
Lord is
called "the
is called
"the
In the
Testament, Jesus
beginning" [arche]
also the
the "Alpha
(Col. 1:18),
"Alpha and
beginning"
1:18), also
[arche] (Col.
Omega,
the
beginning
[archer
(Rev.
21:
6; see
the
also
see also
21:6;
Omega,
(Rev.
beginning [arche]
22: 13).
Rev. 22:13).
Rev.
Archon is
is often
rendered "ruler,"
et cetera.
often rendered
cetera.
"ruler," "prince,"
"prince," et
But once
it is
used in
relation to
to
in the
is used
in relation
But
the New Testament it
once in
"the
prince
[archOn]
of
the
kings
of
the
earth"
Jesus
"the
of
the
of
the
earth"
Jesus
kings
prince [archon]
(Rev.
(Rev. 1:5).
1:5).
Archon is
used on occasions
Messianically, and so
Archon
is used
occasions Messianically,
so
refers to
to Christ
Christ our Saviour.
prince [archOn]
Saviour. He is
"a prince
refers
is "a
[archon]
and commander to
the Gentiles"
Gentiles" (Isa.
(Isa. 55:4,
to the
55:4, LXX,
LXX,
Bagster's translation);
translation); He is
the One that
that is
is "to
a
is the
"to be
be a
Bagster's
ruler
of Israel"
Israel" (Micah
ruler [archon]
[archon] of
Bagster's
5:2, LXX, Bagster's
(Micah 5:2,
translation).
translation).
prefix archi
archi is
with the
Another Greek word with
the same prefix
is
arch
egos, derived
derived from archi
archi and hegeomai
or ago-"to
archegos,
hegeomai or
ago "to
lead," et
cetera.
etcetera.
lead,"
11
77
77
as found In
A rchegos as
in the
is generally
generally rendered
rendered
the LXX Is
Archegos
by Bagster's
translation as
as "head,"
"chief/'
"head," "captain,"
by
Bagster's translation
"captain," "chief,"
"ruler,"
the New Testament
et cetera.
cetera. But in
in the
Testament
"ruler," "prince,"
"prince," et
it is
used only
with reference
our Lord.
referred
it
Is used
to our
is referred
reference to
Lord. He is
only with
to
as captain
captain-"The
[arch
egos
]
of
their
salvato as
"The captain
their
of
salvacaptain [archegos]
tion"
tion" (Heb.
2:
10);
as
author-''The
author
[archegos]
as
author
"The author [archegos]
(Heb. 2:10);
... of
of our faith"
margin, "beginner");
faith" (Heb.
as
12:2, margin,
(Heb. 12:2,
"beginner"); as
Prince
"A Prince
Prince-"A
Prince [arch
egos]
and
a
Saviour"
(Acts
5:
5:
a
Saviour"
(Acts
[archegos]
31);
life" (Acts
(Acts 3:
15,
"the Prince
Prince [archegosJ
of life"
3:15,
31); and "the
[archegos] of
margin,
"author").
margin, "author").
The study
of the
the above Greek words shows that
at
that at
study of
times they
they have been applied
to
Christ
our
Lord;
further,
times
to
our
Christ
further,
Lord;
applied
that archegos
arch egos in
in the
the New Testament is
in
that
in its
its use
is in
use In
Instance applied
every
Jesus.
to Jesus.
every instance
applied to
V. Christ
Relation to
to the
the''Angel
Angel Hosts
Hosts
V.
Christ in
in Relation
In
the foregoing
believe that
the
In the
the light
that the
of the
light of
foregoing we believe
divine Son of
the
divine
of God,
Is "Michael the
of whose titles
titles is
God, one of
archangel," is
of the
the angelic
angelic hosts.
hosts. But to
to us,
is the
the leader
leader of
us,
archangel,"
this
does not
not in
way
whatsoever
detract
from
His
this does
in any
whatsoever
detract
any way
deity,
took
than when He became man and took
any more than
deity, any
all
"the Son of
of man,"
man," but
but all
our flesh.
flesh. He certainly
certainly became "the
the while
while He was
was on earth
as man,
man, He was at
the same
at the
the
earth as
time God manifest
manifest in
(1 Tim. 4:10).
4: 10). FurtherFurtherin the
the flesh
flesh (1
time
more,
is
also
revealed
in
Scripture
as
leader
of
the
of the
as
leader
in
He
is
revealed
also
more,
Scripture
of
hosts
of
Israel,
under
the
title
of
the
"angel
of
Jehovah,"
the
title
of
the
hosts of Israel,
"angel
Jehovah,"
But being
the "angel
his presence,"
presence," et
et cetera.
being such,
cetera. B.ut
of his
the
such,
"angel of
did not
not restrict,
restrict, or
or detract
detract from,
did
from, His deity.
deity. Why could
He not,
not, then,
then, be
be considered
considered "Captain
(LXX)*
"Captain General" (LXX)*
of the
the hosts
hosts of
without
equating
without
of angels
of
angels
angels
equating Him with angels
*
*Joshua
5: 14, Eng,
Eng. tr.
tr. by
by Charles
Charles Thomson.
Joshua 5:14,
QUESTIONS
78
as
as created
being who appeared
to Joshua
Joshua
created beings?
beings? The being
appeared to
as
of
the
host
of
the
was
a
divine
being,
as "captain
was
divine
of
of
the
Lord"
a
the host
"captain
being,
whom Joshua
Joshua worshiped
worshiped (Joshua
14). Thus the
the hosts
hosts
5:14).
(Joshua 5:
of
the Lord are
of aa divine
divine being
being
of the
are under command of
presence makes aa place
place
worthy
of worship,
worthy of
worship, and whose presence
holy
(verse
15).
This
Divine
Being
we
believe
was
none
believe
Divine Being
holy (verse 15).
other
other than
than our Lord Jesus
Jesus Christ.
Christ.
vVe believe,
believe, therefore,
therefore, that
that there
We
Is good
there is
reason for
for
good reason
recognizing
our
blessed
as
the
leader
of
the
heavthe
blessed
Lord
as
leader
of
the
heavrecognizing
enly hosts.
hosts.
enly
in Jewish
VI. Michael
Michael in
Jewish Literature
Literature
VI.
In Jewish
is recognized
recognized as
the
In
as the
Jewish writings
writings Michael is
Advocate in
many ways.
ways. Thus:
in Israel,
in many
Israel, who mediated in
prevented Isaac's
being sacrificed
(Yalkut
He prevented
Isaac's
sacrificed
being
(Yalkut
Reubeni, section
wrestled with
with Jacob
section Wayera);
Reubeni,
Jacob (TarWayera); wrestled
(Targum, Gen. 32:25);
was
Advocate
Israel
deserved
Israel
deserved
when
gum,
32:25);
death at
at the
the Red Sea
Rabbah, 18:5);
Sea (Exodus
led Israel
Israel
(Exodus Kabbah,
18:5); led
the
. during
the
forty
years
in
the
wilderness
(Abravanel
to
in
the
wilderness
during
forty years
(Abravanel to
Ex. 23:20);
of stone
stone (Apoc.
Moses,
the tables
tables of
23:20); gave
gave Moses the
(Apoc. Moses,
1);
instructed Moses at
Jubilees,
i.
27,
ii. 1);
at Sinai
ii.
Sinai (Bk.
27,
Jubilees,
1); instructed
(Bk.
I);
destroyed
the
army
of
Sennacherib*
(Midr.
Exod.
18:
the
of
Exod.
18:
destroyed
army
(Midr.
5);
the angels
of the
visited Abraham* (Yoma,
5); was one of
angels who visited
(Yoma,
a
b
a
b
37 ; Shebu'oth,
was Israel's
35 , footnote);
Israel's guardian
Shebuoth, 35
footnote); was
guardian
angel (Yoma,
); ministers
in the
heavenly sanctuary
77 aa );
ministers in
the heavenly
angel
(Yoma, 77
sanctuary
(l1,1enahoth,llOa).
(Mmahoth, HO).
t
i.
VII.
in the
of Jude's
VII. Michael in
Epistle
the Setting
Setting of
Jude's Epistle
to
Jllde's
written to
Jude's epistle
epistle was written
had invaded
invaded the
the church
that
church of
of that
making of
of
were corrupting
corrupting and making
heresy that
that
combat aa heresy
day,
for
false
teachers
for
false
teachers
day,
none effect
effect "the
"the faith
faith
*This statement
statement refers
refers to
to "the
angel of
his presence,"
presence," which
which the
the Jewish
Jewish EncycloEncyclo
of his
"the angel
i"dia says
is Michael.
Michael.
pedia
says is
79
79
which was once delivered

unto the
delivered unto
the saints"
saints" (verse
(verse 3).
3).
Jude's
letter was an appeal
to the
to
the loyal
J tide's letter
loyal members to
appeal to
break
break from the
the association
these subverters
subverters of
association of
of these
of truth.
truth.
The author does not

not go
into detail
detail concerning
this
go into
concerning this
for
letter
is
not
a
systematic
theology,
but
is
heresy,
for
his
his
letter
is
not
a
but
is
heresy,
systematic theology,
rather
a battle
battle cry.
rather a
cry.
This book is
is small,
but rich
rich in
in allusions
allusions and quotasmall, but
quotations.
It is
is apparent
that
the
corrupt
teachings against
against
tions. It
that
the
apparent
corrupt teachings
which Jude
Jude was warning
warning the
the church were libertinism
libertinism
and antinomianism. Not only
was this
this false
false philosophy
philosophy
only was
in
concept,
but
followed
out
in
basically
wrong
in
but
when
followed
out in
basically wrong
concept,
the
led to
the life,
life, it
it led
to depravity
revolting
immorality.
and
depravity
revolting immorality,
Those who had introduced this
this subversive
heresy had
subversive heresy
evidently
the church surreptitiously,
evidently entered the
surreptitiously, and were
threatening
to
the
very structure
to
undermine
the
structure of
of the
the
threatening
very
temple
of
truth.
of
truth.
temple
I. ULTIMATE END OF REBELLION.-The
1.
REBELLION. The depravity
depravity
by the
the writer's
writer's reference
reference to
to
of this
of
this teaching
is evidenced
evidenced by
teaching is
the
immorality
of
Sodom
Gomorrah,
while
the gross
and
of
Gomorrah,
gross immorality
the
attitude of
the teachers
he illustrated
illustrated
the attitude
of the
teachers themselves
themselves he
rebellion of
Korah. "Woe unto
unto them,"
them," he
he warns,
warns,
by the
the rebellion
of Korah.
by
that "have gone
in
the
way
of
(verse
II).
in
that
the
of
Cain"
(verse
way
gone
11). Emultimate
end
of
these
defamers
of
rightphasizing
the
these
defamers
of rightultimate
of
the
phasizing
of
the
eousness,
he
refers
particularly
to
the
destiny
of
the
to
the
he
refers
eousness,
destiny
particularly
rebellious angels.
celestial beings,
beings, "which kept
rebellious
kept
angels. These celestial
not their
their first
but left
their own habitation"
habitation"
left their
first estate,
not
estate, but
are awaitawait(verse
are reserved unto judgment.
judgment. They
They are
(verse 6),
6), are reserved
final
ing
the
coming
day
of
final
punishment.
punishment.
ing the coming day of
reason Jude
refers to
to the
the rebellion
rebellion of
of the
the angels,
angels,
The reason
Jude refers
and the
the rebellion
rebellion of
authority,
of ancient
ancient Israel
Israel against
authority,
against
evil
is clear.
warns the
the church that
that all
all who "speak
is
clear. He warns
"speak evil
will
not"
will
perish
(verse
of
those
things
which
they
not"
know
of those things
perish (verse
they
80
QUESTIONS
the flesh,
10).
these heretics
of the
defilers of
of these
heretics as
as defilers
flesh,
10). He speaks
speaks of
at
and declares
that
not
only
did
they
set
at
naught
the
did
declares that not only
they set
naught the
counsel of
of church
authority, but
but they
they actually
counsel
church authority,
actually denied
the authority
authority of
our Lord Jesus
Jesus Christ.
Christ.
the
of our
of God and of
(verse
15),
or
railing
accusations,
or
Their "hard speeches"
railing accusations,
speeches" (verse 15),
not only
only denunciations
apostolic authority,
were not
denunciations against
against apostolic
authority,
but utterances
utterances against
God
Himself.
Himself.
but
against
2. JUDE'S
JUDE'S REFERENCE TO MICHAEL.-It
MICHAEL. It was obviously
2.
obviously
to identify
not
jude's purpose
to call
call
not Jude's
Michael, except
identify Michael,
except to
purpose to
attention
to the
the fact
is the
the archangel.
His reffact that
that He is
refattention to
archangel. His
erence
Michael is
is really
really by
by way
of
contrast.
This
of
contrast.
to Michael
erence to
way
contrast
is drawn between
between those
those who brought
brought aa railing
railing
contrast is
accusation, and Michael
Michael who would not
not do so.
the
so. On the
accusation,
one hand he
he contrasts
those "filthy
dreamers"
who
contrasts those
dreamers"
"filthy
"despise
dominion, and speak
of dignities"
dignities" (verse
(verse
evil of
"despise dominion,
speak evil
8),
with
Michael,
the
archangel,
on
the
other
hand.
He,
the
the
other hand. He,
Michael,
8),
archangel,
a
a heavenly
heavenly being,
with the
the prince
in dispute
being, even when in
dispute with
prince
of
evil, though
there
was
just
reason
for
doing
so,
"durst
of evil,
there
was
reason
for
"durst
so,
though
just
doing
not"
not" bring
bring aa railing
railing accusation.
This is
is the
the contrast:
accusation. This
contrast:
They,
as to
to rail
rail against
so despised
men, so
They, mere men,
despised authority
authority as
against
in high
high authority;
authority; whereas Michael,
Michael, the
the archangel,
archangel,
those in
those
would not
not act
thus even when disputing
disputing with
with Satan.
act thus
Satan.
The devil,
the
of evil,
could rightly
rightly be said
said
devil, the prince
evil, could
prince of
to
railing accusation,
but to
to such
thing
to deserve
deserve aa railing
such a
a thing
accusation, but
Michael would not
not stoop.
that Michael
Michael could
could
say that
stoop. To say
in
the
sense
that
nato
in
the
sense
that
did
not
have
the
power
or
the
He
not
have
the
or
the
not,
power
authority
to do so,
not be
be true.
true. It
is not
not that
It is
that
so, would not
authority to
Michael could not
the sense
of being
being restricted,
restricted, but
in the
sense of
but
not,o in
rather that
rather
that He would not
not take
take such
such an attitude.
attitude. Scott's
Scott's
Bib le remarks:
remarks:
Bible
He yet
yet dared not to
to utter
utter any
reviling expression:
not from
any reviling
expression: not
fear of
of the
the devil;
but because
because even
even in
in those
those circumstances,
circumstances, it
fear
it
devil; but
81
81
would not have

hav~ been consistent
perfection of
consistent with the
his characthe perfection
characof his
1
ter.
ter.
What these
critics dared
to do,
Michael
these carping
dared to
do, Michael
carping critics
not do_
were abusive,
would not
do. They
slanderabusive, defamatory,
They were
defamatory, slanderMichael, even
even in
ous, even blasphemous.
in dealing
ous,
blasphemous. But Michael,
dealing
with the
the devil,
revealed dignity
heavenly bearing.
bearing.
devil, revealed
dignity and heavenly
He could
could not
not descend to
a level
level of
defamatory
to such
such a
of defamatory
of multiplying
speech.
multiplying words,
words, He authoritatively
Instead of
speech. Instead
authoritatively
declared, "The Lord rebuke
rebuke thee"
thee" (verse
declared,
(verse 9).
9).
The use
use of
"The
Lord rebuke
rebuke thee"
of the
the expression
thee"
expression
is
is significant.
but one other
place in
in the
the
It is
is found in
in but
other place
significant. It
Zechariah
Holy Scriptures-Zechariah
3:2.
There
the
speaker
is
the
3:2.
Holy
Scriptures
speaker is
"the angel
of
the
Lord"
(verse
1);
but
in
verse
2,
it
is
of
the
but
in
it
verse
is
2,
angel
(verse 1);
expressly the
the
the "Lord" who speaks.
find the
expressly
speaks. Here we find
'.'angel
the Lord" equated
with Jehovah
Jehovah Himself,
Himself, and
of the
"angel of
equated with
it
is He who says
to
Satan,
"The
Lord
rebuke
thee."
it is
to
Lord
rebuke
thee."
Satan,
says
This is
is aa unique
expression.
The
first
Biblical
use
first
Biblical
use
unique expression.
of
in dealing
of it
it is
is by
by the
the Lord in
dealing with Satan.
The
same
Satan.
Jude. Might
Might it
it not
not be,
be, then,
expression is
in Jude.
is used in
that
then, that
expression
the
Divine Being
Being is
is revealed
here? In
In Zechariah
Zechariah
the same Divine
revealed here?
He was manifested
manifested under one of
of His
His titles,
titles, "the
"the angel
angel
of His
His titles,
titles,
of
in Jude
of the
the Lord,"
Lord," in
Jude under another of
"Michael."
"Michael."
Furthermore, the
the archangel
referred to
to but
but twice
twice
is referred
Furthermore,
archangel is
in the
Thessalonians
4:
16
and
I
4:16
in
Thessalonians
the Sacred
Sacred Scripture-l
Scripture
Jude
9. Paul,
Paul, writing
writing to
to the
the Thessalonians,
Thessalonians, speaks
of
speaks of
Jude 9.
that
the
the "voice
the archangel"
associates
that
with
the
and
associates
the
"voice of
of the
archangel"
in Jude,
general resurrection
resurrection of
the saints;
of the
saints; whereas in
Jude,
general
the
of
the
reference
specifically
concerns
the
body
of
Moses.
reference
the
body
specifically
Another reference
reference to
Michael as
leader of
of the
the angelic
as leader
to Michael
Another
angelic
scholars
host
is seen
seen in
Many scholars
in Revelation
Revelation 12:7-10.
12:7-10. Many
host is
through
the centuries
have applied
this to
to the
the days
centuries have
days when
applied this
through the
QUESTIONS
82
82
Satan
rebelled, before
before ever
our world
world was
was made.
made. Then
Satan rebelled,
ever our
there was
was war in
heaven. Michael
Michael and His
angels fought
there
in heaven,
His angels
fought
against
the dragon
and
his
angels.
Here
is
evidently
the
the
his
is
evidently
against the
angels.
dragon
the
beginning
of
the
great
controversy
between
the
forces
forces
the
of
between
great controversy
beginning
of
of evil.
In this
passage Michael
Michael and
evil. In
of righteousness
this passage
righteousness and of
Satan
is the
the Michael
Michael of
this
of this
are placed
in contrast.
contrast. Who is
Satan are
placed in
of
the
apocalyptic
passage?
If
Christ
is
the
leader
of
the
angel
If
leader
Christ
is the
angel
apocalyptic passage?
in the
conthe first
battle in
the great
hosts,
first battle
see here
here the
then we see
hosts, then
great conflict
between Christ
Satan.
Christ and Satan.
flict between
There is
is good
reason for
this concept,
for we read
read
for this
concept, for
good reason
it was
was through
through "the
power of
his Christ"
that "the
that
"the
"the power
of his
Christ" that
that it
accuser
of our
brethren" was cast
cast down (Rev.
(Rev. 12:
10).
accuser of
our brethren"
12:10).
is
only
through
our
risen
Victory
for
the
saints
is possible only
the
saints
risen
for
through
Victory
possible
Lord.
It was
was Christ
Christ who triumphed
triumphed over
over Satan
in the
the
Lord. It
Satan in
original
encounter.
And
it
is
through
Christ
that
we
it
is
that
encounter.
Christ
original
through
encounters
against
the
devil
overcome in
in the
the continuing
devil
overcome
encounters
the
against
continuing
and his
his evil
evil hosts.
hosts.
remarked on this
this passage:
passage:
Matthew Henry
Henry remarked
... "Michael and his
his angels*'
angels" on one side,
dragon
"the dragon
side, and "the
and his
his angels"
great angel
the covethe other.
the great
of the
other. Christ,
coveChrist, the
angels" on the
angel of
his faithful
all his
instrunant, and his
faithful followers;
Satan and all
his instrunant,
followers; and Satan
ments.
ments.
.
VIII. Summary
of the
Evidence
the Evidence
Summary of
1. Terms used
1.
used concerning
similar to
are similar
Christ are
to those
those
concerning Christ
used of
Michael: (a)
of
Christ,
as
"Prince
of
princes,"
of Michael:
as
"Prince
of
(a) of Christ,
princes/'
as
as "prince
the host,"
host," as
the Prince,"
Prince," and
of the
as "Messiah the
"prince of
as
of life";
as the
the "Prince of
Michael, as
prince,"
as "your
life"; (b)
of Michael,
(b) of
"your prince,"
as the
and as
the "great
"great prince."
prince."
2.
archangel is
of Michael,
is
is used of
2. As archangel
so is
Michael, so
and archon used of
Christ is
the
of Christ.
Christ. Thus: Christ
is the
arch
egos
archegos
arch
egos
archegos
the "captain"
-the
10); the
the "author"
"author" (Heb.
"captain" (Heb.
(Heb. 2:
2:10);
(Heb. 12:2);
12:2);
"Prince" (Acts
15).
the
the "Prince"
(Acts 3:
3:15).
83
83
3. The beginning of
3.
controversy between
the great
beginning of the
great controversy
Christ (Michael)
is seen
in Revelation
Revelation 12:
Christ
Satan is
12:
seen in
(Michael) and Satan
7-10.
7-10.
4. Michael exercises
the same prerogative
prerogative as
does
exercises the
as does
to
Satan,
"The
Lord
rebuke
when He says
to
''The
Lord
Satan,
says
4.
.rJehovah
ehovah
thee."
thee."
5. Michael is
5.
by many
many Bible
is equated with
Bible
Christ by
equated with Christ
scholars.
scholars.
From the
the foregoing
it will
will be
be seen
that our
our concept
concept
seen that
foregoing it
of
just another
title for
the Lord
Lord Jesus
Jesus
of Michael,
as just
another title
for the
Michael, as
is vastly
vastly different
the views
views of
of others
others who
Christ, is
different from the
Christ,
teach that
that Michael is
teach
a created,
angelic being,
being,
is merely
created, angelic
merely a
and not
not the
the Eternal
of God. In
In direct
direct contrast
Eternal Word of
contrast
to
to such aa depreciating
depreciating Christo
logy, Seventh-day
Christology,
Seventh-day Adventhold that
that ]Jesus
esus is
is "very
God
of
very God,
ists hold
ists
the
of the
of
God, of
very
"very
same substance
the Father"
Father"-coequal,
coexistent,
and
substance as
as the
coexistent,
coequal,
coeternal with
with God the
the Father.
believe that
that there
there
coeternal
Father. We believe
never
was aa time when Christ
not. He is
is God fornever was
Christ was not.
forbeing "original,
unborrowed,
undeevermore,
life being
undeunborrowed,
evermore, His life
"original,
rived."
rived."
Additional Notes
Notes
Additional
I.
1. CHRIST AS THE "ANGEL OF THE LORD"
On Ex.
Ex. 23:20:
23:20:
"Behold,
messenger before
before thee.
thee. Jewish
a messenger
send a
"Behold, II send
Jewish commentators
the messenger
messenger as
who, no doubt,
regard
a specially
as Moses,
Moses, who,
doubt, was a
regard the
specially
might, therefore,
commissioned ambassador for
for God,
God, and who might,
therefore,
will not
the expression-'He
well be
be termed
termed God's
God's messenger.
well
messenger. But the
expression 'He will
in him,'
pardon your
your transgressions,'
transgressions,' and 'My
'My name is
is in
him,' are
are too
too
pardon
'the
angel
intended-probably
'the
Angel
high
for
Moses.
be
intended
for
An
must
Moses.
Angel
angel
probably
high
of
best expositors
expositors identify
identify with
with the
the best
the Covenant,'-whom
of the
Covenant,' whom the
God.
Second Person
Trinity, the
the Ever-Blessed
Ever-Blessed Son of God.the Trinity,
Person of
of the
George
Rawlinson, Pulpit
Pulpit Commentary,
vol. 2,
p. 212.
212.
2, p.
"Exodus," vol.
Commentary, "Exodus,"
George Rawlinson,
"Others
it
Ex.
23:
20;
"mine
angel,"
it ["an angel,"
"Others suppose
23:20;
angel," Ex.
["an angel,"
suppose
for the
of the
Son of
the Angel
Angel of
the covenant;
the
23:23]
to be
be the
of God,
the Son
covenant; for
God, the
23:23] to
QUESTIONS
84
84
Israelites in
the wilderness
said to
to 'tempt
Israelites
in the
are said
wilderness are
Christ/ and we
'tempt Christ,'
rechurch's reas well
well suppose
God's messenger,
the church's
may as
may
messenger, and the
suppose him God's
the foundadeemer,
before his
incarnation, as
slain from the
as the
his incarnation,
the lamb slain
deemer, before
tion of
of the
the world."
world."-Matthew
Henry's Commentary,
tion
Matthew Henry's
23,
Commentary, Exodus 23,
general
note.
general note.
in this
"There seems
be no
no reason
that, in
this Messenger
Messenger
to doubt that,
reason to
seems to
to be
the Godhead.
of
Yahweh, we catch
glimpse of
of some mystery
mystery in
in the
a glimpse
of Yahweh,
catch a
3."
see chap.
For contrast
the inferior
inferior messenger,
messenger, see
For
with the
contrast with
33:2, 3."chap. 33:2,
J.
B. Rotherham,
Rotherham, The Emphasized
Emphasized Old Testament (1916),
(1916), note
J. B.
on Ex.
23:20.
Ex. 23:20.
6:
On Judges
Judges 6:
'an angel
of
"The person
person that
that gave
gave him the
the commission
commission was 'an
angel of
the Son of
the Lord;'
angel, but the
of
a created
not a
created angel,
it should
should seem,
the
Lord; it
seem, not
of the
Eternal Word,
the Lord of
the angels.
angels. . . .
the Eternal
God Himself,
Word, the
Himself, the
This angel
Jehovah, the
the incommunicable name of
of
is here
here called
This
called Jehovah,
angel is
"
God, ver.
vcr. 14,
will be
be with
with thee.'
thee.' "-Matthew
Matthew
1 will
he saith,
14, 16;
16; and he
saith, 'I
God,
Henry's Commentary.
Commentary.
Henry's
Judges 13:
On Judges
13:
"And this
this angel
was the
the Lord himself,
himself, that
that is,
is, the
the Word
angel ... was
of the
was to
his name is
is called
called
for his
of
the Messiah,
the Lord,
to be the
Messiah, for
Lord, who was
Wonderful, ver.
Jehovah, ver.
ver. 19."-Ibid.
Ibid.
ver. 18,
19."
Wonderful,
18, and Jehovah,
On Daniel
Daniel 3:
3:
"There was
was aa fourth
the fire,
fire, whose form,
in
in the
fourth seen
seen with them in
form, in
Nebuchadnezzar's judgment,
judgment, was 'like
'like the
the Son of
God;' he apapof God;'
Nebuchadnezzar's
a Divine person,
a messenger
messenger from heaven,
heaven, not
not as
as aa
peared as
as a
peared
person, a
but as
an angel,'
are
servant,
as a
a Son.
'Like an
so some;
Son. 'Like
servant, but
some; and angels
angels are
angel,' so
Job xxxviii.
7. In
In the
the apocryphal
narrative of
of
called 'sons
'sons of
of God,'
called
xxxviii. 7.
God,' Job
apocryphal narrative
it is
angel of
of the
the Lord came down into
into the
this story
this
is said,
'The angel
the
said, The
story it
furnace;' and Nebuchadnezzar here
saith, (ver.
28,) that
that God
here saith,
furnace;'
(ver. 28,)
sent
his angel
angel and delivered
them; and it
sent his
it was an angel that
shut
delivered them;
angel that shut
the
lions' mouths when Daniel was in
the lions'
den, ch.
ch. vi.
vi. 22.
22. But some
in the
the den,
think it
it was
was the
of God,
God, the
the angel
the covenant,
the eternal
eternal Son of
of the
covenant,
angel of
and not
not aa created
appeared often
in our
our nature
nature before
before
created angel.
often in
angel. He appeared
he assumed it
it for
for good
good and all
his incarnation];
all [in his
never
incarnation]; and never
[in
more seasonably,
to give
give aa more proper
proper indication
presindication and presseasonably, nor to
his great
world, in
in the
the {ulness
age
of his
into the
the world,
fulness of
of time,
time,
great errand into
age of
than now,
now, when to
to deliver
his chosen
out of
the fire
fire he
he came and
deliver his
chosen out
of the
walked with
with them in
fire."-Ibid.
in the
Ibid.
the fire."
it was Christ,
"In reality
reality it
the Son of
Gorl, who appeared
at this
of God,
this
Christ, the
appeared at
time in
in human shape."-T.
Robimon, Preacher's
Preacher's Homiletic
Homiletic
shape." T. Robinson,
p. 72.
Commentary
72.
"Daniel," p.
Commentary (1892),
(1892), "Daniel,"
1
85
85
"In ver.
ver. 28,
the king
king calls
God's 'angel,'
'angel,' which
which He no
calls him God's
28, the
doubt was
the 'angel
was-the
of the
otherwise called
called the
'Mesthe Lord,'
the 'Mes
Lord,' otherwise
'angel of
of the
senger
the Covenant,'
the fulness
of
the Son of
of God,
in the
fulness of
Covenant/ the
God, who in
senger of
"
lime
dwelt among
us.' "-Ibid.,
73.
time was 'made flesh
flesh and dwelt
Ibid., p.
among us/
p. 73,
On Hebrews 12:
12:
"This is
to God;
is by many modern Expositors referred
but
God; but
by many
Expositors referred to
by the
the; ancient
ones, to
to Christ;
which is
is far
ancient and some modern ones,
far more
Christ; which
by
agreeable to
to the
T. Bloomfield,
Bloomfield, Greek
Testa
the context.-S.
context.
S. T.
Greek New Testaagreeable
ment (1847)
p. 475),
475), on Heb. 12:25.
12:25.
II, p.
(1847) (vol.
(vol. II,
'The voice
voice sounding
supra v.
v. 19.
best
"" The
Sinai/ See
19. The best
See supra
sounding from Sinai.'
in general
Expositors
are in
general agreed
the [word]
ou refers
refers (as
that the
Expositors are
(as
agreed that
[word] oil
grammatical propriety
propriety would require)
require) to
to Christ,
notwithstand
Christ, notwithstandgrammatical
that the
ing
the thing
ascribed to
to God. Nor is
is there
in Exodus ascribed
there any
is in
ing that
any
thing is
inconsistency,
N. T. and the
the Rabbinical
Rabbinical writings
writings agree
agree
the N.
since the
inconsistency, since
in representing
in
representing it
the SON OF GOD,
appeared to
the
as the
to the
it as
GOD, who appeared
patriarchs, who delivered
by angels,
angels, and who was the
the
delivered the
the Law by
patriarchs,
ANGELJEHOVAH worshipped
in the
the Hebrew Church.
Church. See
Acts
See Acts
ANGEL-JEHOVAH
worshipped in
7:53, and 11 Cor.
p. 475),
475), on Heb.
Cor. 10:4,
9."
7:53,
10:4, 9."-Ibid.,
II, p.
Ibid., (vol.
(vol. 11,
12:26.
12:26.
2. CONCERNING MICHAEL AS A
A TITLE OF CHRIST
2.
CHRIST
On Daniel
DaniellO:
10:
"Some ... think
Michael the
is no other
than Christ
Christ
other than
think Michael
the archangel
archangel is
himself, the
the angel
the covenant,
the Lord of
the angels;
of the
of the
himself,
covenant, and the
angels; he
angel of
whom Daniel
'came to
to help
help me/
me,' ver.
ver. 13;
Daniel saw
in vision,
saw in
ver. 5.
5. He 'came
13;
vision, ver.
'and
there is
none but
but he
he that
with me in
in these
these things/
things,'
is none
'and there
that holdeth
holdeth with
Matthew
ver.
21. Christ
the church's
church's prince,
prince, angels
angels are
not."-Matthew
are not."
ver. 21.
is the
Christ is
Henry's Commentary.
Commentary.
Henry's
On Daniel
Daniel 12:
12:
"Jesus
Christ shall
patron and protector.
his church's
church's patron
shall appear
protector.
appear his
"Jesus Christ
'At that
that time/
time,' when the
is at
the hottest,
hottest, 'Michael
at the
the persecution
'At
persecution is
fast
shall
stand up/
up,' ver.
angel had told
told Daniel what aa fast
1. The angel
shall stand
ver. 1.
x. 21.
friend Michael
Michael was
to the
the church,
church, ch.
ch. x.
all along
along shewed
21. He all
was to
friend
it in
in the
the upper
upper world,
world, the
the angels
it
it; but now 'Michael shall
angels knew it;
stand
up' in
in his
his providence,
providence, and work deliverance
deliverance for
for the Jews,
stand up'
Jews,
'when he
he sees
sees that
their power
is gone,'
Deu. xxxii.
xxxii. 36.
36. Christ is
is
that their
'when
gone/ Deu.
power is
of the
earth/
that 'great
prince,' for
he is
'Prince of
the kings
kings of
of the
the earth:
the 'Prince
is the
for he
that
'great prince/
Rev. i:5."
i:5."-Ibid.
Ibid.
Rev.
On Jude
Jude 9:
9:
in the
"Of
this personage
personage many
things are
are spoken
the Jewish
writ
"Of this
Jewish writspoken in
many things
to
is
Michael
ings.
'Rabbi
Judah
Hakkodesh
says:
Wherever
is
said
to
'Rabbi
says:
ings.
Judah
underis always
appear, the glory of the Divine Majesty is
always to
to be
be under
appear, the glory of the Divine Majesty
.
86
QUESTIONS
stood.'
Shemoth Rabba,
Rabba, Sec.
foJ. 104,
So It
it seems
if they
3. So
seems as
stood/ Shemoth
as if
Sec. ii., fol.
104, 3.
they
do the
the Messiah
Messiah manifested
manifested
considered Michael
Michael in
as we do
considered
in some
some sort
sort as
in the
the flesh."
flesh."-Clarke's
(6 vol.
vol. cd.).
in
Clarke's Commentary
Commentary (6
ed.).
"The word
word Michael
Michael . .. he
like God;
hence by
this
is like
he who is
God; hence
by this
the
Apocalypse,
many
understood
the
Lord
Jesus."
personage,
in
the
Lord
in
understood
the
Jesus."
personage,
Apocalypse, many
-Ibid.
Ibid.
On Rev.
Rev. 12:7:
12:7:
"Michael
the man child
the woman brought
brought forth."
which the
child which
forth."
was the
"Michael was
-Clarke's
Clarke's Commentary.
Commentary.
"This
being 'a
the heaven,'
and waged
waged by
by Michael,
war in
in the
"This being'a war
heaven/ and
Michael,
of earthly
who is
Christ (whose
warfare is
is not
not like
like that
that of
earthly kings),
kings), and
and
is Christ
who
(whose warfare
by His
His messengers,
messengers, is
intellectual and polemical
polemical warfare."
warfare."is an
an intellectual
by
J. D.
D. Glasgow,
Apocalypse (1872).
the Apocalypse
on the
Commentary on
(1872).
Glasgow, Commentary
J.
"We have
have shown elsewhere
elsewhere that
that the
the Archangel
Archangel Michael
Michael is
is an
an
image
of
Christ
victoriously
combatant.
Christ
is
an
Archangel
combatant.
Christ
is
an
of
Christ
Archangel
victoriously
image
as Judge, not
in His
quality of
at
in
of Judge;
and He appears
His quality
only at
Judge; and
appears as
Judge, not only
the
the world,
world, but
but also
also in
preservation of
of the
the purity
of
in the
the preservation
the end
end of
of the
purity of
His
on Rev.
Rev. 12:1-12,
Church." Lange's Commentary
His Church."-Lange's
12:1-12,
Commentary (1874),
(1874), on
Exegetical
and
Critical
Synoptic
View,
p.
238.
and
Critical
238.
View,
Exegetical
Synoptic
p.
"" 'Michael
'Michael and his
his angels'
on one
one side,
side, and
and 'the
'the dragon
dragon and
and
angels' on
his angels'
on the
the great
great angel
of the
the covenant,
his
the other.
other. Christ,
covenant,
Christ, the
angel of
angels' on
his faithful
faithful followers;
all his
his instruments.
instruments. This
and
and Satan
Satan and
and his
and all
This
followers; and
latter party
party would
would be
be much superior
in number
number and outward
outward
latter
superior in
of the
the church
church lies
in having
having
strength
to the
the other;
the strength
but the
lies in
other; but
strength to
strength of
salvation."-Matthew
the Lord
Lord Jesus
for
the
Captain
of
their
Matthew
the
for
the
of
their
salvation."
Captain
Jesus
Henry's Commentary.
Henry's
Commentary.
"The idea
heavenly being
being who thus
thus comes
comes to
to view
as
idea of
of the
the heavenly
view as
aa feature
feature in
in old
tradition is
the source
of the
the concepis the
source of
old apocalyptic
apocalyptic tradition
concepof the
the heavenly
of Man
. . We have
have
tion
tion of
Messiah the Son of
Man.. ....
heavenly Messiah-the
that
the
a
seen
that
the
heavenly
being
'like
unto
a
son
of
man'
of
already
seen
like
of
unto
man'
son
of
already
heavenly being
Dan.
Dan. 77 was
was probably
probably identified
by the
with Israel's
Israel's
identified by
the author
author ... with
this angelic
was later,
later, it
it would
would
angel-prince
Michael; this
being was
angelic being
angel-prince Michael;
seem,
invested with
with Messianic
Messianic attributes,
attributes, and
and so
so became
became the
the
seem, invested
Messiah."-Abingdon
Bible Commentary,
pre-existent heavenly
heavenly Messiah."
pre-existent
Abingdon Bible
Commentary,
ii.,
p.846.
846,
p.
(See also
also Calvin's
Calvin's
(See
also p.
253, 368, also
p. 13).
253, 368,
13).
Commentaries
on "Daniel,"
vol. 2,
2, pp.
Commentaries on
"Daniel," vol.
pp.
Ill Questions
III.
on the
the Relation
of Ellen
Relation of
Ellen
Questions on
G.
Writings to
White's Writings
0. White's
to the
the Bible
Bible
Ellen G. White's Writings

and
Writings and
'[heir
Relation to
to the
the Bible
Bible
Their Relation
Ellen G. White's
QUESTION
QUESTION
9
9
Do Seventh-day
Adventists regard
the
regard the
writings
of
Ellen
G.
White
as
on
equal
plane
Ellen
us
an
of
writings
equal plane
with the
of the
Bible? Do you
you place
place
the writings
the Bible?
writings of
her in the
the prophetic
prophetic class
class with
with such
such men as
as
Isaiah, Jeremiah,
Jeremiah, Ezekiel,
Ezekiel, and Daniel?
Daniel? Are her
her
Isaiah,
interpretations
of Bible
Bible prophecy
prophecy regarded
as
interpretations of
regarded as
final authority,
in these
writings
is belief
these writings
final
belief in
authority, and is
made a test
fellowship in
the Seventh-day
Seventh-day
test of
in the
of fellowship
Adventist Church?
Adventist
\Vhatever the
the intent
may be,
be,
Whatever
intent of
of these
these questions
questions may
fully developed
later
on
in
we would note,
as is
is more fully
in
later
note, as
developed
this chapter:
chapter:
this
1.
I. That we do not regard
regard the
the writings
writings of
of Ellen
Ellen G.
G.
to the
the sacred
of Scripture.
'White
White as
as an addition
addition to
sacred canon of
Scripture.
2. That we do not think
think of
as of
of universal
universal
2.
of them as
application,
as
is
the
Bible,
but
particularly
for the
the
as
is the
but
Bible,
particularly for
application,
Seventh-day
Adventist
Church.
Adventist
Seventh-day
as
sense as
3. That we do not regard
regard themin
the same sense
them in the
3.
as
the Holy
Scriptures,
stand
alone
and
unique
which
stand
alone
the
Holy Scriptures,
unique as
the
by which all
all other
other writings
writings must be
standard by
the standard
judged.
judged.
that the
Seventh-day
believe that
the
Adventists uniformly
uniformly believe
Revelation.
canon of
of Scripture
closed
the
of
Revelation.
with
the
book
of
closed
canon
Scripture
89
89
QUESTIONS ON
ON DOCTRINE
DOCTRiNE
QUESTIONS
90
90
We hold
hold that
that all
all other
other writings
writings and
and teachings,
teachings, from
from
We
whatever source,
source, are
are to
to be
be judged
judged by,
by, and
and are
are subject
subject
whatever
to, the
the Bible,
Bible, which
which isis the
the spring
spring and
and norm
norm of
of the
the
to,
White
G.
Ellen
Christian
faith.
We
test
the
writings
of
Ellen
G.
White
of
the
test
We
faith.
Christian
writings
by the
the Bible,
Bible, but
but in
in no
no sense
sense do
do we
we test
test the
the Bible
Bible by
by
by
writers
her writings.
writings. Ellen
Ellen G.
G. White
White and
and others
others of
of our
our writers
her
on record
record again
again and
and again
again on
on this
this point.
point.
have gone
gone on
have
said
In
her
first
book,
in
1851,
she
said
concerning
the
she
in
1851,
In her first book,
concerning the
Bible:
Bible:
recommend to
to you,
you, dear
dear reader,
reader, the
the Word
Word of
of God as
as the
the rule
rule
II recommend
of your
),our faith
faith and
and practice.
practice. By
By that
that Word we are
are to
to be
be judged.
judged.of
Early Writings, p. 78.
Early Writings, p. 78.
Later she
she wrote:
wrote:
Later
to
The Spirit
Spirit was
was not
not given
given-nor
can it
it ever
ever be bestowed
bestowed-to
nor can
the
that
state
supersede
the
Bible;
for
the
Scriptures
explicitly
state
that
the
the
for
the
Bible;
explicitly
Scriptures
supersede
Word of
of God is
is the
the standard
standard by
by which all
all teaching
teaching and experiexperience must
must be
be tested.
tested.-The
Great Controversy,
Controversy, Introduction,
Introduction,
The Great
ence
p. vii.
p. vii.
the assembled
And in
before the
last appearance
her last
in her
appearance before
at
the
session
of
the
General
Conference
of
delegates
the
of
the
session
delegates at
in
Seventh-day
1909,
in Washington,
B.C., in 1909,
Adventists in
Washington, D.C.,
to
the
vast
congregation,
she
held
after
vast
the
to
her message
after her
congregation,
message
the
with
age,
and
said,
said,
hands trembling
in hands
aloft in
the Bible
Bible aloft
age,
trembling
It
to you
"Brethren
and sisters,
"Brethren and
sisters, II commend to
you the Book." It
ever exalting,
was
of her lifelong attitude-ever
was typical
exalting,
typical of her lifelong attitude
foundation
as
as
the
foundation
high
above
all,
the
Holy
Scriptures
the
above
all,
Holy Scriptures
high
of
faith.
of our
our faith.
in
be in
to be
White to
G. White
Ellen G.
We have
never considered
considered Ellen
have never
of Scripthe canon
of the
canon of
the
writers of
the writers
as the
the same
same category
Scripcategory as
the
writers
of
ture.
apart
from
the
chosen
writers
of
the
chosen
the
from
ture. However,
However, apart
line
a
of
canonical
books
of
Scripture,
God
used
a
line
of
prophused
God
canonical books of Scripture,
prophwith
ets
lived contemporaneously
who lived
ets or
or messengers
contemporaneously with
messengers who
utterances
the
but whose
whose utterances
the two
two Testaments,
writers of
of the
the writers
Testaments, but
ELLEN G. WHITE AND THE BIBLE
91
91
of Scripture
were never a part
canon. These prophets
part of
Scripture canon.
prophets
or messengers
called of
of God to
to give
messengers were called
give encourageencouragement,
ment, counsel,
admonition to
to the
Lord's ancient
the Lord's
ancient
counsel, and admonition
as
Nathan,
people.
Among
these
were
such
figures
these
such
as
Nathan,
people. Among
figures
Gad,
Gad, Heman, Asaph,
AhiShemaiah, Azariah,
Azariah, Eliezer,
Eliezef, AhiAsaph, Shemaiah,
jah, Iddo,
in the
the Old Testament,
Iddo, and Obed in
Simand Sim
Testament, and
jah,
the Baptist,
eon,
eon, John
Silas in
in the
the New.
John the
Baptist, Agabus,
Agabus, and Silas
line also
also included
The line
such
as
Miriam,
included women,
such
as
Miriam,
women,
and
Deborah,
Huldah,
were called
called prophetesses,
Deborah,
Huldah, who were
prophetesses,
in ancient times,
as well
well as
as Anna in
in the
the time
of Christ,
time of
times, as
Christ,
and Philip's
four
daughters,
"which
did
prophesy"
did
"which
Philip's
daughters,
prophesy"
:9). The messages
(Acts
that came through
these
(Acts 21
21:9).
messages that
through these
it
prophets, it should be
be recognized,
the same
prophets,
recognized, came from the
God who spoke
prophets whose writings
those prophets
spoke through
through those
writings
were included in
in the
the Sacred
Sacred Canon.
That some of
prophets not
not only
only spake
of these
these prophets
spake but
also wrote
also
wrote their
their inspired
messages Is
is evident
evident from
from Scripinspired messages
Scripture itself:
itself:
ture
Now the
acts of
the acts
David the
the king,
king, first
behold, they
they are
are
of David
first and last.
last, behold,
written
written in
in the
the book of
the seer,
in the
the book
book of
of Samuel the
of Nathan
seer, and in
the
the prophet,
prophet, and in
in the
the book
book of
of Gad the
the seer
seer (1
(1 Chron.
Chron. 29:29).
29:29).
Now the
the rest
rest of
of the
the acts
acts of
of Solomon,
first and last,
last, are
theJ
are they
Solomon, first
not
not written
written in
in the
the book of
of Nathan the
the piophet,
plOphet, and in
in the
the
Ahijah the
the Shilonite,
in the
the visions
visions of
of Iddo
Iddo the
the
prophecy of
of Ahijah
Shilonite, and in
prophecy
seer
the son
son of
of Nebat?
Nebat? (2
(2 Chron.
Chron. 9:29).
9:29).
seer against
against Jeroboam
Jeroboam the
It is
It
is in
in this
this latter
latter category
category of
of messengers
messengers that
that we
consider
to be.
be. Among
Among Seventh-day
Seventh-day Adconsider Ellen
Ellen G.
G. White to
ventists
ventists she
she was recognized
recognized as
as one
one who possessed
possessed the
the
gift of the spirit of prophecy,

prophecy, though
though she
she herself
herself never
the title
title of
of prophetess.
prophetess. In
In 1906
she explained
explained
assumed the
1906 she
was
believed
that
she
was
called
why.
that
she
called
Church
who
believed
members
why.
to the
the prophetic
prophetic office
office were puzzled
puzzled by
by one of
of her
her public
public
to
statements. Here is
is her
her explanation:
explanation:
statements.
gift of the spirit of
QUESTIONS
92
92
Some have
have stumbled over
the fact
said II did
did not
not claim
claim
fact that
over the
that II said
be aa prophet.
prophet. ... Early
Early in
in my
youth II was asked
asked several
several times,
be
times,
my youth
Are you
you aa prophet?
prophet? II have
have ever
ever responded,
the Lord's
mesLord's mesresponded, II am the
prophet, but
but II have
senger.
a prophet,
that many
have called
called me a
senger. II know that
many have
claim to
to this
Why have
have II not
not claimed
to be aa
made no claim
this title
title..... Why
claimed to
that
prophet?-Because
these last
last days
many who boldly
boldly claim that
in these
Because in
days many
prophet?
to
to
they
are prophets
prophets are
reproach to
the cause
of Christ;
Christ; and bebecause of
a reproach
are a
to the
they are
than the
the word "prophet"
cause
cause my
includes much more than
"prophet"
my work includes
signifies
be aa prophetess
prophetess is
is something
something that
that II
claim to
to be
signifies.. . . . To claim
have never
never done.
call me by
by that
that name,
name, II have
have no
If othel'S
have
done. If
others call
controversy
my work has
has covered
covered so
so many
lines
many lines
controversy with them. But my
that
can not
not call
myself other
than aa messenger.
messenger.-The
The Review
other than
call myself
that II can
1906.
and Herald,
Herald, July
26, 1906.
July 26,
.
Seventh-day
Adventists regard
regard her
her writings
writings as
as conconSeventh-day Adventists
taining
inspired
counsel
and
instruction
concerning
counsel
instruction
concerning
taining inspired
personal religion
religion and the
the conduct of
of our
our denominapersonal
tional work.
work. Under the
she also
the same inspiration
also wrote
tional
inspiration she
in the
field
sacred
much in
the great
field
of
sacred
history,
covering
the
of
great
history, covering the
experiences
of
God's
people
from
the
creation
of
the
of
God's
of
the
the
creation
experiences
people
world to
the ultimate
ultimate establishment
the kingdom
kingdom of
of
to the
establishment of
of the
eschatology.
That
portion
God, with
with special
emphasis
on
God,
emphasis
eschatology.
special
portion
of her
writings, however,
might be
be classified
classified as
as
of
her writings,
that might
however, that
predictions,
actually
forms
but
a
small
segment.
And
forms
a
small
but
predictions, actually
segment.
even when she
deals with what is
coming on the
the earth,
she deals
is coming
earth,
her
her statements
of clear
clear Bible
Bible
statements are
are only
only amplifications
amplifications of
prophecy.
prophecy.
It is
It
is significant
that in
her counsels,
counsels, or
or "testimonies,"
in her
"testimonies,"
significant that
the
of the
attention of
the reader
reader
the attention
is constantly
to the
directed to
the
constantly directed
of the Word of
of God as
authority of
foundation of
of
as the
the sole
sole foundation
authority
faith and doctrine.
doctrine. In the
the Introduction
to one
one of
faith
Introduction to
of her
her
is
larger
books she
principles:
she sets
sets forth
forth important
larger books
important principles:
In His
His word,
word, God has
has committed
committed to
to men the
the knowledge
knowledge necnec-
essary for
for salvation.
salvation. The Holy
to be
be accepted
are to
as
essary
Holy Scriptures
Scriptures are
accepted as
an authoritative,
authoritative, infallible
revelation of
will. They
are the
the
infallible revelation
His will.
of His
They are
standard of
of character,
test of
of
the revealer
revealer of
of doctrines.
the test
character, the
doctrines, and the
93
93
experience. "Every
inspired of
of God is
is also
profitable for
for
also profitable
"Every scripture
experience.
scripture inspired
teaching,
for reproof,
correction, for
which is
for correction,
is in
in
instruction which
for instruction
teaching, for
reproof, for
righteousness;
that the
of God may
may be
be complete,
complete, furnished
the man of
furnished
righteousness; that
good work."
3:16, 17,
Revised VerVercompletely unto every
work." 2
2 Tim. 3:16,
17, Revised
every good
completely
sion.
sion.
fact that
the fact
that God has
will to
to men through
through
Yet the
has revealed
revealed His
His will
His Word, has
not rendered
has not
the continued
presence and
rendered needless
continued presence
needless the
of the
guiding
the Holy
Holy Spirit.
the contrary,
contrary, the
the Spirit
Spirit was
was promguiding of
Spirit. On the
promised
the Word to
to His
His servants,
servants, to
illumiised by
by our Saviour,
to open
to illumiSaviour, to
open the
nate
its teachings. And since
apply its
since it
it was
was the
the Spirit
of God
nate and apply
teachings.
Spirit of
that
that inspired
the Bible,
Bible, it
it is
is impossible
impossible that
that the
the teaching
teaching of
the
of the
inspired the
Spirit
snould ever
be contrary
to that
that of
of the
the Word.-The
ever be
Great
Word. The Great
Spirit should
contrary to
p. vii.
Controversy,
vii.
Introduction, p.
Controversy, Introduction,
While Adventists
Adventists hold the
the writings
writings of
Ellen G.
of Ellen
G.
White in
in highest
highest esteem,
yet
these
are
not
the
source
of
not
the
of
these
are
source
esteem, yet
our expositions.
expositions. We base
teachings on the
the Scripour
base our teachings
Scripthe only
foundation
of
all
true
Christian
doctrine.
tures,
all
of
true
Christian
doctrine.
tures, the
only
belief that
that the
the Holy
Holy Spirit
However, it
it is
is our belief
However,
opened
Spirit opened
to her
her mind important
events
and
called
her to
to give
to
events
called
her
important
give
certain
these last
last days.
days. And inasmuch
for these
instructions for
certain instructions
as these
these instructions,
understanding, are
are in
in our understanding,
in harharas
instructions, in
mony
with
the
Word
of
God,
alone
is
is
with
which
the
of
Word
alone
God,
mony
able to
to make us
as
a
denominaus wise
a
we
as
denominawise unto salvation,
able
salvation,
tion accept
the Lord.
as inspired
counsels from the
Lord.
tion
inspired counsels
accept them as
as
have never
never equated
with
Scripture
as
with
them
But we have
Scripture
equated
some falsely
charge.
Mrs.
herself
stated
explicitly
herself
stated
Mrs.
White
falsely charge.
explicitly
the
her writings
Bible:
to the
the Bible:
of her
the relation
relation of
writings to
Little
Little
the Bible,
Bible, and the
the Lord has given
given aa
heed is
is given to
given to the
The
men and women to
the greater
greater light.-The
to the
light.
1903.
Review and Herald,
Herald, Jan.
Jan. 20,
20, 1903.
Review
"The Lord designs
designs to
you, to
to reprove,
reprove, to
to counsel,
to warn you,
counsel,
through
the testimonies
testimonies given,
to impress
impress your
your minds with
with
given, and to
through the
lesser light
light to
to lead
lead
lesser
the
Testimonies for
the
importance of
the truth
truth of
word."-Testimonies
for the
of His word."
of the
the importance
665.
vol. 5,
Church,
5, p.
Church, vol.
p. 665.
While Seventh-day
recognize that
that the
the
Adventists recognize
While
thousand
Scripture
canon
closed
nearly
years
ago
two
closed
canon
nearly
years ago
Scripture
94
94
QUESTIONS
there have been

additions to
to this
this compilaand that
that there
been no additions
compilation
of
sacred
books,
yet
believe
that
the Spirit
of
we
that
the
tion of sacred books, yet
believe
Spirit of
God,
Divine Word known to
to us
as
us as
the Divine
God, who inspired
inspired the
the
has pledged
to
reveal
Himself
to
the
church
the
to
the Bible,
to
reveal
Bible, has
pledged
through
the Spirit.
of the
the different
different gifts
through the
apostle
gifts of
Spirit. The apostle
Peter in
in giving
his explanation
of the
the happenings
happenings of
of
Peter
giving his
explanation of
Pentecost quoted
from
the
prophecy
of
Joel
and
apthe
of
Pentecost
Joel
approphecy
quoted
plied that
that prophecy
prophecy to
to the
the evident
the
of the
evident outworking
outworking of
plied
And
the
Holy
Spirit
on
that
memorable
day.
the
.apostle
that
day.
Holy Spirit
.apostle
Paul,speaking
the different
that God had placed
placed
different gifts
of the
gifts that
Paukspeaking of
in the
he gave
gave some,
said: "And he
in
the church,
some, apostles;
church, said:
apostles; and
some,
prophets; and some,
and
some,
passome, evangelists;
some, passome, prophets;
evangelists;
tors,
and
teachers;
for
the
perfecting
of
the
saints,
for
the
of
the
for
teachers;
saints, for
tors,
perfecting
the work of
the ministry,
the edifying
of the
the body
of
of the
for the
the
body of
ministry, for
edifying of
Christ"
(Eph. 4:
II, 12).
Christ" (Eph.
4:11,
12).
And how long
were these
these gifts
gifts to
to continue
continue in
in the
the
long were
in the
unity of
the
faith,
and
church? "Till
"Till we all
all come in
church?
the unity
the
of
faith,
of the
knowledge of
the Son of
of God,
God, unto
unto aa perfect
of the
of
the knowledge
perfect
man,
unto the
of the
the stature
the fulness
of
the measure of
of the
stature of
fulness of
man, unto
Christ:
that we henceforth
be no more children,
tossed
henceforth be
Christ: that
tossed
children,
to
and fro,
fro, and carried
about with
with every
every wind of
carried about
to and
of
doctrine,
by the
the sleight
of men,
men, and cunning
cunning crafticraftidoctrine, by
sleight of
ness,
whereby they
lie in
in wait
deceive" (verses
wait to
to deceive"
ness, whereby
they lie
(verses
13,
14).
13, 14).
as God's children
So long
long as
be beset
beset by
by the
children would be
the
of
cunning
craftiness
of
the
spirit
of
evil,
craftiness
the
of
just
so
long
so
evil,
cunning
spirit
just
long
these special
would the
the church need
need these
Moreover,
special gifts.
gifts. Moreover,
the
declared that
that would be
be
the same apostle
apostle declared
the church that
that the
the coming
of the
the Lord Jesus
waiting
for the
waiting for
coming of
Jesus would "come
behind in
in no gift,"
that
they
"may
be
blameless in
the
that
be
blameless
in the
they "may
gift,"
of
day
of
our
Lord
Jesus
Christ"
(1
Cor.
1:7,
8).
Christ"
Cor.
1:7, 8).
day
Jesus
(1
It
It is
is not
not our understanding
that these
these gifts
of the
the
understanding that
gifts of
d-
95
95
Spirit
the place
place of
the Word of
God, nor
nor does
of the
of God,
does their
theii
Spirit take the
make
acceptance
unnecessary
the
Scripture
of
truth.
acceptance
unnecessary the Scripture of truth. On
the
the contrary,
the acceptance
of God's
will lead
lead
God's Word will
contrary, the
acceptance of
God's people
people to
to a recognition
recognition and acceptance
acceptance of
the
of the
manifestations of
the Spirit.
Such
manifestations
will,
manifestations
of the
manifestations
will,
Spirit.
in harmony
harmony with
with the
the Word of
of God.
of course,
course, be in
of
God. We
know that
that some earnest
have the
the impression
earnest Christians
Christians have
impression
that
these gifts
that these
ceased
with
the
apostolic
church.
But
ceased
with
the
church.
gifts
apostolic
Adventists believe
the closing
of
the
Scripture
Adventists
believe that
that the
the
of
closing
Scripture
canon did not terminate
terminate Heaven's communication with
with
men through
of the
through the
the gifts
the Spirit,
* but
but rather
rather that
that
gifts of
Spirit,*
Christ by
Christ
by the
the ministry
ministry of
guides
His
people,
of His Spirit
His
Spirit guides
people,
them, and especially
especially so
edifying
in
so in
edifying and strengthening
strengthening them,
these
last challenging
days
of
history.
And
it
is
these last
of
human
is
it
challenging days
history.
the Holy
Holy Spirit
every man severally
as
the
divides "to
"to every
severally as
Spirit who divides
he will"
Cor.
12:
11).
It
is
bestows
the
will" (1
It
is
God
Cor.
the
who
bestows
(1
12:11).
gifts,
the responsibility
responsibility
is God Himself who takes
takes the
it is
gifts, and it
the Spirit
among
the bebefor
manifestations of
of the
for these
these manifestations
Spirit among the
here and one there
there and makes them
lievers. He calls
calls one here
lievers.
the depositories
depositories of
spiritual
calls one
of specific
the
gifts. He calls
specific spiritual gifts.
a
to be
be an apostle,
apostle, one an evangelist,
another
a
pastor
another
or
to
evangelist,
pastor or
a teacher,
teacher, and to
to another He gives
gives the
the gift
gift of
of prophecy.
a
prophecy.
It
that all
these gifts
will be
all these
It is
is our understanding
gifts will
understanding that
for
in evidenc%in
evidenc~,~in the
the church which will
will be "waitin.6"
in
"waiting for
Our
the
coming of
Lord" (I
(1 Cor.
Cor. 1:7).
interpretaof our Lord'*
the coming
interpreta1:7).
tion of
of Bible
Bible prophecy
us to
to believe
believe that
that those
those
leads us
tion
prophecy leads
of God in
the remnant people
people of
in the last
last
who make up
up the
full
the
will
meet
the
history
of
the
church
will
the
full
fury
days
of
the
of
the
of
fury
history
days
forth to
power as
goes forth
to make war on
of the
as he goes
the dragon's
of
dragon's power
of
those
who
"keep
the
commandments
of
God,
the
those
God, and have
"keep
the
testimony of
17). That
Christ" (Rev.
of Jesus
the testimony
12:17).
(Rev. 12:
Jesus Christ"
*
it See
A. G.
Abiding Gift
of Prophecy.
Prophecy.
G. Daniell"
See A.
Gift of
Daniells, Abiding
96
96
QUESTIONS
expression
of Jesus"
is clearly
defined, we
expression "testimony
"testimony of
clearly defined,
Jesus" Is
believe, by
by the
in Revelation
Revelation 19:
1O. He says
to
the angel
19:10.
believe,
says to
angel In
John: "The testimony
Jesus Is
is the
of
prophecy."
of
of Jesus
the spirit
John:
testimony of
prophecy."
spirit
Commenting
this, James
James Moffat
says:
Moffat says:
Commenting on this,
"F<?r the
the testimony
testimony or
witness of
of
"For
or witness
is (i.e.,
(i.e.,
borne by) Jesus is
(i.e.,
(i.e., borne by) Jesus
constitutes) the
the spirit
prophecy." This
This ...
specifically
defines
.
of prophecy."
constitutes)
specifically defines
spirit of
the
as
the brethren
brethren who hold
hold the
testimony of
as
possessors
of
the testimony
of Jesus
Jesus
possessors of
.
prophetic inspiration.
inspiration. The testimony
testimony of
of Jesus
Jesus is
is practically
practically equiv
prophetic
equivalent to
to Jesus
Jesus testifying
20). It
is the
the self-revelation
of
It is
self-revelation of
alent
testifying (xxii.
(xxii. 20).
the
Jesus
(according to
to God)
which moves the
i. 1,
to i.
1, due ultimately
God) which
Jesus (according
ultimately to
Christian
prophets.-The
Expositor'S Greek Testament,
Christian prophets.
The Expositor's
vol. 5,
5,
Testament, vol.
p.465.
465.
p.
prophecy is
is Intimately
intimately related
related to
The Spirit
to the
the
of prophecy
Spirit of
gift
of
prophecy,
the
one
being
the
Spirit
that
indites
the
that
of
the
indites
being
gift
Spirit
prophecy,
the prophecy,
prophecy, the
the gift
gift bebethe
the other
the evidence
of the
other the
evidence of
stowed.
go
together,
each
inseparably
connected
stowed. They
each
connected
They go together,
inseparably
with
the other.
gift is
is the
manifestation of
with the
other. The gift
the manifestation
that
of that
which the
the Spirit
of
God
bestows
upon
him
whom,
bestows upon
acwhom, acSpirit of
cording to
to His own good
purpose and plan,
plan, He selects
selects
cording
good purpose
as
the one
as the
one through
through whom such
such spiritual
Is to
to
guidance is
spiritual guidance
come. Seventh-day
Adventists
believe
that
this
gift
was
Adventists
that
believe
this
was
Seventh-day
gift
manifested
the life
life and ministry
of Ellen
G. White.
manifested in
in the
Ellen G.
White.
ministry of
is
the
Adventist
understanding
of
Briefly
then,
this
is
this
the
Adventist
Briefly then,
understanding of
writi~gs. They
They have
have been
been for
for aa hunhun
Ellen
G. White's
White's writings.
Ellen G.
dred
dred years,
years, to
to use
use her
her own expression.
"a
lesser
light"
"a
lesser
light"
expression,
sincere men and women to
leading sincere
to "the,greater
"the greater light."
leading
light."
last p~:-t
To answer
answer the
the last
question. concerning
the question,
of the
part of
concerning
the
of church
the matter
matter of
church fellowship.
that
fellowship, we would say
say that
while
while we revere
revere the
the writings
of
Ellen
G.
White,
of
Ellen
G.
and
White, and
writings
the church to
expect
all who join
join the
to accept
the doctrine
doctrine of
of
expect all
accept the
as manifested
spiritual
manifested in
experience. we do
in her experience,
do
gifts as
spiritual gifts
not
not make acceptance
acceptance of
her writings
writings aa matter
matter for
for church
of her
church
herself
discipline.
She
herself
was
explicit
on
this
point.
was
this
discipline.
explicit
point. Speak.
Speak-
97
97
ing
of those
those who did not funy
understand the
the gift,
she
ing of
fully understand
gift, she
said:
said:
Such should not be deprived
deprived of
the benefits
benefits and privileges
privileges of
of
of the
if
is otherwise
otherwise correct,
correct, and
if their
their Christian
Christian course
course is
they have formed a good
good Christian
character.-Testimonies
Christian character.
Testimonies tOT
they
for
the
p. 328.
the Church,
vol. 1,
328.
Church, vol.
1, p.
the church,
church,
the
J. N. Andrews,
Andrews, one of
of the
founding fathers
fathers of
the founding
the
of the
J.
Advent Movement,
Movement, wrote in
in 1870:
1870:
We therefore
therefore do not test
the world in
in any
any manner by
test the
these
by these
in our intercourse
gifts.
intercourse with
with other
other religious
religious bodies
bodies
gifts. Nor do we in
the fear
fear of
of God,
God, in
who are
are striving
in the
to walk in
in any
striving to
way make
any way
these aa test
test of
Review and
and Herald,
Herald,
these
of Christian
Christian character.-The
character.
The Review
Feb.
Feb. 15,
1870.
15, 1870.
James
president,
thrice General Conference president,
White, thrice
James White,
of
speaking
of
the
of
Ellen
G.
White,
expressly
the
work
Ellen
of
G.
White,
speaking
expressly
declares
that Adventists
Adventists believe
believe that
that God called
called her
her "to
declares that
"to
this
do aa special
at
this
time,
among
this
people.
work
at
this
time, among
special
people.
They do not,
however, make aa belief
belief in
this work
in this
not, however,
They
The Review and
aa test
of Christian
Christian fellowship."-The
test of
fellowship."
June 13,
p. 205.
Herald, June
205.
1871, p.
13, 1871,
Herald,
And this
this has
throughout
consistent attitude
attitude throughout
has been our consistent
our history.
history. However,
However, if
if one who holds
holds membership
membership in
in
our
our church
church loses
these counsels
counsels and later
later
in these
loses confidence
confidence in
our
stirs
up enmity
believers, we reserve
reserve the
the right
right
the believers,
stirs up
enmity among
among the
But
to disfeUowship
such
from
the
body.
such
action
the
such
action
to
body.
disfellowship
one's lack
lack of
will not
not be
be taken
of one's
of confidence in
in
because of
taken because
will
the
one
disaffected
these
writings,
but
rather
because
the
disaffected
rather
because
these writings,
is stirring
up strife
the believers.
believers.
strife among
is
among the
stirring up
is of
After men and women have had evidence
evidence that
that the
the work is
of
After
God, and then
then join
join hands with those
those who fight
fight against
it, our
God,
against it,
Ibid.
people claim
claim the
such.-Ibid.
to separate
the right
separate from such.
right to
people
F.
F.
of the
M. Wilcox,
thirty-five years
years editor
editor of
the
for thirty-five
Wilcox, for
Review and
and Herald,
Herald) our church paper,
paper, says:
says:
Review
4
98
98
QUESTIONS
In the
the practice
practice of
of the
the church
church it
it has
has not
not been
been customary
customary to
to
In
diseUowship one
one because
because he
he did
did not
not recognize
recognize the
the doctrine
doctrine of
of
disfellowship
spiritual gifts.
gifts. .
. . A member of
of the
the church
church should
should not
not be
be exex...
spiritual
cluded from
from membership
membership because
because of
of his
his inability
inability to
to recognize
recognize
cluded
clearly the
the doctrine
doctrine of
of spiritual
spiritual gifts
gifts and its
its application
application to
to the
the
clearly
second advent
advent movement.
movement.-The
Testimony of
of Jesus,
Jesus, pp.
pp. 141-143.
141-143.
The Testimony
second
statements reflect
reflect our consistent
consistent attitude
attitude
These statements
through
the
years,
this
is
position
today.
Is
our
this
and
the
position today.
years,
through
IV. Questions on
the Law
Law and
and Legalism
legalism
on the
IV. Questions
Christ the
the Heart
Heart
Christ
of the
the Advent
Advent Message
Message
of
QUESTION
10
not the
the spiritual
spiritual content
content and evanevanAre not
emphasis of
of your
your "Voice of
of Prophecy"
Prophecy"
emphasis
radio
program and "Faith
for Today'
Today" telecast
telecast
radio program
"Faith for
a rather
rather far
far cry
cry from
from the
the doctrinal
doctrinal and legal
legal core
core
a
of Adventismf
Adventism? Are they
they not rather
rather a bid for
for good
good
of
will, and a subtle
subtle attempt
attempt to
to draw those
those who
will,
gelical
gelical
enroll in
in your
your proffered
proffered Bible
Bible courses
courses to
to gradugraduenroll
ally
accept
the
doctrinal
legal
heart
of
and
heart
the
doctrinal
of Adally accept
legal
ventism? Is
Is this
this doctrinal
doctrinal and legalistic
legalistic emphasis
emphasis
ventism?
reflection Of
the counsels
counsels of
of Ellen
Ellen G.
G. White?
a reflection
of the
In the
the evangelistic
of Seventh-day
In
activities of
Seventh-day Adventevangelistic activities
servists,
public servof radio
radio programs,
ists, whether by
by means of
programs, public
ices,
at subtlety
is no attempt
or literature,
there is
literature, there
ices, or
subtlety or
attempt at
is
effort
message is
the Advent message
heart of
of the
to deceive.
deceive. The heart
effort to
Christ
crucified.
Christ and Him crucified.
that Seventh-day
May
in simple
Seventh-day
sincerity that
say in
simple sincerity
May we say
inAdventists
is
not
merely
an inis
that Christianity
hold that
Adventists hold
merely
Christianity
tellectual
of
doctrines,
no
matter
how
of
assent to
to a
a body
tellectual assent
doctrines,
body
is a real
real
that Christianity
true
believe that
or orthodox.
orthodox. We believe
true or
Christianity is
is
a
with
Christ.
Christianity
is
a
relationship
experience
Christ.
relationship
Christianity
experience with
Christ.
to
blessed Lord and Saviour Jesus
Person our blessed
to a
a Person-our
Jesus Christ.
It
a thousand things
to know a
Christ,
is possible
It is
things about Christ,
possible to
of
and yet
never
know
Him.
Such
a
situation,
of
course,
a
course,
never
situation,
yet
101
101
102
102
QUESTIONS
leaves the
the professing
far
as far
leaves
Christian as
professing Christian
lost sinner.
lost
sinner.
as is
the
from God as
is the
as Adventists,
believe in
in doctrine.
r/,octrine.
We, as
Adventists, definitely
We,
definitely believe
that
We hold
body of
of Biblical
Biblical truth.
truth. But that
a unified
hold a
unified body
the
which
saves
is
grace
alone,
through
faith
in
the
living
in
which saves is grace alone, through faith
living
free
Christ.
justifies is
is His free
that which justifies
Christ. And similarly,
similarly, that
in
in
blessed grace.
We
likewise
believe
in
works,
and
in
likewise
believe
and blessed
works,
grace.
of God.
full
to the
the will
will and commandments of
full obedience
obedience to
seek
But the
works in
which we believe,
believe, and that
that we seek
in which
the works
to perform,
perform, are
the result,
result, or
or fruitage,
fruitage, of
of salvation,
not
are the
to
salvation, not
in part.
the
aa means to
to salvation,
in whole or
or in
part. And the
salvation, in
of
obedience
that
we
render
is
the
loving
response
of
a
a
is
the
that
obedience
loving response
life that
that is
is saved
by grace.
grace. Salvation
is never
never earned;
it
Salvation is
saved by
life
earned; it
is
from
God
through
Jesus
Christ.
Otherwise,
Christ.
a gift
from
is a
Otherwise,
through Jesus
gift
frustrate the
the
however sincere
the effort
may be,
be, works
works frustrate
effort may
sincere the
however
grace of
of God (Gal.
2:21).
grace
(Gal. 2:21).
a specific
the
We also
also believe
believe that
message is
is due the
that a
specific message
world
that
were
called
into
being
to
have
to
and
were
into
that
we
world today,
called
being
today,
a part
part in
proclaiming it.
message is
is
in proclaiming
it. But again, that
a
again, that message
simply
the everlasting
gospel in
the setting
setting of
in the
of God's
everlasting gospel
simply the
great
judgment
hour,
the
imminent
second
coming
of
the
second
hour,
great judgment
coming of
LOYd, and the
preparation of
to
God.
our Lord,
men
to
the preparation
meet
of
But that
that which prepares
people to
to meet God is
is not
prepares people
a
merely
a
warning
message,
but
the
saving
gospel.
but
the
merely
warning message,
saving gospel. This
great
fundamental
truth
is
ever
before
us, and in
is
truth
in our
ever
before
us,
great
hearts and our endeavors.
hearts
endeavors.
We repeat,
vVe
repeat, this
not something
this emphasis
is not
as
subtle, as
emphasis is
something subtle,
in
the
It
suggested
in
the
question.
It
is
not
a
lure,
or
trick,
or
is
a
not
or
or
lure,
trick,
suggested
question.
bait.
bait. It
It is,
is, instead,
put first
first things
a serious
serious endeavor to
to put
instead, a
things
presentations, and to
let
definitely first
first in
in our public
to let
definitely
public presentations,
the world see
see and hear and know that
the
that the
the heart
heart burden
burden
of
of Adventism is
His salvation.
is Christ.
Christ and His
salvation.
HEART OF THE ADVENT MESSAGE
103
103
As to
to EllenG.
Ellen. G. White's
White's counsels
counsels on these
these matters,
matters,
her
her messages
for
more
than
half
a
century
conhave conthan half a century have
messages for
uplifting of
Christ and for
prisistently
called for
for an uplifting
of Christ
for prisistently called
mary
upon full
in Him. Here are
a
full salvation
are a
salvation in
mary emphasis
emphasis upon
few excerpts
excerpts from her
her writings:
writings:
Of all
aU professing
professing Christians,
Adventists should
should
Christians, Seventh-day
be foremost in
uplifting Christ
before the
the world.
world .... The great
great
in uplifting
Christ before
center of
is at
center
of attraction,
attraction, Christ
Jesus, must not
not be
be left
at
It is
Christ Jesus,
left out.
out. It
the
the cross
of Christ
that mercy
mercy and truth
truth meet
meet together,
together, and rightrightcross of
Christ that
eousness and peace
peace kiss
eousness
kiss each
each other.-Gospel
156.
other.
Workers, p.
p. 156.
Gospel Workers,
.
Lift
serLift up
up Jesus,
Jesus, you
you that
that teach
teach the
the people,
people, lift
lift Him up
up in
in sermon, in
in song,
song, in
prayer. Let
Let all
your powers
powers be directed
to
in prayer.
directed to
all your
mon,
pointing souls,
bewildered, lost,
to "the
God."
"the Lamb of
of God."
souls, confused,
confused, bewildered,
lost, to
pointing
... Let
Let the
the science
be the
the burden of
science of
of salvation
of every
salvation be
sermon,
every sermon,
the
Let it
it be
be poured
poured forth
forth in
every supplithe theme of
of every
in every
every song.
supplisong. Let
cation.
nothing into
into your
your preaching
preaching to
to supplement
cation. Bring
Christ,
Bring nothing
supplement Christ,
p. 160.
the wisdom and power
the
160.
of Cod.-Ibid.,
God. Ibid., p.
power of
Present
the truth
it is
in Jesus,
making plain
plain the
the requirePresent the
truth as
as it
is in
requireJesus, making
the law and the
Present Christ,
the way,
ments of
the
of the
the gospel.
Christ, the
way, the
gospel. Present
to
truth, and the
the life,
power to
to save
save all
tell of
all who come to
of His
His power
truth,
life, and tell
Him.-Ibid.,
p_ 154.
Him.
154.
Ibid., p.
Christ crucified
risen from
from the
dead,
the dead,
Christ
crucified for
Christ risen
for our
our sins,
sins, Christ
are to
high, is
is the
the science
of salvation
that we are
to
Christ
Christ ascended
salvation that
ascended on high,
science of
learn and to
to teach
. . It
gift of
of Christ
that we
learn
It is
is through the
Christ that
teach.. .
...
through the gift
receive every
for the
the Church,
vol. 8,
receive
Testimonies for
8, pp.
Church, vol.
every blessing.-Testimonies
blessing.
pp.
287,288.
287, 288.
be preached
preached without
without presenting
presenting
ever be
No discourse
should ever
discourse should
of the
as the
foundation of
the gospel.
Christ
the foundation
Christ and Him crucified
crucified as
gospel. Ministers would reach
reach more hearts
if they
they would dwell more upon
hearts if
isters
upon
159.
practical godliness.
godliness.-Gospel
pp. 158,
158, 159.
Workers, pp.
Gospel Workers,
practical
Christ
and His
His righteousness,-let
this be our platform,
platform, the
the
let this
Christ and
righteousness,
1905.
very
of our
faith.-The
Herald, Aug.
Aug. 31,
life of
our faith.
31, 1905.
very life
the great
The sacrifice
sacrifice of
for sin
sin is
is the
great
as an atonement for
Christ as
of Christ
cluster. In order
truth around which
which all
order to
to be rightly
truths cluster.
all other
truth
other truths
rightly
understood and appreciated,
truth in
in the
the Word of
of God,
God,
understood
every truth
appreciated, every
in the
from Genesis
to Revelation,
studied in
the light
light that
that
Genesis to
from
Revelation, must be studied
315.
streams
p. 315.
the cross
cross of
of Calvary.-Gospel
streams from the
Workers, p.
Gospel Workers,
Calvary.
The message
message of
His grace
grace was to
to be given
given to
to the
the
of His
the gospel
of the
gospel of
church
in clear
clear and distinct
that the
the world should no
distinct lines,
church in
lines, that
.
104
QUESTIONS
longer say
that Seventh-day
Adventists talk
talk the
the law,
the law,
but
law, the
law, but
say that
longer
Seventh-day Advendsts
teach or believe
believe Christ.-Testimonies
Ministers, p.
p. 92.
92.
do not teach
to Ministers,
Christ.
Testimonies to
these typical
it is
is evident
evident that
From these
that Adtypical quotations
quotations it
ventists
logically derive
derive any
ventists do not and could not logically
any
legalistic emphasis
emphasis from Ellen
EBen G. White.
legalistic
The Basis and

'The
Fruitage
and Fruitage
of
Christian
Christian Experience
of
Experience
QUESTION
QUESTION
11
Can one who holds

holds Seventh-day
Adventist
views
views have the
in his
his soul
soul of
of present
present
the assurance
assurance in
sins
forgiven,
and
of
full
acceptance
salvation, of
sins
salvation,
of
of full acceptance
forgiven,
with the
the Lord? Or does
live in
in unundoes he have to
to live
certainty,
pending whatever
whatever decision
might be
decision might
certainty, pending
rendered in the
judgment?
the investigative
is
investigative judgment? And is
this uncertainty
not this
reflected
in
the
writings
of
in
the
reflected
of
uncertainty
writings
Ellen G. White?
Ellen
One who truly

truly understands
understands and accepts
accepts the
the teachteachof
the
ings
of
the
Seventh-day
Adventist
Church
can
assuredly
can
ings
Seventh-day
assuredly
that he is
that he
he is
is fully
acknow that
is born again,
again, and that
fully accepted by
by the
Lord. He has
has in
his soul
soul the
the assurance
the Lord.
in his
assurance
cepted
of
of present
present salvation,
uncertainty
in no uncertainty
salvation, and need be in
whatsoever. In fact,
may know this
this so
so fully
fully that
that he
whatsoever.
fact, he may
"rejoice
in
the
Lord"
(Phil.
4:4)
and
in
"the
the
can truly
in
truly "rejoice
(Phil. 4:4)
of his
his salvation"
(Ps.
24:5).
the
foregoing
As
the
God of
salvation" (Ps. 24:5).
foregoing
questions touch the
plan of
salvation for
of God's salvation
for
the whole plan
questions
man, we would call
the following
to the
call attention
attention to
man,
following proviprovisions.
sions.
I. God's
God's Plan and Provision
of Redemption
Redemption
Provision of
I.
1.
THE INITIATIVE IN THE PLAN OF SALVATION Is
1. THE
FROM GOD,
GOD, NOT FROM MAN.
MAN.-"All
things," we read,
read,
"All things,"
We
"are
ek,
"out
of"]
(2
Cor.
5:
18).
God"
Cor.
"are of
of [Gr.
ek,
(2
5:18).
of"]
[Gr.
105
105
QUESTIONS
106
know that
that He "hath reconciled
reconciled us"
that
us" (verse
(verse 18);
18); that
"God was in
in Christ,
the world
world unto
unto himChrist, reconciling
reconciling the
self" (verse
it
was
not
we
who
first
loved
self"
19);
that
loved
that
it
first
not
was
(verse 19);
God,
John
4:9,
10);
that
Christ
loved us
Christ
that
us (l
God, but He loved
(1 John 4:9, 10);
is the
the "propitiation
is
for our sins"
sins" (1
"propitiation for
(1 John
2:2); and
John 2:2);
that ."we
of his
that.
"we were reconciled
his
the death of
reconciled to
to God by
by the
us
to
5:
10).
All
this
comes
to
us
"according
Son" (Rom.
to
All
this
(Rom. 5:10).
"according to
the gift
of
the
of
the
grace
of
God"
(Eph.
3:7).
And
inasmuch
the
of
gift
grace
(Eph. 3:7).
as the
the writings
as
mentioned,
of Ellen
G. White have been mentioned,
Ellen G.
writings of
that are
we shall
shall quote
are
a number of
her statements
of her
statements that
quote a
clear
clear and consistent
of
consistent on the
the fundamental principles
principles of
personal
salvation
and
Christian
experience.
For
exsalvation
exChristian
personal
experience.
this point:
ample,
ample, on this
point:
Grace is
toward undeserving
undeserving
is an attribute
attribute of
of God exercised
exercised toward
human beings.
beings. We did
but it
was sent
sent in
in search
it was
did not
not seek
seek for
for it,
search of
of
it, but
us.
us. God rejoices
rejoices to
to bestow
His grace
upon us,
us, not
not because
because we are
are
bestow His
grace upon
but because
because we are
unworthy. Our only
worthy,
so utterly
claim
are so
worthy, but
only claim
utterly unworthy.
to
is our great need.
to His mercy
mercy is
Ministry of
of Healing,
Healing, p,
p. 161.
The Ministry
161.
great need.-The
4.
!?.
CHRIST Is
Is THE ONLY SAVIOUR OF LOST MANKIND.
-There
is, and can be,
This' thought
thought
There is,
other Saviour.
Saviour. This
be, no other
was
was long
long ago
ago brought
brought home to
to God's
God's ancient
ancient people.
people.
Said Jehovah,
Jehovah, "I,
even
I,
the
Lord;
beside
am
the
and
beside
me
I,
"I,
Lord;
there
there
saviour" (Isa.
is no saviour"
(Isa. 43:11);
43: II); "There is
is no God
else
else beside
beside me;
me; a just
just God and aa Saviour
unto
Saviour..... Look unto
me, and be ye
ye saved"
saved" (Isa.
(Isa. 45:21,
45:21, 22).
22). (See
(See also
also Isa.
Isa. 60:
60:
me,
Hosea
16;
13:4.)
16;
13:4.)
Christ
our Lord is
Jesus
Christ
is the
the only
only foundation
foundation (1
(1 Cor.
Cor.
Jesus
His
name
is
the
3:
II);
is
the
only
"whereby
must
name
we
3:11);
only
"whereby
be saved"
saved" (Acts
(Acts 4:12).
4: 12). This thought
thought-that
there is
is
that there
salvation
salvation in
in no other
other-was
highlighted in
in the
the statement
statemept
was highlighted
made to
to Joseph
Joseph concerning
concerning the
the work of
of Jesus,
Jesus, "He
shall
shall save
save his
his people
people from their
their sins"
sins" (Matt.
(Matt. 1:21).
1: 21).
is
BASIS AND FRUITAGE
107
107
The literal
literal rendering
rendering of
the Greek text
text is,
is, "He himself
of the
himself
shall save
save his
shall
his people/'
people." "Christ
Jesus came into
the
"Christ Jesus
into the
world to
1:15);
alone
"is
world
to save
save sinners"
sinners" (1
He
Tim.
alone
"is
(I
1:15);
able
to save
to the
uttermost" (Heb.
(Heb. 7:25).
able also
also to
save them to
the uttermost"
7:25).
That understanding
understanding is
through Christ
is basic.
basic. Only
in and through
Christ
Only in
can we be
be saved.
saved.
3. MAN CANNOT SAVE HIMSELF;
HIMSELF; IN
IN AND OF
3.
OF HIMSELF
HE Is
Is HOPELESSLY LOST.
LOST.- (a)
is
salvation In
in
There
is
no
salvation
(a)
man for
for man. No man can "redeem his
his brother"
brother" (Ps.
(Ps.
49:7).
(b)
Without
the
salvation
provided
in
Christ
the
in
Christ
salvation
(6)
49:7).
provided
Jesus
Lord, man would be
be hopelessly
hopelessly lost.
lost. "There is
is
Jesus our Lord,
righteous, no,
not
one"
(Rom.
3:
10);
"There
is
not
none righteous,
one"
is
no,
(Rom. 3:10);
none that
that doeth good,
not one"
one" (verse
(verse 12);
"All
no, not
good, no,
12); "All
have sinned,
of the
the glory
of
God"
short of
of
sinned, and come short
glory
(verse
23). There is
is therefore
therefore no hope
hope outside
outside of
of
(verse 23).
Jesus
the
Saviour.
Isaiah
graphically
describes
the
natthe
Saviour.
Isaiah
describes
the
natJesus
graphically
ural condition
condition of
ural
of man: "The whole head is
is sick,
sick, and
heart faint.
the
the sole
of the
the foot
faint. From the
sole of
foot even
the whole heart
unto the
head there
there is
is no soundness in
in it;
it; but
but wounds,
the head
unto
wounds,
and bruises,
bruises, and putrifying
sores"
(Isa.
I:
5,
6).
putrifying sores" (Isa. 1:5, 6).
Jeremiah
adds,
"The heart
heart is
deceitful above all
all
is deceitful
adds,
Jeremiah
The
things,
and
desperately
(Jer.
17:9).
wicked"
17:9).
(Jer.
desperately
things,
is "without
apostle
Paul declares
that the
the man who is
declares that
apostle Paul
in
is even "dead in
God" has
has "no
2: 12). He is
"no hope"
(Eph. 2:12).
hope" (Eph.
if man
trespasses and sins"
Consequently, if
sins" (verse
1). Consequently,
(verse 1).
trespasses
must come to
aid.
his aid.
is to
to be
be saved,
help-divine
help-must
to his
divine help
is
saved, help
INITIAL
4.
Is
DEAD
IN
SIN,
EVEN
THE
INITIAL
IN
MAN
Is
4. SINCE
SINCE
SIN,
PROMPTINGS TO A
A BETTER LIFE MUST COME FROM GOD.
PROMPTINGS
-Christ
is the
the true
true light,
that
Christ is
every man that
"lighteth every
light, who "lighteth
This
cometh
into the
world" (John
1:9).
light,
in
some
the world"
cometh into
light,
(John 1:9).
the
way known only
to Divine
Divine Providence,
penetrates the
Providence, penetrates
only to
way
darkness
hearts and kindles
kindles the
the first
first spark
spark
of human hearts
darkness of
108
108
QUESTIONS
of desire
desire after
after
of
God. If
If the
the soul
soul begins
begins to
to seek
seek for
for God,
God,
God.
me
then
"the
Father
which
hath
sent
[Christ]"
will
then "the Father
sent
[Christ]" will
"draw him [the
[the seeker]"
seeker]" (John
(John 6:44).
6:44). Again,
Again, "And I,
I,
"draw
if II be
be lifted
lifted up
up from
from the
the earth,
earth, will
will draw all
all men unto
if
(John 12:32).
So even
even the
the desire
desire to repent
repent comes
me" (John
12:32). So
from above,
above, for
for Jesus
Jesus our
our Saviour
Saviour gives
gives "repentance"
"repentance"
from
grants "forgiveness
"forgiveness of
of sins"
sins" (Acts
(Acts 5:31).
5:31).
and grants
complete change
change thus
thus wrought
wrought in
in the
the human
The complete
heart is
is not
not by
by an
an act
act of
of our
our own wills,
wills, certainly
certainly not
not by
by
heart
ethical uplift
uplift or
or social
social reform
reform endeavor,
endeavor, but wholly
wholly by
by
ethical
the new birth.
birth. We are
are to
to be "born again
again ["from
the
["from
above," margin]"
margin]" (John
(John 3:3);
of God" (l
John
above,"
(1 John
3:3); "born of
3:9);
born
of
the
Holy
Spirit
(John
3:5,
6);
the
Holy Spirit (John 3:5, 6); born
3:9); born of
through the
the Word of
(1 Peter
Peter 11:23,
:23, R.S.V.).
R.S.V.).
of God (1
through
a
Truly
then,
this
is
a
of
divine
grace.
In
a
very
real
In
divine
is
work
this
a
of
then,
very real
Truly
grace.
sense
are "his
(Eph.
2:
10).
In
the
the
"his workmanship"
sense we are
workmanship" (Eph. 2:10).
act
saves us;
us)' it
is He who sheds
it is
sheds
act of
of "regeneration"
"regeneration" God saves
on us
us the
Holy Spirit
(Titus
3:5,
6).
the Holy
on
3:5,
6).
Spirit (Titus
5.
WE CAN EVER Do WILL MERIT THE
5. NOTHING "\VE
It is
that
FAVOR OF GOD.-Saivation
is of
of grace.
is grace
GOD. Salvation is
grace. It
grace that
"bringeth
II). It
the
It is
is "through
salvation" (Titus
2:11).
"through the
"bringeth salvation"
(Titus 2:
Christ
shall
grace
of
the
Lord
Jesus
Christ
we
shall
be
saved"
(Acts
the
saved"
of
grace
Jesus
(Acts
15:
11). We are
are not saved
saved by
4:6; Eph.
by "works" (Rom.
(Rom. 4:6;
15:11).
Eph.
be good
good works
2:9;
2 Tim. 1:9),
2:9; 2
they be
1:9), even though
though they
(Titus
or even "wonderful works" (Matt.
(Titus 3:5),
(Matt. 7:22).
3:5), or
7:22).
saved by
Neither can we be saved
"law"
(Rom.
8:
3),
nor
by
by
by
(Rom. 8:3),
the "deeds"
the
3:20,
"deeds" or
or the
the "works" of
of the
the law
law (Rom.
(Rom. 3:20,
Gal. 3:2,
28;
neither the
the "law of
of Moses,"
3:2, 5,
5, 10).
28; Gal.
Moses,"
10). And neither
nor the
the Decalogue
save us
can save
us (Acts
7:
13:39; Rom. 7:
Decalogue can
(Acts 13:39;
7-10).
The
law
of
God
was
never
designed
to
save
men.
of
to
save
7-10).
designed
It is
is a
a looking
It
in which,
see our
our
which, when we gaze,
looking glass,
glass, in
gaze, we see
is as
far as
sinfulness.
as far
as the
the law of
of God can
sinfulness. That is
can go
go with
BASIS AND FRUITAGE
109
109
sinful man. It
It can reveal
a sinful
his sin,
but is
is powerless
powerless
reveal his
sin, but
to
or to
to remove it,
to save
from its
its guilt
guilt and penalty
penalty
save him from
it, or
and power.
power.
thank God,
the law
law could
could not
not do,
that
But, thank
in that
But,
God, "what the
do, in
it was weak through the
it
flesh"
(Rom.
8:
3),
God
didthe
flesh"
did
through
(Rom. 8:3),
in the
the person
in
person of
a fountain
fountain is
Son, In
In Him a
is open
of His Son.
open
sin and for
for uncleanness"
"for sin
uncleanness" (Zech.
13:1).
And
into
into
(Zech. 13:1).
this
this fount all
plunge
and
be
"washed"
from
their
all may
their
be
from
may plunge
sins by
sins
by Christ's
Christ's own blood (Rev.
I :5). Wonderful as
it
as it
(Rev. 1:5).
may seem,
the redeemed can
that
they
can rejoice
that
now
seem, the
may
they
rejoice
"have washed their
their robes,
robes, and made them white
white in
the
in the
blood of
the Lamb" (Rev.
7:
14).
True
it
is
that
by
blood
of the
it
is
that
by
(Rev. 7:14).
His grace
His mercy
(Titus 3:5),
His
2:5, 8),
grace (Eph.
(Eph. 2:5.
8), His
mercy (Titus
3:5), His
His
gift
(Eph. 2:8),
gospel
(Rom.
I:
16),
according
and
gift (Eph.
according
gospel (Rom. 1:16),
2:8),
to His purpose
to
purpose CRom.
are saved.
saved.
(Rom. 8:28),
8:28), we are
6. WHILE SALVATION Is
Is OF GOD,
A SURRENDER OF
6.
GOD, A
FOR.-After
the primary
primary promptpromptTHE WILL Is
After the
Is CALLED FOR.
of
Spirit
of
God,
and
the
magnetic
ings
of
the
the
of
the
God,
ings
Spirit
magnetic drawof
the
love
of
God,
the
soul
accept, and
ings
love
of
the
soul
must
of
the
God,
ings
accept,
must yield
yield to,
to, its
Deliverer.
This
act
of
surrender,
of
its great
Deliverer.
act
surrender,
great
prompted by
by divine
possible for
to
for God to
divine grace,
it possible
grace, makes it
prompted
extend
to the
the soul
aU the
the wonderful
wonderful provisions
provisions of
of His
extend to
soul all
soul is
is expressed
bounty. This act,
of the
the soul
or attitude,
act, or
attitude, of
expressed
bounty.
in
various
ways
in
Holy
Scripture:
in
in various ways
Holy Scripture:
in him"
are to
believeth in
"whosoever believeth
believe
to believe-"whosoever
We are
unto
(John
3:
16);
to
yield-"yield
yourselves
God"
to
"yield yourselves
yield
(John 3:16);
therefore
(Rom.
6:
13);
to
submit-"submit
yourselves
therefore
submit
"submit
to
yourselves
(Rom. 6:13);
to
4:7); to
to "mortify
the deeds of
of the
the
to God" (James
"mortify the
(James 4:7);
to
means
body"
(Rom.
8:
13)-literally
this
"put
to
this
"put
literally
body" (Rom. 8:13)
to
God
death";
to
present
our
bodies
to
God-"present
your
bodies
to
death";
"present your
present
bodies aa living
living sacrifice"
1); to
to reckon ouroursacrifice" (Rom.
bodies
12:1);
(Rom. 12:
to
"reckon ye
selves
to sin-"reckon
also yourselves
yourselves to be
sin
selves dead to
ye also
110
110
QUESTIONS
dead indeed unto sin"

6: II); and to
to die unto
sin" (Rom.
(Rom. 6:11);
sin
sin-"if
be in
you, the
the body
body is
is dead
dead because
because of
of
"if Christ
in you,
Christ be
sin" (Rom.
10).
sin"
(Rom. 8:
8:10).
will is
is
Whatever is
these acts
of the
the will
acts of
is represented by
represented by these
not
certainly
not
in
the
nature
of
"works,"
does
not
and
does
not
in
the
nature
of
"works,"
certainly
in the
least degree
the efficacy
of salvation.
salvation. No!
in
the least
to the
efficacy of
degree add to
to
It rather
denotes the
the attitude
of
the
soul,
responding to
It
the
rather denotes
attitude of
soul, responding
the
overtures of
in making
making possible
the overtures
free grace
God's free
of God's
possible
grace in
the
application, to
to our
hearts, of
of the
the boundless
boundless bestowal
the application,
our hearts,
of
of the
the grace
of God.
grace of
7. CHRISTIAN
LIFE AND EXPERIENCE Is
A GROWTH
Is A
CHRISTIAN LIFE
7.
IN GRACE.-The
life is
than the
the initial
initial
IN
Christian life
is more than
GRACE. The Christian
act
of faith,
faith, or
act of
in accepting
act of
or that
that act
of surrender in
Jesus
accepting Jesus
as Lord.
that
act
we
pass
"from
death
unto
Christ
Christ as
that
act
Lord. By
By
pass
life"
(John 5:24)
and
are
"born
again"
(John
3:3);
life" (John
are
again" (John 3:3);
5:24)
in physibut from
from there
there on we must grow.
the same in
physibut
It is
is the
grow. It
is one thing.
is the
the beginning
beginning of
of
cal
cal human life.
life. Birth
Birth is
It is
thing. It
none would find
in aa child
that did
life.
life. But none
find satisfaction
child that
satisfaction in
not grow.
purpose that
that we should
not
It is
is similarly
similarly God's purpose
grow. It
"grow
in
grace,
and
in
the
knowledge
of
our Lord and
in
in
the
of
"grow
grace,
knowledge
Saviour
Jesus Christ"
Peter 3:
18). As spiritual
Christ" (2
Saviour Jesus
(2 Peter
3:18).
spiritual
are to
"the
sincere
of
the
babes we are
to partake
of
milk
babes
of
"the
sincere
of the
partake
(1 Peter
2:2), but there
be growth
growth so
Peter 2:2),
word" (1
there must be
so
that we may
may partake
of
needful
"strong
meat"
(Heb.
that
partake of needful "strong
(Heb.
5:12,14).
5:12, 14).
n.
II.
Believing in
in Jesus
Jesus
Believing
Our Christian
Christian life
life is
is to
to be
be aa constant
constant attitude
attitude of
of
We
in Jesus.
begin by
by believing,
believing, and by
grace
believing in
believing
Jesus. We begin
by grace
are to
to keep
keep on believing.
believing. We are
are not
not only
only to
to "yield,"
we are
"yield,"
We
We are
to "submit,"
keep
are to
"submit," and keep
on submitting.
to "die"
to sin,
are not only
"die" to
but
sin, but
submitting. We are
only to
but to
to keep
keep on yielding.
yielding.
BASIS AND FRUITAGE

are to "reckon"
we are
unto sin,
''reckon" ourselves
ourselves dead unto
sin, and
on reckoning.
our bodies
bodies to
We are
are to
to "present"
to
reckoning. \Ve
"present" our
and keep
keep on presenting
presenting them to
All this
this is
is a
a
to God. All
of
of grace.
grace.
III
1 1 1
keep
keep
God,
God,
work
The Christian
Christian life
constant surrender,
conlife calls
for constant
calls for
surrender, constant consecration,
stant
constant
yielding
of
the
heart
and
the
heart
constant
of
consecration,
yielding
life
life to
to God. We,
were dead in
sin (Eph.
(Eph. 2:
1), are
are
in sin
We, who were
2:1),
to sin
now dead to
6:
11).
We
have
identified
oursin (Rom.
have
identified
our(Rom. 6:11).
selves with
with Jesus
His death,
so have
have died
with
selves
in His
died with
death, and so
Jesus in
Him (Col.
(Col. 2:20);
in
fact,
our
"life
is
hid
with
Christ
in
with
"life
is
hid
Christ
fact, our
2:20);
in God" (Col.
in
3:3).
(Col. 3:3).
This thought
thought is
beautifully expressed
expressed through
through the
is beautifully
the
in the
Greek tenses
Testament. In
In John
John 3:
18, 36,
tenses in
the New Testament.
36,
3:18,
where we read
that believeth,"
the Greek form is
is
read "he that
believeth," the
the
the participle
participle in
present tense,
the
idea
being
that
in the
that
the present
the
idea
tense,
being
"the one believing
"the
believing on Him who continues
to believe"
believe"
continues to
life habit"
will be
be saved.
and who "makes it
it a
a life
saved. The
habit" will
present
tense
with
the
idea
of
continuance
is
also
tense
seen
with
the
idea
of
is
also seen
continuance
present
in
the phrase
phrase "mortify
the
deeds
of
the
body"
(Rom.
in the
the
deeds
the
of
body" (Rom.
"mortify
8:
13). The idea
of aa continuous
continuous attitude
attitude of
of
idea is
is that
that of
8:13).
flesh.
putting to
to death the
the lusts
lusts of
of the
the flesh.
putting
Ellen G.
G. White stated
it this
this way:
way:
Ellen
stated it
It
not safe
occasional Christians.
Christians. We must be ChristChrist
It is
is not
safe to
to be occasional
our actions
time. Then,
through grace,
grace, we are
like
are safe
safe
in our
like in
actions all
all the
the time.
Then, through
Parents, Teachers,
for time
time and for
Counsels to
to Parents,
for eternity.-Counsels
for
Teachers, and
eternity.
Students,
p. 487.
487.
Students, p.
Again:
Again:
Divine grace
grace is
beginning, divine
divine grace
grace at
every
at every
the beginning,
Divine
is needed at
at the
the
work.
of
advance,
and
divine
grace
alone
can
complete
the
work
.
step
of
divine
alone
advance,
complete
grace
step
may have
have had aa measure of
of the
the Spirit
of God,
by
. . . We may
God, but by
Spirit of
prayer and faith
seek more of
of the
the Spirit.faith we are
to seek
are continually
Spirit.
continually to
prayer
508.
Testimonies
Ministers, p
to Ministers,
Testimonies to
p...508.
.
112
112
QUESTIONS
HI.
in the
the Flesh
Flesh
III. Have No Confidence
Confidence In
In the
life there
there is
is aa constant
warfare.
constant warfare.
In
the Christian
Christian life
and
the
"For
the flesh
flesh lusteth
the
Spirit,
a~d
the
Spirit
the
'Tor the
lusteth against
Spirit
Spirit,
against
to
the
against
the
flesh:
and
these
are
contrary
the
one
to
the
the
are
the
these
flesh:
contrary
against
would"
other: so
that ye
ye cannot
do the
the things
that ye
ye
so that
cannot do
other:
things that
(GaL
5:
17).
One
lives
after
the
flesh
cannot
please
the
flesh
after
lives
who
please
(Gal 5:17).
will
flesh
the
8:8),
for
he
sows
to
the
flesh
will
reap
to
who
sows
for
God (Rom.
he
reap
(Rom. 8:8),
the
flesh
to
corruption
(Gal.
6:8).
Living
according
to
the
flesh
corruption (Gal. 6:8). Living according
in our flesh
flesh
means
death (Rom.
13). The fact
fact is,
that in
means death
is, that
8:13).
(Rom. 8:
is
no good
thing
(Rom.
7:
18).
is no
(Rom.
thing
7:18).
good
So
in the
the flesh"
flesh" (Phil.
are to
"have no confidence
confidence in
to "have
So we are
(Phil.
tears
lies
3:3).
While
here
in
this
vale
of
tears
our
hope
in
vale
this
of
here
While
hope lies
3:3).
in
Christ
our
Lord.
If
we
"walk
in
the
Spirit"
solely
in
If
the
Lord.
in
Christ
Spirit"
solely
flesh" (Gal.
we shall
not "fulfill
the lust
lust of
the flesh"
(Gal. 5:
16).
of the
"fulfill the
shall not
5:16).
here and now,
victory may
may be
be ours
if we enter
ours if
enter
And even
even here
now, victory
into the
the experience
experience of
the apostle
Paul:
"I
live;
yet
Paul:
"I
into
of the
not
live;
yet not
apostle
I, but
but Christ
Christ liveth
life which II now
liveth in
in me: and the
the life
live in
the Son of
live
I live
live by
the faith
faith of
of the
the flesh
of God,
in the
flesh I
God,
by the
me, and gave
2:20).
who loved
himself for
for me" (Gal.
loved me,
gave himself
(Gal. 2:20).
I,
IV.
the Christian
Christian Life
Life
IV. Growth in
m the
the Christian
in the
life means intimate
Growth in
Christian life
intimate fellowfellowship
with Jesus
Lord. It
joy and asChrist our Lord.
It means joy
asship with
Jesus Christ
it means constant
surance;
to
God
for
the
constant gratitude
for
to
the
surance; and it
gratitude
wonderful deliverance
wrought for
us. But there
there
deliverance He has
has wrought
for us.
is
a
serious side
is a serious
to this
this experience.
side to
Observe:
experience. Observe:
It
It calls
calls for
for daily
daily self-denial
self-denial-"H
will come
"If any
any man will
after me,
let him deny
after
me, let
himself,
and
take
up
his cross
take
cross
deny himself,
up his
daily, and follow
follow me" (Luke
daily,
(Luke 9:23).
9:23).
It
It calls
calls for
for daily
sacrifice-tIl
beseech you
you therefore,
therefore,
"I beseech
daily sacrifice
the
mercies
brethren,
by
the
mercies
of
God,
that
ye
present
of
that
brethren, by
God,
ye present your
your
BASIS AND FRUITAGE
113
113
bodies
bodies aa living
unto God,
sacrifice, holy,
God,
living sacrifice,
holy, acceptable
acceptable unto
which is
is your
your reasonable
reasonable service"
(Rom. 12:
1).
service" (Rom.
12:1).
It
calls -for
It calls
for daily
daily
"
surrender-"Yield
your members
surrender
Yield your
servants to
servants
to righteousness
unto holiness"
holiness" (Rom.
(Rom. 6:
19).
righteousness unto
6:19).
"
Yield yourselves
13).
"Yield
yourselves unto
unto God" (verse
(verse 13).
And again
again Mrs.
Mrs. White attests:
attests:
It is
is not
It
not only
Christian life
life that
that this
at the
the beginning
the Christian
of the
this
only at
beginning of
renunciation of
is to
be made. At every
every advance
advance step
of self
self is
to be
heavstep heavis to
be renewed.
renewed. All
our good
good works
works are
enward it
it is
to be
All our
are dependent
dependent
on aa power
power outside
there needs
needs to
be aa
outside of
ourselves. Therefore
of ourselves.
Therefore there
to be
God, aa continual,
continual, earcontinual reaching
reaching out
continual
out of
of the
heart after
the heart
after God,
earhumbling of
the soul
nest, heartbreaking
confession of
of sin
sin and humbling
of the
soul
nest,
heartbreaking confession
before
before Him. Only
by constant
self and dependdependconstant renunciation
renunciation of
of self
Only by
ence on Christ
walk safely.
saely.-Christ's
Object Lessons,
Lessons, pp.
Christ can we walk
Christ's Object
pp.
159,
160.
159, 160.
V. Complete
Distrust of
of Self
V.
Self Imperative
Complete Distrust
Imperative
There is
pride in
the Christian
Christian life.
life.
is no place for
in the
place for pride
We have
have nothing
nothing of
which to
to boast
boast (Eph.
(Eph_ 2:9).
2:9). Well
of which
might we all
the lesson
lesson of
humility seen
in the
the
all learn
learn the
of humility
seen in
might
life
Paul: "1
the least
of the
the apostles"
apostles" (1
Cor.
"I am the
Cor.
life of
of Paul:
least of
(1
all
less than
the least
least of
15:9);
of all
than the
me, who am less
15:9); "Unto me,
saints,
is
this
grace
given"
(Eph.
3:8)_
is
this
saints,
grace given'* (Eph. 3:8).
After
nothing of
Jesus
of ourselves.
ourselves. Jesus
can do nothing
After all,
all, we can
said,
can
do
nothing"
(John
15:5).
said, "Without me ye
nothing" (John 15:5). We
ye
nothing of
4:4; 22 Cor.
Cor. 3:5).
Cor. 4:4;
ourselves (1
of ourselves
know nothing
3:5).
(1 Cor.
sufficient
for these
is
Well might
might we cry
out,
"Who
is
sufficient
for
these
cry out,
asthe Scripture
Cor. 2:16).
2: 16). But in
in the
things?" (2
Scripture we are as(2 Cor.
things?"
God"
is
of
sured
that "our
is
of
(2
Cor.
3:5).
"our sufficiency
sured that
3:5).
sufficiency
(2
"rest
is to "rest
And this
sufficiency is
all-sufficient. Our faith
faith is
is all-sufficient.
this sufficiency
... in
in the
the power
Cor. 2:5,
2:5, R.S.V.).
R.S.V.). The
of God" (1
(1 Cor.
power of
"of God,
is to
power in
to be "of
life and ministry
in our
our life
God, and
ministry is
power
of God"
not of
us" (2
Cor.
4:7).
We
live
"by
the
power
the
live
of us"
Cor.
not
"by
power of
(2
4:7).
us"
that
worketh
(2
Cor.
13:4),
for
it
is
His
"power
that
in us"
His
it
is
"power
(2 Cor. 13:4), for
QUESTIONS
114
114
(Eph.
3:20). "It
in you
you both
is God which worketh in
"It is
(Eph. 3:20).
to
will and to
to do of
good pleasure"
pleasure" (Phil.
(Phil. 2:
13),
to will
his good
of his
2:13),
in
his
"working
in
you
that
is
well
pleasing
in
his
sight,
which
is
well
that
in
sight,
you
pleasing
"working
through
Jesus Christ"
Christ" (Heb.
13:21).
through Jesus
(Heb. 13:21).
Once more Mrs.
Mrs. 'White
attests:
White attests:
or prophets
prophets ever
claimed to
to be without
ever claimed
None of
the apostles
of the
apostles or
sin.
lived nearest
nearest to
to God,
sacrisin. Men who have lived
God, men who would sacrifice life
life itself
itself rather
rather than
wrong act,
than knowingly
fice
act, men
knowingly commit aa wrong
had honored with
divine light
power, have conconwhom God had
with divine
light and power,
their own nature.
nature. They
They have put
put no conconfessed the
the sinfulness
of their
fessed
sinfulness of
fidence
in the
the flesh,
claimed no righteousness
righteousness of
of their
their own,
own,
have claimed
fidence in
flesh, have
but have
have trusted
trusted wholly
Christ. So
will it
it
of Christ.
So will
in the
the righteousness
but
righteousness of
wholly in
160.
be with
p. 160.
Christ.
be
with all
all who behold
behold Christ.-Ibid.,
Ibid., p.
VI.
VI.
Hungering
Thirsting After
After God
Hungering and Thirsting
"Blessed
they which
which do hunger
thirst after
are they
after
"Blessed are
hunger and thirst
mark
righteousness"
(Matt.
5:6).
This
will
be
the
of
the
will
the
of
the
be
righteousness" (Matt. 5:6).
true child
Having none of
his own,
own, he
he longs
for
of his
true
child of
of God. Having
longs for
the righteousness
righteousness of
for the
the assurance,
of God. Thank God for
the
assurance,
"Ye shall
Christ was
was here
here emfilled'' (Luke
shall be
be filled"
6:21). Christ
(Luke 6:21).
phasizing
the
experience
of
of
old:
"My
soul
David
of
of
old:
soul
the
"My
experience
phasizing
thirsteth for
for thee,
my flesh
longeth for
for thee"
thee" (Ps.
63:
1);
flesh longeth
thirsteth
thee, my
(Ps. 63:1);
"My
soul
thirsteth
for
God"
(Ps.
42:2);
"My
heart
and
soul
thirsteth
for
heart
(Ps. 42:2); "My
"My
my
the living
for the
flesh crieth
crieth out for
is
my flesh
living God" (Ps.
(Ps. 84:2).
84:2). This is
the true
hunger of
the
longing
of
the
heart
the
true hunger
the
of spirit,
of
the
human
heart
spirit,
longing
to be
be made like
It is
like unto Christ.
to
is under such
Christ. It
such conditions
conditions
that God "satisfieth
that
longing soul,
filleth the
"satisfieth the
the longing
the
soul, and filleth
soul with
hungry soul
with goodness"
(Ps.
107:9).
hungry
goodness" (Ps. 107:9).
1. THERE WILL
1.
\'\TILL BE GENUINE FRUITAGE IN
IN THE LIVES
LIVES
OF GOD'S
GOD'S FAITHFUL CHILDREN.-There
will be
be genuine
CHILDREN. There will
genuine
in
the
progress
in
the
bearing
of
fruit
in
the
Christian
life.
fruit
in
the
of
life.
Christian
progress
bearing
this will
will develop
as
we
go
from
faith
to
faith.
And this
as
from
on
faith
faith.
to
go
develop
In
In John's
read of
(John 15:2),
"fruit"
of "fruit"
John's Gospel
Gospel we read
(John
15:2),
BASIS AND FRUITAGE
115
115
"more fruit"
fruit" (verse
2), then
fruit" (verse
and
then "much fruit"
(verse 2),
5),
(verse 5),
finally
that "your
fruit should
should remain" (verse
finally that
"your fruit
16). So
(verse 16).
are to
we are
to go
to
strength"
(Ps.
to
go on "from strength
strength
strength" (Ps. 84:7)
84:7)
and from victory
to
victory,
because
it
is God who
to
it is
because
victory
victory,
"giveth
us the
the victory
victory through
through our
our Lord Jesus
Jesus Christ"
Christ"
"giveth us
(1 Cor.
be unto
unto God,
which always
Cor. 15:57).
God, which
(1
15:57). "Thanks be
always
causeth us
triumph in
in Christ"
Christ" (2
(2 Cor.
Cor. 2:14).
2: 14).
causeth
us to
to triumph
Then there
there are
of righteousness"
righteousness" (Phil.
are the
the "fruits
"fruits of
(Phil.
1:11;
fruit of
of the
the Spirit
1:11; compare
compare James
James 3:18).
3:18). "The fruit
Spirit
is
all goodness
is in
in all
truth" (Eph.
goodness and righteousness
righteousness and truth"
(Eph.
The
fuller
to
the
5:9).
fuller
outline
appears
in
the
epistle
to
the
in
outline
the
5:9).
appears
epistle
Galatians "The fruit
Galatians-"The
the Spirit
is
love,
joy,
peace,
fruit of
of the
is
love, joy, peace,
Spirit
longsuffering,
goodness, faith,
faith, meekness,
meekness,
longsuffering, gentleness,
gentleness, goodness,
temperance: against
there is
is no law"
law" (Gal.
such there
5:22,
temperance:
against such
(Gal. 5:22,
23).
23).
wonderful portrayal!
paramount fruit
What aa wonderful
fruit
portrayal! The paramount
of
of the
the Spirit
Spirit is
follow are
but aspects
of
is love.
All that
that follow
love. All
are but
aspects of
divine quality.
Just
as
various
colors
up
sunthis divine
sunthis
make
various
colors
as
up
quality. Just
these graces
together constitute
constitute love.
Thus,
light, so
so these
love. Thus,
graces together
light,
joy
is
exulting;
peace
is
love
in
repose;
long-sufferis love
is
in
love
love
exulting; peace
repose; long-sufferjoy
ing
love untiring;
gentleness is
goodis love
is love
love enduring;
enduring; gooduntiring; gentleness
ing is
ness
love in
faith is
is love
confidence; meekin confidence;
ness is
is love
in action;
love in
action; faith
love
ness
while temperance
temperance is
is love
ness is
is love
love under discipline;
discipline; while
in
in self-control.
self-control.
Christian.
This
be seen
in the
life of
the Christian.
of the
the life
is to
to be
seen in
This fruitage
fruitage is
of
graces do not
by
any
effort
of
our own,
effort
not grow
These graces
grow by any
but they
are
manifested
in
our
lives
because
Christ
in
lives
because
are
manifested
but
they
These
dwells
in
our
hearts
by
faith
(Eph.
3:
17).
graces
hearts by faith (Eph. 3:17).
dwells in
graces
are
in Christ;
Christ; and when Christ
dwells in
us, He lives
lives
in us,
Christ dwells
are in
out in
us the
the wonderful qualities
qualities of
perfect
of His own perfect
in us
out
character.
character.
the
as aa means of
place in
in the
salvation have no place
of salvation
Works as
116
116
QUESTIONS
plan of
of God.
God. We cannot
be justified
justified at
all by
by any
kind
at all
cannot be
plan
any kind
of works.
of
works. Justification
Justification Is
is wholly
an act
act of
God, and we
of God,
wholly an
are but
but the
of
His
grace.
are
the recipients
His
of
unbounded
grace.
recipients
works as
fruitage of
of salvation
have aa
But works
as the
salvation do have
the fruitage
definite place
place in
the plan
plan of
of God.
God. This
This is
is seen
the
In the
definite
seen in
In the
spiritual
graces to
to be
manifested in
in the
children of
of God,
the children
be manifested
God,
spiritual graces
as already
noted.
are
to
"work
the
works
of
God"
as
the
works
of
We
are
to
noted.
already
(John
6:28). There is
the "work of
of faith"
faith" (I
Thess. 1:
is the
I:
(John 6:28).
(1 Thess.
3);
everyone
that is
of him"
him" "doeth rightis "born of
one that
3); and every
righteousness"
John 2:29).
works" are
are referred
referred to
to
eousness" (1
2:29). "Good works"
(1 John
many
times
in
the
Testament
(see
Eph.
2:10),
times
in
the
New
many
(see Eph. 2:10),
but it
it is
is to
to be borne
borne in
that in
in all
all our work of
but
in mind that
of
faith (2
must
faith
(2 Thess.
11),
our
faith
be
activated
by
faith
be
Thess. 1:
activated
by
1:11),
in all
all things
things "the
the love
of God (GaL
the
love of
"the love
love of
of
So, In
(Gal. 5:6).
5:6). So,
Christ"
Cor.
5:
14).
Christ" is
Is to
to constrain
us (2
Cor.
constrain us
(2
5:14).
Ellen G.
G. White writes:
writes:
Ellen
No outward observances
take the
the place
place of
of simple
observances can
can take
faith
simple faith
and entire
renunciation of
self. But
But no man can
can empty
entire renunciation
of self.
himself
empty himself
of
self. We can only
of self.
for Christ
Christ to
to accomplish
accomplish the
work.
consent for
the work.
only consent
Then the
the language
soul will
be, Save
my
of the
will be,
in spite
the soul
Save me in
of mylanguage of
spite of
self,
my weak,
weak, unchristlike
unchristlike self.
Lord, take
take my
my heart;
heart; for
for II cannot
self. Lord,
cannot
self, my
is Thy property. Keep it
give it.
it. It
pure, for
for II cannot
keep it
it for
for
It is
cannot keep
give
Thy property. Keep it pure,
into aa pure
pure and holy
holy at
Thee. Mold me,
me, fashion
fashion me,
raise me into
atme, raise
mosphere, where
where the
the rich
Jove can
flow through
through
rich current
current of
of Thy
can flow
mosphere,
Thy love
my soul.-Ibid.,
soul.
159.
Ibid., p.
my
p. 159.
It will
It
will be noted
noted that
the "fruit
the Spirit"
that the
"fruit of
of the
Spirit" (Gal.
(Gal.
Is in
full harmony
in full
5:22,
harmony with
with the
the law
law of
of God,
for
5:22, 23)
God, for
23) is
the
against
the
manifestation
of
these
graces
in
the
life
manifestation
of
these
in
the
life
against
graces
"there is
"there
is no law" (verse
other words,
words, the
perIn other
the per(verse 23).
23). In
in whose life
son in
these graces
are seen,
will fulfill
the
life these
fulfill the
seen, will
graces are
commandments of
this of
himseff;
of God. He cannot
of himself;
cannot do this
he is
is not
not expected
to. But with
with Christ
Christ dwelling
dwelling in
the
in the
expected to.
Is
life,
righteous life
(John 15:
10) is both
life (John
Christ's own righteous
life, Christ's
15:10)
BASIS AND FRUITAGE
117
117
to the
imputed
the child
child of
of God. Thus David
Imputed and imparted
imparted to
"Great
exclaimed,
love thy
exclaimed, "Great peace
peace have they
they which love
thy
law: and nothing
law:
119:
165).
shall offend
offend them" (Ps.
nothing shall
(Ps. 119:165).
the beloved apostle
Hence the
could write:
write: "And hereby
apostle could
hereby we
that we know him,
do know that
if
we
keep
his
commandif
his
him,
keep
ments." "But whoso keepeth
ments."
his word,
in him verily
is
word, in
keepeth his
verily is
the love
love of
of God perfected:
the
know
we
that
we
are
that
are
perfected: hereby
hereby
in him" (1
this we know that
that we
2:3, 5).
And, "by
(1 John
John 2:3,
"by this
5). And,
love the
the children
children of
love
when
we
love
God,
and
keep
of God,
love
God,
God,
keep
his commandments" (1
his
(1 John
John 5:2).
5:2).
are to
to keep
a balanced
We are
view of
the plan
balanced view
of the
of God.
God.
keep a
plan of
is that
that His people
His purpose
purpose is
people be righteous.
They
are
righteous. They are
not naturally
righteous.
But
in
the
gospel
of
the
grace
in
the
naturally righteous.
gospel of the grace
of God there
there is
is provision "that
of
righteousness of
the righteousness
of the
the
provision "that the
in
us,
who
walk
not
after
the
law might
be
fuUfilled
fullfilled
in
after
not
the
us,
might
but
after
flesh,
after
the
Spirit"
(Rom.
8:4).
So,
"circumcithe
"circumciflesh,
Spirit" (Rom. 8:4). So,
is nothing; and want of
it is
sion
of it
is nothing;
nothing; but
but to
to keep
sion is
nothing;
keep
of God is
the commandments of
is everything"
everything" (1
(1 Cor.
Cor. 7:19,
the
7:19,
Twentieth Century).
Century).
2. THE CHILD
OF Goi>
GOD MAY HAVE CONFIDENCE AND
CHILB OF
2.
It is
is our privilege, and really
ASSURANCE.-It
really our
our heritheritASSURANCE.
privilege,
age
as
the
blood-bought
children
of
God,
to
have
"full
children
of
to
have
"full
as
the
God,
blood-bought
age
assurance" (Col.
(Col. 2:2),
2:2), to
to enjoy
enjoy "full
assurance of
of
"full assurance
assurance"
and
know
the
"full
faith" (Heb.
(Heb. 10:22),
to
the
"full
assurance
to
assurance
faith"
10:22),
of hope
hope unto
unto the
the end" (Heb.
(Heb. 6:11).
6: 11). We have
have confidence
confidence
of
in Him (1
(1 John
John 5:14),
5: 14), "confidence
"confidence toward
toward God" (1
(1
in
John
3:21).
John 3:21).
T a the
the true
true children
children of
of God,
God, this
this experience
experience is
is not
not
To
hearsay; it
it is
is not
not veneer
veneer or
or make-believe;
make-believe; it
it is
is aa real,
real,
hearsay;
with
all
can
genuine
experience.
They
can
say
all
confidence,
confidence,
say
genuine experience. They
yet with
with humility,
humility, "We know that
that we have passed
passed from
yet
We
know
"that
death
unto
life"
(1
John
3:
14);
"that
we are
are
death unto life" (1 John 3:14);
118
118
QUESTIONS
in
(1 John
John 2:5);
he abideth
abideth in
in us"
us"
in him" (1
that he
2:5); "We know that
(1 John
John 3:24).
(1
3:24).
VII. Three
Tenses in
in Salvation
Salvation
VII.
Three Tenses
Salvation
is set
in three
three "tenses"-past,
"tenses"
sin is
forth in
Salvation from sin
set forth
past,
present, and future.
progressive work.
work. The
It is
is a
a progressive
future. It
present,
child of
may properly
properly say,
"1 have
have been saved
child
saved
of God may
say, "I
from the
the penalty
penalty of
also,
"I
being
saved
from
"I
am
saved
of sin";
sin"; also,
being
the
power of
he can also
also say,
with truth,
truth, "I
of sin."
sin." And he
"I
the power
say, with
shall be
from the
presence and possibility
possibility
shall
be saved
saved from
the very
very presence
of
of sin."
sin."
saved," Paul
Concerning
the first
first expression, "I
Paul
Concerning the
expression, "1 am saved/'
wrote to
to Titus,
to his
mercy he
he saved
us"
wrote
his mercy
saved us"
Titus, "According
"According to
(Titus
3:5);
likewise,
"We
are
saved
by
hope"
(Rom.
are
saved
likewise,
(Titus 3:5);
by hope" (Rom.
8:24).
both instances
the Greek verb
verb is
the aorist
In both
is in
instances the
in the
aorist
8:24). In
form. For
For example,
this last
last text
could more accurately
text could
form.
example, this
accurately
read, "We were
have been
been
were saved"
saved" (R.S.V.),
or "We have
read,
(R.S.V.), or
saved"
(Weymouth). This
This stresses
of
salvasaved" (Weymouth).
stresses an aspect
of
salvaaspect
tion that
is an accomplished
tion
that is
fact,
accomplished fact.
But it
is also
it is
true that
as sincere
believers in
also true
that as
sincere believers
in Christ
Christ
we are
saved.
are being
is
saved.
This
is
something
in
process
of
This
in
being
something
process of
being
accomplished
day
by
day.
read,
"Unto
us
We
us
read,
being accomplished day by day.
Cor. 1:
which are
are saved"
18). But again
again the
the better
saved" (1
better
(1 Cor.
1:18).
of the
rendering
the Greek is
is "to
us who are
are being
being saved"
"to us
saved"
rendering of
(R.S.V.).
seen in
in Acts
thought is
is seen
Acts 2:47
2:47 where
where
(R.S.V.). This same thought
the correct
correct translation
is "those
were being
being saved"
the
translation is
"those who were
saved"
(R.S.V.).
(R.S.V.).
there is
Then there
is the
the expression,
shall be
saved."
'7 shall
be saved."
expression, "I
We also
also read,
read, "\Ve
be saved"
15:
11;
shall be
"We shall
saved" (Acts
(Acts 15:11; Rom.
5:9).
5:9).
is the
the threefold
This is
threefold way
in which the
the work
work of
of salsalway in
vation touches
vation
touches human hearts.
hearts. Thus we have
have been
been
BASIS AND FRUITAGE
119
119
saved justification; we are

saved-justification;
being saved
saved-sanctificaare being
sanctificaand
we
shall
tion;
shall be saved-glorification.
saved glorification.
tion;
VIII.
VIII. God's
God's People
Delight to
to Rejoice
Rejoice in
in the
the
People Delight
Lord
When God forgives

gives us
us the
assins and gives
the asforgives our sins
surance in
in His Word that
that they
they are
are forgiven
forgiven (Eph.4:32),
(Eph. 4:32),
we have no need to
to worry
worry and concern
concern ourselves
ourselves about
the future.
future. It
that there
there will
will be
be aa judgment
judgment
the
It is
is true
true that
where the
will be dealt
dealt with.
with. But that
the sins
of men will
that
sins of
cause no concern to
the child
a
need cause
as a
of God,
for as
to the
child of
God, for
Christian
he now abides
in God,
in
Christian he
abides in
abides in
God, and God abides
(John 14:20).
are forgiven
forgiven you
you for
for his
his
him (John
sins are
14:20). "Your sins
(1
John
2:
12).
Faith
lays
hold
of
His
word
name's sake"
name's
sake" (1 John 2:12). Faith lays
of His
and rejoices
rejoices in
the knowledge
knowledge of
of sins
in the
sins forgiven.
forgiven.
The one who has
truly passed
passed from death
death unto
unto life,
life,
has truly
and maintains
does
does
maintains an attitude
attitude of
of constant
constant surrender,
surrender,
case
not live
live his
his life
Having placed
placed his
life in
in uncertainty.
his case
not
uncertainty. Having
for
in
hands of
his mighty
mighty Advocate,
he has
has no fear
fear for
in the
the hands
of his
Advocate, he
life
in
lives
the future.
his surety,
lives
his
life
in
he
his
is his
and
the
future. Christ
Christ is
surety,
that
an atmosphere
of
complete
trust
in
God,
rejoicing
that
trust
in
of
God, rejoicing
complete
atmosphere
"perfect
fear."
out fear."
love casteth
casteth out
"perfect love
In the
the light
the
such great
of such
In
salvation, ought
ought not the
great salvation,
light of
Even
of
lives of
God's people
to
lives
of
rejoicing?
the
be
lives
to
of God's
lives
rejoicing?
people
Israelites
long ago
times knew what
in Old Testament times
Israelites long
ago in
of joy
this
joy and gladness:
their expressions
this meant.
meant. Note their
gladness:
expressions of
"Rejoice
in
the
Lord,
0
ye
righteous"
(Ps.
33:
1); "Be
O
the
in
Lord,
ye righteous" (Ps. 33:1);
"Rejoice
in
the
Lord
glad
then,
ye
children
of
Zion,
and
rejoice
in
the
of
children
Zion,
rejoice
glad then, ye
your
God"
(Joel
2:23).
And
the
psalmist
said,
the
psalmist said, "Let
(Joel 2:23).
your
thy saints
joy" (Ps.
for joy"
shout for
saints shout
132:9); "Let them ever
(Ps. 132:9);
thy
shout
joy" (Ps.
5:
11).
for joy"
shout for
(Ps. 5:11).
Over
and over
refrain, "Praise ye
ye
the refrain,
over again
Over and
again came the
for
this
to
we
took
the
Lord,"
and
the
people
took
this
to
heart,
for
the people
heart,
the Lord,"
120
QUESTIONS
read, "I
will be glad
thee" (Ps.
"I will
in thee"
read,
(Ps. 9:2);
glad and rejoice
9:2);
rejoice in
"I
"My
joyful in
in the
the Lord" (Ps.
shall be joyful
soul shall
"My soul
(Ps. 35:9);
35:9); "1
Lord, my
shall be joyful
joyful
will greatly
will
soul shall
in the
the Lord,
my soul
greatly rejoice
rejoice in
in
my God" (lsa.
10); "I
declare what he hath
in my
will declare
"I will
61:10);
(Isa. 61:
for my
my soul"
done for
soul" (Ps.
66: 16).
(Ps. 66:
16).
In the
the New Testament there
is the
the same note
note of
of rerethere is
words
of
the
New
joicing.
"Joy"
is
one
of
the
great
of
the
is
the
of
great
joicing. "Joy"
Testament. Indeed,
the gospel
declared to
to be
itself is
is declared
Testament.
Indeed, the
gospel itself
And
"tidings
of
great
joy"
(Luke
2:
10).
Jesus,
the
of
Jesus, the
"tidings
great joy" (Luke 2:10).
author of
of eternal
5:9),
wished
salvation (Heb.
His
author
eternal salvation
(Heb. 5:9),
disciples to
to partake
joy, that
that in
in and through
through Him
of His joy,
disciples
partake of
their
joy might
might be full
15:
11;
16:24).
great
full (John
their joy
(John 15:11; 16:24). The great
apostle
to the
the same thought,
thought,
the Gentiles
Gentiles expressed
expressed the
apostle to
to "rejoice
the Lord"
in the
the saints
saints to
when he exhorted the
"rejoice in
(Phil.
3: 1); to
in the Lord alway:
to "rejoice
alway: and again
again II
"rejoice in
(Phil. 3:1);
Rejoice" (Phil.
4:4). Thus we may
may unite
unite our voices
say,
voices
say, Rejoice"
(Phil. 4:4).
with the
with aa loud
loud voice,
voice,
with
celestial choirs,
the celestial
choirs, "saying
"saying with
Worthy
is
the
that
was
slain
to
receive
power,
is
the
Lamb
that
slain
to
receive
Worthy
power,
and riches,
riches, and wisdom,
honour, and
wisdom, and strength,
strength, and honour,
glory, and blessing"
12).
blessing" (Rev.
glory,
(Rev. 5:
5:12).
'[he
Tfte 'fen
Ten CommalJdments,
Commandments,
God's
Standard of
of Conduct
God's Standard
Conduct
QUESTION
QUESTION
12
Many Christians
gained the
impresChristians have gained
the impresMany
sion
Adventists
are
legalistssion that
that Seventh-day
Adventists
are
Seventh-day
legalists
that they
that
necessary to
to keep
keep the
teach that
that it
is necessary
it is
the
they teach
law in
to be
in order to
be saved.
Just what is
is the
the AdventAdventsaved. Just
ist attitude
attitude toward the
law? And how does
does your
your
the law?
belief
compare
with
the
historic
Protestant
posiwith
the
historic
Protestant
belief compare
position?
tion?
ist
Adventist position
posHlOn on the
the Ten
The Seventh-day
Seventh-day Adventlst
Commandments is
briefly in
is set
set forth
forth briefly
in our statement
statement
of
Beliefs." Section
6 reads:
reads:
of "Fundamental Beliefs."
Section 6
6. That the
6.
will of
it relates
relates to
to moral conduct is
is
the will
of God as
as it
comprehended in
law of
of ten
commandments; that
that these
are
in His law
ten commandments;
these are
comprehended
great
moral, unchangeable
unchangeable precepts,
binding upon
upon all
all men,
men, in
in
great moral,
precepts, binding
every
age. Ex.
1-17.
Ex. 20:
20:1-17.
every age.
The ten
ten commandments spoken
by God from
spoken by
from
all
the
other
are set
all
the
Mount Sinai
Sinai are
set apart
other
commands
apart
of
recorded in
in the
by their
their very
very nature
nature and
of God recorded
the Bible
Bible by
are the
the manner of
their delivery.
themselves are
the
the
of their
delivery. They
They themselves
Man's
best evidence
evidence of
character.
moral
their enduring
character.
of the"ir
best
enduring
it is
is imposnature responds
responds to
to them with assent,
assent, and it
imposto
sible
for an enlightened
Christian
to
imagine
Christian
sible for
imagine a condienlightened
tion or
or circumstance
circumstance-God
being God,
still being
God still
tion
God, and man
still
being aa moral creature-where
they would not
creature where they
still being
be operative.
operative.
be
121
121
122
122
QUESTIONS
Correctly
the moral
moral law
law is
than
is much more than
viewed, the
Correctly viewed,
of God.
aa legal
legal code;
code; it
character of
it is
a transcript
of the
the character
is a
transcript of
A.
H.
Strong,
Baptist
theologian:
Says
H.
A.
Says
Strong, Baptist theologian:
The law
law of
then, is
is simply
of the
nature
the nature
of God,
God, then,
expression' of
simply an expression'
exof
in the
the form
requirement, and aa necessary
necessary exof God in
form of
of moral
moral requirement,
pression of
that nature
the existence
existence of
of moral beings
beings
in view
of the
of that
nature in
view of
pression
all men bear witwitcf. 1).
To the
the existence
law all
(Ps. 19:7;
this law
existence of
of this
19:7; cf.
(Ps.
1).
consciences even
of the
testify to
to it
it (Rom.
ness.
2:
ness. The consciences
even of
the heathen testify
(Rom. 2:
].1,
Those who have
written law
law recognize
recognize this
this elemental
elemental
have the
the written
14, 15).
15).
law as
penetration (Rom.
(Rom. 7:14;
law
as of
of greater
7:14; 8:4).
8:4).
greater compass
compass and penetration
is seen
The perfect
perfect embodiment and
and fulfillment
of this
this law is
seen only
fulfillment of
only
9).-Systematic
p. 538.
in
Phil. 3:8,
3:8, 9).
538.
in Christ
Christ (Rom.
10:4; Phil.
Theology, p.
Systematic Theology,
(Rom. 10:4;
Ellen G.
G. 'White
has expressed
truths in
in somethese truths
someWhite has
Ellen
expressed these
different words:
words:
what different
It is
The law
law of
is as
as Himself.
Himself. It
revelation of
is a
a revelation
as sacred
sacred as
of
of God is
will, aa transcript
transcript of
His character,
character, the
the expression
of
divine
divine
of His
of
will,
expression
wisdom. The harmony
of creation
creation depends
upon the
love
love and wisdom.
the
harmony of
depends upon
...
to
the
law
of
the
Creator.perfect
conformity
of
all
beings
the
ail
to
the
of
Creator.
of
beings
perfect conformity
Patriarchs and
and Prophets,
Prophets, p.
p. 52.
Patriarchs
52.
character of
of whom the
The divine
divine beauty
of the
the character
of Christ,
the
Christ, of
beauty of
noblest
most gentle
are but
but aa faint
faint reflection;
noblest and most
reflection;
gentle among
among men are
is "the
"the
of
by the
the Spirit
inspiration wrote,
wrote, He is
of whom Solomon by
of inspiration
Spirit of
chiefest among
thousand, ... yea,
yea, He is
is altogether
altogether lovely"
chiefest
ten thousand,
among ten
lovely"
10-16); of
seeing Him in
(Song
of Solomon 5:
in
of whom David,
David, seeing
(Song of
5:10-16);
prophetic vision,
vision, said,
than the
the children
of
art fairer
fairer than
children of
said, "Thou art
prophetic
Fa45:2); Jesus,
Jesus, the
the express
express image
image of
men" (Psalm
of the
the Fa(Psalm 45:2);
ther's
ther's person,
person, the
the effulgence
of His glory,
the self-denying
effulgence of
glory, the
self-denying Reof love
love on earth
earth was
was aa living
deemer, throughout
throughout His pilgrimage
pilgrimage of
deemer,
living
of the
law of
God. In
In His
His life
life it
it
representation of
of the
the character
character of
the law
of God.
representation
is made manifest
is
manifest that
heaven-born love,
love, Christlike
principles,
that heaven-born
Christlike principles,
underlie the
underlie
the laws
laws of
of eternal
eternal rectitude.-Thoughts
rectitude.
the Mount
Thoughts From the
ot Blessing
Blessing (1956),
(1956), p.
p. 49.
49.
of
His
His
true and full

For aa true
full understanding
of what God
understanding of
means by
by His moral law,
law, the
the Christian
Christian must turn
turn to
to
Christ.
is who enables
Christ. He it
it is
to live
live
enables the
the newborn soul
soul to
the new life.
is really
the
life. This is
really the
the indwelling
indwelling of
of Christ
in
Christ in
and hence
hence the
believer, because
because of
his subthe believer,
of his
sub-
his heart,
heart,
his
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS
123
123
mission to
mISSIOn
to his
his Lord,
lives out
out the
principles of
God's
the principles
of God's
Lord, lives
life.
life.
The Adventist
Adventist position
position on the
the relation
relation of
of the
the Ten
Commandments to
in "Fundato salvation
salvation is
set forth
is set
forth In
mental Beliefs
Beliefs of
of Seventh-day
section 8:
8:
Adventists," section
Seventh-day Adventists,"
character in
character
in his
his heart
heart and
8. That the
8.
the law of
points out
out sin,
the
of ten
ten commandments points
sin, the
penalty
of which is
save the
the transgressor
transgressor
is death.
death. The law
law cannot
cannot save
penalty of
from his
nor impart
power to
to keep
keep him from sinning.
In
his sin,
sin, nor
impart power
sinning. In
infinite love
infinite
love and mercy,
mercy, God provides
provides aa way
way whereby
whereby this
this ma)'
may
be done.
done. He furnishes
the Righteous
Righteous
furnishes a
a substitute,
even Christ
Christ the
substitute, even
to die
One, to
die in
man's stead,
to be
be sin
in man's
One,
sin for
for us,
stead, making
us, who
making "him to
knew no sin;
be made the
the righteousness
righteousness of
in
that we might
of God in
sin; that
might be
him."
him." 22 Cor.
Cor. 5:21.
is justified,
justified, not
not by
by obedience
to the
the
5:21. That one is
obedience to
the grace
law, but by
by the
that is
is in
Christ Jesus.
By accepting
accepting Christ,
Christ,
in Christ
law,
grace that
Jesus. By
is reconciled
man is
reconciled to
to God,
justified by
by His
blood for
of
His blood
sins of
for the
the sins
God, justified
the past,
past, and saved from the
sin by
by His
His indwelling
indwelling life.
life.
the power
of sin
power of
Thus the gospel
power of
of God unto
unto salvation
to
"the power
salvation to
gospel becomes "the
one that
everyone
that believeth."
16. This experience
is
wrought
believeth." Rom. I:
1:16.
is
every
wrought
experience
by the
the divine agency
the Holy
convinces of
of sin
sin and
of the
by
agency of
Holy Spirit,
Spirit, who convinces
leads
leads to
the Sin-Bearer,
inducting the
the believer
believer into
to the
into the
the new
Sin-Bearer, inducting
covenant relationship,
relationship, where the
the law of
written on his
his
of God is
is written
heart,
through the
power
of
the
indwelling
Christ,
the enabling
the
of
heart, and through
Christ,
indwelling
enabling power
his
the divine
precepts. The
his life
life is
is brought into
divine precepts.
to the
brought into conformity
conformity to
honor and merit
merit of
this wonderful transformation
transformation belong
belong wholly
of this
wholly
to Christ.
Christ. I1 John
3:20; 5:8-10;
5:8-10; 7:7;
2:
2; 3:4;
3:4; Rom. 3:20;
7:7; Eph.
2:1, 2;
John 2:1,
Eph. 2:
8-10;
3: 17; GaL
2:20; Heb. 8:8-12.
Gal. 2:20;
8:8-12.
8-10; 3:17;
This is
is in
with what is
taught in
in the
the
in full
is taught
full harmony
harmony with
historic confessions
historic
confessions of
of faith:
faith:
The Waldensian Catechism (c.

(c. 1500)
1500) and The Conthe Ten
of
the Waldenses (1655)
cite the
of the
(1655) both cite
Commandments and the
the Lord's
Lord's Prayer
Prayer as
as "fundamentals of
Again, "Living
devotion/' Again,
tals
of our faith
faith and our devotion."
"Living
faith
to believe
that is,
to love
to
in God,
love him and to
faith is
is to
believe in
God, that
is, to
keep
his
commandments."
(SCHAFF,
The
Creeds
of
his
of
(SCHAFF,
keep
Christendom)
vol.
1,
pp.
572,
573,
575;
vol.
3,
pp.
757,
vol.
vol.
757,
3,
575;
573,
1, pp. 572,
Christendom,
pp.
768.)
768.)
fession
fession
124
124
QUESTIONS
Luther's Small
Small
Luther's
quoting of
of the
the
quoting
Catechism
Catechism
(1529),
(1529),
following the
the
following
says: "We
"\Ve should,
should,
says:
Commandments,
Ten Commandments,
trust in
in him,
him, and
and gladly
gladly obey
obey his
his
and trust
(SCHAFF, vol.
vol. 3,
3, p.
p. 77.)
77.)
Commandments." (SGHAFF,
Heidelberg Catechism
Catechism (1563),
(1563), most popular
popular of
of
The Heidelberg
the first
first to
to be planted
planted
all the
the Reformed symbols,
symbols, and the
all
soil, among
among the
the Dutch and German Reon American soil,
formed churches
churches (ibid.,
vol. I,
1, p.
p. 549),
549), after
after an exexformed
(ibid., vol.
that
states
on
the
Decalogue,
states
that
tended
series
of
questions
the Decalogue,
tended series of questions
the Ten Commandments are
are strictly
strictly enjoined
enjoined that
that we
the
and
of
sins
earnestly
seek
forgiveness
of
sins
may
the
seek
the
"more
forgiveness
earnestly
may
more
righteousness
in
Christ";
and
and
more
"become
in
Christ";
righteousness
changed into
into the
the image
of God." (Ibid.,
vol. 3,
3, pp.
pp.
(Ibid., vol.
image of
changed
340-349.)
340-349.)
The (Lutheran)
(Lutheran) Formula of
of Concord (1576)
(1576) says
says
conthat Christians
the "curse
"curse and conare set
set free
that
free from the
Christians are
itself. On
not from the
the law itself.
straint"
of the
the law,
but not
straint" of
law, but
are to
these Ten Commandments they
they are
to meditate
meditate day
day
these
in
the
and night,
night, and "continually
exercise
themselves
in
the
themselves
exercise
"continually
keeping
thereof."
It
condemns
as
"false
and
pernicious"
"false
It
as
thereof."
pernicious"
keeping
of
the
not the
is not
the standard
standard of
the Decalogue
the concept
that the
Decalogue is
concept that
righteousness
for
the
Christian.
(Ibid.,
pp.
130-135.)
the
for
Christian.
(Ibid., pp. 130-135.)
righteousness
The Scotch
Faith (1560),
article XV,
Scotch Confession
Confession of
of Faith
(1560), article
the
the
law
and
the
imperfection
stresses
of
the perfection
of
the
stresses the
imperfection
perfection
of
of man (ibid.,
456, 457).
457).
(ibid., pp.
pp. 456,
The Westminster Shorter Catechism
(1647),
(1647),
in
of
adopted
by
the
Church
of
Scotland
in
1648,
by
the
Scotland
1648,
by the
adopted by
of New York and Philadelphia
Presbyterian
Synod of
Philadelphia in
Presbyterian Synod
1788,
all Calvinist,
Calvinist, Presbyterian,
1788, and by
Presbyterian, and
by nearly
nearly all
Congregational
churches.
It
is
It
is more extensively
churches.
extensively used
Congregational
of Luther
than
other,
except
the
Small
Catechism
of
the
than any
any other, except
It dedeand the
the Heidelberg
p. 676).
Heidelberg Catechism (ibid.,
676). It
(ibid., p.
therefore, love
love
therefore,
125
125
dared that
that the
the Ten Commandments,
or moral
moral law,
law,
Commandments, or
reveals
reveals the
the duty
man. And it
that God requires
of man.
it adds,
adds,
duty that
requires of
are bound to
"We are
to keep
keep all
commandments." (Ibid.,
all his
his commandments."
(Ibid.,
pp. 678,
684, 685.)
678, 684,
pp.
685.)
New Hampshire
HamjJshire Baptist
Baptist Confession
(1833), accepted
Confession (1833),
accepted
in the Northern and Western States.
in
Article XII,
XII, "Of
States. Article
the
of the
the Harmony
Gospel," de
dares
the Law and the
the Gospel,"
declares
Harmony of
that the
that
the law of
eternal
and
unchangeable
of God is
is "the
"the eternal
unchangeable
rule of
rule
of his
his moral government,"
that we are,
are, through
government," and that
through
our Mediator,
Mediator, to
to give
"unfeigned
obedience
to
the
to the
obedience
give "unfeigned
as
as
one
great
end
of
the
gospel.
(Ibid.,
holy
Law,"
of
the
holy Law,"
great
gospel. (Ibid.,
p.746.)
p.
746.)
Not only
Adventists share
with hundreds
hundreds of
of
share with
so, but Adventists
only so,
eminent men of
various faiths-Calvin,
Wesley,
Clarke,
of various
faiths
Calvin, Wesley, Clarke,
Barnes, Spurgeon,
Moody, G. Campbell
Campbell Morgan,
Morgan,
Barnes,
Spurgeon, Moody,
Henry
Clay Trumbull,
Billy Graham
Graham-belief
in the
the
belief in
Trumbull, Billy
Henry Clay
perpetuity
of
God's
moral
law
of
ten
commandments,
of
God's
moral
law
ten
of
commandments,
perpetuity
in its
in force
and in
its being
being in
in all
all dispensations,
dispensations, as
as attested
attested
force in
by these
these typical
typical excerpts:
by
excerpts:
CALVIN-ETERNAL
LIFE.-We
not imagine
imagine
ETERNAL RULE OF LIFE.
We must not
CALVIN
that the
the
that
coming of
freed us
us from the
the authority
authority of
the
has freed
of Christ
Christ has
of the
coming
it
is the
rule of
of aa devout
holy life,
life, and must,
must,
it is
the eternal
eternal rule
devout and holy
therefore,
be as
unchangeable, as
as the
the justice
justice of
of God,
God, which it
it
as unchangeable,
therefore, be
a Haruniform.-Commentary
Harembraced, is
constant and uniform.
is constant
embraced,
Commentary on a
vol. I,
I, p.
p. 277.
277.
mony ot
Evangelists (1845),
the Evangelists
of the
mony
(1845), vol.
WESLEy-REMAINS
the moral
moral law
law contained
contained in
in
IN FORCE.-But
FORCE. But the
WESLEY REMAINS IN
the ten
by the
the prophets,
prophets, he did
did
enforced by
ten commandments,
the
commandments, and enforced
not take
not the
the design
of his
his coming
coming to
to revoke
It was not
revoke any
take away.
not
any
away. It
design of
part of
of this.
this. This is
can be broken,
broken, which
is a
a law which never can
part
the faithful
in heaven."
heaven." The moral
moral
"stands
witness in
as the
faithful witness
"stands fast
fast as
the ceremonial
ceremonial
stands
different foundation
foundation from the
stands on an entirely
entirely different
in force
force
or ritual
Every part
part of
of this
this law must remain in
ritual law
law.. . . . Every
or
either
upon
all
mankind,
and
in
all
ages;
as
not
depending
either
on
all
as
in
not
all
mankind,
ages;
depending
upon
time
or place,
place, or
circumstances liable
liable to
to change,
or any
other circumstances
time or
change, but
any other
on the
nature of
of man,
man, and their
their ununthe nature of
of God,
the nature
on
God, and the
law; for
for
law;
126
126
QUESTIONS
changeable relation
relation to
other.-Sermons
Several OccaOcca
Sermons on Several
each other.
to each
changeable
vol.
sions, vol.
sions,
1,
pp. 221,
222.
221, 222.
1, pp.
MORGAN-OBEDIENCE
BY FAITH.
F AITH.-It
is only
only when grace
grace enenIt is
MORGAN
OBEDIENCE BY
ables men to
to keep
the law,
that they
they are
are free
it; just
just as
as aa
free from it;
ables
law, that
keep the
to the
the laws
the country
is
moral man who lives
laws of
of the
lives according
moral
country is
according to
free
has not
not set
but he
he has
has found aa
aside law,
set aside
free from
from arrest.
arrest. God has
law, but
way by
by which
which man can
law, and so
be free
free from it.it.
so be
can fulfil
fulfil law,
way
p. 23.
23.
'Ten Commandments (1901),
The 'Ten
(1901), p.
SPURGEON-THE
OF GOD PERPETUAL.
PERPETUAL.-Very
misSPURGEON THE LAW OF
great misVery great
been made about
long ago
there were
takes have
have been
law. Not long
the law.
about the
takes
ago there
those
us who affirmed
that the
law is
is utterly
utterly abrogated
abrogated and
the law
affirmed that
those about
about us
abolished, and
and they
that believers
believers were not
not bound
abolished,
they openly
taught that
openly taught
lives. What would have
to make the
the moral
of their
their lives.
the rule
rule of
to
moral law the
sin in
been sin
sin in
they counted
counted to
be no sin
in themselves.
themselves.
in other
to be
been
other men they
...
From such
such Antinomianism
Antinomianism as
as that
deliver us.
us ....
that may
may God deliver
THE LAW OF GOD MUST BE PERPETUAL. There isis no
abrogation
of it,
it. It
not to
to be toned
toned down
of it.
It is
is not
it, nor amendment of
abrogation of
or
adjusted to
to our
condition; but
but everyone
of the
the Lord's
fallen condition;
Lord's
or adjusted
our fallen
every one of
righteous
judgments abideth
ever. ...
abideth for
for ever.
righteous judgments
Does
any man say
to me,
see, then,
then, instead
instead of
of the
the ten
ten
Does any
me, "You see,
say to
commandments we have
have received
two commandments,
received the
the two
commandments, and
of the
these are
that this
this reading
reading of
the law is
is
are much easier."
easier." II answer that
these
not in
the least
least easier.
a remark implies
a want of
thought
in the
easier. Such a
of thought
not
implies a
and experience.
experience. Those two
two precepts
precepts comprehend
comprehend the
the te.n
te.n at
their
at their
a jot
fullest
extent, and cannot
cannot be
be regarded
regarded as
as the
the erasure
erasure of
jot or
of a
fullest extent,
or
tittle
of them.
them ....
tittle of
at all
Christ
has not,
not, therefore,
or at
all moderated the
the
Christ has
therefore, abrogated
abrogated or
it in
in all
law to
to meet our helplessness;
helplessness; he has
has left
left it
all its
its sublime
law
sublime
it always must be left,
perfection, as
he has
has pointed
pointed out how
as it
left, and he
always
perfection,
deep are
its foundations,
elevated are
are its
heights, how measmeasits heights,
are its
foundations, how elevated
deep
ureless are
breadth ....
its length
ureless
are its
length and breadth.
never meant to
the law,
law, our Lord
that he never
to abrogate
To show that
abrogate the
all its
its commands in
Jesus
has embodied all
in his
his own life.
life. In
In his
his own
Jesus has
person there
there was aa nature which was perfectly
perfectly conformed to
to the
the
person
law of
God; and as
was his
nature such
such was
was his
his life.
life. He could
could
as was
his nature
of God;
say,
of sin?"
sin?" and again
again "I
of you
"I have
have
you convinceth me of
say, "Which of
kept my
my Father's
Father's commandments and abide
abide in
his love."
in his
love." ...
kept
By
his death he has
has vindicated
vindicated the
the honour of
God's moral
of God's
moral
By his
government,
it just
just for
to be merciful.
merciful. When the
the
for him to
government, and made it
to the
lawgiver himself
himself submits to
the law,
law, when the
the sovereign
sovereign himself
himself
lawgiver
penalty of
of that
then is
is the
the justice
justice of
bears the
the extreme penalty
bears
that law,
of God
law, then
.
127
127
set upon
set
upon such aa glorious
high throne
throne that
that all
worlds
all admiring
glorious high
admiring worlds
at it.
it. If
If therefore
must wonder at
therefore it
Jesus was
it is
is clearly proven that
clearly proven that Jesus
obedient to the
the law,
to the
he certainly
certainly did
did
the extent
extent of
of death,
law, even to
death, he
not come to
abolish or abrogate
to abolish
it; and if
if he
did not
not remove
he did
abrogate it;
If he declares
it,
declares that
that he
he came to
to establish
it, who
so? If
it, who can do so?
establish it,
shall overthrow it?
shall
it? ...
...
The law is
is absolutely complete, and you can
neither add
add to
to
absolutely complete,
you can neither
it
it nor take
take from it.
it. "For
whosoever shall
shall keep
keep the
the whole law,
law,
'Tor whosoever
in one point,
and yet
yet offend
offend in
all. For
For he
he that
that said,
is guilty
he is
of all.
said,
guilty of
point, he
Do not commit adultery,
not kill.
kill. Now if
thou comcomsaid also,
if thou
also, Do not
adultery, said
mit no adultery,
if thou
adultery, yet
thou kill,
a transgressor
art become a
kill, thou art
yet if
transgressor
of
of the
the law." If,
then, no part
of it
it can
can be
be taken
taken down,
down, it
it must
If, then,
part of
stand,
Perpetuity of
of the
the Law of
stand for
for ever.-The
ever.
The Perpetuity
stand, and stand
God,
of God,
published in
in Spurgeon's
Spw-geon's Expository
Expository Encyclopedia,
Encyclopedia, by
by Baker.
Baker.
published
BILLY GRAHAM
GRAHAM-PERMANENT
UNCHANGING.-The
PERMANENT AND UNCHANGING.
The word
"Law" is
is used
used by
by the
the New Testament writers
writers in
in two
two senses.
senses.
it refers
Sometimes it
refers to
the ceremonial
ceremonial law of
of the
the Old Testament,
to the
Testament,
is concerned about ritual
which is
ritual matters
matters and regulations
regulations regardregarding food
food and drink and things
of that
that kind.
kind. From this
this law
law ChrisChrising
things of
tians
are indeed
indeed free.
also speaks
of
the
tians are
free. But the
the New Testament also
the
of
speaks
is of
perl)).anent, unchanging
unchang'ing ,character
moral law,
a permanent,
of a
character and
law, which is
is
is summarized in
the Ten Commandments.-Associated
Press
in the
Commandments. Associated Press
Dispatch,
Chicago Tribune Syndicate:
Dispatch, Chicago
Syndicate.MOODy-LAW
ETERNAL: OBEYED WITH LOVE IN
IN THE HEART.MOODY
LAW ETERNAL:
HEART.
question for
of us
keeping them [the
The question
us is-are
for each
each one of
is
are we keeping
[the
us by
by them,
them, would we be
commandments]? If
If God should
should weigh
weigh us
commandments]?
wanting or
not wanting?
keep the
the law,
law, the
the whole
found wanting
or not
wanting? Do we keep
law?
heart? Do we render
render Him
all our heart?
law? Are we obeying
with all
obeying God with
a full
full and willing
willing obedience?
a
obedience?
ten commandments are
are not
not ten
ten different
different laws;
laws; they
they
These ten
If II am being
are one law.
law. If
being held
held up
up in
in the air
air by
by aa chain with ten
are
as surely
links,
of them,
them, down II come,
just as
as
break one of
come, just
links, and II break
surely as
If II am forbidden to
if
break the
the whole ten.
to go
go out of
of an enenif II break
ten. If
closure,
it makes no difference
at what point
point II break
break through
through
difference at
closure, it
the fence.
the whole law and yet
shall keep
fence. "Whosoever shall
the
yet offend
keep the
all." "The golden
in
one point,
point, he
he is
of obedience
is guilty of
in one
golden chain of
guilty of all."
is
broken if
link is
is missing."
is broken
if one link
missing." ...
For
fifteen hundred years
the law,
For fifteen
law, and no one
years man was under the
was
equal to
to it.
that the
the commandments
it. Christ
Christ came and showed that
was equal
went beyond
beyond the
the mere letter;
anyone
since say
that he
one since
went
letter; and can any
say that
in his
has
been able
keep them in
his own strength?
to keep
able to
has been
strength? ...
.
128
128
QUESTIONS
I
are to
"If we are
I can imagine
imagine that
that you
are saying
to yourself,
yourself, "If
to be
you are
saying to
judged by
by these
these laws,
are we going
going to
to be
be saved?
saved? Nearly
Nearly every
laws, how are
every
judged
in letter."
one of
been broken
by us
us-in
spirit, if
not in
letter."
of them has
if not
has been
In spirit,
broken by
II almost
almost hear
hear you
Mr. Moody
Moody is
is ready
to be
"I wonder if
if Mr.
ready to
you say:
say: "I
weighed?
he
like
to
put
those
tests
to
himself?"
himself?"
Would
like
tests
to
he
to
those
weighed?
put
all humility
reply that
to step
With all
if God commanded me to
that if
step
humility II reply
into the
scales now,
now, II
the scales
into
am ready.
ready.
"What!" you
you say,
you broken
broken the
the law?"
law?"
"haven't you
say, "haven't
as you;
Yes,
have. II was
was aa sinner
before God the
the same as
you; but
sinner before
Yes, II have.
forty
years ago
plead guilty
guilty at
at His
His bar.
bar. II cried
mercy, and
cried for
for mercy,
forty years
ago II plead
He forgave
forgave me.
me. If
the scales,
scales, the
the Son of
of God has
If II step
into the
step into
promised to
to be
me. II would not
not dare
to step
dare to
in without
with me.
be with
step in
promised
Him. If
upl
If II did,
the scales
scales would fly
did, how quickly
fly up!
quickly the
Christ
kept the
broken it,
have
ever broken
law. If
If He had ever
Christ kept
the law.
it, He would have
to die
die for
but because
because He was
was aa Lamb without
without
had to
for Himself;
Himself; but
spot
or blemish,
blemish, His
His atoning
death is
is efficacious
efficacious for
for you
you and me
me..
atoning death
spot or
the end of
the law for
for righteousness
righteousness to
to everyone
. . . Christ
is the
of the
Christ is
every one
that
believeth. We are
God's sight
because the
are righteous
in God's
that believeth.
the
righteous in
sight because
righteousness of
is by
by faith
faith in
Jesus Christ,
is unto
unto all
all
in Jesus
of God,
Christ, is
God, which is
righteousness
all them that
upon all
that believe.
believe....
and upon
If the
If
the love
love of
is shed
in your
your heart,
heart, you
be
of God is
shed abroad in
will be
you will
law.
pp. 119-124.
able to
the law.-Weighed
able
to fulfil
fulfil the
119-124.
Weighed and Wanting,
Wanting, pp.
.
"MOODY MONTHLy"-CHRIST
MONTHLY" CHRIST AMPLIFIED THEIR
ScoPE.-A
years ago
of articles
articles was
was printed
printed
a series
SCOPE. A few years
series of
ago a
in the
Moody Bible
Bible Institute
Institute Monthly
Monthly under the
the
in
the Moody
Freed From the
the Law?" The
head "Are Christians
Christians Freed
writer of
in his
his first
first article,
us
writer
of the
the series
series says
"Let us
article, "Let
says in
the moral law is
is emphasized,
emphasized, enlarged,
now see
see how the
enlarged,
in all
and enforced
enforced in
the New Testament."
all its
its details
details in
in the
Testament/'
He shows how Christ
the apostles
apostles dealt
dealt with
with it:
it:
Christ and the
So far
far from annulling
any of
of the
the Ten Commandments,
Commandments, He
annulling any
[Christ]
their scope,
teaching that
that an angry
thought or
or
scope, teaching
amplified their
angry thought
[Christ] amplified
bitter
the sixth,
a lustful
bitter word violated
violated the
the seventh
lustful look
look the
seventh
sixth, and a
(Matt. 5:21,
28).
27, 28).
5:21, 22,
22, 27,
(Matt.
teaching of
apostles under the
the inspiration
The teaching
of the
the apostles
of the
the
inspiration of
is even more emphatic and explicit concerning the
Holy
Holy Spirit,
Spirit, is
emphatic
explicit concerning the
of the
scope
obligations of
the moral law.
law.-M
oody Bible
Bible Institute
Institute
scope and obligations
Moody
Monthly, October,
1933.
October, 1933.
Monthly,
Between the
the Decalogue
Distinction
Distinction Between
Decalogue
and
the Ceremonial
and the
Ceremonial Law
QUESTION
QUESTION
13
On what grounds
Adventgrounds do Seventh-day
Seventh-day A.dventists consider
consider as
as separate
the
"moral
law"
and
ists
the
law"
separate
the "ceremonial law,"
the
what
our
Lord
law" in
in view of
our
of
accomplished
cross?
accomplished on Calvary's
Calvary's cross?
feel that
that there
there are
We feel
are ample
Biblical grounds
for
ample Biblical
grounds for
this
making
this
distinction.
The
Ten
Commandments,
distinction.
or
Commandments, or
making
the
constitute
in
principle
God's
eternal
the Decalogue,
constitute
in
Decalogue,
principle God's eternal
law.
is this
law. Not only
this law eternal,
eternal, but it
is immutable.
it is
only is
It
is the
His throne;
the expression
expression
It is
the foundation of
of His
it is
is the
throne; it
of
His character.
His
characterSince it
it represents
of His
character. Since
character
represents
or what God Himself is
is-we
believe it
or
is as
we believe
it is
as eternal
eternal as
as
the
the everlasting
everlasting God.
thought can
can be seen
seen in
in the
the following
following qualities
qualities
This thought
inherent in
in God and in
in His law:
law:
inherent
Is
His Law Is
God Is
Is
Righteous
Righteous
Perfect
Perfect
Ezra 9:15
9:15
Ezra
Matt. 5:48
5:48
Matt.
Lev.
Lev. 19:2
19:2
Holy
Holy
Good
Truth
Ps.
Ps.
34:8
34:8
Deut.
Deut. 32:4
32:4
Righteousness
Righteousness
Ps.
Ps.
Perfect
Perfect
Ps. 19:7
19:7
Ps.
119:172
119:172
Holy
Holy
Good
Truth
7:12
Rom. 7:12
7:12
Rom. 7:12
Ps. 119:142
119: 142
Ps.
But while
while this
this is
is true
trile of
of the
the eternal
eternal law of
of God as
as
But
would
be
it
not
expressed
in
the
Decalogue,
it
true
of
the
in
the
true
of
the
Decalogue,
expressed
5
5
129
129
130
130
QUESTIONS
ceremonial law
law that
that
ceremonial
gave to
to Israel.
Israel. This cerecereGod gave
monial law
law embraced the
the types
types and shadows that
that enentered into
into the
the sacrificial
sacrificial system
system of
of Israel.
Israel. All
All the
the sacrisacritered
the feast
feast days,
days, and even
even the
the priesthood
priesthood
ficial offerings,
offerings, the
ficial
-aU
that was
was typical
typical of
of the
the sacrifice
sacrifice and ministry
ministry of
of
all that
Christ
our
Lord-met
its
Calvary's
cross.
This
cross.
met
its
end
on
Christ our Lord
Calvary's
believe is
is what is
is meant by
by the
the apostle
apostle Paul
Paul when
we believe
he wrote
wrote that
that Christ
Christ "abolished
"abolished in
in his
his flesh
flesh the
the enmity,
enmity,
he
the law
law of
of commandments contained
contained in
in ordiordieven the
even
nances"
(Eph.
2:
15).
nances" (Eph. 2:15).
"Blotting out
out the
the handwriting
handwriting of
of ordinances
ordinances that
that
"Blotting
was against
against us,
us, which was
was contrary
contrary to
to us,
us, and took
took it
it
was
out of
of the
the way,
way, nailing
nailing it
to his
his cross"
cross" (Col.
(Col. 2:14).
2: 14).
it to
out
"Which are
of things
things to
to come;
come; but the
the
a shadow of
are a
body
is
of
Christ"
(verse
17).
is
of
Christ"
(verse 17).
body
of GodGod
The distinction
the moral law of
distinction between the
the
Decalogue-and
the ceremonial law
law can
can be seen
and the
the Decalogue
in the
the following:
in
following:
The Decalogue
Decalogue
1.
Himself.
1. Spoken
by God Himself.
Spoken by
1, 22.
Ex.
Ex. 20:
22.
20:1,
2.
Ex. 31:18;
Written by
2. Written
31:18;
by God. Ex.
32:16.
32:16.
3.
18.
31:18.
stones. Ex.
Ex. 31:
3. On stones.
4.
its writer,
4. Handed by
God, its
writer,
by God,
to
to Moses.
Ex. 31:18.
31:18.
Moses. Ex.
"in the
the
5.
5. Deposited
by Moses "in
Deposited by
ark."
10:5.
ark." Deut.
Deut. 10:5.
6.
6. Deals
with moral precepts.
Deals with
precepts.
Ex.
Ex. 20:3-17.
20:3-17.
The Ceremonial Law

1. Spoken by Moses. Ex.
Ex. 24:3.
1.
24:3.
Spoken by
2.
Moses. Ex. 24:
2. Written by
24:
by Moses.
4;
31:9.
4; Deut. 31:9.
3. In
3.
aa book.
book. Ex. 24:4,
7;
24:4, 7;
Deut.31:24.
Deut. 31:24.
4. Handed by
4.
its writer,
Moses, its
writer,
by Moses,
to Levites.
Levites. Deut. 31:25,
to
26.
31:25, 26.
5. Deposited
5.
the Levites
Levites
by the
Deposited by
side of
"by
the side
of the
the ark."
ark."
"by the
Deut. 31:26,
31:26, A.R.V.
6. Deals with ceremonial,
6.
ritceremonial, ritmatters. (See
ual matters.
of
(See parts
parts of
Exodus,
NumExodus, Leviticus,
Leviticus,
bers,
bers, Deuteronomy.)
Deuteronomy.)
THE CEREMONIAL LAW

7.
sin. Rom. 7:7.
Reveals sin.
7. Reveals
7:7.
8.
Breaking of
of "the
"the law"
8. Breaking
law"
"sin."
"sin." I1 John
3:4.
John 3:4.
131
131
7. Prescribes
Prescribes offerings
offerings for
for sins.
sins.
(See
of Leviticus.)
Leviticus.)
(See book of
8.
sin
in breaking,
breaking, for
for
8. No
sin in
Eph. 2:
2:
now "abolished.".
"abolished.". Eph.
15.
("Where no law
is,
15.
law is,
("Where
there
is no transgression."
transgression."
there is
4: 15.)
Rom. 4:15.)
9. Apostles
9.
Apostles gave
such
gave "no such
to "keep
commandment" to
"keep
the
the law."
Acts 15:24.
law." Acts
15:24.
10. Not to
10.
to be
be judged
judged by
by it.
Col.
it. Col.
2:16.
2:16.
7.
IS
is
9. Should "keep
the whole
whole
"keep the
law." James
law."
James 2:10.
2:10.
9.
10.
we "shall
10. Because
''shall
be judged"
judged" by
this law.
law.
by this
James 2:12.
2:12.
James
11.
Christian who keeps
11. The Christian
keeps
this law
law is
this
"blessed in
in his
is "blessed
his
deed."
James 1:25.
deed." James
1:25.
12.
perfect law of
lib12. "The perfect
of liberty."
James 1:25.
(Cf.
1:25.
erty."
James
(Cf.
James 2:12.)
2: 12.)
James
13.
Established by
by faith
in
13. Established
faith
In
Christ. Rom. 3:31.
Christ.
3:31.
14.
the
14. Christ
Christ was to
to "magnify
"magnify the
law and make it
it honourahonourable." !sa.
ble."
Isa. 42:21.
42:21.
15.
that the
the law
law is
15. "We know that
is
spiritual."
14. (Cf.
7:14.
spiritual." Rom. 7:
(Cf.
verse 7.)
verse
7.)
11.
Christian who keeps
11. The Christian
keeps
this
law is
not blessed.
blessed. (Sec,
this law
is not
(See,
for
for example,
example, Gal.
1-6.)
Gal. 5:
5:1-6.)
12.
keeps
12. The Christian
Christian who keeps
this
his liberty.
liberty.
this law loses
loses his
Gal.
1, 3.
3.
Gal. 5:
5:1,
13. Abolished
13.
Abolished by
by Christ.
Eph.
Christ. Eph.
2:15.
2:15.
14.
Blotted "out
the handwrit14. Blotted
"out the
handwriting
was
ordinances that
of ordinances
that was
ing of
against
us." Col.
2: 14.
Col. 2:14.
against us."
15.
law of
of aa carnal
com15. "The law
carnal commandment."
Reb. 7:16.
7:16.
mandment/' Heb.
It should also
be noted
that the
leading confessions
confessions
the leading
noted that
also be
and the
creeds of
of Christendom,
recthe historic
historic creeds
Christendom, recognize
the
difference
between
God's
moral
law,
the
the
the
difference
between
moral
God's
law,
ognize
or
the
Decalogue,
as
separate
and
the
Ten Commandments,
or
as
Commandments,
Decalogue,
separate
distinct
the ceremonial precepts.
precepts. The following
distinct from the
following
are
a few
few of
them:
are a
of them:
The Second
Second Helvetic
Helvetic Confession
of the
the
Confession (1566),
(1566), of
Reformed Church of
Zurich, and one of
the most
most auauof the
of Zurich,
thoritative
of
all
Continental
symbols
(PHILIP
of
all
Continental
thoritative
symbols
(PHILIP
SCHAFF, The Creeds
of Christendom,
vol. 1,
pp. 391,
Creeds of
1, pp.
391,
Christendom, vol.
It
of faith,
faith,
of
132
132
QUESTIONS
394,
395), in
God," after
In chapter
the Law of
of God/'
after
394, 395),
12, "Of the
chapter 12,
contrasting the
the "moral" and the
the "ceremonial"
"ceremonial" laws,
laws,
contrasting
the moral law,
believe that
that the
the whole
whole will
will
says
of the
law, "We believe
says of
precepts,
for
every
part
of
of God,
God, and all
of
all necessary
for
every part of
necessary precepts,
in
this
law"
(not
that
this life,
life, are
delivered
that
we
this
are fully
delivered
in
law"
this
fully
(not
are
to be
be justified
justified by
but that
shaH turn
turn to
to Christ
Christ
are to
that we shall
it, but
by it,
by
faith).
The
types
and
figures
of
the
ceremonial
the
of
ceremonial
by faith).
figures
types
law
the body
law have
ceased when the
have ceased.
ceased. "The shadow ceased
body
but
the
moral
law
is
not
to
be
disdained
or
recame,"
but
law
disdained
or rethe
is not to be
came,"
jected, and all
law are
all teachings
the law
are condemned.
teachings against
against the
jected,
SCHAFF,
vol.
3,
pp.
854-856.)
(See
vol.
3,
SCHAFF,
(See
pp. 854-856.)
Thirty-nine
Articles of
of Religion
Religion of
of
the Church of
of the
Thirty-nine Articles
England
(1571).
Article
VII
states
that
while
"the
lawe
that
while
lawe
states
"the
England (1571). Article
geven from
from God by
"ceremonies and
by Moses" concerning
geven
concerning "ceremonies
rites" is
is not
not binding,
whatsoeuer, is
is
Christian man whatsoeuer,
rites"
binding, "no Christian
free
the commaundementes,
free from the
the obedience
of the
obedience of
commaundementes,
which are
are called
vol. 3,
pp.
called morall."
morall." (See
3, pp.
SCHAFF, vol.
(See SCHAFF,
491, 492.)
492.)
491,
The American Revision

Revision of
of Thirty-nine
Articles by
by
the
Protestant Episcopal
Episcopal Church (1801)
(1801) is
the Protestant
identical
is identical
vol. 3,
3, p.
p. 816.)
with
the foregoing,^
foregoing._ (See
(See SCHAFF,
with the
SCHAFF, vol.
816.)
The Irish
Irish Articles
Articles of
of Religion
Religion (1615)
(1615), believed
believed to
to
by
Archbishop
Ussher,
after
stating
have been composed
after
Ussher,
composed by Archbishop
stating
that
that the
the ceremonial law is
abolished, says:
is abolished,
Chrissays: "No Christian
tian man whatsoever
whatsoever is
is freed
obedience of
freed from the
the
the obedience
of the
Commandments which are
are called
called Moral."
Moral." (See
SCHAFF,
SCHAFF,
(See
vol.
vol. 3,
pp. 526,
3, pp.
526, 541.)
541.)
The Westminster Confession
Faith (1647),
(1647), after
after
Confession of
of Faith
showing
the difference
between the
difference between
the ceremonial
ceremonial and
and
showing the
the
moral law,
the abrogation
of
the
former
and
the moral
of
the
former
and
law, and the
abrogation
the perpetuity
perpetuity of
in chapter
chapter 19
the
of the
the latter,
19 declares
declares "the
"the
latter, in
moral law
law doth forever
bind all,"
all," not
not for
for justification,
justification,
forever bind
,
THE CEREMONIAL LAW
order
to recognize
recognize the
the enabling
order to
enabling
Christ. This law
power of
of Christ.
law continues
continues to
to be
be "a
perfect
"a perfect
power
rule of
of righteousness."
rule
righteousness." And it
adds, "Neither
it adds,
"Neither doth
doth
in the
Christ in
Christ
any
way
dissolve,
but
much
the gospel
but
gospel any way dissolve,
strengthen,
this obligation."
(See
3,
vol.
SCHAFF, vol.
3,
strengthen, this
obligation."
(See SCHAFF,
pp. 640-644.)
pp.
640-644.)
The Savoy
Savoy Declaration
Declaration of
of the
the Congregational
Congregational
Churches (1658).
There
is
no
change
chapter 19,
is
in chapter
19,
(1658).
change in
"Of the
the Law of
Westminster ConfesConfesof God,"
the Westminster
God," from the
sion. (See
vol. 3,
p. 718).
sion.
(See SCHAFF,
SCHAFF, vol.
3, p.
718),
Baptist
Confession
of
based
Baptist Confession of 1688 (Philadelphia),
(Philadelphia), based
on the
the London,
London, 1677,
confession,
has
no
change
from
1677, confession, has
change from
the
in chapter
chapter 19,
the Law
the Westminster Confession
Confession in
19, "Of the
of God." It
It deals
between the
the
of
deals with
with the
the distinction
distinction between
moral and the
the ceremonial
law, and asserts
asserts that
that no
ceremonial law,
Christian
Christian is
obedience to
to the
the moral
moral law.
law.
is free
free from obedience
(See
p. 738.)
vol. 3,
SCHAFF, vol.
3, p.
(See SCHAFF,
738.)
Articles of
of Religion
Religion (1784).
These
Methodist Articles
(1784). These
twenty-five
articles,
drawn
up
by
John
Wesley
for
twenty-five articles,
up by John Wesley for
American Methodists,
the
Methodists, are
are an abridgement
of the
abridgement of
Thirty-nine
Articles of
of England,
England, and
the Church of
of the
declare: "Although
the
law
given
from
God
by
declare:
the
from
Moses,
by Moses,
"Although
given
as
rites, doth
doth not
not bind
bind Chrisas touching
Chrisceremonies and rites,
touching ceremonies
tians, nor ought
the
civil
precepts
thereof
of
necessity
the
civil
thereof
of
tians,
necessity
ought
precepts
be received
received in
yet, notwithstandnotwithstandin any
be
commonwealth, yet,
any commonwealth,
ing,
Christian
whatsoever
is
free
the
obedience
from
no
is
free
the
Christian
whatsoever
ing,
the ,commandments
are called
called moral."
moral." (See
to
to the
commandments which are
(See
SCHAFF,
vol. 3,
807,
808.)
SCHAFF, vol.
3, pp.
807,
pp.
808.)
The conclusion
the foregoing
therefore
therefore
is
conclusion from the
foregoing is
position maintained
maintained by
by Seventh-day
clear:
clear: The position
Seventh-day Adventto
the Decalogue,
Decalogue, and
ists
regarding their
to
the
their relationship
ists regarding
relationship
their distinction
the moral and the
the ceremotheir
but
as
of life,
In
as aa rule
rule of
life, in
133
133
134
QUESTIONS
nial
law, Is
is fully
by the
nial law,
articles
the leading
sustained by
creeds, articles
fully sustained
leading creeds,
of faith,
faith, and catechisms
historic Protestantism.
of
Protestantism. The
catechisms of
of historic
concept that
that the
Decalogue was abolished
by the
the death
the Decalogue
abolished by
concept
of Christ
Christ is
recent
one.
Certainly
it
was not
it
of
a relatively
is a
one.
recent
Certainly
relatively
taught
by
the
founding
fathers
of
Protestantism,
for
for
fathers
of
the
Protestantism,
founding
taught by
such is
with their
their belief.
belief.
in total
is in
total conflict
conflict with
The Relationship
'The
Relationship of
Grace
Grace
of
to
Law and
to Law
and Worb
Works
QUESTION
QUESTION
14
It is
is generally understood
It
Adventists
that Adventists
generally understood that
teach
that salvation
teach that
salvation is
the
grace
of
is by
the
God but
by
grace of God-but
the
plus
the
works
of
the
law.
What
is
the
actual
the
is
the
law.
actual
of
plus
Adventist concept
relation of
of grace
grace to
to law
Adventist
the relation
law
of the
concept of
to human works?
and to
works'! Is
Is not
not the
emphasis of
the emphasis
of
Mrs. White on the
necessity of
obedithe necessity
of works and obedience,
the abounding
abounding saving
saving grace
grace
ence, rather than on the
of
Godf
of God'!
misunderstanding as
There has
has been regrettable
as to
to
regrettable misunderstanding
our teaching
teaching on grace,
law,
and
works,
their
interand
their
interworks,
grace, law,
relationships.
to Seventh-day
Adventist. bebeSeventh-day Adventist
relationships. According
According to
through the
the law,
law,
lief,
there is,
salvation through
is, and can be,
lief, there
be, no salvation
or
by human works of
the law,
only through
through the
the
or by
of the
law, but only
saving
grace
of
God.
This
principle,
to
us,
is
basic.
This
of
is
to
basic.
us,
saving grace
principle,
transcendent provision
provision of
of the
of God is
transcendent
is emphathe grace
grace of
emphasized
both in
the Old and the
the New Testament,
Testament, although
sized both
in the
although
the truth
reaches its
fullest
truth of
its fullest
the
of God's wondrous grace
grace reaches
in the
unfolding,
manifestation, in
the
unfolding, and most complete
complete manifestation,
times and record.
record.
New Testament times
I. Grace Pre-eminent
Pre-eminent in
in the
the New Testament
I.
The word "grace"

charis), occurs
occurs some 150
"grace" (Greek,
(Greek, charts),
times in
in the
the New Testament. Paul made more use
use of
of
times
New
did
this
than
did
any
other
Testaother
term
this significant
any
significant
135
135
136
136
QUESTIONS
writer, there
being some 100
in his
ment writer,
his
there being
100 occurrences
occurrences in
epistles.
used the
the word about
close associate,
Luke, used
associate, Luke,
epistles. His close
25
Acts, these
these two
two men thereby
thereby acac25 times
in Luke and Acts,
times in
five
all the
the New TestaTestafive sixths
sixths of
of all
ment occurrences.
occurrences. "Grace"
by no means aa new
was by
"Grace" was
by the
the apostles;
the term
term was
was widely
widely
word invented
invented by
apostles; the
used
in aa variety
of
associated
meanings
in
the
In
LXX
the
used in
of
associated
variety
meanings
and in
classical and later
literature. However,
in classical
later Greek literature.
However,
the New Testament often
to attach
attach a
a spedal
the
often seems to
special
significance
to "grace"
is not
not found
found fully
that is
significance to
"grace'* that
fully expressed
expressed
elsewhere.
elsewhere.
In
is set
set forth
forth as
as aa disIn the
the New Testament,
disTestament, grace
grace is
tinctively
divine
quality.
New
Testament
writers
speak
writers speak
tinctively divine quality.
of
(Jude 4);
4); "the
of
"the grace
of "the
"the grace
of our God" (Jude
grace of
grace of
Christ" (Gal.
I
:6);
and
"the
grace
of
our
Lord
Jesus
"the
Christ"
of
Lord
our
grace
(Gal. 1:6);
Jesus
18). Expressions
Expressions like
these constitute
Christ"
(Gal. 6:
Christ" (Gal.
like these
constitute
6:18).
the
the opening
the letters
the
in the
salutations in
letters of
of the
opening and closing
closing salutations
apostles.
They
are
found
at
the
beginning
of
Peter's
are
at
the
of
Peter's
beginning
apostles. They
in the
fourteen epistles
epistles of
two letters,
as well
the fourteen
well as
as in
of the
the
letters, as
apostle
Paul.
They
also
appear
at
the
close
of
these
Paul.
also
at
the
close
of these
They
apostle
appear
letters
of spiritual
spiritual counsel
encouragement.
letters of
counsel and encouragement.
This divine
divine grace
further described
by aa remarkremarkis further
described by
grace is
ably
wide
range
of
adjectives
and
adverbs.
It
is
called
of
adverbs.
It
is
called
range
ably
adjectives
the "true
the
of
God"
(1
Peter
5:
12);
abounding,
"true grace
of
or
grace
(1 Peter 5:12); abounding, or
"abundant,"
15); the
grace
Cor. 4:
the "manifold
"abundant," grace
"manifold grace
grace (2
(2 Cor.
4:15);
of
4: 19); the
the "sufficient"
grace of
of God" (1
Peter 4:19);
of God
"sufficient" grace
(I Peter
the
Cor.
(2
Cor.
12:9);
the
"exceeding
grace
of
God~'
(2
of
God"
Cor.
(2
12:9);
"exceeding grace
(2 Cor.
9:
14). There is
the expression
for grace"
also the
is also
9:14).
expression "grace
"grace for
grace"
(John
16); and reference
to Christ
Christ Jesus
Jesus our
Lord
reference to
our Lord
(John 1:
1:16);
as
"full of
as being
being "full
and
truth"
(John
1:
14;
compare
of grace
truth"
1:14;
grace
(John
compare
verse 17).
is also
It is
verse
the "free
of God (Rom.
(Rom. 5:15,
also the
"free gift"
5:15,
17). It
gift" of
18).
18).
counting for
for about
about
counting
GRACE, LAW, AND WORKS

'WORKS
n.
II.
137
137
Bible Definition
Definition or
Description of
Grace
or Description
of Grace
The distinctive
distinctive meaning
meaning attached
attached to
to the
the term
term
in
"grace"
in
the
New
Testament,
especially
in
the
the
In
and
the
Testament,
"grace"
especially
writings
of
Paul,
is
that
of
the
abundant,
saving
love
of
of
Is
that
of
the
love
of
Paul,
abundant, saving
writings
God toward
toward sinners
revealed
in
Jesus
Christ.
Obsinners as
as revealed in Jesus Christ.
viously, since
have sinned
are destitute
destitute of
of
since all
all men have
sinned and are
viously,
the
of
God
(Rom.
3:23),
such
favor
lovingthe glory
of
favor
and
such
glory
(Rom. 3:23),
lovingkindness on God's
wholly undeserved
undeserved and unkindness
God's part
are wholly
unpart are
merited by
by sinful
have lived
lived in
in hatred
hatred and
merited
sinful man. Men have
rebellion against
1
:21,
31,
32),
perrebellion
1:21,
31,
against God (Rom.
(Rom.
32), have pertruth (verses
18,
25),
have
preferred
to
verted His truth
verted
have
18,
25),
(verses
preferred to
worship
beasts
and
reptiles
(verse
23),
have
defiled
His
beasts
have
His
defiled
worship
reptiles (verse 23),
in their
image in
their own bodies
have blasblasbodies (verses
image
(verses 24-27),
24-27), have
phemed
His
name
(Rom.
2:24),
and
have
even
despised
even
have
(Rom. 2:24),
despised
phemed
for His
4).
His patience
forbearance (verse
God for
(verse 4).
patience and forbearance
His
Son,
sent
to
save
them
Finally,
they
sent
to
murdered
His
save
Son,
Finally, they
(Acts
7:52).
Yet
God
has
continued
to regard
regard man with
Yet
has
to
(Acts 7:52).
love
kindness, that
that the
of His
His goodness
revelation of
love and kindness,
the revelation
goodness
may
lead
to
repentance
(Rom.
2:4).
men
to
lead
repentance (Rom. 2:4).
may
in Its
This is
its peculiar
peculiar New Testathe grace
of God in
TestaThis
is the
grace of
ment sense.
unlimited, all-inclusive,
transIt is
is God's
God's unlimited,
sense. It
all-inclusive, transforming
love
toward
sinful
women;
and
the
men
and
toward
sinful
the
love
women;
forming
good
of
this
grace,
as
revealed
in
Jesus
Christ,
in
as
revealed
this
is
news
of
Jesus Christ, is
grace,
good
"the
power
of
God
unto
salvation"
(Rom.
1:
16).
It
salvation"
It
"the power of
(Rom. 1:16).
is not
not merely
merely God's
to forgive,
God's mercy
is
mercy and willingness
willingness to
forgive,
but it
is an
an active,
transforming
power
to
It is
but
active, energizing,
energizing, transforming power to
a
fill
it
save.
Thus
it
may
fill
a
person
(John
1:
14),
it
may
it
save.
may
may
person (John 1:14),
be given
given (Rom.
(Rom. 12:3,6),
is all-sufficient
all-sufficient (2
Cor. 12:9;
it is
be
12:9;
12:3, 6), it
(2 Cor.
compare Rom. 5:20),
it reigns
reigns (Rom.
(Rom. 5:21),
teaches
It teaches
5:21), it
5:20), it
compare
heart
the
(Titus
2:
11,
12),
it
establishes
the
heart
(Heb.
it
establishes
(Heb. 13:9).
13:9).
(Titus 2:11, 12),
be
In
to
equivalent
instances "grace"
In some instances
equivalent
"grace" seems almost to
138
138
QUESTIONS
to
to
"gospel"
:6) and to
to the
the working
working of
of God
(Col. 1
1:6)
"gospel" (Col.
generally
:23; 1I Peter
Peter 5:
12). Ellen
Ellen G.
G. White
11:23;
generally (Acts
(Acts 11
5:12).
wrote:
wrote:
Divine grace
the great
great element
element of
of saving
power.-Gospel
Is the
Gospel
grace is
saving power.
Workers,
p. 70.
70.
Workers, p.
Christ gave
His life
it possible
possible for
for man to
to be restored
restored
to make it
Christ
life to
gave His
the Image
image of
power of
of His
His grace
that draws
to
It is
is the
to the
of God. It
the power
draws
grace that
men together
together in
to the
Parents,
the truth.-Counsels
Counsels to
to Parents,
in obedience
truth.
obedience to
p. 249.
249.
Teachers,
Teachers, and Students,
Students, p.
The "grace
been fittingly
fittingly called
the
of God" has
has been
called the
"grace of
"love
that
is,
love,
not
so
in
a
general
a
not
so
much
in
that
of God";
"love of
love,
God";
is,
general
as in
love merely
merely as
as
sense
a specific
not so
so much love
sense as
in a
sense; not
specific sense;
love, but
but love
Grace is
is the
the love
love of
of God
love directionally.
love,
directionally. Grace
flowing-flowing
not
upward
or
outward,
but
downor
but
not
outward,
flowing flowing
upward
ward. It
It is
is that
wonderful divine
divine mercy
mercy and undeserved
undeserved
ward.
that wonderful
heart of
favor that
the great
that flows
flows from the
of God.
favor
great loving
loving heart
And specifically,
it
His
love
that
flows
from
it is
that
flows
is
His
love
downward
specifically,
here on earth.
earth. While
heaven to
to undeserving
undeserving sinners
sinners here
heaven
deserving nothing
nothing but
the wrath
wrath of
God, we become,
become,
of God,
but the
deserving
through
this marvelous
grace, the
the recipients
recipients of
this
marvelous grace,
of this
through this
love,
this grace,
which
do
not
in
the
least
merit.
we
not
in
the
merit.
least
love, this
grace,
III.
III.
the Sovereignty
Ellen G. White on the
of Grace
Ellen
Sovereignty of
to the
the apparently
teachings of
of
As to
apparently misunderstood teachings
on
the
Ellen G.
G. White
the relationship
Ellen
of grace,
law,
relationship of
grace, law,
and works,
the
note
the
following
expression,
written
note
written
works, please
following
please
expression,
in
1905, Her writings
in 1905.
writings are
in pronounced
pronounced harmony
harmony with
with
are in
well
Scripture,
as
well
as
sOllnd
historical
theology.
as
as
sound
historical
Scripture,
theology.
Grace is
attribute of
of God exercised
is an attribute
exercised toward
toward undeserving
undeserving
human beings.
beings. We did not
not seek
for it,
it, but
but it
was sent
sent in
in search
seek for
it was
search
of
us. God rejoices
rejoices to
to bestow
bestow His grace
grace upon
upon us,
us, not
not because
because we
of us.
are worthy,
because we are
are so
utterly unworthy.
unworthy. Our only
only
are
worthy, but because
so utterly
is our great need.-The
claim to
to His
His mercy
Ministry of
of Healing,
Healing,
claim
The Ministry
mercy is
great need.
p 161.
161.
p
139
139
writer adds
that everyMore than
than that,
the same writer
adds that
that, the
everyin the
enjoy, in
the matchless
blessings of
salvation
thing we enjoy,
matchless blessings
of salvation
thing
us through
the grace
grace of
of God.
God. Thus:
comes to
to us
Thus:
through the
We owe everything
everything to
grace, free
free grace,
grace, sovereign
sovereign grace.
grace. Grace
Grace
to grace,
in the
the Saviour
in the
the covenant
covenant ordained
in
ordained our
our adoption.
Grace in
Saviour
adoption. Grace
our redemption,
regeneration, and our
adoption to
to
effected
effected our
our adoption
redemption, our regeneration,
heirship with
with Christ.-Testimonies
for the
the Church (1882),
(1882), vol.
vol. 6,
Christ.
Testimonies for
6,
heirship
p.
268.
p. 268.
Recognized theological
theological
Recognized
classics
have stated
stated these
these
classics have
same truths
in this
truths in
this way.
way. Charles
formerly proCharles Hodge,
Hodge, formerly
professor
of systematic
systematic theology
theology at
at Princeton
Princeton Theological
Theological
fessor of
Seminary,
declares:
Seminary, declares:
The word [charis,
a favourable
favourable disposition,
[charts, "grace"]
"grace"] ... means a
disposition,
or kind
kind feeling;
love as
exercised toward
toward the
the inin
or
as exercised
feeling; and especially
especially love
This is
is represented
represented as
ferior, dependent,
or unworthy.
the crown
as the
crownferior,
unworthy. This
dependent, or
ing
attribute of
Its manifestation
manifestation is
is declared
of the
the divine
divine nature.
nature. Its
declared
ing attribute
.
redemption ....
to
be the
the grand
of the
the whole scheme of
of redemption.
... He
to be
grand end of
[God]
raises men from spiritual
death, "and
"and makes
makes them
them sit
tosit to
spiritual death,
[God] raises
in Christ
Christ Jesus,
Jesus, that
that in
in the
the ages
to come
gether
heavenly places
in heavenly
places in
gether in
ages to
the exceeding
of his
his grace."
grace." (Eph.
(Eph. 2:6,
he might
riches of
he
2:6, 7.)
exceeding riches
might show the
7.)
Therefore
is of
gospel
it is
often asserted
that salvation
is often
asserted that
salvation is
of grace.
Therefore it
grace. The gospel
is aa system
its blessings
blessings are
gratuitously bestowed;
are gratuitously
of grace.
All its
is
bestowed;
grace. All
system of
that in
progress of
redemption
all
in every
of the
the progress
of redemption
is so
all is
so ordered
ordered that
every step
step of
and in
in its
consummation, the
the grace,
grace, or
undeserved love
love of
God,
or undeserved
of God,
its consummation,
is conspicuously
conspicuously displayed.
Nothing
is
given
or
promised
on
the
or
is
the
is
given
displayed. Nothing
promised
ground of
merit. Everything
is an undeserved
undeserved favour.
favour. That sal
salof merit.
Everything is
ground
a matter of
of grace
not of
of debt.
vation
was provided
provided at
at all,
is a
debt.
vation was
all, is
grace and not
-Systematic
2, p.
p. 654.
vol. 2,
654.
Theology (1871),
(1871), vol.
Systematic Theology
With this,
this, Adventists
Adventists are
in complete
agreement.
are in
complete agreement.
IV.
IV.
The Fruitage
Fruitage of
of This Divine Grace
the manifestations
Many and varied
varied are
grace
are the
manifestations of
of the
the grace
Many
of God.
Father is
is called
called "the
all
"the God of
of all
God. Our heavenly
of
heavenly Father
We
do
grace"
(1
Peter
5:
10).
may
"despite
unto
the
the
Peter
unto
may
5:10).
"despite
grace" (1
Spirit
of grace" (Heb. 10:29). "We have redemption
redemption
Spirit of grace" (Heb. 10:29).
riches
of
his
... according
according to
to the
the riches of his grace"
:7).
grace" (Eph.
(Eph. 1
1:7).
.
140
QUESTIONS
are to
to preach
preach "the
of the
the grace
We are
"the gospel
of God"
gospel of
grace of
(Acts
20:24) and "the
his grace"
grace" (Acts
"the word of
of his
(Acts 20:24)
14:3).
(Acts 14:3).
:5, R.S.V.).
R.S.V.).
are also
We are
also "chosen
"chosen by
11:5,
by grace"
(Rom. 11
grace" (Rom.
in Christian
experience comes
Everything we enjoy
Christian experience
enjoy In
Everything
matchless grace
of God. We were
to
us because
because of
to us
of this
this matchless
grace of
"called
. . by
his
grace"
(Gal.
1:15).
his
"be"called .
...
by
grace" (Gal. 1:15). We have "believed" through
through His
His grace
(Acts 18:27).
lieved"
grace (Acts
18:27). We were
"justified
by
his
grace"
(Titus
3:7).
Paul
could say,
"I
could
say, "I
"justified by his grace" (Titus 3:7).
what II am" because
of "the
grace of
"the grace
of God" (1
am what
Cor.
because of
(1 Cor.
His
We
too
are
saved
by
grace
(Eph.
IS:
10).
are
saved
too
2:5,
by
grace (Eph. 2:5,
15:10).
8).
8).
secure
grace of
us aa unique
unique and secure
The grace
of God gives
gives us
In
standing
befo~e
God.
We
are
to
"continue
in
the
grace
to
the
are
"continue
before
grace
standing
of
God"
(Acts
13:43)
and
to
"grow
in
the
grace
...
of
in
the
to "grow
of
of
grace
(Acts 13:43)
our Lord"
Lord" (2
18, R.S.V.).
this, we
Peter 3:
our
3:18,
(2 Peter
R.S.V.). As we do this,
the grace
of God (Rom,
(Rom. 5:2).
5:2).
shall "stand"
in the
shall
"stand" in
grace of
the
So
it is
is the
that can
can save
of Christ
Christ alone
save the
the grace
alone that
So It
grace of
soul;
this alone
the fallen
fallen from the
the depths
alone can
lift the
of
can lift
soul; this
depths of
degradation
and
sin.
Ellen
G.
White's
witness
on
this
G.
witness
this
sin.
Ellen
White's
degradation
is both
both clear
unvarying:
point is
clear and unvarying:
point
of saving
Divine
grace is
the great
great element of
power; without
without it
it
is the
Divine grace
saving power;
all human effort
effort is
Parents, Teachers,
Counsels to
to Parents,
is unavailing.-Counsels
Teachers,
unavailing.
p. 538.
and Students
Students (1882),
538.
(1882), p.
Christ delights
delights to
to take
apparently hopeless
hopeless material,
material, those
those
take apparently
Christ
whom Satan
he has
has worked,
worked, and
has debased and through
Satan has
through whom he
the subjects
of His
His grace.
grace.-Testirnonies
for the
Testimonies for
the Church
make them the
subjects of
308.
(1882),
vol. 6,
6, p.
(1882), vol.
p. 308.
all
that it
Further,
writes that
it is
is also
the grace
she writes
also the
of God
Further, she
grace of
and
that keeps
us
us
that
us
from
falling,
enables
us
to
enables
to
remain
falling,
keeps
steadfast
true to
the divine
divine calling.
to the
steadfast and true
calling.
that can
can either
us steadfast
or
either make us
There is
is only
steadfast or
only one power
power that
keep
us so,-the
confides in
in aught
in truth.
truth. He who confides
the grace
of God,
God, in
so,
grace of
keep us
aught
else is
is already
already tottering,
to fall.
fall.-Ibid.
vol. 7, p. 189.
Ibid. (1902),
else
ready to
tottering, ready
(1902), vol. 7, p. 189.
141
141
Again,
Again,
it
the grace
manifested in
the
It is
is the
in the
of God,
God, manifested
grace of
Jives
of the
the children
that is
the greatest
greatest argulives of
children of
of God,
is the
God, that
arguto the
the truth
power of
the Christian
Christian faith.
faith.
ment as
as to
truth and power
of the
By
power of
manifested in
in the
the transformation
transformation of
of
of His grace
grace manifested
By power
character the
the world
character
as its
its
as
is
to be
that God has
has sent
sent His
His Son
is to
be convinced
convinced that
Redeemer.-The
Ministry oj
Healing (1905),
p. 470.
470.
Redeemer.
The Ministry
of Healing
(1905), p.
And when at
the redeemed surround the
the throne
throne
at last
last the
of God,
of
God, it
it will
be by
the
wonderful
grace
of
will be
the
of
God.
by
grace
If during
If
this life
they are
are loyal
to God,
God, they
they will
will at
last "see
"see
life they
at last
during this
loyal to
face; and His
His name shall
be in
in their
their foreheads."
foreheads." Revelation
Revelation
shall be
face;
is the
22:4. And what is
of heaven but to
to see
see God? What
\Vhat
22:4.
the happiness
happiness of
greater
joy could
could come to
to the
the sinner
saved by
the
grace
of
Christ
the
of
Christ
sinner saved
greater joy
grace
by
than to
of God,
as Father?
Father?to look upon
the face
face of
God, and know Him as
upon the
His
His
Ibid., p. 421.
421.
Ibid.,p.
V.
V.
The Relationship
Relationship of
of Grace and Works
Salvation
not now,
now, and never has
has been,
been, by
by law or
or
is not
Salvation is
works;
only by
the
grace
of
Christ.
salvation is
is only
Morethe
of
Christ.
works; salvation
by
grace
over, there
there never
never was a time
time in
in the
plan of
of God when
the plan
over,
salvation
was by
by human works or
or effort.
Nothing men
salvation was
effort. Nothing
can do,
do, or
have done,
any way
way merit
merit salvation.
salvation.
in any
or have
done, can in
'While works
works are
not aa means of
of salvation,
salvation, good
While
are not
good
works are
are the
result of
of salvation.
salvation. However,
However,
the inevitable
inevitable result
these
good works are
possible only
the child
of God
child of
are possible
for the
these good
only for
It
is to
life is
by
the
Spirit
of
It
is
to
of
God.
the
is inwrought
whose life
inwrought by
Spirit
them
such
believers that
writes
bids
when
he
bids
writes
that John
such believers
John
5:
keep the
the commandments of
of God (1
(1 John
3:22-24; 5:
John 3:22-24;
keep
2,
3). This relationship
relationship and sequence
is imperative,
2, 3).
imperative,
sequence is
but is
often misunderstood
misunderstood or reversed.
reversed.
is often
but
the days
old, men were not
not justified
justified by
by
in the
of old,
Even in
days of
works; they
were justified
justified by
by faith.
the prophet
prophet
faith. Thus the
works;
they were
faith"
his faith"
live by
just shall
by his
shall live
wrote: "The just
Habakkuk wrote:
Phil.
(Hab.
2:4;
compare
Rom.
1:
17;
Gal.
3:8,
11;
Phil.
3:9;
Gal.
3:9;
3:8,
11;
1:17;
(Hab. 2:4; compare
Heb. 10:38).
God
calls
upon
to
righteous;
to
be
man
calls upon
righteous; but
10:38).
142
QUESTIONS
man is
is naturally
naturally unrighteous.
unrighteous. If
he is
to be
be prepared
prepared for
is to
If he
for
die kingdom
the
kingdom of
he must be
be made righteous.
righteous. This
of God,
God, he
is
is something
of himself.
himself. He is
is
cannot do iu
in and of
something man cannot
unclean and unrighteous.
unrighteous. The more
lllore he
he works,
works, and the
the
unclean
greater his
his effort,
the more he
he reveals
reveals the
the unrighteousunrighteouseffort, the
greater
ness of
his own heart.
Therefore if
if man is
ever to
beness
is ever
of his
to beheart. Therefore
outside
come righteous,
righteolls, it
mllst be
be by
by aa power
power entirely
ontsid('
it must
entirely
himself
it must be by
himself-it
by the
power of
the power
of God.
really no actual
valid conflict
There is
actual valid
conflict between
is really
grace
the law-the
Commandments; each
each
law the Ten Commandments;
grace and the
serves its
serves
its special
purpose
in
the
plan
of
God.
Grace,
as
in
the
of
as
Grace,
special purpose
plan
such,
is not
not opposed
to
the
law,
is
God's
standard
to
which
is
the
standard
such, is
law,
opposed
of righteousness;
righteousness; neither
is the
the law
law opposed
opposed to
grace.
of
neither is
to grace.
Each has
has its
neither trespasses
trespasses
its specific
functions, and neither
specific functions,
on the
the functions
the other.
functions of
of the
other.
One thing
thing is
cannot be
be saved
saved by
is certain,
certain, man cannot
any
by any
effort
of his
his own. We
\Ve profoundly
believe that
that no works
works
effort of
profoundly believe
of the
the law,
law, no deeds
the law,
law, no effort
effort however comof
of the
deeds of
mendable, and no good
works-whether
they be many
works
whether
mendable,
they
good
many
or few,
few, sacrificial
not-can
in any
way
justify the
the
or
sacrificial or
or not
can in
any way justify
sinner (Titus
(Titus 3:5;
of
is wholly
Salvation is
3:5; Rom. 3:20).
wholly of
3:20). Salvation
grace;
it
is
the
gift
of
God
(Rom.
4:4,
5;
Eph.
2:8).
it
is
the
of
4:4,
5;
grace;
gift
Eph. 2:8).
(Rom.
Man in
in the
the beginning
upright (Eccl.
7:
beginning was made upright
(Eccl. 7:
29).
no
taint
of
sin
in
came
There
was
taint
he
sin
in
him
when
of
29).
forth from the
forth
the hand of
his Creator.
Creator. He was made in
in
of his
of
in
the image
of
God,
and
his
character
in
harmony
was
his
character
God,
image
harmony
with
with the
the principles
principles of
holy law.
law. But man sinned.
of God's
sinned.
God's holy
in and through
Now, in
through the
gospel,
it
is
the
purpose
of
the gospel, it is the purpose of
God to
to restore
restore in
that lost
lost image
image of
in man that
of God. He was
originally sinless;
he is
gosthe gosis sinful.
sinful. But when the
sinless; now he
originally
of
the
pel
of
the
grace
of
God
does
its
in
his
heart,
in
of
does
its
work
his
heart, he
grace
pel
will be clothed
with the
the robe of
of the
the righteousness
righteousness of
of
will
clothed with

Christ.
Christ.
143
143
That righteousness
righteousness is
is imputed
to him in
justifiin justifiimputed to
It
It is
sanctification. And
is imparted
to him in
in sanctification.
imparted to
through
Christ, and Christ
it will
will be
be his,
his, and his
his
Christ alone,
alone, it
through Christ,
forever,
in glorification.
forever, in
glorification.
there are
the children
of
But there
are dangers
children of
dangers against
against which the
God need to
too has
has been forcefully
stated
to guard.
guard. This too
forcefully stated
by Ellen
Ellen G.
G. White:
by
cation.
cation.
There are
are two
two errors
against which the
the children
children of
errors against
of GodGod
who have just
just come to
to trust
trust in
in His gracegrace
especially need
need to
is that
that of
of looking
to their
their
to guard.
... is
first ...
especially
guard. The first
looking to
works, trusting
trusting to
they can
can do,
to bring
bring themselves
themselves
own works,
to anything
do, to
anything they
into harmony
harmony with God. He who is
is trying
to become holy
by his
into
his
holy by
trying to
in keeping
own works in
keeping the
the law,
law, is
is attempting
attempting an impossibility.
impossibility. All
that
without Christ
Christ is
is polluted
polluted with
with selfishness
selfishness and
that man can do without
sin.
is the
the grace
that can
can make
sin. It
It is
of Christ
Christ alone,
alone, through
faith, that
grace of
through faith,
us
us holy.
holy.
The opposite
opposite and no
no less
less dangerous
dangerous error
that belief
belief in
in
that
error is,
is,
Christ
releases men from keeping
keeping the
law of
God; that
that since
Christ releases
since by
the law
of God;
by
faith alone
alone we become partakers
the g-race
of Christ,
Christ, our works
faith
of the
grace of
partakers of
have nothing
nothing to
do with
with our
our redemptiori.
to do
redemption.
notice here
that obedience
obedience is
not aa mere outward comcomBut notice
here that
is not
pliance, but
but the
of love.
of God is
is an expression
service of
the service
love. The law of
expression
pliance,
of His
His very
of the
the great
of
it is
of
is an embodiment of
nature; it
very nature;
great principle
principle of
love, and hence
hence is
in heaven
is the
the foundation
foundation of
of His
His government
love,
government in
if
and earth.
hearts are
are renewed in
the likeness
of God,
God, if
earth. If
in the
likeness of
If our hearts
the divine
in the
the soul,
will not
not the
the law
law of
of God
divine love
the
love is
is implanted
soul, will
implanted in
be carried
carried out
out in
the life?
life? When the
the principle
principle of
is implanted
love is
in the
of love
be
implanted
in the
the heart,
heart, when man is
the image
image of
that
after the
of Him that
in
is renewed after
"I will
created
him, the
the new covenant promise
promise is
fulfilled: "I
will put
put My
is fulfilled:
created him,
laws into
their hearts,
their minds will
will II write
write them."
in their
into their
laws
hearts, and in
it not shape
if the
the law
law is
is written
written in
will it
shape the
the life?
life?
in the
the heart,
And if
heart, will
Obedience-the
allegiance of
the true
true sign
of love-is
love is the
the service
service and allegiance
Obedience
sign
of
pp. 64,
65.
to Christ
Christ (1892),
of discipleship.-Steps
64, 65.
Steps to
(1892), pp.
discipleship.
the soul
soul now than
than He expected
of
of the
The Lord expects
less of
expected of
expects no less
man in
in Paradise,
perfect obedience,
obedience, unblemished righteousness.
righteousness.
Paradise, perfect
The requirement
requirement under the
the covenant
covenant of
of grace
is just as
grace is
just as broad
as the
requirement made in
in Eden,-harmony
law,
as
the requirement
Eden, harmony with God's law,
which is
Object
Lessons
(1900),
Lessons
Christ's
is holy, just, and good.-Christ's
which
Object
(1900),
holy, just,
good.
p. 391.
391.
p.
particularly those
those
particularly
144
144
QUESTIONS
Ray C.
C. Stedman
Stedman has
has Impressively
impressively set
set forth
forth the
the relarelaRay
tion of
of grace
grace and law,
law, and some common misconcepmisconception
tions, in
in the
the September,
September, 1953,
1953, Our Hope,
Hope, as
as follows:
follows:
tions,
If the
the question,
question, "Is
"Is law
law opposed
opposed to
to grace?"
grace?" were
were put
put to
to aa
If
answer
the
representative
group
of
evangelical
believers
today,
the
believers
of
today,
evangelical
representative group
would be,
be, in
in many
many instances,
instances, an
an emphatic
emphatic "Yes."
"Yes." Even such aa
would
selected group
group as
as students
students of
of conservative
conservative Bible
Bible institutes
institutes and
selected
seminaries would
would probably
probably give
give aa strong
strong affirmative
affirmative to
to such
such aa
seminaries
their
question.
they
would
be
wrong!
Despite
their
wide-eyed
be
would
And
wide-eyed
wrong!
Despite
they
question.
at such
such aa statement
statement as
as this
this the
the fact
fact remains that,
that, biblibibliamazement at
amazement
cally
and
theologically,
they
are
wrong.
dead
are
and
wrong.
theologically, they
cally
It is
is easy
easy to
to understand
understand why
why otherwise
otherwise well-taught
well-taught Christians
Christians
It
are confused
confused on
on this
this matter.
matter. No theological
theological drum is
is more soundly
soundly
are
thumped today
today than
than that
that of
of law
law vs.
vs. grace.
grace. No issue
issue is
is more clearly
clearly
thumped
drawn than
than that
that which
which separates
separates the
the camp
camp of
of the
the legalists
legalists from
drawn
this, of
of course,
course, is
is pre-eminently
pre-eminently right.
right.
the adherents
adherents of
grace. And this,
of grace.
the
is commonly
commonly overlooked
overlooked and little
little understood
understood in
in this
this prespresWhat is
ent day
day conflict
conflict between
between law
law and grace
grace is
is that
that the
the issue
issue is
is not
not bebeent
the
as such,
such, but
but between
between the
the abuse
abuse of
at the
tween
principles, as
tween these
these two
two principles.,
grace on
on the
other.
law,
the other.
the one
one hand and grace
on the
law, on
the law is
To put
put the
the matter
way, it
is only
only when the
is
it is
another way,
matter another
that it
it comes into
made aa means of
of sin
sin that
of restraint
restraint of
salvation or
or of
of salvation
the
other respect
conflict
of grace.
the principles
with the
conflict with
every other
respect the
grace. In every
principles of
the
two
complementary and not
But
the
law
was
never
not conflicting.
are complementary
two are
conflicting.
designed
is not,
it is
essential principle
save. In
In its
its essential
to save.
not, and cannot
principle it
designed to
in distinctly
the two operate
ever
for the
to grace,
ever be,
be, opposed
distinctly sepasepaoperate in
opposed to
grace, for
is designed
rate
fields and for
for widely
rate fields
divergent purposes.
designed
widely divergent
purposes. The law is
sin. No conflict
to
conflict can
to save
save trom
is designed
reveal sin;
to reveal
sin; grace
from sin.
designed to
grace is
possibly
two.
these two.
exist between
between these
possibly exist
of law
in the
the commandments of
The difference
does not
not lie
lie in
difference does
the
fact
is that
versus
for
the
fact
is
life of
for
that
of grace,
versus the
the commandment-free life
grace,
the
associate the
grace
too! Those who always
has its
its commandments too!
always associate
grace has
the
"law'* have failed
failed to
to read the
word "command" with
with the
the word "law"
a
is but the
the expression
of a
Bible
After all,
a command is
Bible accurately.
all, a
expression of
accurately. After
If
is
of
Christ
desire
of
one
who
has
authority.
If
Christ
is
Lord
of
the part
of
desire on the
authority.
part
bein our lives
our
lives and His requests
has authority
then He has
our lives,
lives, then
authority in
requests beare the
come commands to
the commandlove Him. These are
to all
all who love
ments
difference between them and the
the commandments at
of grace.
grace. The difference
ments
the law?
motive. Why
does one obey
law?
in the
the motive.
of law
law lies
lies in
ments of
Why does
obey the
For
a command of
does one obey
love!
For fear!
of grace?
fear! Why
obey a
grace? For love!
Why does
145
145
There lies
lies the
the difference.
may be
be the
the same in
in
difference. The command may
either case;
either
case; the
the motive
motive alone
the law
irritatalone differs.
law so
so irritatdiffers. What made the
sense of
the sense
were being
being
ing was the
of constraint
it engendered. We
constraint it
ing
engendered. \Ve were
really did
did not
want to
to do.
comasked to
to do what we really
not want
do. The same comin the
mand, in
the relationship
of grace,
elicits aa prompt
prompt and willing
mand,
willing
grace, elicits
relationship of
obedience
us because
because we love
the One who asks
asks it
it of
obedience from us
us.
of us.
love the
sense of
of constraint
The sense
constraint is
is utterly gone.
utterly gone.
What happened,
happened, then,
the
law? Did the
then, when grace
grace superseded
superseded law?
desire of
of God for
desire
men, as
in
the
law,
change?
No:
it
for men,
it
as expressed
in
the
No;
law,
change?
expressed
was
was even intensified
to be
be inward
inward rather
rather than
than merely
intensified and made to
merely
outward.
outward. What,
motive of
men's hearts!
hearts! Once
What, then,
then, changed?
of men's
changed? The motive
strove in
in vain to
we strove
to obey
just law,
lashed on by
by our
a just
fears of
of
our fears
law, lashed
obey a
come. Now,
wrath to
to corne.
Now, as
in Christ,
before God in
in
as believers
believers in
stand before
Christ, we stand
the perfect
the
perfect righteousness
righteousness of
and, because
because we love
Christ and,
love Him who
of Christ
first
first loved
loved us,
us, we seek
Him-something
find great
seek to
to please
great
something we find
please Him
in
the
pleasure
ourselves
in
doing-and
thus,
unconsciously,
fulfill the
ourselves
and
thus,
pleasure
doing
unconsciously, fulfill
law.
law. "For what the
the law could
not do,
do, in
in that
that it
it was
was weak through
could not
through
in the
the likeness
likeness of
the
flesh, God sending
the flesh,
sinful
His own Son in
of sinful
sending His
flesh, and for
judged sin
in the
the flesh,
flesh, that
that the
the righteousness
righteousness
for sin,
sin in
flesh,
sin, judged
be fulfilled
in us,
us, who walk
walk not
not after
of the
the law
might be
law might
of
fulfilled in
after the
the flesh,
flesh,
is
but after
the Spirit"
(Rom.
8:3,
4).
last
clause
is
descriptive
but
after the
The
clause
last
8:3,
descriptive
Spirit" (Rom.
4).
of
supplied.)
of what grace
us do.
do. (Italics
grace makes us
(Italics supplied.)
This statement
Adventist position
position may
may well
well close
This
statement of
of Adventist
close
with
this admonition from Ellen
Ellen G.
G. White to
to our
with this
our own
church:
church:
Christ
is pleading
pleading for
the heavenly
heavenly courts
above,
courts above,
Christ is
for the
church in
in the
the church
pleading for
those for
paid the
the redemption
redemption price
price of
of His
His
for those
for whom He paid
pleading
the efficacy
ages, can
never diminish the
can never
own lifeblood.
lifeblood. Centuries,
Centuries, ages,
efficacy
of His
of this
the gospel
gospel of
His grace
grace
of
of the
this atoning
sacrifice. The message
atoning sacrifice.
message of
clear and distinct
was to
be given
given to
to the
distinct lines,
that
in clear
church in
to be
the church
was
lines, that
talk
the
world should
should. no longer
Adventists talk
that Seventh-day
the world
longer say
say that
Testimonies
Christ.
the law,
law, the
the law,
but do not
teach or
believe Christ.-Testimonies
not teach
or believe
the
law, but
to Ministers,
92.
to Ministers, p.
p. 92.
poet has
has well
well said:
A Christian
said:
Christian poet
II would not
not work my
my soul
soul to
to save,
save,
that my
my Lord hath
hath done;
done;
For that
For
But II would work like
slave
like any
any slave
Son.
For the
love of
of God's dear Son.
For
the love
V. Questions
V.
on the
the Sabbath,
Questions on
Sabbath, Sunday,
Sunday,
and the
the Mark
and
of the
Mark of
the Itast
Beast
Tke Foundation
The
Foundation of
Sabbath Observance
Observance
of Sabbath
QUESTION
QUESTION
15
Just what is
of Seventh-day
Seventh-day Adis the
basis of
the basis
Just
ventist
of Saturday
Saturday as
the Sabbath,
Sabbath,
ventist observance of
as the
instead
instead of
Sunday,
commonly
called
the
Lord's
the
called
Lord's
of Sunday, commonly
or
day
or
the
Christian
Sabbath?
the
Christian
Sabbath?
day
believe that
that the
the Sabbath was instituted
in Eden
We believe
Instituted in
set
before sin
that it
of God,
it was honored of
sin entered,
before
God, set
entered, that
mankind
apart
by
divine
appointment,
and
given
to
as
as
divine
to
given
appointment,
apart by
It was
the
perpetual memorial of
a finished
creation. It
of a
finished creation.
the perpetual
had
rested
based
upon
the
fact
that
God
rested
from
fact
that
Himself
the
based upon
rest
His work of
blessed His Sabbath,
of creation,
His
Sabbath, or rest
creation, had blessed
man
set
for
day,
sanctified
it,
or
set
it
apart
for
(Gen.
or
it
and
had
sanctified
it,
(Gen.
apart
day,
it was
2: 1-3; Mark 2:27).
believe, further,
that it
further, that
2:1-3;
2:27). We believe,
none other
than the
Himself, the
the second
of God Himself,
the Son of
other than
of
person of
the Creator of
the eternal
eternal Godhead,
of the
Godhead, who was the
person
the
Genesis
1:
1-3,
and
who
therefore
appointed
the
original
therefore
Genesis 1:1-3,
original
appointed
Col. 1:16,
Sabbath
1 Cor.
Cor. 8:6;
17; Heb.
Sabbath (John
8:6; Col.
1:16, 17;
1:3; 1
(John 1:3;
1:
1, 2).
1:1,2).
While the
the Sabbath is
in the
the very
very heart
heart of
of
is enshrined in
While
the commandments of
God, it
it must be remembered
of God,
the
of man is
that
Jesus said,
is Lord also
also of the
that Jesus
said, "The Son of
is
its
In
other
sabbath"
2:28).
other words,
words, He is
its
sabbath" (Mark
(Mark 2:28).
author and
maker. He is
is its
its protector.
protector. The Sabbath
its maker.
and its
author
is
the "sabbath
thy God" (Ex.
the Lord [Jehovah]
of the
"sabbath of
is the
(Ex.
[Jehovah] thy
149
150
QUESTIONS
20:
10). Hence Christ
is its
its Lord;
Lord; the
the Sabbath belongs
Christ is
belongs
20:10).
to
is the
the Lord's
day. Inasmuch as
as
to Him. It
it is
It is
is His day;
Lord's day.
day; it
we,
His blood-bought
blood-bought children,
belong to
to Him and live
live
we, His
children, belong
in Him,
Him, and He lives
us (Gal.
(Gal. 2:20),
natural
in
in us
lives in
2:20), how natural
that Sabbath
among
other
expressions
of
that
Sabbath observance,
other
observance, among
expressions of
to Him,
Him, should
be revealed
revealed in
in our
love and loyalty
love
should be
loyalty to
lives.
lives.
"We
understand that
that the
the Sabbath
was not
not initially
Sabbath was
We understand
initially
given
simply
to
provide
rest
from
physical
rest
to
exhaustion,
given simply
physical exhaustion,
provide
but was
was for
man's highest
highest good-spiritually,
intellecbut
for man's
good spiritually, intellecand
physically.
It
was
primarily
for
fellowship
tually,
It
was
for
primarily
tually,
fellowship
physically.
with
the presence
presence of
of God that
that
is the
as it
it is
with God,
God, inasmuch as
it
and
makes
holy.
after
man's
fall,
it
also
gives
rest
But
after
man's
also
fall,
holy.
gives rest
rest as
as well
well.
provided needful
needful physical
physical rest
provided
Many
centuries
later,
the
weekly
seventh-day Sab
the
Sabcenturies
later,
Many
weekly seventh-day
bath was
was reaffirmed
reaffirmed at
(Ex. 20:8-11;
20:8-11; 31:16,
Sinai (Ex.
at Sinai
bath
31:16, 17).
17).
God gave
His
chosen
people
an
organized
of
system of
gave His chosen people
organized system
This Sabbath precept
precept was placed
placed in
in the
the midst
worship. This
worship.
of
moral law,
Commandments, which were
or Ten Commandments,
of the
the moral
law, or
law enunciated
given
by God to
to man. The law
enunciated principles
given by
principles
that are
are eternal
that, in
in their
application to
to this
this
that
eternal and that,
their application
upon the
the abiding
abiding relationships
relationships of
earth, are
are based
of man
based upon
earth,
to God and man to
to man. The Sabbath thus
thus reminds
to
of Christ's
Preserver,
Benefactor,
man of
as Creator,
Christ's work as
Creator, Preserver, Benefactor,
and now,
now, because
because of
as Redeemer.
of sin,
sin, as
In addition,
yearly festivals,
or ceremonial
ceremonial
certain yearly
In
addition, certain
festivals, or
month
sabbaths,
on
specified
days
of
the
and
the
sabbaths, falling
falling
specified days of
connected
with
the
Mosaic
sacrificial
services,
were
the
Mosaic
connected with
sacrificial services,
prefigured the
the gospel
provision of
introduced. These prefigured
of
introduced.
gospel provision
salvation
through the
the coming
of
God,
which
"Lamb
of
salvation through
God,
coming
taketh
the sin
world" (John
(John 1:29).
sin of
the world"
taketh away
of the
away the
1:29). But
the
Decalogue, sealed
lip and finger
finger of
the Decalogue,
sealed with the
the lip
of God,
God,
SABBATH OBSERVANCE
151
151
was
lifted above all

all Jewish
lifted
rites and ceremonies.
ceremonies. This
Jewish rites
evident
evident from the
the fact
that the
was estabfact that
the Sabbath
estabSabbath was
is
lished
therefore before
before he
he had
lished before
before man sinned,
sinned, and therefore
need
of
a
any
of
a
Redeemer.
It
was
not
a
part
of
the
cereRedeemer.
It
was
not
the
a
of
cereany
part
regulations occasioned
by the
the entrance
entrance of
monial regulations
occasioned by
of sin,
sin,
and which were annulled by
by the
of Christ
Christ (Col.
the death
death of
(Col.
2:
17). Thus
Thlls the
the Ten Commandments and the
the gospel
gospel
2:17).
in figure,
in
in
in
inseparable
union,
were
affirmed
to
Israel
were
to
Israel
affirmed
figure,
inseparable union,
of
old.
of old.
So the
the Sabbath,
Eden, was
was kept
kept by
by
established in
in Eden,
Sabbath, established
patriarch,
prophet,
and
people
of
throughout
the
the
of
God
patriarch, prophet,
throughout
people
Christ came,
came, at
centuries
of pagan
pagan darkness.
centuries of
at
darkness. And when Christ
His incarnation,
He
likewise
observed
the
seventh
day
His
likewise observed the seventh day
incarnation,
as
1, 2;
4: 16, 31),
31), and was
as the
the Sabbath (Mark
6:1,
2; Luke 4:16,
(Mark 6:
"Lord also
2:28)-the
the sabbath"
also of
of the
sabbath" (Mark
Creator
(Mark 2:28) the Creator
who had established
established the
the original
seventh-day
Sabbath
original seventh-day
of
week.
of creation
creation week.
He also
also fulfilled,
antitypical reality,
reality, the
the Old
in antitypical
fulfilled, in
the
of
Testament types
of
redemption-dying
as
the
"Lamb
of
as
of
redemption dying
types
and
atoning
God,"
a
vicarious,
completely
efficacious,
a
vicarious, completely efficacious,
God,"
atoning
death
man, on the
Passthe specified
fourteenth (or
death for
for man,
(or Passspecified fourteenth
we
beover)
day
of
the
first
month.
The
Saviour
died,
bethe
of
first
died,
over) day
after
the
sixth
day
of
the
week.
Then,
after
remainlieve,
the
of
week.
sixth
the
on
Then,
lieve,
day
ing in
the tomb over
the seventh-day
Christ
over the
in the
Sabbath, Christ
seventh-day Sabbath,
ing
rose triumphant
triumphant over
the first
first day
day of
of the
the
over death on the
rose
when
Christ
week. The typical
ceremonial
system
ceased
Christ
week.
system
typical
completed
redemptive act.
act. But the DecaDecaHis great
great redemptive
completed His
the
Chrisas
logue and the
the gospel-in-actuality
gospel-in-actuality remained as the Chrislogue
forth the
the standard,
tian's continuing
standard,
tian's
setting forth
continuing guide,
guide, one setting
for its
and
other providing
providing the
the enabling
power
its
and the
the other
enabling power for
observance.
observance.
texts in
specifically menin the
the New Testament specifically
The texts
is
152
152
QUESTIONS
tioning the
the first
28: 1; Mark
first day
of the
the week (Matt.
tioning
day of
(Matt. 28:1;
16:
1,2,9; Luke 24:
1; John
1, 19;
Acts 20:7,
20:7,8;
1 Cor.
Cor.
8; 1
16:1,2,9;
24:1;
20:1,
19; Acts
John 20:
16:
1, 2)
cannot
rightly
be
construed
as
enjoining
the
be
construed
cannot
as
16:1,
rightly
2)
enjoining the
observance
as transferring
the Sabbath
or as
observance of
of Sunday,
Sunday, or
transferring the
from the
the seventh
to
the
first
day.
the
first
seventh day
to
day.
day
The seventh-day
Sabbath
continued
to be
be kept
by
continued
to
seventh-day
kept by
along
with
Christ's
followers for
centuries.
with
centuries.
But
for several
Christ's followers
several
along
the Sabbath
there was
was aa growing
observance of
of what
the
Sabbath there
growing observance
was
the festival
of the
the resurrection,
celebrated
festival of
as the
was known as
resurrection, celebrated
on
the first
This was
was observed
observed at
at least
least from the
the
first day.
on the
day. This
middle of
of the
(see
Socrates,
EcclesiastiEcclesiastisecond century
middle
the second
century (see Socrates,
History, V. 22).
the first
first recorded
recorded observance
cal History,
observance
cal
22). And the
First
ch. 67).
was at
Martyr,
First
AjJology,
was
at Rome (Justin
Martyr,
67).
(Justin
Apology, ch.
these two observances-the
the
observances the Sabbath and the
Thus these
"festival
of the
the resurrection"
resurrection"-came,
time, to
in time,
to paral"festival of
came, in
paralthe fourth
the apostatizing
apostatizing
lel
lel each
other. In the
each other.
fourth century
century the
church-first,
the Council
of Laodicea
Laodicea (in
(in canon
canon 29)*
church
at the
Council of
first, at
29)*
-anathematized
to "Judaize,"
or
those who continued to
anathematized those
"]udaize," or
rest
the seventh
of
the
week,
and
decreed
the
the
seventh day
of
rest on the
decreed
the
week,
day
in its
its stead
stead (Hefele,
observance
of the
the first
day in
History
first day
observance of
(Hefele, History
vol.
of
the
Councils
of
the
Church,
vol.
2,
p.
316).
the
the
2, p. 316). Thus
Church,
of
of
first enforced
ecclesiastical custom was
was first
enforced by
by church
church counecclesiastical
council action.
action.
cil
that this
Seventh-day
Adventists believe
believe that
this very
very change
change
in Bible
in Daniel
was predicted
predicted in
Bible prophecy,
prophecy, in
Daniel 7:25.
7: 25. The
was
in Rome led
in bringing
led out in
church in
bringing about the
the change
change
to Sunday.
Thenceforth
to
Sunday
observed by
Sunday.
Sunday was observed
by most
Christians, before,
the ProtesProtesChristians,
before, during,
during, and fonowing
following the
tant
the sixteenth
The
Sabtant Reformation of
of the
sixteenth century.
Sabcentury.
of the
*The canons
canons of
the provincial
Laodicea were
were incorporated
the
Council of Laodicea
into the
provincial Council
incorporated into
law of
of the
the church
church by
of the
the general
general Council of
In 451,
451, and
action of
of Chalcedon,
thus
and thus
by action
Chalcedon, in
became obligatory
for all
all churches.
churches.
obligatory for
SABBATH OBSERVANCE
153
bath, however,
however, still
be observed
by some
still continued
continued to
to be
observed by
bath,
in various parts
in
of
Europe
and
elsewhere.
of
elsewhere.
parts
Europe
The revival
revival of
of seventh-day
observance was
seventh-day Sabbath observance
brought
about
in
the
seventeenth
century
by
largely
in
the
seventeenth
largely brought
century by
the
the Seventh Day
Day Baptist
Baptist movement in
in Britain
Britain and on
the
the Continent.
Continent. Seventh-day
Adventists began
began the
prothe proSeventh-day Adventists
of the
mulgation
the Sabbath truth
truth about 1845-46
in
1845-46 in
mulgation of
America.
America.
We believe
believe that
that the
restoration of
the Sabbath
Sabbath is
is
the restoration
of the
indicated
in the
indicated in
the Bible prophecy
of
Revelation
14:9-12.
of
14:9-12.
Revelation
prophecy
believing this,
this, we regard
regard the
the observance
observance of
of
Sincerely
Sincerely believing
the
the Sabbath as
test of
loyalty to
to Christ
as Creator
as a test
of our loyalty
Creator
Christ as
and Redeemer.
Seventh-day
Adventists do not
not rely
rely upon
upon their
their SabSabSeventh-day Adventists
bathkeeping
as
a
of
salvation
or
of
winning
merit
as
a
means
salvation
of
or
of
bathkeeping
winning
before God. We are
by grace
grace alone.
alone. Hence our
before
are saved
saved by
Sabbath observance,
to every
every other
as also
also our loyalty
observance, as
loyalty to
love for
of our love
command of
of God,
is an expression
for our
God, is
expression of
Creator and Redeemer.
Creator
The Sablatk
Sabbath and
Moral Law
Law
and the
the Moral
QUESTION
QUESTION
16
The Christian
generally holds
holds (1)
Christian world generally
(1)
that
the moral law is
is eternal
has not
not been
been
that the
eternal and has
abolished; (2)
principle,
that the
the Sabbath principle,
abolished;
(2) that
anchored to
creation week,
especially
to the
the creation
in the
the
week, especially in
six-and-one days-markdistinction
the six-and-one
markdays
ing
authority for
for different
different
divine authority
off by
by divine
ing them off
purposes-is
permanent
eternal;
(:;)
is likewise
likewise
and
eternal;
(3)
permanent
purposes
that the
specific seventh-day
seventh-day time element
element is
that
the specific
is but
ceremonial and typical,
therefore temporary
temporary
ceremonial
typical, and therefore
-being
fulfilled
and
abrogated
by
Christ
at the
Christ
at
the
fulfilled
being
abrogated by
cross;
is a clear
there is
that there
clear continuity
cross; and (4)
(4) that
continuity
between the
the Sabbath of
between
times,
of Old Testament times,
based on creation,
the Lord's
Lord's day
day of
based
the New
creation, and the
of the
Testament,
with the
the rereTestament, based on redemption,
redemption, with
demption rest
rest greater
greater than the
rest.
creation rest.
the creation
demption
What is
position of
of Seventh-day
Adventists
is the
the position
on these
these jour
four points?
points?
Seventh-day
in full
accord with
full accord
are in
Adventists are
point
I-that
the
moral
law
is
eternal
in
its
very nature
1
in
that
the
law
eternal
its
is
very
point
these
that
and has
has not
not been abrogated.
believe
that these
We
believe
abrogated.
are unchanged
eternal moral principles
principles are
unchanged and unchangeunchangeeternal
are
able. 'We
further believe
that these
these basic
basic principles
principles are
able.
We further
believe that
found in
the Decalogue-Ten
the
in the
or the
Decalogue Ten Commandments, or
moral law.
law.
154
THE SABBATH AND THE MORAL LAW 155

155
believe that
that the
moral law
in its
its original
original form,
We believe
the moral
law in
form,
the wording
though
wording has
has not
not been
been recorded,
recorded, finds
finds comthough the
prehensive
expression
in
the
principles
set
forth
by
in
the
set
forth by
prehensive expression
principles
Jesus-loving
God
supremely
loving
our
fellow
and
our
fellow
loving
Jesus
supremely
loving
men equally
equally with
with ourselves.
primary principles
ourselves. These primary
principles
are
the foundation
foundation of
of God's
the eternal
are the
God's throne,
law
eternal law
throne, and the
of His
of
His beneficent
beneficent moral
moral government.
government.
We also
also believe
that it
it is
is this
moral law-the
believe that
law the
this moral
Decalogue-that
Jaw is
is the
the knowlknowlreveals sin:
sin: "By
the law
Decalogue that reveals
"By the
"Where
law
is,
there
is
edge
of sin"
3:20);
sin" (Rom.
there
no
law
is
is,
edge of
(Rom. 3:20);
no transgression"
(Rom.
4:
15);
"1
not
sin,
"I
had
known
not
sin,
transgression" (Rom. 4:15);
but by
by the
the law" (Rom.
but
(Rom. 7:7);
7:7); and "Whosoever committeth sin
the law:
for sin
is the
the transteth
sin transgresseth
also the
sin is
translaw: for
transgresseth also
of
gression
of
the
law"
(1
John
3:4).
the
law"
gression
(1 John 3:4).
It was the
the outbreak of
in Eden,
Eden, the
the transgresIt
of sin
sin in
transgresthat
made
the
plan
of
redemption
sion
the divine
divine law,
that
of the
sion of
the
of
law,
plan
redemption
necessary.
a
died a
of man's sin
sin the
the Saviour
Saviour died
Because of
necessary. Because
death
on
Calvary
to
save
lost
vicarious, atoning
man.
lost
death
to
save
vicarious,
atoning
Calvary
Hence, the
the moral law
law and the
the gospel
are inseparably
Hence,
inseparably
gospel are
One
reveals
the
sin;
the
other:,
the Redeemer
related.
related.
reveals the sin; the other, the
sin.
who saves
saves from sin.
We are
agreement with most of
of point
point 2in agreement
2
are also
also in
is
likeand
that the
from
creation
week,
is
likecreation
the Sabbath
that
Sabbath springs
week,
springs
permanent and eternal.
wise
"six-and-one day"
eternal. The "six-and-one
wise permanent
day"
be
will
expression,
from
which
dissent,
will
discussed
we
dissent,
expression,
But on the
later.
of the
the fundamental Protestant
the basis
basis of
later. But
principle
that
the
Bible
is
the Christian's
Christian's sole
sole rule of
of
is the
Bible
that
the
principle
of
believe that
the contention
contention of
faith
that the
faith and practice,
practice, we believe
point 3-that
the moral nature
nature of
of the
the Sabbath
while the
that while
3
point
time
its specific
as
an institution
time
element
is permanent, its
institution is
as an
specific
permanent,
and
thus
was
only
ceremonial
and
temporary,
thus
lapsed
at
was only ceremonial
lapsed at
temporary,
the cross
cross-is
a corollary
corollary argument.
inconsistent as
as a
is inconsistent
the
argument. We
156
156
QUESTIONS
likewise reject
reject the
the implication
that while
while the
the moral
moral
likewise
implication that
is firmly
creation, its
aspect
the Sabbath is
in creation,
its
of the
firmly anchored in
aspect of
time element is
*
is not.
not.*
Nowhere in
the
teachings of
of 1
esus do we find
find any
in the teachings
any
Jesus
declaration
the effect
time element,
or
effect that
that this
this time
declaration to
to the
element, or
seventh-day-ness
(if
may
so
term
it),
of
the
Sabof
Sabthe
we
so
may
it),
seventh-day-ness (if
bath command has
not found
bath
has been changed.
changed. We have not
this
any questioning
questioning of
the validity
validity of
of this seventh-day-ness
seventh-day-ness
of the
any
the
relaxation
of
on the
part of
or
any
relaxation
of
the obligation
or
the part
of Jesus,
obligation
any
Jesus,
rather an implicit
of its
seventh-day-ness) but
but rather
of
its seventh-day-ness,
implicit recognirecognition
of its
its continuance.
continuance.
tion of
1.
OF AGREEMENT AND DIFFERENCE.-AdDIFFERENCE. Ad1. POINTS
ventists
believe that
that the
the seventh-day
Sabbath which
ventists believe
seventh-day Sabbath-which
was given
was
27)-was
given to
for man" (Mark
to "man"
was "made for
(Mark 2:
2:27)
the
Hebrew
in
before
(i.e.,
mankind)
in
Eden,
long
before
the
Eden,
long
(i.e.,
mankind)
it
people
came
into
being.
it
observed
throughAnd
was
observed
into
throughbeing.
people
out the
patriarchal age,
long before
before it
it was placed
in
the patriarchal
out
age, long
placed in
the special
Israel, following
their exoexoof ancient
ancient Israel,
the
following their
custody of
special custody
dus from Egypt.t
Egypt.f
principles of
the moral
moral law
law were,
were, we believe,
The principles
of the
believe,
*Some think
think of
the Sabbath
as an institution
institution related
related only
only to
to the
the Hebrews.
Hebrews. Those
of the
Sabbath as
that the
tbe Deuteronomy
Deuteronomy version
version of
of the
the Decalogue
Decalogue emwbo press
press this
this point
who
claim that
point claim
that
the
Sabbath
was
given
exclusively
to
the
Hebrews,
because
they
phasizes
because
the
the
to
that
Sabbath
Hebrews,
they had
phasizes
given exclusively
heen delivered
delivered from slavery.
been
slavery.
tThe
the latter
part of
regarding the
the Sabbath is
is understandable
silence of
of the
latter part
of Genesis
Genesis regarding
fThe silence
when one remembers that
that acquaintance
of the
the patriarchs
patriarchs with God's commandments
acquaintance of
taken for
granted. The author of
of the
historical record
record in
in Genesis did not deem
was taken
for granted.
the historical
it necessary
in his
his sweeping
sweeping survey
of the
the centuries.
to mention it
centuries. But Abraham
it
it in
necessary to
survey of
kept
(Gen. 26:5}-the
here used for
for
the commandments of
of God (Gen.
the Hebrew word here
26:5)
kept the
"commandments" being
being the
the same as
used
for
the
Decalogue
in Deuteronomy
Deuteronomy
as that
for
the
that
Decalogue in
5:
10, 29.
Kalisch mentions this
as the
the law written
the heart
beart of man,
man, and the
the
this as
written in
in the
29. Kalisch
5:10,
tables/'
Pulpit Commentary
Commentary states
the word means "that which is
is graven
graven on tables."
states that
that the
Pulpit
that not
Abraham acknowledged
obeyed the
the moral law of
so, would that
not
of God. If
If so,
acknowledged and obeyed
include
the Sabbath?
Sabbath? Tbe
Bible (Gen.
26:5) says
says Abraham had aa
include the
The Companion
(Gen. 26:5)
Companion Bible
charge,
be observed;
commandments, to
to be
be obeyed;
obeyed; statutes
statutes (decrees),
(decrees), to
to be
be
to be
charge, to
observed; commandments,
acknowledged;
to be
be followed.
followed.
laws ("instruction,"
(' 'instruction," the
the Torah),
Torah) to
acknowledged; and laws
their wilderness
experience, God tested
tested His
His ancient
as to
to
ancient people
And during
wilderness experience,
during their
people as
whether they
walk in
in the
the way
of His
His commandments (Ex.
(Ex. 16:4).
whether
tes,t
they would walk
way of
16:4). The te~t
the subject
subject of
the Sabbath.
of
16:1
with
Exodus
Exodus
came on the
of the
of
16:1
with
Sabbath. And comparison
comparison
19:
that this
before the
the promulgation
promulgation of
of the
the Decathis occurred
19:11 shows
occurred several
several weeks
weeks before
shows that
must, therefore,
therefore, have
have known not
of God's
law but
but also
specific
logue.
not only
God's law
also of
of specific
They must,
only of
logue. They
as evidenced
evidenced by
by this
this reference
reference to
to the
commandments embraced therein,
therein, as
the Sabbath.
Sabbath.
y

157
to man before
known to
before the
the Fall,*
Fall, * and were
were later
later committed to
to written
written form in
Decalogue, amid the
in the
the awethe Decalogue,
written by
some scenes
scenes of
of Sinai-spoken
Sinai spoken and written
by God
19 and 20;
(Exodus
15, 16).
believe that
that
20; 32:
32:15,
(Exodus 19
16). And we believe
when Israel
covenant
people,
Israel became God's
God's special
covenant
special
people,
keeping His
His commandments,
pledging to
to honor Him in
in keeping
commandments,
pledging
the Decalogue
was given
basis of
of that
that covenant.
covenant.
the
as the
the basis
Decalogue was
given as
dissent, however,
the contention
point
We dissent,
in point
contention in
however, from the
44 of
of "continuity"
"continuity"-transfer
of the
the observance
the
transfer of
of the
observance of
seventh-day
to the
the festival
the resurrection,
resurrection,
festival of
of the
seventh-day Sabbath to
on the
the first
day of
the week.
week. We believe
believe the
the basis
basis of
first day
of the
the
of the
two observances
observances to
be totally
different-in
the
first,
it
it
different
in
two
to be
the
first,
totally
was to
to commemorate the
the rest
rest of
of the
the Creator;
in
the
in
the
was
Creator;
second,
to commemorate the
the resurrection
of our Lord.
Lord.
resurrection of
second, to
We dissent
dissent from the
that
the
sevenththe suggestion
that
the
seventhsuggestion
of the
day Sabbath of
a cerecerethe Old Testament had only
only a
day
monial significance,
significance, or
was
in
any
way
"fulfilled
and
"fulfilled
in
or
any way
abrogated by
the seventh-day
seventh-day-ness
-ness is
or that
that the
is an
Christ," or
by Christ,"
abrogated
"abrogated"
aspect
or
"temporary"
feature
of
the
abidor
feature
of
the
abid"abrogated" aspect
"temporary"
ing Sabbath
the fourth
commandmentof the
fourth commandment.
Sabbath of
ing
We dissent
dissent from the
the change
the original
wordof the
change of
original wording-the
day," of
of the
the fourth
fourth
"the seventh day,"
the "six
"six days"
days" and "the
ing
20-to
the unbiblical
unbiblical expresto the
of Exodus 20
commandment of
expresor aa mere proportion
proportion of
sion
of time,
"six-and-one days,"
sion "six-and-one
time,
days," or
to
us
such
a
change
of
phrasing
involves
a
definite
for
definite
involves
for to us such a change of phrasing
change
of intent
to which we cannot agree.
intent to
agree.
change of
the proposition
We dissent
dissent from the
proposition that
that the
the Lord Jesus
Jesus
of
Christ
the observance from the
the last
last day
transferred the
Christ transferred
day of
to
the
the
week
to
the
first
in
order
to
point
beyond
the
first
in
to the
the
point beyond
rest."
original
"creation
rest"
to
a
greater
"redemption
rest."
rest"
to a
"creation
greater
"redemption
original
"At
his creation
was untainted
untainted by
by sin.
sin. God "made man upright"
upright" (Eccl.
(Ecc!.
creation Adam was
*At his
the image
Man was
was created
image of God" (Gen.
(Gen. 1:27).
being so,
the
created "in the
1:27). That being
50, the
moral
law would
would be
in his
his heart.
heart.
written in
be written
moral law
7:29).
7:29).
158
158
QUESTIONS
We find
find no scriptural
such a
a claim.
evidence to
sustain such
claim.
to sustain
scriptural evidence
The Biblical
Biblical and historical
reasons for
views
historical reasons
for our views
follow.
follow.
2. MEMORIAL IN CHARACTER, NOT CEREMONIAL.CEREMONIAL.
2.
All Seventh-day
Adventists,
as
creationists,
believe in
in
All
as
creationists, believe
the
record of
(Gen. 1:
to 2:
the Genesis
1:11 to
of a
a fiat
fiat creation
creation (Gen.
Genesis record
2:
2),
with
the
seventh
day
as
God's
recorded
and
attested
with
as
God's
recorded
attested
seventh
the
day
2),
rest day,
day, and the
the perpetual
perpetual meas the
rest
the Sabbath given
given as
that creation,
blessed
and
sanctified
(or
morial of
of that
sanctified
morial
blessed
set
creation,
(or set
its inception before
apart) for
for man. The Sabbath had its
inception before
apart)
sin enteTed
2
3),
it was
and
sin
the world (Genesis
entered the
2
(Genesis
3), and it was
If
sin
had
given
to
commemorate
a
completed
creation.
a
to
creation.
If
sin
given
completed
not entered,
entered, all
have kept
the
original
Sabbath
not
all would have
the
kept
original Sabbath
day.
day.
God did
did not
order that
that he
he might
might keep
keep
in order
not make man in
the Sabbath (Mark
2:27).
having
man,
the
But
made
man, He
(Mark 2:27).
having
gave him the
the Sabbath as
as aa continual
reminder and mecontinual reminder
gave
morial of
power
of
the
Creator.
while
of the
the mighty
of
the
And while
Creator.
mighty power
principle of
the Sabbath includes
includes both
both physical
physical and
the principle
the
of the
spiritual
rest, aa memorial cannot be
be spiritualized
spiritualized away,
spiritual rest,
away,
and does
not expire
with the
lapse of
time.
does not
the lapse
of time.
expire with
Inasmuch, then,
then, as
the Sabbath was
was instituted
as the
instituted at
at
Inasmuch,
creation,
before
the
entrance
of
sin,
it
was
an
inthe
entrance
before
of
it
was
increation,
sin,
part of
plan and provision
provision for
separable
of God's original
for
separable part
original plan
man. It
not, therefore,
therefore, have any
any ceremonial
ceremonial
It did not,
significance
by foreshadowing
to come. On
significance by
foreshadowing something
something to
it
the contrary,
has
ever
had
a
the
it
has
ever
a
significommemorative
contrary,
signififor
it
to
it
points
back
to
something
already
cance,
for
cance,
points
something already done
-the
the world and the
race.
the creation
of the
creation of
the human race.
observance of
the seventh-day
Sabbath
is an
of the
Our observance
Sabbath
is
an
seventh-day
expression
of
our
belief
that
Christ
created
the
world.
of
belief
that
Christ
created
the
world.
expression
it is
is also
And it
also aa sign
love, loyalty,
of our love,
devotion to
to
sign of
loyalty, and devotion

159
as our Maker and King.
Him as
further fact
that the
the
fact that
King. The further
of the Sabbath so
Lord of
so loved
us that
loved us
that He became man
sacrificed His life
and sacrificed
life to
to save
save us
us from sin's
sin's ruin,
makes
ruin, makes
all the
His Sabbath all
and
glorious
the more precious
the
as the
precious
glorious as
Lord's
Lord's day.
day.
that at
at His incarnation
We believe that
incarnation Jesus
Christ
Jesus Christ
to reveal
reveal the
the perfect
character
and
will
and
love
came to
character
will
love
perfect
of God,
to vindicate
righteousness of
of
fulfill the
vindicate and fulfill
of
the righteousness
God, and to
His moral law and government.
In
this
way
Christ's
In
this way Christ's
government.
perfect obedience and righteousness
is first
first imputed
perfect
righteousness is
imputed
(through
justification)
and
then
imparted
(through
(through justification)
imparted (through
all who accept
to all
sanctification)
in
death in
sanctification) to
accept His atoning
atoning death
their stead.
stead. Provision
their
His
perfect
Provision was thus
thus made for
for
perfect
our Sabbath
breaking-as
Sabbathkeeping
to cover
cover all
all our
as
Sabbathkeeping to
Sabbathbreaking
as the
well as
infraction of
the nine other
well
the infraction
precepts of
of the
other precepts
the
of the
Ten Commandments.
BASICALLY
3.
3. MORAL AND CEREMONIAL SABBATHS BASICALLY
DIFFERENT.-We
believe that
a sharp
sharp and fundamental
fundamental
that a
DIFFERENT.
We believe
distinction
has been made between the
distinction has
the weekly
weekly seventhseventhand
the
seven
annual
cereday
Sabbath
of
the
Lord,
of
the
the
seven
Sabbath
cereannual
Lord,
day
monial or
or typical
typical sabbaths
sabbaths of
of the
the tabernacle
tabernacle ritual
ritual
(Passover, Pentecost,
Day of
of Atonement,
Atonement, et
et cetera).
Pentecost, Day
cetera).
(Passover,
These annual
annual sabbaths
fell on aa specified
specified day
of
sabbaths each fell
These
day of
of
the
and
the month,
month, not
not on aa specific
day
of
the
week,
only
the
week,
only
specific day
occasionally coincided
coincided with
with the
the seventh-day
seventh-day Sabbath.
Sabbath.
occasionally
believe that
that these
these annual typical
tyjJical sabbaths,
sabbaths, with
with
We believe
their special
special sacrificial
sacrificial offerings,
offerings, all
all pointed
pointed forward
forward
their
to the
the one all-encompassing
all-encompassing and all-sufficient
all-sufficient offering
offering
to
as "the
of God,
God, which taketh
taketh away
away
of Jesus
Jesus Christ
Christ as
"the Lamb of
of
states
The
the sin
sin of
of the
the world"
world" (John
(John 1:29).
Scripture
states
the
1:29).
Scripture
that He is
is our
our Passover
Passover (I
(I Cor.
Cor. 5:7).
5: 7). His death
death ococthat
the
CUlTed
on
the
designated
day
of
the
Passover
(Nisan
of
Passover
the designated day
curred
(Nisan
160
QUESTIONS
14),
in that
that year
fell on a
a Friday.
resurrec14), which in
year fell
Friday. His resurrection took place
tion
the day
of the
the wave sheaf,
or first
first
sheaf, or
day of
place on the
fruits (Nisan
fruits
16),
when,
as
the
"firstfruits"
of
them
as
the
"firstfruits"
of
when,
(Nisan 16),
that slept
that
Cor. 15:20,
arose triumphant
over
15:20, 23),
slept (1
(I Cor.
23), He arose
triumphant over
death.
our
death. These tremendous events
events assure
assure us
us of
of our acacceptance
in Him,
resurrection at
at the
the last
of our resurrection
last
Him, and of
ceptance in
day.
sabbaths ended forever
forever at
at
day. These typical
typical annual sabbaths
all
their
the cross,
when
all
types
met
their
complete
antitype.
cross,
types
complete antitype.
But this
the seventh-day
this in
in no way
Sabbath,
affected the
way affected
seventh-day Sabbath)
which was never aa type)
and
consequently
type,
consequently was not
abrogated.
abrogated.
4.
4. SABBATH NOT ABROGATED BY CHRIST.-The
The SabCHRIST.
bath of
the fourth
of the
fourth commandment had no ceremonial
or typical
significance
that could be either
either "fulfilled"
"fulfilled"
typical significance that
in
It
or "abrogated"
in
Christ.
It
was
not
instituted
as
part
Christ.
instituted
as part
"abrogated"
of
of the
the tabernacle
tabernacle ritual
did
not
point
forritual at
at Sinai,
and
not
Sinai,
point forto the
the atoning
ward to
of Christ
InChrist on Calvary.
sacrifice of
atoning sacrifice
Calvary. Inthe Sabbath remained the
of
stead,
the established
established memorial of
stead, the
the
the original
original creation,
hence pointed
pointed back
back to
to the
the work of
of
creation, hence
the
the Creator.
Creator. And this,
this, by
by its
its very
very nature,
nature, could
could be
neither fulfilled
fulfilled nor
nor abrogated
abrogated as
as long
long as
as His
His work of
of
neither
creation
creation stands.
stands.
The Jewish
Jewish traditions
traditions which encrusted
encrusted Sabbath
Sabbath obobservance were indeed
indeed swept
swept away
away by
by Christ
Christ-not
beservance
not because
fulfilled them by
by His
His antitypical,
antitypical, sacrificial
sacrificial
cause He fulfilled
because they
they were simply
simply the
the unauthorized
unauthorized
death, but because
death,
"traditions
"traditions of
of men" that
that had never
never had any
any validity.
validity. So
So
it
it was the
the many
many added rules
rules and rabbinical
rabbinical regulations
regulations
to
the
pertaining
to
the
observance
of
the
Sabbath-the
enobservance
of
the
Sabbath
the enpertaining
that were swept
cumbrances
cumbrances-that
swept away
away by
by the
the teachings
teachings of
of
Christ.
Christ. But this
this involved
involved only
only the
the appendages,
appendages, not
not the
the
Sabbath itself.
itself.

161
Isaiah prophesied
that Christ
Christ would magnify
the law
prophesied that
magnify the
it honorable
and make it
(Isa.
42:21).
This
He
did.
did.
(Isa. 42:21).
And He magnified
the
Sabbath
of
that
law,
by
showing
the
of
that
law, by showing
magnified
it tQ
it
of burden and restriction
restriction but
but aa day
of
tq be not a day
day of
day of
rest and release
release from the
burdens
of
sin
and
its
conserest
the
of sin
its consequences.
the Sabbath throughout
life
quences. He observed the
throughout His life
and ministry,
what
true
Sabbathkeeptrue
ministry, but exemplified
exemplified
Sabbathkeepmeans showing that
that it
ing
it was lawful
lawful to
to do good
ing means-showing
good on
the Sabbath,
the
sick
on the
occasion healing
the
the
sick
Sabbath, and on occasion
healing
Sabbath.
There were,
the civil
civil laws
laws of
of Israel,
were, moreover,
moreover, the
Israel, given
given
when the nation was under aa theocracy.
these
of these
theocracy. Some of
were related
civil
related to
to the
the Sabbath,
entailed severe
severe civil
Sabbath, and entailed
for
penalties
for
desecration
of
the
seventh
day,
such
as
desecration
seventh
of
the
such
as
penalties
day,
capital
punishment
for
presumptuously
picking
up
for
capital punishment
presumptuously picking up
sticks on the
sticks
the Sabbath (Ex.
14; 35:2,
35:2, 3;
15:
31:14;
3; Num. IS:
(Ex. 31:
But
these
ended
forever
with
the
cessation
of
the
32-36).
these
the
the
forever
cessation
of
32-36).
theocracy
in no way
way transferred
transferred
of Israel,
Israel, and were in
theocracy of
from,
or continued
continued beyond,
period.
that period.
from, or
beyond, that
the
Seventh-day
Adventists
the Sabbath to
hold
Adventists
to be for
for
Seventh-day
all the
the world and for
for all
all time.
time. We firmly
firmly believe
believe that
that
all
there is
is nothing
nothing of
of aa ceremonial or
or typical
typical nature
nature in
in
there
the Sabbath of
of the
the fourth commandment.
the
5. "SEVENTH-DAY-NESS"
'SABBATH-NESS'* OF THE
5.
'SEVENTH-DAY-NESS'' AND "SABBATH-NESS"
SABBATH.-Two
conspicuously
characteristics stand out conspicuously
SABBATH. Two characteristics
in connection
connection with the
the original
original Sabbath institution,
institution,
in
which, for
for convenience,
convenience, may
may be termed its
its seventh-dayseventh-daywhich,
its sabbath-ness
sabbath-ness-that
is, the
the specific
specific time
time set
set
ness and its
that is,
ness
rest
nature
the
from
labor.
apart,
and
the
nature
of
the
observance,
rest
labor.
the
observance,
of
apart,
As before
before noted,
noted, the
the entire
entire ceremonial
ceremonial system
system was instiinstiAs
tuted after
after sin
sin entered
entered the
the world,
world, with the
the specific
specific purpurtuted
the
to
pose
of
pointing
sinners
to
the
coming
Saviour.
forward
Saviour.
sinners
of
coming
pointing
pose
'
'
162
162
QUESTIONS
It was designed
It
inculcate faith
His power
power to
to save
to inculcate
faith in
in His
save
designed to
them from their
their sins.
sins. But nowhere do
do the
the Scriptures
Scriptures
state,
or even
even imply,
that the
the time
time element
element of
of the
the original
state, or
imply, that
original
Sabbath command was
was ceremonial.
the contrary,
ceremonial. On the
contrary,
they
provide explicit
its seventh-day-ness
evidence that
that its
they provide
explicit evidence
seventh-day-ness
could not
not have
been ceremonial,
to be
be ceremonial
ceremonial
could
have been
for to
ceremonial, for
the
time
element
have
to
be instiinstiand typical
the
would
have
to
be
typical
tuted after
the entrance
the
consequent
tuted
after the
and
entrance of
of sin,
the
sin,
consequent
of aa Saviour.
need of
Saviour.
the very
very reason
reason for
as the
The Sabbath command gives
for
gives as
its existence
that "in
the
heaven
"in six
its
six days
the
Lord
made
existence that
days
earth, the
the sea,
rested the
in them is,
and earth,
all that
that in
the
sea, and all
is, and rested
seventh
day: wherefore the
the LORD blessed
blessed the
the sabbath
seventh day:
sabbath
hallowed
it"
(Ex.
20:
11).
The
seventh-dayday,
and
it"
hallowed
day,
(Ex. 20:11).
seventh-dayis therefore
ness of
of the
the Sabbath is
therefore no less
surely anchored
ness
less surely
to
than the
that may
may be called
its
creation than
the moral quality
to creation
called its
quality that
sabbath-ness. And our recognition
of the
the one should
sabbath-ness.
should be
be
recognition of
just
as
great
as
that
of
the
other.
this
undeniable
as
as
that
of
the
other.
To
this
undeniable
just
great
fact
testifies the
the seven-day
fact testifies
week, which comes down
seven-day week,
to
us
from
the time of
(see Gen.
Gen. 2:1-3).
2: 1-3).
to us
the
of creation
creation (see
God instituted
the seventh
seventh day
of
the Sabbath on the
instituted the
day of
the first
first week of
time. Thus both
both aspects
of
the
daythe
of time.
of
the
day
aspects
its seventh-day-ness
seventh-day-ness no less
less than
than its
its sabbath-ness
sabbath-ness-are
its
are
inseparably linked
linked with creation.
creation. Except
for some
inseparably
Except for
statement
of
Scripture
in
evidence
to
the conexplicit
of
in
the
evidence
to
conexplicit
Scripture
to
affirm
the
the
the
one
and
deny
the
other
is
clearly
trary,
to
affirm
is
other
trary,
deny
clearly
the major
inconsistent with the
premises we have
have surveyed,
inconsistent
major premises
surveyed,
in view of
especially
of the
the Protestant
Protestant position
position on the
the
especially in
supreme
authority
of
Scripture.
of
supreme authority
Scripture.
or typical,
typical, about
the
There was nothing
about the
ceremonial, or
nothing ceremonial,
several
acts of
resting from His
His
several acts
of creation,
or about God's
God's resting
creation, or
work of
creation, or about the
that He chose
chose to
fact that
of creation,
the fact
to do
THE SABBATH AND THE MORAL LAW
163
163
so on the
so
the seventh
seventh day
creation week.
week. Thus the
the Scripof creation
day of
Scripthe seventh-dayseventh-daytures nowhere so
tures
so much as
as imply
that the
imply that
ness of
pointed forward
forward to
to the
the cross.
ness
of the
the Sabbath ever
cross.
ever pointed
And only
those
things
that
pointed
forward
to
the
cross
those
to
the
that
cross
forward
only
things
pointed
the
cross.
The
seventh-day-ness
were abolished
abolished at
were
at or
or by
the
cross.
seventh-day-ness
by
of the
the Sabbath was
was not
not one
one of
of
of those.
those.
6. THE LOGIC OF THE CASE.
CASE.-The seventh-day-ness
seventh-day-ness
6.
a
of
to
by some as
the Sabbath is
of the
is frequently referred
as a
to
referred
by
frequently
"temporary"
feature,
for
Old
times
and
the
the
for
Testament
times
"temporary" feature,
view of
the foregoing
foregoing evidence,
Hebrews only.
in view
of the
evidence,
only. But in
it is
is proper
proper to
to ask,
is claimed
God's resting
resting on
If it
it
it is
that God's
claimed that
ask, If
the
the seventh
seventh day
a "temporary"
feature, then
day implied
implied a
"temporary" feature,
not the
the same argument
apply
to
the
fact
that He
the
fact that
would not
to
argument apply
rested
at all?
there more "temporary"
all? What is
is there
rested at
"temporary" about
the fact
fact that
that God chose
to rest
rest on the
the seventh
seventh day
day of
of
the
chose to
the fact
fact that
that He rested
rested at
creation
at all?
all?
than about
about the
creation week than
to this
Another common contention
pertaining to
this
contention pertaining
seventh-day-ness of
the Sabbath is
is that
that to
to observe
observe the
the
of the
seventh-day-ness
Sabbath
day of
of the
the week involves
involves the
the
seventh day
the seventh
Sabbath on the
observer
But
ask,
In
precisely
what
way,
we
in legalism.
observer in
ask,
way,
precisely
legalism.
for the
the
regard for
and on what scriptural
authority, can regard
scriptural authority,
seventh-day-ness of
declared to
to involve
the Sabbath be declared
of the
seventh-day-ness
us
automatically in
legalism? Was God legalistic
legalistic bebein legalism?
us automatically
of
creation
chose
to
rest
on
the
seventh
day
of
creation
cause
seventh
rest
the
to
He
chose
cause
day
at its
rather than
than upon
upon the
the first
first day
the week,
week, at
its
week,
of the
week, rather
day of
rest
to
creation
outset;
of
or-interrupting
His
of
creation-to
rest
His
work
outset; or
interrupting
upon some other
through the
the week? And
other day
way through
day part
part way
upon
it
so
if
it
was
not
legalistic
for
God
so
to
rest,
why then is
is it
to
for
if it was not legalistic
rest, why
if
legalistic for us to do so
bidding? And if it
it
so under His bidding?
legalistic for us to
is legalistic
legalistic for
us to
rest on the
the seventh
of the
the week,
seventh day
to rest
for us
week,
is
day of
first day,
why is
it not
not as
the first
day, or any
to rest
rest on the
as legalistic
is it
any
legalistic to
why
week?
the
other day,
of the
other
day, of
164
QUESTIONS
And where does

the Bible
Bible either
explicitly affirm,
does the
either explicitly
affirm,
or
or even imply,
that the
the sabbath-ness
sabbath-ness (or
(or sheer
rest) of
of
sheer rest)
imply, that
the
the Sabbath is
not legalistic,
but
that
the
seventh-dayis not
but
that
the
legalistic,
seventh-dayness,
rest on the
is legalistic?
the particular
seventh day,
ness, or rest
legalistic?
particular seventh
day, is
did
God
institute
a
ceremonial,
or
typical,
Again,
did
institute a ceremonial, or typical, side
side
Again,
of
of the
the Sabbath by
by choosing
to rest
the specific
rest on the
seventh
choosing to
specific seventh
by what process
process of
of logic
it be
day?
can it
mainbe mainday? Then by
logic can
tained that
for us
us to
to observe
observe the
the Sabtained
it is
that it
is ceremonial
ceremonial for
Sabbath on the
the seventh
of
the
week,
but
not
for
God
bath
seventh day
the
but
not for
week,
day of
to do so?
to
so?
Moreover, it
that the
the essential
affirmed that
it is
is sometimes affirmed
essential
Moreover,
sabbath-ness)
of
the
Sabbath
was in
purpose
(the
of
the
in
purpose (the sabbath-ness)
and
harmony with
with the
the preservation
preservation
maintenance of
life.
maintenance
of life.
harmony
that imply
there is
is aa necessary
necessary conflict
beDoes that
that there
conflict beimply that
seventh-day-ness of
the Sabbath and the
tween the
the seventh-day-ness
of the
the
preservation and maintenance
maintenance of
of life?
life? But in
in what way
preservation
way
was the
the seventh-day-ness
seventh-day-ness of
the Sabbath any
of the
in
any more in
conflict
with the
the preservation
maintenance
of
life
conflict with
and
of
life
maintenance
preservation
than its
its sabbath-ness?
sabbath-ness? The sabbath-ness
sabbath-ness of
of the
the Sabbath
than
a
on
a
specified
day,
while
the
seventhrestricts
seventhwhile
the
restricts activity
activity
specified day,
of the
specifies on which
day-ness of
the Sabbath simply
simply specifies
day-ness
day
this
is
to
take
place.
this
is
to
take
day
place.
It
is also
also said
the sabbath-ness
sabbath-ness of
of the
the Sabbath
It is
said that
that the
existed for
the good
good of
man, implying
implying that
that Its
its seventhof man,
seventhfor the
existed
day-ness operates
operates against
his well-being.
in what
well-being. But in
against his
day-ness
the
way
does
the
seventh-day-ness
of
the
Sabbath
militate
the
of
militate
does
seventh-day-ness
way
the
of
than
against
the
good
of
man,
any
more
than
does
Sunday,
does
man,
any
Sunday,
against
good
the
the week?
week? Did God's emphasis
emphasis on the
the
of the
the first
first day
day of
seventh-day-ness of
first Sabbath militate
militate
the world's
world's first
of the
seventh-day-ness
against
the
good
of
the
Creator?
of
the
the
Creator?
good
against
protest against
the fallacious
fallacious reareaTo sum up:
against the
up: We protest
soning
that
would
it
legalistic
to
observe
the
make
it
legalistic to observe the
soning that
165
165
seventh day
day of
but not
not legalistic
legalistic to
to observe
of the
the week but
the
observe the
first day
first
day of
of the
the week. Such lines
reasoning as
these
lines of
of reasoning
as these
that have
have been referred
referred to
the foregoing
foregoing discussion
discussion
that
to in
in the
are inconsistent
inconsistent with
with sound logic.
logic. To be
be consistent,
it
are
consistent, it
that one should
either follow
through, to
would seem that
to
should either
follow through,
their
their logical
logical conclusions,
the accepted
accepted major
major premises
premises
conclusions, the
of
points 11 and 2,
2, by
the divinely
divinely instiinstiof points
by acknowledging
acknowledging the
tuted seventh-day-ness,
of
tuted
seventh-day-ness) as
the sabbath-ness
sabbath-ness) of
as the
as well
well as
the Sabbath,
or
else
retreat
the
declared
major
the
or
else
retreat
from
the
declared
Sabbath,
major
premises and find
basis for
retention of
find another
of the
the
another basis
for retention
premises
moral quality
quality of
the Sabbath.
course
a course
of the
Sabbath. Otherwise,
Otherwise, such a
would seem to
position that
that the
the Ten
to lead
lead either
either to
the position
to the
Commandments have been
been abolished,
abolished, or
or to
to the
the Roman
Catholic position
position that
the church has
has the
the authority
that the
Catholic
authority
and power
power to
to alter
alter the
the Decalogue.
Decalogue.
7. "SIX-AND-ONE-DAY" POSTULATE UNTENABLE.7.
UNTENABLE.
dissent from the
the position
position implied
implied in
in point
point 22 of
of the
the
We dissent
question
the beginning
of this
discussion, that
that
at the
this discussion,
beginning of
question at
the
"sixmoral significance
attaches
to
the
distinction
of
the
"sixof
the
distinction
attaches
moral
to
significance
and-one-day" proportion
proportion principle
principle-or
merely one
or merely
ope unand-one-day"
not
to
specified
day
in
seven
as
the
Sabbath-but
to the
the
but
in
seven
Sabbath
as the
specified day
believe
keeping
the day
in Scripture.
Scripture. We believe
of the
day designated
designated in
keeping of
such
to be
be subjective
reasoning,
unsupa contention
such a
contention to
subjective reasoning, unsupported
by
the
wording
of
the
fourth
commandment,
or
fourth
the
of
the
wording
ported by
We
of
by
any
other
command
or
sanction
of
Scripture.
sanction
or
Scripture.
by any other
of the
adhere to
to the
principle of
the Bible
Bible and the
the Protestant
Protestant principle
adhere
for
Bible only,
only, and ask
evidence
for such aa
evidence
ask for
for scriptural
Bible
scriptural
and
change
from
the
express
wording
obvious
intent
the
express wording
change
of Holy
Writ.
of
Holy Writ.
And the
the implication
the "six-and-one-day"
that the
"six-and-one-day"
implication that
is admittedly
in
seven
principle-or
simply
one
day
in
seven-is
or
admittedly
day
simply
principle
the Sabbath,
inseparable
from
the
moral
essence
of
essence
Sabbath,
the
inseparable
}
166
QUESTIONS
while specification
seventh day
day as
as such
such reduces
reduces
of the
the seventh
specification of
it to
it
a ceremonial
ceremonial relationship,
relationship, is,
believe, neither
neither
to a
is, we believe,
Biblically sound nor
nor logically
true.
There
is
nothing
is
true.
Biblically
nothing
logically
whatsoever in
has
that has
in the
whatsoever
the specific
Sabbath that
seventh-day Sabbath
specific seventh-day
in
the
life
of
Christ,
ceremonial
work
of
in
life
and
ceremonial significance
the
Christ,
significance
so conconand c.onsequently
c,onsequently affords
affords any
basis for
being so
for being
any basis
sidered.
the fourth
fourth commandment without
sidered. We take
take the
emendations.
emendations.
8.
OF SUNDAY OBSERVANCE.-Turn8. INTRODUCTION OF
OBSERVANCE. Turnof all,
ing now to
to the
historical side,
dissent, first
first of
the historical
all,
side, we dissent,
ing
thesis that
the Sabbath has
transfrom the
has actually
been
transthat the
the thesis
actually
ferred
from the
to the
the first
day of
the week,
week,
first day
of the
seventh to
the seventh
ferred from
by many.
called the
the "Lord's
earliest authencalled
"Lord's day"
day" by
many. The earliest
of
tic instance,
of the
the first
first day
in early
tic
instance, in
day of
early church writings,
writings, of
the week being
being called
called "Lord's
was
by
of
of
"Lord's day"
was
Clement
the
by
day"
near
the
close
of
the
second
century
(see
Alexandria,
the
close
of
the
second
near
Alexandria,
century (see
Miscellanies v.
v. 14).
first ecclesiastical
writer
the first
ecclesiastical writer
Miscellanies
14). And the
the
to
teach
that
the
observance
of
the
of
that
to
teach
the
observance
known definitely
definitely
Sabbath
was transferred
transferred by
by Christ
Christ to
to Sunday
Eusewas
EuseSabbath was
Sunday
the allegabius of
of Caesarea
Caesarea (died
c. 349),
bius
allega(died c.
349), who made the
tion in
in his
his Commentary
Psalms, on Psalm 92
the Psalms,
92
tion
Commentary on the
of
in
(Psalm
91
in
K.J.V),
written
in
the
second
quarter
written
the
second
91
in
(Psalm
quarter of
K.J.V),
the fourth
fourth century.
(See
Frank
H.
Yost,
The
Early
the
Frank
H.
Yost,
century. (See
Early
Christian
Sabbath, 1947,
ch. 5.)
Christian Sabbath,
1947, ch.
5.)
Sunday
as aa church festival
festival commemoobservance as
Sunday observance
but
rating
Christ's
resurrection-but
as
supplementary to,
Christ's
resurrection
as
to,
rating
supplementary
at
not in
in lieu
the
Sabbath-was
introduced
at
and not
lieu of,
the
was
introduced
Sabbath
of,
Rome about the
middle
of
the
second
century.
The
of the
the
century.
custom spread
spread gradually
gradually from that
that time
time onward.
onward. AlAlcustom
though
the
Christians
in
Rome
generally
fasted
instead
instead
in
the
Christians
fasted
generally
though
of celebrating
celebrating communion on Sabbath days,
days, Ambrose,
Am brose,
of
refused to
to follow
bishop of
this
of Milan (375-397),
follow this
bishop
(375-397), refused

167
his diocese
practice in
in his
diocese
practice
(Ambrose
Elia et
et Jejunio
Jejunio 10;
10;
(Ambrose De Elia
St. Ambrose 38;
Paulinus
Paulinus Life
Life of
Augustine Epistle
Epistle 36.
36.
38; Augustine
of St.
14 to
to Casulanus;
14
Epistle 54.
2 to
to Januarius).
Januarius).
54. 2
Casulanus; Epistle
Augustine, bishop
bishop of
Hippo (died
(died 430),
430), stated
of Hippo
stated
Augustine,
that while
while the
fasted on the
the seventh
the church of
that
of Rome fasted
seventh
of each week in
his time,
time, the
the practice
practice was
was not
not genin his
day
day of
generally
followed
elsewhere
in
Italy,
making
special
followed
elsewhere in Italy, making special menerally
tion
of Ambrose's
Ambrose's refusal
refusal at
at Milan.
Milan. He added
added that
tion of
that the
the
the
vast majority
of
the
Christian
churches
throughout
the
of
vast
Christian
churches
majority
throughout the
world,
particularly
in
the
East,
too
in
the
had
too
much respect
world, particularly
East,
respect
for
the Sabbath to
to do that.
that. He likewise
likewise stated
that while
for the
stated that
while
followed Rome's exsome churches in
in North Africa
exAfrica followed
in
in
fasting
on
Sabbath
days,
others
his
ample
under
others
his
fasting
days,
ample
care
did not.
not. (Augustine
Epistle
36.
14
to
Casulanus;
14
care did
36.
to
Casulanus;
(Augustine Epistle
54. 2
Epistle 54.
to Januarius;
Januarius; and Epistle
Epistle 82
to Jerome.)
2 to
82 to
Epistle
Jerome.)
Church historian
(Ecclesiastical History
History
historian Socrates
Socrates (Ecclesiastical
v. 22),
writing about A.D.
A.D. 430,
430, left
left the
record:
the record:
v.
22), writing
Almost all
throughout the
the world
world celebrate
celebrate the
all Churches
the
Churches throughout
Almost
of every
sacred
mysteries on the
the sabbath
sabbath [seventh
sacred mysteries
week, yet
every week,
yet
day] of
[seventh day]
the
Christians of
Alexandria and at
at Rome,
account of
of some
of Alexandria
the Christians
Rome, on account
ancient tradition,
tradition, refuse
refuse to
to do this.
this.
ancient
Socrates
wrote that
that the
the Arians
Arians similarly
held
also wrote
Socrates also
similarly held
their
meetings on both
(ibid.
both Sabbath and Sunday
their meetings
Sunday (ibid.
vi.
fifth-century church
church historian
historian Sozomen
vi. 8).
8). And fifth-century
Socrates'
(Ecclesiastical
History vii.
19),
vii.
19), confirmed Socrates'
(Ecclesiastical History
statement,
statement, declaring:
declaring:
of several
The people
people of
several other cities,
cities,
of Constantinople,
Constantinople, and of
as well
assemble together
together on the
well as
as on the
the next day;
day;
the sabbath,
assemble
sabbath, as
at Rome, or
or Alexandria.
Alexandria.
which
custom is
never observed
observed at
is never
which custom
civil SunAfter the

the enactment
first civil
of Constantine's
Constantine's first
enactment of
After
in
321,
enforcing
"the
venerable
day
of the
day
law,
"the
venerable
in
321, enforcing
day of
day law,
sustain
to
sun"
by
rest
from
labor-designed
to
sustain
and
enlabor
sun" by rest
designed
168
168
QUESTIONS
force
already existing
legislation regardregardforce already
ecclesiastical legislation
existing ecclesiastical
ining
festival became inobservance the Sunday
Sunday observance-the
ing Sunday
Sunday festival
creasingly
popular
and
widespread
with
the
passing
with
the
of
creasingly popular
passing of
widespread
the
centuries. It
was buttressed
buttressed thereafter
by increasing
increasing
the centuries.
thereafter by
It was
ecclesiastical and civil
legislation. However,
However, at
at the
the time
ecclesiastical
civil legislation.
of the
the great
schism
between
the
churches
of
the
East
and
the
the
churches
of
East
of
schism
great
issues
of
\Vest,
in
1054,
one
of
the
principal
issues
of
controversy
In
of
the
1054,
West,
controversy
principal
was
Rome's practice
observing the
the Sabbath day
of still
still observing
\vas Rome's
day
practice of
at
this
late
by
fasting.
The
Eastern
churches,
even
at
this
late
date,
Eastern
churches,
date,
by fasting.
still
regarded the
the Sabbath
too highly
highly to
to do that,
alstill regarded
Sabbath too
that, although
Sundaykeeping
was
then
almost
universal.
almost
universal.
though Sundaykeeping was then
Leo
the
(Cardinal
Humbert,
legate
of
Pope
IX
to
of
to the
Humbert,
legate
Pope
(Cardinal
Greeks, Adversus
Adversus Graecorum Calumnias [Against
the
Greeks,
[Against the
Calumnies of
the Greeks],
in
Migne's
Patrologiae
in
of the
Migne's Patrologiae
Greeks],
vol. 143,
DeLatina, vol.
see also
cols. 936,
also Gibbon,
936, 937;
143, cols.
937; see
Gibbon, DeLatina,
the
Empire,
ch.
60.)
cline and Fall
cline
the
Fall of
Roman
ch.
of
Empire,
60.)
Thus the
the eclipse
of
the
Sabbath
by
Sunday
the
in genof
by Sunday in
geneclipse
eral
practice took
took place
place slowly,
but
with
controeral practice
but
with
much
controslowly,
versy
bloodshed, as
as the
the history
history of
of the
the Celtic
Celtic
even bloodshed,
versy and even
church attests,
attests, according
It required
required cento Lange.
cenchurch
according to
Lange.** It
turies for
to
come
to
be
regarded
as
the
Sabas
the
Sabturies
to
be
for Sunday
to
Sunday
regarded
bath.t And to
to this
this day
in Spanish,
Italian,
bath.f
Portuguese, Italian,
day in
Spanish, Portuguese,
Polish, and aa number of
other languages,
languages, the
the seventh
seventh
of other
Polish,
*The Sabbath was observed
late as
the eleventh
eleventh century.
as the
observed by
the Celtic
as late
Celtic church as
century.
by the
(Andrew Lange,
of Scotland,
Scotland, 1909,
vol. 1,
p. 96;
96; see
also William
William F.
F.
see also
(Andrew
1909, vol.
Lange, A History
History of
1, p.
vol. 2,
Skene,
Scotland, 1877,
349.)
Celtic Scotland,
1877, vol.
Skene, Celtic
2, p.
p. 349.)
College, London (A
tSeventeenth-century Edward Brerewood,
of Gresham College,
Brerewood, of
fSeventeenth-century
(A
Learned Treatise
p. 77),
77), left
left the
the record:
record:
Learned
Treatise of
the Sabbath,
Sabbath, 1630,
of the
1630, p.
"The ancient
did remain and was observed
by the
the Christians
Christians of
the
of the
ancient Sabbath did
observed by
East Church,
East
our Saviour's
Saviour's death."
death."
three hundred years
after our
years after
Church, above three
This is
is supported
supported by
by Sir
William Domville
Domville (The
Sabbath: or
Examination of
of
This
or an Examination
Sir William
(The Sabbath:
Six Texts,
Six
writing two centuries
later:
centuries later:
vol. 1
Texts, 1849,
1, p.
291), writing
1849, vol.
p. 291),
of the
"Centuries
era passed
passed away
before the
the Sunday
Sunday was
was observed
observed
the Christian
"Centuries of
Christian era
away before
by the
the Christian
as aa Sabbath."
Christian Church as
Sabbath."
by
And historian
historian Lyman
Lyman Coleman,
(Ancient Christianity
Christianity ExExof Lafayette
Lafayette College
Goleman, of
College (Ancient
sec. 2),
2), COncurs
these and
and. many
many other
other witnesses:
witnesses:
emplified, 1852,
ch. 26,
concurs with these
1852, ch.
26, sec.
emplified,
"Down even to
the fifth
century the
the observance
observance of
the Jewish
Jewish Sabbath
conto the
fifth century
of the
Sabbath was
was continued in
the Christian
Christian church,
but with
a rigour
rigour and solemnity
gradually diminishdiminishtinued
in the
with a
church, but
solemnity gradually
ing."
ing."
169
169
of the week
day of
day
is still
is
by some transliteration
transliteration of
of
still called
called by
name "Sabbath."
"Sabbath."
9.
9. PROPHESIED CHANGE OF SABBATH.-We,
SABBATH. We, as
Adas Adventists, believe
believe there
been aa wholly
wholly unauthorized,
unauthorized,
there has
has been
ventists,
unwarranted,
presumptuous change
change in
the Sabin the
Sabunwarranted, and presumptuous
bath
bath by
by the
the Catholic,
or
great
Roman,
apostasy,
or
as
Catholic,
great Roman, apostasy, as
prophesied by
by Daniel
Daniel (recorded
in Daniel
7, especially
Daniel 7,
prophesied
(recorded in
especially
verses 24
verses
24 and 25).*
25). * The unblushing
unblushing frankness
of
frankness of
and
power
to
change
even
of authority
Rome's claim of
even
to
authority
change
power
precepts of
of the
the "Ten Commandments of
of God" is
is seen
seen
precepts
in
in Joseph
Belief (1884),
di Bruno's
Bruno's Catholic
Catholic Belief
Joseph Faa di
(1884), which
has
passed through
through many
printings
and
various
translahas passed
various
translamany printings
tions.
are
(page
311)
are
listed
"The
Ten
tions. On one page
listed
page (page 311)
Commandments of
God,"
of
Exodus
20,
given
in
their
in
their
of
20, given
of God/'
shorter
form, with the
reading, "Re''Rethe third
third (fourth)
shorter form,
(fourth) reading,
that thou keep
holy
the
Sabbath
day."
On
the
the
the
member that
day."
holy
keep
next
page (page
312)
appear
"The
Commandments
next page
(page 312) appear
of the
the first
is this:
this: "We are
are
first of
of which is
the Church,"
Church/' the
of
the
1.
To keep
keep the
chiefly commanded by
the Church-I.
Church
by the
chiefly
Sundays
Holydays of
of obligation."
obligation."
Sundays and Holydays
substitution of
this specifically
involves the
the substitution
of
That this
specifically involves
Sunday
the Sabbath is
is seen
the explanation
seen from the
for the
explanation
Sunday for
the expression
expression "Apostolical
Ecclesiastical
Tradiof the
and
Ecclesiastical
of
"Apostolical
of Pius
tions"
appearing in
authoritative "Creed of
in the
the authoritative
tions" appearing
of
IV," which
which was
was issued
of the
the Council
Council of
the close
close of
at the
issued at
IV,"
Trent:
the old
old
the
That
points of
of revealed
revealed truth
truth what the
the Church
as points
I admit
admit as
That is,
is, I
-whether
as
taught
as
such,
whether
clearly
or not
such,
clearly
taught
declares the
the Apostles
Apostles
declares
*Even
on the
prophecy on Daniel 7:25,
7:25. declared:
dec!ared: "He [the
the prophecy
[the
*Even Philip
Melanchthon, on
Philip Melanchthon,
sixe worke dayes
of the
papal Little
Horn] changeth
lawe. that
that any
any of
the slxe
dayes
the tymes
Little Horn]
tymes and lawes
changeth the
papal
or of
when
he
commanded of
of God will
will make them unholy
idle dayes
dayes
Iyste, Or
of their
their
lyste,
unholy and idle
commanded
owne holy
holy dayes
age~. or
or when they
they changed
changed. ye
ye
abolished make worke dayes
dayes agen,
owne
dayes abolished
Saterday
into Sondaye
have changed
God s lawes and turned them into
mto
changed God's
They have
Sondaye.. . .. . They
Saterday into
their
owne tradicions
tradicions to
kept above
above God's precepts."
precept. "-Exposition
Daniel the
the
be kept
to be
of Daniel
Exposition of
their owne
.
Prophete (1545),
(1545),
Prophete
119,
tr.
by George
George Joye,
Joye, p.
p. 119.
tr. by
170
170
QUESTIONS
clearly expressed
not even mentioned in
in the
the Written
Written Word of
or not
of
clearly
expressed or
as, for
for instance,
that
instead of
of Saturday
Saturday (called
God: as,
.
that Sunday
instance, ...
Sunday instead
(called
.
is
to be
be kept
holy.-Ibid.,
p. 251.
251.
is to
Ibid., p.
kept holy.
Nothing
could
be
plainer,
or
bold.
could
or
be
more
bold.
Nothing
plainer,
While,
noted, the
as noted,
the seventh-day
continued
While, as
seventh-day Sabbath continued
to be
be observed
observed in
certain areas
areas for
for centuries
the
to
after the
centuries after
in certain
the
the Sabbath)
Sabbath)
cross, the
the festival
the resurrection
festival of
of the
resurrection came gradually
gradually
at the
the
to
parallel and then
then later
later to
to overshadow
overshadow it.
it. And at
to parallel
Synod
of Laodicea,
the predominating
predominating influence
at
influence at
Laodicea, the
Synod of
the council
those who continued to
obto obanathematized those
the
council anathematized
enjoined the
observe
the obthe seventh-day
serve the
seventh-day Sabbath and enjoined
servance
of
Sunday.
*
The
Sabbath-Sunday
canons
of
of
servance of Sunday.*
Sabbath-Sunday
into the
the canons
this Eastern
council were incorporated
this
Eastern council
incorporated into
thus
of the
the General
of Chalcedon in
in 451,
451, and thus
of
Council of
General Council
received
legislative force
force for
the entire
for the
entire church.
church.
received legislative
next century,
Then, in
Justinian incorporated
incorporated
the next
in the
Then,
century, Justinian
the canons
canons of
the first
(including
four general
councils (including
the
of the
first four
general councils
Chalcedon
29) into
into his
his famous
Laodicea's Canon 29)
Chalcedon and Laodicea's
infraction
Juris Civilis),
with their
their infraction
Code (Corpus
Civilis), with
(Corpus Juris
now punishable
punishable by
by civil
penalties. And this
this remained
civil penalties.
cross,
"Canon
the Council
of Laodicea,
by Hefele
Herele (A
(A History
History of
of the
is quoted
of the
the
Council of
*Canon 29,
Laodicea, is
quoted by
29, of
2, p.
p. 316)
316) as
as follows:
Councils
follows:
vol. 2,
Councils o{
the Church,
1896, vol.
Church, 1896,
of the
"ChristIans
not Judaize
Judaize and be idle
Saturday ["Sabbath,"
originall,
idle on Saturday
shall not
"Christians shall
["Sabbath," original],
but shall
that day;
but the
the Lord's
especially honour,
honour, and,
shall especially
but
shall work on that
Lord's day
and,
day; but
they shall
day they
as
being Christians,
that day.
If, however,
however, they
they are
if possible,
are
as being
day. If,
shall, if
possible, do no work on that
Christians, shall,
found Judaizing,
Judaizing, they
they shall
be shut
Christ."
shut out
out from Christ.**
found
shall be
BaCK
in the
the seventeenth
seventeenth century
William Prynne
Prynne of
Britrun (A
(A Brief
Brief Polemicall
Polemical)
of Britain
Back in
century William
Dissertation concerning
concerning the
the Inchoation
Inchoation and
and Determination
Determination of
of the
the
the true
true time
time 0/
Dissertation
of the
Lord's Day-Sabbath,
Day-Sabbath, 1655,
pp. 33,
33, 44),
affirmed this
this fact:
fact:
Lord's
1655, pp.
44), affirmed
"The seventh-day
was . . solemnized
solemnized by
by Christ,
the ApostleSj
Apostles and
seventh-day Sabbath was
Christ, the
Primitive Christians
. . till
this Laodicean
Laodieean Council
quite abolish
...
till this
did in
in a
a manner quite
Christians .
Council did
abolish
Primitive
the observation
observation of
first settled
settled the
the observation
observation
it." "The Council
Council of
of Laodicea . . . first
the
of it."
of the
Lord's-day."
of
the Lord's-day."
Catholic catechisms
catechisms still
still maintain
maintain that
that this
this Council
Council
Three centuries
centuries later
later Roman Catholic
had been
been the
the turning
turning point.
(The Convert's
Peter Geiermann
Geiermarm (The
Convert's Catechism
Catechism of
point. Thus Peter
of
Catholic
Doctrille~ 1910,
treatise received
received the
the apostolic
blessing
Catholic Doctrine,
of
50), whose treatise
1910, p. 50),
apostolic blessing of
Pius
X, January
2:>, 1910,
gives this
this answer:
answer:
Pius X,
1910, gives
January 25,
"Q,
Which
is
tlte
Sabbath
day?
is
the
Sabbath
Which
day?
*'Q,
"A. Saturday
the Sabbath day.
day.
"A.
is the
Saturday is
"Q.
do we observe
instead 0/
observe Sunday
Saturday?
Sunday instead
"Q. Why
of Saturday?
Why do
"A.
observe Sunday
instead of
of Saturday
because the
the Catholic
Church, in
in
*'A. We observe
Catholic Church,
Sunday instead
Saturday because
the Council
of Laodicea
336),
transferred
the solemnity
to
transferred
the
Council of
the
Laodicea (A.D.
from Saturday
(A.D. 336),
solemnity from
Saturday to
Sunday."
Sunday."
even place
place the
the date just
just before
before Nicea
Nicea (325)
(325); others
Constantinople
Some even
others after
after Constantinople
(381). Most older
writers fixed
364.
older writers
fixed on 364.
(381).
.

171
the dominant law of
the
the Middle
of Europe
all through
through the
Europe all
Ages, until
until modification
modification by
the countries
countries adopting
Ages,
by the
adopting
Protestantism,
of tolerance
were enacted
decrees o
tolerance were
enacted
Protestantism, where decrees
their
their
respective
parliaments.
Later
this
was
superby
this
was
Later
by
respective parliaments.
superthe Code of
Napoleon, after
after the
the French
French Revoseded by
by the
of Napoleon,
Revolution
lution at
at the
the end of
the eighteenth
of the
eighteenth century.
century.
We, as
as Seventh-day
Adventists and doubtless
doubtless
Seventh-day Adventists-and
other Protestant
in other
Protestant communions
communions-deny
many
the
many in
deny the
of
validity
of
such
a
change
of
the
Sabbath
as
claimed
by
a
of
as
Sabbath
claimed
the
validity
by
change
Roman Catholics
repeatedly admitted
admitted by
by promiCatholics and repeatedly
prominent Protestants.
Protestants. We believe
that the
seventh day
conbelieve that
the seventh
day continues
as the
the changeless
of God's
God's original
tinues as
changeless memorial of
original
creation; and further,
further, that
that the
the regenerated
regenerated believer
believer in
in
creation;
into
spiritual
rest,
Christ
who, ceasing
from
sin,
enters
Christ who,
enters
into
sin,
ceasing
spiritual rest,
can keep
keep the
the Sabbath as
of his
his re-creation.
re-creation. "We
can
We
as the
the sign
sign of
therefore refuse
refuse to
to recognize,
recognize, honor,
honor, and obey
therefore
obey what we
believe to
to be the
God's unchangeunchangebelieve
the papal
substitute of
of God's
papal substitute
rule of
the
Bible
as
our
sole
rule
of
able Sabbath.
able
Sabbath. Taking
the
as
sole
Bible
Taking
faith
practice, and unable
unable to
to find
warrant
faith and practice,
find Scripture
Scripture warrant
for
a change,
decline
to
follow
believe
we
believe
what
we
decline
to
follow
for such
such a
change,
of men."
to be
be the
the traditions
traditions and "commandments of
to
responsibility for
for the
the change
While Catholics
claim responsibility
Catholics claim
change
of the
prominent Protestants
Protestants-from
from Reformathe Sabbath,
of
Sabbath, prominent
tion times
the change
not by
by
that the
times onward-admit
onward admit that
tion
change was not
act, but by
by human
scriptural
or apostolic
authority or
apostolic act,
scriptural authority
action.
churchly
action.
Thus:
churchly
Augsburg Confession
Art. XXVIII,
of 1530,
The Augsburg
Confession of
1530, Art.
declares:
declares:
They
change of
the Sabbath into
of the
the change
allege the
They [the
[the Catholics]
Catholics] allege
the Lord's
Lord's day,
day, contrary,
as it
it seemeth,
to the
the Decalogue;
Decalogue; and
the
seemeth, to
contrary, as
the
than
they
have
no
example
more
in
their
mouths
the change
of
in
their
more
have
no
change of
they
example
be
the
needs have
have the
the Church's power
power to
to be
will needs
Sabbath. They
the Sabbath.
They will
172
172
QUESTIONS
very
because it
hath dispensed
dispensed with
with aa precept
precept of
of the
the Decait hath
Decavery great,
great, because
vol. 3,
p. 64.
logue.-PHILIP
PHILIP SCHAFF,
64.
3, p.
Christendom, vol.
SCHAFF, The Creeds of
of Christendom,
logue.
German church
August Neander,
Neander,
church historian,
historian, Johann
Johann August
The History
History of
Religion and Church)
Christian Religion
the Christian
Church,
of the
Roses'
1,
page
186,
asserts:
asserts:
volume
Roses' translation
translation (1831),
1,
186,
page
(1831),
in
in
other festivals,
festivals, was
was always
like all
all other
The festival
festival of
of Sunday,
always only
Sunday, like
only
ordinance, and it
was far
the intentions
intentions of
it was
far from the
of the
the
human ordinance,
apostles
to establish
in this
this respect,
respect, far
far from
divine command in
a divine
establish a
apostles to
them, and from
church, to
to transfer
transfer the
the laws
laws
the early
from the
them,
early apostolic
apostolic church,
of
the Sabbath
to Sunday.
Sunday.
of the
Sabbath to
a
a
English
Dale, in
in The
Congregationalist Robert W. Dale,
English Congregationalist
Ten Commandments (1891),
page
100,
says:
100,
says:
(1891), page
Divine command. We
a specific
The Sabbath
Sabbath was founded on a
specific Divine
can
plead no
no such
the obligation
to observe
observe Sunday.
for the
can plead
such command for
obligation to
Sunday.
Anglican Dr.
Dr. Isaac
in Plain
Plain Sermons on
Isaac Williams,
Williams, in
Anglican
admits:
page 336,
336, admits:
the
the Catechism (1882),
1, page
(1882), volume 1,
reasons why
why we keep
day of
the week holy
holy instead
instead
the first
first day
of the
The reasons
keep the
of
seventh is
the same reason
reason that
that we observe
other
is for
for the
observe many
of the
the seventh
many other
things, not
not because
but because
because the
the church,
church, has
has enenthe Bible,
because the
Bible, but
things,
joined it.
it.
joined
Abbott,
American Congregationalist
Lyman Abbott,
Congregationalist Lyman
Christian
June 26,
states:
Christian Union)
26, 1890,
1890, states:
Union, June
in
In
The current
that Christ
his Apostles
Apostles authoritaauthoritaChrist and his
current notion
notion that
is
tively
substituted
the
first
day
of
the
for
the
seventh
is ababthe
the
week
for
the
seventh
substituted
first
of
day
tively
in the
solutely
without any
the New Testament.
authority in
any authority
solutely without
British
F. W. Farrar,
in The Voice
Voice
British Anglican
Farrar, in
Anglican Dean F.
Sinai (1892),
From Sinai
page
167,
says:
167,
says:
(1892), page
The Christian
formal, but
but aa gradual
gradual and
Christian Church made no formal,
almost
unconscious, transference
of the
the one day
day to
to the
the other.
transference of
almost unconscious,
other.
Anglican Canon Eyton,

Eyton, of
of Westminster,
in The
Westminster, in
Anglican
Ten Commandments (1894),
page
62,
adds:
adds:
(1894), page 62,
There is
word, no hint,
hint, in
in the
the
is no word,
abstaining from work on Sunday.
Sunday.
abstaining
about
New Testament about
173
1 73
N. Summerbell,
in History
History of
of the
the Christians)
Summerbell, In
Christians, page
page
418,
avers:
418, avers:
It [the
It
has reversed
reversed the
Catholic Church]
the fourth
fourth
[the Roman Catholic
Church] has
commandment, doing
with the
God's Word,
Word,
the Sabbath
Sabbath of
of God's
commandment,
doing away
away with
instituting Sunday
a holy
day.
and instituting
as a
Sunday as
holy day.
And Statesman William E.

E. Gladstone,
four times
times
Gladstone, four
o Britain,
prime minister
minister of
Britain, in
in Later
Later Gleanings,
prime
Gleanings, page
page
342,
observes:
342, observes:
The seventh
of the
seventh day
the week has
has been
been deposed
deposed from
from its
its title
title
day of
to obligatory
to
obligatory religious
religious observance,
observance, and its
its prerogative
prerogative has
has been
been
carried
carried over
over to
to the
the first;
direct precept
precept of
of Scripture.
Scripture.
first; under no direct
10. SABBATH CHANGED BY
10.
BY "AUTHORITY" OF ROMAN
CHURCH.
CHURCH.-The
Papacy's formal
to ProtestantProtestantThe Papacy's
formal answer to
ism was given
at
the
Council
of
(1545-1563).
at
It
the
Council
of
Trent
given
(1545-1563). It
was here
here that
that her
deliberate and final
final rejection,
rejection, and
her deliberate
anathema, of
the Reformation
Reformation teachings
on
the supremof the
the
anathema,
teachings
supremacy
of
the
Bible,
and
other
clear
doctrines
of
of
of the
the
the
other
clear
doctrines
Bible,
acy
Word of
of God,
real issue
the
issue was the
took place.
God, took
place. The real
equality,
tradition to
to the
the
actual superiority,
of tradition
or actual
superiority, of
equality, or
Scriptures
as
a
rule
of
faith.
as
a
rule
of
faith.
Scriptures
During the
the seventeenth
Cardinal Casper
seventeenth session,
session, Cardinal
Casper
During
del Fosso,
of
Reggio,
on
January
18,
1562,
del
of
1562,
18,
Fosso, archbishop
Reggio,
January
archbishop
continual
asserted that
that tradition
the outgrowth
outgrowth of
of continual
is the
tradition is
asserted
churchly inspiration
inspiration residing
residing in
the Catholic
in the
Catholic Church.
churchly
of the
appealed to
to the
the long-established
long-established change
change of
He appealed
of
the
Sabbath
into Sunday
as
standing
proof
of
the
inspired
as
Sabbath into
inspired
standing proof
Sunday
authority of
the Roman Church.
Church. He declared that
of the
authority
of Christ,
the
change
had
not
been
made
by command of
not
Christ,
the change
by
but by
by the
the authority
the Catholic
Church, which
Catholic Church,
of the
but
authority of
change Protestants
the determinProtestants accept.
speech was the
accept. His speech
change
Council.
ing
factor
in
the
decision
of
the
Council.
And ever
the
of
the
decision
in
factor
ing
to
since
Trent,
the
change
of
the
Sabbath
to
Sunday
has
the
since Trent, the change of
Sunday has
174
174
QUESTIONS
been pointed
as the
pointed to
to by
by Roman Catholics
the evidence
Catholics as
evidence
of
of the
the church's
power to
change even the
the Decalogue.
Decalogue.
to change
church's power
in
(See
epitomizing
Creed
of
Pius
in
Joseph
di
Pius
of
IV
Creed
(See epitomizing
Joseph Faa di
Bruno,
Belief) 1884,
pp. 250-254;
Henry
Catholic Belief,
250-254; Henry
1884, pp.
Bruno, Catholic
Schroeder
[tr.]
Canons
and
Decrees
of
the
Council
of
the
Schroeder [dr.]
of
of
Trent)
1937.
Trent, 1937.
11.
SABBATH. We believe
believe
11. WHY WE
WE OBSERVE THE SABBATH.-We
when
that Protestants
on
perilous
ground
they
that
Protestants are
are
they
perilous ground
unwittingly follow
follow the
subtle Sabbath argument
the same subtle
argument
unwittingly
advanced
Trent, as
as recorded
recorded in
in the
the
in the
of Trent,
the Council
Council of
advanced in
Cathechism
the
Council
of
(Catechismus
Trent
the
Cathechism of
of
of
(Catechismus
Romanus). In
that while
while the
the Sabbath
Sabbath
it is
is held
held that
In this
this it
Romanus}.
principle is
is moral and eternal,
specific time element
the specific
eternal, the
principle
is only
ceremonial
and
temporary.
that as
as
is
ceremonial
further, that
only
temporary. And further,
the seventh
constituted
the
temporary
time
emtime
the
the
seventh day
constituted
day
temporary
phasis for
the Jews
Jews of
times, so
so the
the
for the
of Old Testament times,
phasis
Catholic
mother-church, in
in the
the plenitude
plenitude of
of her
her deledeleCatholic mother-church,
gated power,
power, authority,
insight, and as
as the
the desigauthority, and insight,
desiggated
nated custodian
custodian and only
infallible
interpreter
of traditradiinfallible
nated
interpreter of
only
tion
truth, has
has transferred
transferred the
the solemnity
solemnity from the
the
tion and truth,
seventh
to the
the first
day of
of the
week. (Donovan,
(Donovan, CateCatethe week,
seventh to
first day
chism of
the Council
of Trent)
pp. 340,
340, 342;
see
chism
Council of
342; see
1867, pp.
Trent, 1867,
of the
Fra
also
Cossart, Sacrosancta
Paolo
also Labbe and Cossart,
Sacrosancta Concilia;
Concilia; Fra Paolo
Sarpi,
Histoire
du
concille
de
Trente)
vol.
2;
H. J.
J.
de
vol.
Histoire
concille
2;
Trente,
Sarpi,
A
Holtzmann, Canon and Tradition}'
T.
A.
Buckley,
A.
Holtzmann,
Tradition;
Buckley,
History of
of the
of Trent;
cetera.)
the Council of
et cetera.)
Trent; et
History
cateIn
making this
this effective,
Catholic cateIn making
effective, most Roman Catholic
chisms reduce
reduce the
the Sabbath commandment simply
to
simply to
"Remember
that
thou
keep
holy
the
Sabbath
day"
read,
the
that
thou
read,
day'*
keep holy
(e.g.,
Geiermann's The Convert's
CathoConvert's Catechism of
of Catho(e.g., Geiermann's
lic
Doctrine) p.
Butler's Catechism}
p. 28;
lic Doctrine,
et cetera).
28; et
50; Butler's
Catechism, p.
cetera).
p. 50;
in various
various vernacular
vernacular catechisms
catechisms the
the Sabbath comAnd in
175
175
mand actually
reads, "Remember to
keep the
the festivals,"
to keep
festivals/'
actually reads,
or "feasts,"
to keep
keep holy
holy the
instead of
of "Remember to
''feasts," instead
the
Sabbath."
Sabbath."
The Roman Church upbraids
upbraids and challenges
challenges the
the
of
sincerity
of
Protestants
who,
professing
to
follow
the
Protestants
who, professing to follow the
sincerity
Bible
as their
their sole
and practice,
practice, in
Bible as
sole rule
rule of
of faith
faith and
in reality
reality
and
follow
the
authority
and
example
of
Cathoaccept
follow
the
of
Cathoaccept
authority
example
lic
lic tradition.*
tradition. *
On the contrary,
Adventists believe
believe that
Jesus
as Adventists
that Jesus
contrary, we as
Christ
Himself-who
Creator of
things
Christ Himself
who was the
the Creator
all things
of all
1 Cor.
(John
1:3,
10;
1
8:6)
the
original
maker
of
Cor.
and
of
the
1:3,
10;
(John
original
8:6)
the
yesterday, and to
to
the Sabbath,
is "the
"the same yesterday,
Sabbath, and who is
and
for
ever"
day,
for
ever"
(Heb.
13:8)-made
change
in
the
made
no
in
the
day,
(Heb. 13:8)
change
to be
be made by
by
Sabbath.
Sabbath. And He authorized
authorized no change
change to
believe that
that until
until the
His followers.
followers. We therefore
therefore believe
the SabSabbath law
law is
is repealed
by divine
authority, and its
bath
divine authority,
its change
repealed by
change
made known by
definite
Scripture
mandate,
we
should
should
by definite Scripture mandate,
solemnly
the unrepealed
unrepealed
solemnly "remember" and "keep"
"keep" the
original
of the
the Decalogue,
Decalogue, which
seventh-day Sabbath of
original seventh-day
is explicitly
explicitly on record.
record.
is
Sab"Ve
believe, without any
reservations, that
that the
the SabWe believe,
any reservations,
*Thus French prelate
prelate Mgr.
Mgr. Louis
Louis de
de Segur
Segur jPlain
Talk About the
Protestantism
the Protestantism
(Plain Talk
of
p. 213,
by Johannes
ohannes Josephus),
Josephus), declares:
declares:
Today, 1868,
1868, p.
213, with imprimatur
of Today,
imprimatur by
"It
the Catholic
by the
of Jesus
Jesus Christ,
has transtrans"It was the
the authority
Catholic Church which,
Christ, has
authority of
which, by
ferred this
this rest
rest to
to the
the Sunday
in remembrance of
of the
the resurrection
resurrection of
of our
our Lord.
Lord.
ferred
Sunday in
Thus the
the observance
of
Sunday
by
the
Protestants
is
an
homage
they
pay,
in
spite
is
in
of
the
Protestants
observance
spite
homage they pay,
Sunday by
of themselves,
themselves, to
to the
the authority
of the
the [Catholic]
of
authority of
[Catholic] Church."
The Catholic
Mirror, official
official organ
organ of
James Cardinal
Cardinal Gibbons (Sept.
23, 1893),
of James
Catholic Mirror,
1893),
(Sept. 23,
asserted:
in aa series
of four editorials,
in
series of
similarly asserted:
editorials, similarly
"The Catholic
Catholic Church for
over one thousand
thousand years
years before
before the
the existence
existence of
of a
for over
Protestant, by
by virtue
of her divine
mission, changed
changed the
the day
day from Saturday
to
virtue of
divine mission,
Saturday to
Protestant,
Sunday."
Sunday."
sixteenth century
"The Protestant
Protestant world at
its birth
Reformation] found
at its
birth [the
century Reformation]
[the sixteenth
to run counter to
the Christian
too strongly
to its
its existence;
existence; it
it was
the
Christian Sabbath too
strongly intrenched to
therefore placed
of acquiescing
the arrangement,
thus implyin the
the necessity
therefore
acquiescing in
arrangement, thus
implynecessity of
placed under the
ing
the Church's
Church's right
right to
to change
change the
day, for
for over three
three hundred years.
years. The ChrisChristhe day,
ing the
tian Sabbath
is therefore
therefore to
the acknowledged
acknowledged offspring
offspring of
of the
the Catholic
this day
to this
tian
Sabbath is
day the
Church as
the Holy
without aa word of remonstrance from the
the
of the
as spouse
Church
Ghost, without
Holy Ghost,
spouse of
Protestant world."
world."
Protestant
(See also
also James
Faith of
Fathers, 1893,
p. 111;
Cardinal Gibbons,
1893, p.
Ill;
James Cardinal
Gibbons, The Faith
of Our Fathers,
(See
J.
von Bellinger,
Dollinger, The First
First Age
Age of
of Christianity
Church, vol.
vol. 2,
2, pp.
the Church,
I. von
206,
pp. 206,
Christianity and the
J. 1.
207.)
207.)
176
QUESTIONS
bath Is
is the
the memorial of
historical factof an immutable historical
fact
a finished
finished creation,
and
the
Creator's
rest
on
the
rest
the
Creator's
the
creation,
specific
seventh
day
at
the
close
of
creation
week.
We
at
week.
the
close
creation
of
day
specific
say
it humbly,
humbly, but we believe
nothing-no
person,
no person,
believe that
that nothing
say it
or group,
group, or
power
on
earth-can
change
the
commemor power
earth can change the
orative,
historical fact
rested on the
the seventh
fact that
that God rested
seventh
orative, historical
day
rest day
day to
to mankind
of creation
creation week and gave
gave His rest
day of
as the
the perpetual
perpetual memorial-reminder of
a finished
of a
finished work
as
-never
repealed, and never
neVer to
to be repealed.
repealed.
never repealed,
the Sabbath will
that the
will
And we believe,
furthermore, that
believe, furthermore,
ever be
be the
the eternal
power
eternal memorial of
of God's creative
creative power
ever
righteousness (Isa.
23), and will
will remain the
and righteousness
the
66:22, 23),
(Isa. 66:22,
everlasting
justice and sovereign
sovereign govof His justice
goveverlasting reminder of
ernment,
as well
well as
plan of redempredempas of
of His wondrous plan
ernment, as
tion
the re-creation
through the
the wonders of
of
tion and the
re-creation of
of man through
grace.
His grace.
Saturday
bserval1ce aa Valid
riteriol1
Observance
Valid C
Criterion
Saturday 0
QUESTION
QUESTION
17
Do Seventh-day
Adventists believe
believe that
that SatSatis
the
urday
is
the
only
valid
criterion
for
determining
valid
criterion
urday
for determining
only
full obedience
obedience to
of God,
God, or
to the
the law of
or can one
full
worship
sincerely
Sunday,
but
fail
keep
on
to keep
but
fail to
worship sincerely
Sunday,
the
the Sabbath,
Sabbath, and still
still be counted
counted a faithful
faithful and
obedient Christian?
Christian?
Seventh-day
can not,
not, and do not,
not, read
read
Adventists can
hearts;
that
is
God's
prerogative.
believe
in
adthat
in
adis
believe
We
hearts;
prerogative.
vancing
light.
Time,
circumstance,
knowledge,
underundervancing light. Time, circumstance, knowledge,
standing,
determining factors.
factors. And
conviction are
are determining
standing, and conviction
we believe,
believe, further,
that at
times there
there is
a
is
a
stated times
at stated
further, that
1:
special
"present
truth"
for
emphasis
(2
Peter
I:
Peter
truth"
due
for
emphasis (2
special "present
12).
12).
We likewise
likewise believe
that light
to increase
increase "more
is to
believe that
light is
unto the
the perfect
(Prov. 4:18),
4: 18), and that
that
and more unto
day" (Prov.
perfect day"
increasing knowledge
knowledge and understanding
understanding unavoidably
unavoidably
increasing
carry with
with them increasing
9:41).
(John 9:41).
increasing responsibility
responsibility (John
carry
it not,
to
"To him that
that knoweth to
to do good,
good, and doeth it
not, to
sin" (James
4:
17).
Repudiation
of
recognized
it is
is sin"
him it
recognized
(James 4:17). Repudiation
is responfor which one is
light then
then becomes aa matter
matter for
responlight
in
the
sible.
"While
ye
have
light,
believe
in
the
light,
that
sible.
light, that
light, believe
ye
ye may
may be
be the
the children
children of
of light"
light" (John
12:36). "Walk
(John 12:36).
ye
come
while
ye have
have the
the light,
lest
darkness
upon you"
you"
lest
darkness
while ye
upon
light,
177
177
178
QUESTIONS
(verse
the light
light which
that the
therefore that
(verse 35).
35). "Take heed therefore
is
in thee
thee be not darkness.
If
thy
body
therefore
is in
If
whole
darkness.
body therefore
thy
of light,
part dark,
dark, the
the whole shall
full of
shall
be full
light, having
having no part
of light,
the bright
bright shining
shining of
be full
full of
of a
a candle
as when the
light, as
doth give
35, 36).
thee light"
11:35,
give thee
light" (Luke
36).
(Luke 11:
As to
to the
the question
it should be noted:
noted:
itself, it
question itself,
,,yhen
observance
shall
be
enforced
by law,
law, and the
the
shall
be
enforced
When Sunday
observance
by
Sunday
shall be enlightened
concerning the
the obligation
the true
true
of the
world shall
obligation of
enlightened concerning
Sabbath,
then whoever shall
transgress the
the command of
God, to
of God,
shall transgress
to
Sabbath, then
obey aa precept
precept which has
has no higher
higher authority
authority than that
that of
Rome,
of Rome,
obey
will thereby
thereby honor popery
will
God. The Great Controversy,
Controversy,,
popery above God.-The
p.449.
449.
p.
We recognize
recognize that
test in
in
that the
the Sabbath was not a
a test
medieval times.
times. And we do not believe
believe that
that it
was
a
it
a
test in
the great
in the
the days
of the
test
days of
sixteenth-century Reformagreat sixteenth-century
tion, or
in Wesley's
day. But in
in these
these "last
days,"
or even in
"last days,"
tion,
Wesley's day.
when,
believe, all
to be restored
restored before
before
all truth
truth is
is to
when, we believe,
Christ's
second coming,
message with divine
Christ's second
the message
divine
coming, and the
import
is
to
come
to
on
the
Sabbath
of
the
is
to
to
mankind
the
of the
import
fourth
is aa moral accountability
accountability
fourth commandment, there
there is
for obedience on the
the part
to whom light
for
those to
of those
light and
part of
conviction have come. God surely
does
men
not
hold
does
surely
accountable for
truth that
that has
not yet
yet come to
their
for truth
accountable
has not
to their
knowledge
understanding.
knowledge and understanding.
Historic Concept
Concept of
of the
the Mark of
of the
the Beast
Historic
QUESTION
QUESTION
18
Adventists differ
differ -from
from other
other
Why do Adventists
Christians
Christians in
in connecting
connecting the
the mark of
of the
the beast
beast
with the
the Sabbath
Sabbath issue?
issue? And why
why do you
you put
with
put
so
so
much emphasis
emphasis on this
this question?
question?
Seventh-day
Adventists believe
believe that
that Bible
Bible prophprophSeventh-day Adventists
papal
power,
legal
with
legal
papal power,
in
the
last
days.
of its
in
the
last
enforcement of
its mark of
of authority,
days.
authority,
That, we understand,
the "mark of
the beast"
beast"
of the
is when the
That,
understand, is
will
be imposed
imposed-in
with the
the last
great
last great
will be
in connection
connection with
religious
crisis
affecting
all
mankind
(Rev.
13:
16,
17).
religious crisis affecting all
(Rev. 13:16, 17).
is why
why Seventh-day
Adventists have
have such deep
conThat is
deep contest.
as a
a coming
victions
the Sabbath as
victions concerning
coming test.
concerning the
conFirst,
we
are
not
alone
in
our
deep
convictions
conin
convictions
are
not
alone
First,
deep
cerning
the
Sabbath.
Numerous
Baptist
scholars,
back
the
Sabbath.
Baptist scholars,
cerning
in
so concerned over
in the
the seventeenth
seventeenth century,
century, were so
this
of
the
Sabbath
that,
after
painstaking ininafter
the
of
this question
that,
painstaking
question
vestigation,
they
founded
the
Seventh
Day
Baptist
the
Day
Baptist
vestigation, they
for their
their
Church,
not aa few suffering
Church, not
suffering imprisonment
imprisonment for
faith.
faith.
N or are
isolated or unique
are we either
either isolated
Nor
connecting
unique in connecting
the Papacy,
to the
the
of subserviency
with some form of
the mark with
subserviency to
Papacy,
of
its powers,
to its
of submission
submission to
laws, pressures,
pressures, and manpowers, laws,
of various lands and
dates.
scholars of
find Christian
Christian scholars
dates. We find
ecies predict
predict aa resurgence
resurgence of
of
ecies
179
180
QUESTIONS
races
the question.
question. For cenraces who studied
censtudied and wrote
wrote on the
turies Christians
Christians pondered
this coining
coming mark,
mark, and had
turies
pondered this
inklings
of
its
intent.
Note
them:
its
Note
them:
of
intent.
inklings
the time
of Wycliffe's
Wydiffe's associate,
From the
time of
associate, John
Purvey,
John Purvey,
onward,
have
felt
that
the
of
the
beast had
the
mark
the
of
beast
men
felt
that
have
onward,
to do
to
do with
with the
pertained to
to papal
papal power
the Papacy,
power
Papacy, and pertained
decrees. Andreas
Andreas Osiander
(died 1552),
Reformaand decrees.
ReformaOsiander (died
1552),
tion pastor
pastor at
that it
was subserviency
it was
tion
said that
at Niirnberg,
Niirnberg, said
subserviency
to the
the Papacy.
Nikolaus von
von Amsto
Luther's associate,
associate, Nikolaus
Papacy. Luther's
dorf (died
Magdeburg, thought
thought It
it had to
to do
dorf
of Magdeburg,
(died 1565),
1565), of
with enforced
papal ceremonies
ceremonies and decrees.
with
enforced papal
decrees.
Heinrich
Bullinger (died
Zwingli's successor
Heinrich Bullinger
successor
(died 1575),
1575), Zwingli's
at
Zurich,
took
it
to
be
the
Papacy's
excommunicating
at Zurich, took it to be the Papacy's excommunicating
power. Bishop
Nicholas Ridley,
Ridley, oof England
Bishop Nicholas
(martyred
power.
England (martyred
in 1555),
in
declared
it
involved
allegiance
to
the
beast.
it
declared
involved
the
beast.
to
allegiance
1555),
Scottish
mathematician Sir
John Napier
Napier (died
Scottish mathematician
Sir John
(died 1617)
1617)
it as
of obedience
to Rome. Pietist
defined it
a profession
defined
as a
Pietist
obedience to
profession of
Johann Lucius
Lucius (died
believed" it
to be
be the
the conit to
conJohann
(died 1686)
1686) believed
religion. And Sir
Isaac Newton
fession
the Roman religion.
fession of
Sir Isaac
of the
(died
placed the
the mark of
beast and the
the seal
of the
the beast
seal
(died 1727)
1727) placed
of
in contrast.
of God in
contrast.
In Colonial
America, Puritan
Puritan theocrat
theocrat John
John Cotton
In
Colonial America,
(died
1652)
believed
that
those
receive
the mark
the
believed
that
receive
those
who
(died 1652)
of
beast are
the ones
ones who receive
receive their
their orders
of the
the beast
are the
orders
from the
Congregationalist Edward
the Church of
of Rome. Congregationalist
it
as yielding
yielding to
to the
Holyoke
(died
1660)
defined
it as
the
defined
Holyoke (died 1660)
pope's
Jaw.
Back
again
in
England,
Baptist
theologian
law.
in
pope's
again
England, Baptist theologian
Fuller (died
of the
Andrew Fuller
placed the
the mark of
the
(died 1815)
1815) placed
beast and the
to Amerithe seal
seal of
in opposition.
beast
of God in
opposition. And to
can Presbyterian
Presbyterian minister
minister Robert Reid (died
it
1844) it
(died 1844)
was submission
to Roman error.
are samplings
of
submission to
of
error. Such are
samplings
the
of scholars
the historic
historic applications
five hunhimscholars covering
applications of
covering five
THE .MARK
MARK OF THE BEAST
181
181
are discussed
dred years.
discussed in
in LeRoy
Froom,
years. (All
(Ail are
LeRoy Edwin Froom,
Faith
Prophetic
of
None
vols. 2
2 and 3.)
of Our Fathers)
Fathers, vols.
Prophetic
3.)
of these
these expositors,
of
applied
of the
the centuries
centuries past,
the
expositors, of
past, applied the
beast specifically
mark of the beast
to
the
Sabbath
issue,
but
to
the
Sabbath
but
issue,
specifically
it with the
they
the Papacy.
they did connect it
Papacy.
Sabbatarian Adventists
Adventists all
all recognize
that the
the SabSabrecognize that
test in
in centuries
bath was not aa test
but
believe
the
centuries past,
but
believe
the
past,
restoration of the Sabbath to
of
the
last
great
to be part
o
the
last
part
great
revival of neglected
revival
forsaken apostolic
a
truths
neglected and forsaken
apostolic truths-a
that will
will be given
part
in connection
connection with
with
part th.at
given emphasis
emphasis in
last message
in preparation
God's last
of a
a people
to meet
message in
preparation of
people to
their returning
their
Lord.
returning
the prophecies
prophecies of
Seventh-day
believe that
Adventists believe
that the
of
Daniel 77 and Revelation 13,
the beast,
to the
13, relating
beast,
relating to
to the
the Papacy,
refer particularly
refer
particularly to
that the
the activities
activities
Papacy, and that
future persecuting
power
will
into
sharp
and future
will
come
into
persecuting power
sharp
focus just
just before
before the return
return of
of our Lord in
glory. It
focus
in glory.
is
It is
our understanding
understanding that
that the
the Sabbath will
will then
then become
our
a
a worldwide test.
test.
it was that
that the
the Adventist
Adventist heralds
heralds of
of Sabbath
Sabbath
Thus it
further logical
logical application
application of
of
reform came to
to make aa further
reform
the mark of
of the
the beast
beast-holding
it to
to be,
be, in
in essence,
essence, the
the
the
holding it
the
attempted
change
of
the
of
the
fourth
comSabbath
the
of
of
fourth
comattempted change
of the
the Decalogue
Decalogue by
by the
the Papacy,
Papacy, its
its endeavor
endeavor
mandment of
and
on
the
Christendom,
the
acceptthis
to
impose
this
change
to impose
Christendom,
change
acceptance of
of the
the Papacy's
Papacy's substitute
substitute by
by individuals.
individuals. We bebeance
that in
in the
the end of
of time,
time, in
in the
the light
light of
of clear
clear divine
divine
lieve that
lieve
prohibition, all
all men will
will be brought
brought face
face to
to face
face with
with
prohibition,
a decision
decision to
to accept
accept or
or reject
reject Sunday
Sunday observance.
observance. (See
(See
a
Be
Mark
Will
the
19,
the
Be
Received.")
Question
"When
19,
Received/')
Question
That the
the Roman Catholic
Catholic Church
Church claims
claims the
the
That
can
seen
change
as
a
of
her
authority
can
be
seen
mark
her
be
from
a
of
authority
change as
182
182
QUESTIONS
the
the following
her catechisms.
catechisms.
from her
following excerpts
excerpts from
Tuberville,
Douay College,
France, in
in
of Douay
Tuberville, of
College, France,
Thus Henry
Henry
AnA
bridgAn
Abridgthe'
Christian
Doctrine
(1649),
page
58,
three
Doctrine
ment of
the
three
Christian
58,
of
(1649), page
stated
the
Catholic
case:
centuries ago,
case:
Catholic
the
centuries
stated
ago,
Q.-How
you that
hath power
power to
to command
that the
the Church hath
Q. How prove
prove you
feasts
holydays?
feasts and
a"nd holydays?
A.-By
the very
very act
changing the
the sabbath
into Sunday,
sabbath into
act of
of changing
A.
Sunday,
By the
which
they fondly
therefore they
allow of;
contradict
which Protestants
Protestants allow
of; and therefore
fondly contradict
themselves, by
keeping Sunday
Sunday strictly,
breaking most
most other
other
themselves,
strictly, and breaking
by keeping
feasts commanded by
by the
the same Church.
Church.
feasts
Stephen
Keenan, in
in A Doctrinal
Doctrinal Catechism (1865),
Stephen Keenan,
(1865),
of New
page
174,
approved
by
Archbishop
John Hughes
Hughes of
page 174, approved by Archbishop John
York, made aa similar
similar assertion:
assertion:
York,
Q.-Have
you any
any other
other way
proving that
the Church
has
Church has
that the
of proving
way of
Q. Have you
to institute
festivals of
precept?
to
institute festivals
of preceptf
such power,
A.-Had
power, she
not have
have done that
she could
could not
A. Had she
she not
not such
that
in which
which all
religionists agree
agree with
with her;
her;-she
not
all modern religionists
she could
could not
in
have
of Sunday
the
first
day
of
the
the observance
first
substituted the
observance of
the
of
the
have substituted
day
Sunday
week,
for the
the observance
the seventh
seventh day,
change
a change
observance of
of Saturday
week, for
Saturday the
day, a
for which
which there
there is
is no
no Scriptural
for
authority.
Scriptural authority.
poweT
power
Peter
in The Convert's
Convert's Catechism
Catechism of
Peter Geiermann,
Geiermann, in
of
Catholic
Doctrine (1910
ed.),
page
50,
repeats
the
Catholic Doctrine
the
50,
(1910 ed.), page
repeats
claim:
claim:
Q.
substitute Sunday
Sunday for
for Satthe Catholic
Catholic Church substitute
did the
SatQ. Why
Why did
urday?
urday?
A.
A.
substituted Sunday
for Saturday,
because
The Church substituted
Sunday for
Saturday, because
dead on a
a Sunday,
the Holy
Holy Ghost
Ghost
Christ
rose from the
the dead
Christ rose
Sunday, and the
the Apostles
a Sunday.
descended upon
upon the
descended
Sunday.
Apostles on a
did the
the Church substitute
Q. By
By what
what authority
substitute S.unday
for
authority did
Sunday for
Q.
Saturday?
Saturday?
A.
for Saturday
Saturday by
by the
the
substituted Sunday
A. The Church substituted
Sunday for
plenitude of
of that
Jesus Christ
bestowed
that divine
divine power
Christ bestowed
power which Jesus
plenitude
upon
her.
upon her.
the Mark
Mark Will
Win Be
Be Received
Received
When the
QUESTION
QUESTION
19
Do Seventh-day
Adventists teach
teach in
in their
their
authorized literature
literature that
that those
those who worship
worship on
authorized
Sunday and repudiate
repudiate in
in its
its entirety
entirety the
the SeventhSeventhSunday
Adventist
teaching
as
consequence
the
day
Adventist
a
as
have
the
day
teaching
consequence
mark of
of apostasy,
apostasy, or
or "the
of the
the beast"?
beast"?
"the mark of
Does not
not Mrs.
Mrs. White teach
teach that
that those
those who now
keep Sunday
Sunday already
already have the
the mark of
of the
the beast?
beast?
keep
are based
based upon
upon the
the Bible,
Our doctrinal
doctrinal posltlons
Bible,
positions are
her
name
not upon
upon Mrs. White's writings.
But
since
her
since
not
writings.
has been introduced
introduced into
the question,
question, an explicit
stateinto the
has
explicit statement from her pen
should
set
the
record
straight.
record
set
the
straight. The
pen
in 1899:
following
1899:
by her in
following was penned
penned by
No one
has yet
the beast.
beast. The testing
the mark of
of the
received the
one has
testing
yet received
time
has not
come.
There
are
true
Christians
in every
true
Christians
are
come.
not yet
time has
church,
every church,
yet
not
Catholic communion. None are conthe Roman Catholic
not excepting
excepting the
the obligademned until
seen the
the light
have had the
until they
obligalight and have seen
they have
the decree shall
shall go
tion
fourth commandment. But when the
the fourth
tion of
go
of the
forth
the counterfeit
counterfeit sabbath,
forth enforcing
sabbath, and the loud cry
cry of the
enforcing the
beast and
the worship
of the beast
third
shall warn men against
third angel
against the
worship of
angel shall
false and
his
line will
will be clearly
the line
his image,
clearly drawn between the false
image, the
will
the
still continue in transgression
those who still
true. Then those
the true.
transgression will
235. (Ital.
receive
beast.
the beast.-Evangelism,
234, 235.
of the
the mark of
receive the
(ItalEvangelism, pp.
pp. 234,
ics
ics supplied.)
supplied.)
This
has been her uniform teaching
This has
throughout the
teaching throughout
their
years-excerpts
twisted
out
of
their
setting
by
of
twisted
ears
by detracsetting
excerpts
y
183
183
184
QUESTIONS
tors notwithstanding.
tors
notwithstanding. This position
position is
by
sustained by
is sustained
the same writer
the
writer in
Great Controversy:
in The Great
Controversy:
But Christians
generations observed
the Sunday,
Sunday, sup
observed the
Christians of
of past
suppast generations
that in
were keeping
keeping the
the Bible
Bible Sabbath;
posing that
in so
so doing
Sabbath;
they were
posing
doing they
are now true
true Christians
in every
church, not
not excepting
and there
there are
Christians in
every church,
excepting
honestly believe
believe that
the Roman Catholic
the
that
Catholic communion,
communion, who honestly
Sunday
the Sabbath
of divine
divine appointment.
is the
their
Sabbath of
Sunday is
appointment. God accepts
accepts their
sincerity
purpose and their
their integrity
before Him. But wh{m
of purpose
when
integrity before
sincerity of
enforced by
by law,
law, and the
world shall
shall
Sunday observance
observance shall
the world
shall be
be enforced
Sunday
of the
the true
true Sabbath,
Sabbath,
be
obligation of
be enlightened
the obligation
concerning the
enlightened concerning
then
whoever shall
shall transgress
then whoever
the command of
to obey
a
God, to
of God,
obey a
transgress the
no
higher
authority
than
that
of
Rome,
will
precept
which
has
that
has
will
which
Rome,
of
higher
authority
precept
God.. .
...
. . As men then
then reject
reject the
thereby honor
honor popery
popery above
above God
the
thereby
institution which
which God has
be the
the sign
sign of
His authorhas declared
to be
of His
institution
declared to
authorhonor in its stead that
Rome has
has chosen
as the
ity,
chosen as
the
ity, and honor in its stead that which
of her
her supremacy,
they
will
thereby
accept
the
sign
token of
will
token
the
of
thereby accept
sign of
supremacy, they
allegiance
to Rome-"the
of the
beast." And it
the beast."
it is
Rome "the mark of
is not
not
allegiance to
until the
until
the issue
thus plainly
before the
the people,
people, and they
they are
issue is
is thus
set before
are
plainly set
brought to
to choose
choose between the
the commandments of
the
of God and the
brought
men, that
those who continue
continue in
transgression
commandments of
of men,
that those
in transgression
the beast."-Page
449. (Italics
will receive
receive "the
will
"the mark of
of the
beast."
Page 449.
(Italics supplied.)
supplied.)
yet the
of the
the beast,
beast, and will
will
Sunday-keeping
is not
the mark of
not yet
Sunday-keeping is
not be
be until
until the
the decree
goes forth
causing men to
to worship
worship this
not
decree goes
forth causing
this
time will
will come when this
this day
day will
will be
be the
the
idol sabbath.
sabbath. The time
idol
but that
that time
time has
has not
not come yet.-Ellen
G. White Manuscript
test, but
Ellen G.
test,
yet.
Manuscript
118,
1899.
118, 1899.
as to
To your
your inquiry,
then, as
whether Mrs.
Mrs. White
to whether
inquiry, then,
maintained that
those who do not
not see
see and observe
that all
all those
observe
the seventh
have the
the "mark of
of
the
seventh day
as the
the Sabbath now have
day as
apostasy,"
the
answer
is
definitely
No.
the
is
No.
apostasy,"
definitely
firm conviction
the firm
conviction that
that millions
We hold
hold the
millions of
of devout
devout
all faiths
Christians of
of all
faiths throughout
all
Christians
all
past
centuries,
as
throughout
past centuries, as
well
well as
as those
those today
trusting in
are sincerely
in Christ
Christ
today who are
sincerely trusting
their
for salvation
salvation and are
their Saviour for
are following
following Him acactheir
to
best
are
cording
to
their
best
light,
are
unquestionably
saved.
saved.
cording
light,
unquestionably
Thousands of
to the
as martyrs
martyrs for
of such went to
the stake
stake as
for
for their
their faith.
Christ
untold numbers
Christ and for
faith. Moreover,
Moreover, untold
THE MARK RECEIVED
185
185
of godly
will surely
included. God
godly Roman Catholics will
surely be included.
reads the heart and deals
deals with the
the intent
intent and the
the understanding.
His
"other
sheep"
are among
"other
derstanding. These are
among
(John
sheep' (John
10:
16).
He
makes
no
mistake.
The
Biblical
principle
is
mistake.
Biblical
10:16).
principle is
clear: "Therefore to
clear:
and
to him that
that knoweth to
to do gO,od,
good,
it not,
doeth it
17).
to him it
it is
is sin"
sin'* (James
not, to
(James 4:
4:17).
Seventh-day
the prophecies
Seventh-day Adventists interpret
interpret the
prophecies
to
relating
to
the
beast,
and
the
reception
of his
his work,
work,
beast,
relating
reception of
that will
as
just before
as something
will come into
focus just
into sharp
something that
sharp focus
the
of our Lord in
in glory.
is our understanding
the return of
It is
understanding
glory. It
that
test.
this issue
will then become a worldwide test.
that this
issue will
1
Who Constitute
the "Remnant
"Remnant Church"?
Church"?
Constitute the
QUESTION
QUESTION
20
It
alleged that
Adventists
is alleged
that Seventh-day
It is
teach that
alone
constitute
the
finally
the
alone
constitute
that they
teach
they
finally completed
"remnant
church"
mentioned
in the
the book
in
church"
pleted
of
Revelation. Is
Is this
Seventh-day Ador do Seventh-day
this true,
true, or
of Revelation.
ventists recognize
ventists
recognize
"remnant* those
by
those in
the "remnant"
by the
every
faithful to
to the
the
every denomination who remain faithful
Scriptures
the faith
faith once delivered
the
delivered unto the
Scriptures and the
saints? Do Adventists
Adventists maintain that
they alone
alone
that they
saints?
are
witnesses of
of the
the living
in
true witnesses
are the
the only
only true
living God in
our age
and
that
their
observance
of
the
seventhsevenththat
their
of
age
idenSabbath is
of the
major marks that
that idenday
is one of
the major
day Sabbath
tify
them
as
God's
church?
as
remnant
tify
The answer to
this threefold
will depend
to this
threefold question
depend
question will
quite
largely
on
the
definition
given
to
the
to
the
word "remthe
definition
given
quite largely
nant." If,
the second part,
part, "remnant"
nant."
in the
as is
is implied
If, as
implied in
is taken
taken to
to mean the
the church invisible,
invisible, our answer to
is
to
the first
part is
the
first part
is an unqualified
Seventh-day Adunqualified No. Seventh-day
ventists have
have never sought
sought to
to equate
equate their
their church with
ventists
the church
church invisible-"those
in every
denomination
the
invisible
"those in
who
every
faithful to
If
word
If
the
"remremain faithful
to the Scriptures."
the
Scriptures."
nant" is
is used
used in
Revelation
in Revelation
nant"
in terms
of its
terms of
its definition
definition in
12:
17, aa proper
proper answer will
will call
call for
the presentation
presentation of
for the
of
12:17,
certain
background material.
material.
certain background
186
186
THE "REMNANT CHURCH"
187
187
We believe
believe that
that the
the prophecy
prophecy of
of Revelation
17
Revelation 12:
12:17
to the
points to
the experience
points
experience and
the Seventh-day
Seventh-day
work of
of the
Adventist
not believe
believe that
that we alone
Adventist Church,
but we do not
alone
Church, but
constitute the
the true
true children
God-that
the
constitute
children of
of God
that we are
are the
only true Christians-on
today. We
vVe believe
believe that
Christians
on earth
earth today.
that
only
God has
has aa multitude of
earnest,
faithful,
sincere
followof earnest, faithful, sincere followin all
ers in
all Christian
ers
in the
the words
words
Christian communions,
communions, who are,
are, in
of the
of
the question,
question, "true
witnesses of
the living
God
in
"true witnesses
in
of the
living
our age."
Ellen
G.
has
expressed
our
view
plainly:
Ellen
White
has
our
view
age."
expressed
plainly:
"In what religious
religious bodies
the greater
greater part
part of
the
bodies are
are the
of the
followers of
followers
of Christ
Christ now to
to be
be found?
found? Without doubt,
in
doubt, in
the various
various churches professing
the
Protestant
faith."faith."
the
Protestant
professing
The Great Controversy,
p. 383.
383.
Controversy, p.
a
historical background
for our understandunderstandThere is
is a historical
background for
ing
of Revelation 12:17.
12:17.
ing of
All
the centuries
through the
there have
have been
been negAll through
centuries there
negforgotten truths
truths that
re-emphasizing,
lected or
lected
or forgotten
that needed re-emphasizing,
departures
that needed protesting,
protesting, reredepartures and apostasies
apostasies that
forms that
to be effected.
effected. And God has
has laid
the
that needed to
laid the
to proclaim
proclaim these
these truths.
truths.
hearts of
of some to
burden on the
the hearts
The Protestant
Protestant Reformation
Reformation broke
broke away
from
the
the
away
papal church
church proclaiming
proclaiming the
the abandoned or
or forgotten
forgotten
papal
the gospel,
a.nd
repudiating
the gross
gross
fundamentals
the
fundamentals of
of the
a.nd
repudiating
gospel,
of
that
time.
Separation
inevitable
apostasies
became
inevitable
time.
of
that
Separation
apostasies
because of
of the
the attitude
church. But
established church.
attitude of
of the
the established
because
differences arose
arose among
before long,
the Reserious differences
before
among the
long, serious
in the
the various
various
formed bodies
bodies as
as conscientious
conscientious men in
truth.
different
of
different
aspects
of
truth.
communions emphasized
aspects
emphasized
And various
national and state
soon came into
into
state churches soon
various national
being. These held
held varying
varying degrees
degrees of
of truth.
truth.
being.
Thus,
out
of
the
Reformed
group
in England,
England, the
the
the
out
of
Thus,
group in
so
much
because
Anglican
Church
developed.
because
so
of
But
developed.
Anglican
188
QUESTIONS
Catholic ritual,
ritual, form,
retained,
Catholic
form, and ceremony
ceremony were retained,
various Separatist
Independent groups
into
various
groups came into
Separatist and Independent
being. Because
rejection of
of their
their
of opposition
Because of
being.
opposition and rejection
spiritual
contributions,
the
Baptists
and
other
Indethe
other
Indecontributions,
Baptists
spiritual
England and the
the Continent,
not only
only
pendents arose
arose in
in England
Continent, not
pendents
stressing
the purer
purer gospel,
but emphasizing
emphasizing baptism
baptism
gospel, but
stressing the
by
immersion,
soul
liberty,
and
separation
of
church
of
soul
immersion,
liberty,
separation
by
and state.
away
from
certain
certain
another step
and
Theirs was another
state. Theirs
step away
retained In
in the
the Reformed
aspects of
theology retained
of medieval theology
aspects
faiths.
faiths.
John Wesley
Wesley and his
also, seeking
holiness
his associates
associates also,
seeking holiness
John
free
grace,
ridiculed
and
of life
life and stressing
were
free
ridiculed
of
grace,
stressing
ostracized,
and
in
time
were
forced
to
form
a
separate
time
a
in
to
were
forced
ostracized,
separate
In the
next century,
America, Alexander
body. In
the next
in America,
century, in
body.
Campbell
his followers,
believing that
that reform
reform was
followers, believing
Campbell and his
needed,
organized
their
own
group.
Many
their
needed, organized
group. Many denominations were thus
tions
thus founded.
founded.
the beginning
beginning of
twentieth century,
century, when
the twentieth
At the
of the
rationalism
criticism
honeycombed
criticism
had
rationalism and higher
honeycombed
higher
full
the
churches-with
denial
of
the
full inspiramany
of
with
the
the
denial
of
churches
of
inspiramany
tion
of
the
Word;
the
deity
of
Christ;
His
virgin
birth,
His
the
of
tion of
Word; the deity
Christ;
virgin birth,
sinless
vicarious atoning
death; His
His literal
literal
sinless life,
life, and vicarious
atoning death;
resurrection and ascension;
the heavenly
heavenly ministry
ministry of
of
resurrection
ascension; the
Christ;
and
His
second,
personal,
premillennial
adadHis
Christ;
second, personal, premillennial
vent-God
raised up
up many
many courageous
courageous leaders
proto provent
God raised
leaders to
claim the
to the
the saints.
saints. In time
claim
the faith
faith once delivered
delivered to
this upsurge
upsurge called
break, and aa separation
separation took
took
this
called for
for a
a break,
in
is
in
the
ranks
of
Protestantism.
is
reflected
in
place
in
the
ranks
of
This
reflected
Protestantism.
place
such Antithetical
as
the
National
Council
of
Antithetical groups
National
of
groups as the
the National
National Association
Association of
of Evangelicals.
Evangelicals.
Churches and the
Churches
Seventh-day
Adventists
believe
there
are special
there
believe
are
Adventists
Seventh-day
special
truths ior
today that
have been called
of God to
that we have
called of
truths
to
ior today
189
189
feel that
give.
emphasize certain
that we must emphasize
certain
definitely feel
give. We definitely
neglected
truths, must restore
others that
that most
most Protesrestore others
Protesneglected truths,
tant bodies
tant
bodies no longer
must continue
continue the
the
stress, and must
longer stress,
work of
of the
the Reformation.
Reformation. We hold
hold the
the basic
basic evangelievangelitruths in
in common with conservative
cal truths
Christians gencal
conservative Christians
gensoul freedom,
freedom, or
or
erally.
Baptism by
by immersion and soul
erally. Baptism
of church and state,
separation
with the
the Bapshare with
state, we share
separation of
Bapgodliness of
tists, and some others;
life
of life
tists,
others; emphasis
emphasis on godliness
and free
free grace
we
share
with
the
Methodists;
the
sevshare
with
the
the
sevMethodists;
grace
the Seventh
Day Bapenth-day Sabbath we share
share with the
Seventh Day
enth-day
Bapso on.
on. The particular
particular emphasis
on
the
neartists; and so
the
neartists;
emphasis
the return
return of
stressed during
during the
the
ness of
of the
ness
of Christ
Christ was stressed
worldwide Advent awakening
within
the
Christian
within
the
Christian
awakening
churches in
in the
the early
decades of
nineteenth century.
the nineteenth
churches
of the
early decades
century.
This we have
have continued to
proclaim.
This
to proclaim.
recognize that
that God has
has been
been leading
in all
We recognize
all
leading in
but
Seventh-day
Adthese
revivals and reformations,
but
these revivals
Adreformations,
Seventh-day
ventists
have the
the profound
profound conviction
that not
only
conviction that
ventists have
not only
must the
world now be warned concerning
concerning the
the immithe world
nence of
transcendent event
event-the
the second comearth's transcendent
of earth's
a
must
be
ing of
of Christ-but
prepared to
to meet
Christ but a people
people
prepared
ing
their
Lord. Therefore
emphasis on
that an emphasis
feel that
Therefore we feel
their Lord.
certain
truths
is
the
at
this
time. We
due
the
this
time.
is
world
at
truths
certain special
special
in
the
hour
believe we are
in
the
of
God's
judgment
of
are living
believe
living
judgment
(Rev.
and that
time is
beis running out.
that time
14:6, 7),
running out. We be(Rev. 14:6,
7),
that
the
with
most
lieve (in
common
with
historic
creeds)
that
the
historic
lieve
creeds)
(in
all Christian
Ten Commandments are
the standard of
Christian
are the
of all
God
will
the
world
living,
and
by
that
same
law
will
judge
the
that
judge
by
living,
is our belief
seventhit is
belief that
that the
the seventh(James
12). Moreover,
Moreover, it
(James 2:
2:12).
the
of the
day
Sabbath
is
by
the
fourth
precept
the
is enjoined
Sabbath
precept of
enjoined by
day
Decalogue.
Decalogue.
But
this point
point we wouldwould .re-emphasize
But on this
re-emphasize what we
190
QUESTIONS
have already
already stated
that one's
effort
stated on Question
one's effort
11, that
Question 11,
to obey
the law
law of
never be aa
to
of God,
God, however strict,
strict, can never
obey the
ground
of
salvation.
We
are
saved
through
the rightrightare
of
salvation.
saved
through the
ground
of
grace,
eousness of
Christ
received
as
a
gift
as
a
of
of Jesus
eousness
Christ
received
grace, and
gift
Jesus
grace
alone.
Our
Lord's
sacrifice
Calvary
on
is manLord's sacrifice
Calvary is
grace alone.
having been saved,
kind's
only hope.
hope. But having
kind's only
saved, we rejoice
rejoice
are fulfilled
that
the righteous
righteous requirements
requirements of
of the
the law are
fulfilled
that the
in the
experience of
walks not
not after
after
in
of the
the Christian
Christian "who walks
the experience
the
but after
the spirit,"
by the
the grace
of
the flesh
after the
flesh but
grace of
spirit," and who by
God lives
lives in
in harmony
with the
revealed will
will of
the revealed
of God.
harmony with
principles of
of the
the historical
historical
Following
as we do the
the principles
Following as
prophetic
interpretation,
it
is
our
conviction
school
of
is
it
conviction
our
of
school
prophetic interpretation,
that the
the events
events portrayed
in Revelation
to 17
in
14 to
Revelation 14
are in
that
17 are
portrayed in
their
fulfillprocess
of
fulfillment,
or
are
about
to
their
fulfillmeet
or
are
to
of
about
fulfillment,
process
ment.
prepare men everywhere
for what is
is
ment. And to
to prepare
everywhere for
coming on the
the earth,
is sending a
earth, God is
message
coming
sending a special
special message
couched in
in the
the "everlasting
gospel
to
the terms
terms of
of the
''everlasting gospel ... to
every
nation,
and
kindred,
tongue,
and
people"
and
kindred,
nation,
every
tongue,
people'*
message urges
urges men to
to turn
turn from
(Rev.
(Rev. 14:6).
14:6). That message
the true
true God who
every false
false way
way of
life and to
to worship
of life
every
worship the
created
the heavens
heavens and the
the earth.
earth. Furthermore,
created the
Furthermore, we
believe that
has brought
believe
that God has
the Seventh-day
Seventh-day Adventbrought the
ist
movement
into
being
to
carry
His
special message
message to
ist
into being to carry His special
to
this time.
time.
the world
world at
at this
the
of prophetic
inunderstanding of
prophetic inConsistent
Consistent with our understanding
terpretation,
believe
the
of
Revelation
pictures
the
of
we
believe
book
Revelation
terpretation,
pictures
in the
the great
of redemption.
redemption. John,
the final
final scenes
the
scenes in
great drama of
John,
looking
down
through
the
centuries,
beheld
the
warwarthe
the
beheld
centuries,
through
looking
against
the
church.
This
contest
befare
fare of
the dragon
of the
the
church.
becontest
dragon against
and
of
evil
is
graphically
tween the
the forces
of good
tween
forces of
of
evil
is
good
graphically
portrayed
in
the
twelfth
chapter.
"woe"
is proproin
the
twelfth
A
is
chapter.
portrayed
of the
earth and of
the
nounced on "the inhabiters
inhabiters of
the earth
of the
191
191
sea! for
devil is
Is come down unto
sea!
for the
the devil
unto you,
you, having
having great
great
that he
he hath
hath but
but aa short
wrath,
because he knoweth that
wrath, because
short
time" (verse
(verse 12).
time"
12).
the centuries
Through
the Lord protected
protected His
centuries the
His
Through the
church,
often
opening
areas
of
refuge
where
the
perchurch,
the peropening areas of refuge
from the
secuted peoples
peoples could be
be "nourished
''nourished ... from
the face
face
of the
the serpent"
(verse
14).
Coming
to
the
end
of
the
of
the
to
the
end
serpent" (verse 14). Coming
the
chapter
the
prophet
describes
the
final
struggle,
saydescribes
the
final
chapter
prophet
struggle, saythe dragon
ing:
was wroth
with the
the woman
wroth with
ing: "And the
dragon was
[the
Christian church],
war with
the
to make war
with the
[the Christian
church], and went to
remnant [the
last
segment]
of
her
seed,
which
keep
last
of
her
which
the
seed,
[the
segment]
keep the
commandments of
and
have
the
testimony
of
Jesus
of God,
have
the
of
God,
testimony
Jesus
Christ" (verse
Christ"
(verse 17).
will have
have His
His loyal
loyal and faithful
faithful
17). God will
children
to the
children down to
the end of
of earth's
history. In
In harmony
earth's history.
harmony
with our understanding
understanding of
prophecy, we see
see in
in verse
verse 17
of prophecy,
17
a graphic
description
of
the
final
warfare
between
Satan
of
final
the
between
warfare
Satan
graphic description
and those
those who keep
the commandments of
of God,
God, and
keep the
have
the testimony
have the
testimony of
Christ."
Those
who will
will
of Jesus
Christ."
Jesus
feel the
full fury
feel
the full
of
the
dragon's
wrath
are
spoken
of
as
of
the
wrath
as
are
of
fury
dragon's
spoken
"the remnant of
her seed,"
or
in
Adventist
language,
of her
in
Adventist language,
seed," or
"the
"the remnant church."
church."
It
is in
It is
in aa spirit
humility that
that we apply
this
of deep
spirit of
deep humility
apply this
scripture
to
the
Advent
and
its
work,
for
we
to
the
Movement
its
for
work,
scripture
recognize
of such
such an ininthe tremendous implications
recognize the
implications of
terpretation.
While
we
believe
that
Revelation
12:
17
that
believe
Revelation
12:17
terpretation.
in
a
it
points
to
us
as
a
people
of
prophecy,
it
is
in
spirit
of
us
as
of
is
no
to
people
prophecy,
spirit of
points
we
us
it
Is
pride
that
thus
apply
the
scripture.
To
us
it
is
that
thus
the
apply
scripture.
pride
prophetic interinterthe logical
of our system
of prophetic
conclusion of
the
system of
logical conclusion
pretation.
pretation.
But the
the fact
that we thus
apply this
this scripture
does
fact that
thus apply
But
scripture does
we
are
not
imply
in
any
way
that
we
believe
are
the
only
that
believe
the
in
not imply
only
any way
or that
true Christians
Christians in
are the
the only
only
that we are
in the
the world,
true
world, or
.
192
192
QUESTIONS
ones
ones
be saved.
saved. While we believe
believe that
that the
will be
who will
the
Seventh-day
Adventist Church is
the visible
visible organizais the
organization
through which God is
is proclaiming
proclaiming this
this last
last special
tion through
special
we
the
principle
that
message
to
the
world,
the
to
remember
the
world,
message
principle that
Christ
"Other
sheep
Christ enunciated
enunciated when He said,
said,
sheep II
have,
which
are
not
of
this
fold"
(John
10:
16).
this
fold"
are not of
Sevhave,
(John 10:16). Seventh-day Adventists
believe that
that God has
has aa
Adventists firmly
firmly believe
enth-day
remnant, aa multitude of
precious remnant,
of earnest,
sincere bebeearnest, sincere
precious
lievers,
in
every
church,
not
excepting
the
not
in
the
Roman
church,
lievers,
excepting
every
Catholic
are living
up to
to all
the
all the
Catholic communion,
communion, who are
living up
light God has
has given
great Shepherd
of the
the
Shepherd of
given them. The great
light
sheep
recognizes
as
His
own,
is
calling
them
as
His
and
He
is
own,
calling
sheep recognizes
into one great
fellowship in
them into
fold and one great
in
great fold
great fellowship
preparation
for
His
return.
Our
position
on
this
point
return.
this
point
preparation for
position
is
clearly stated
by Ellen
G. White:
White:
is clearly
stated by
Ellen G.
Among
in every
every land,
land, there
there are
are
earth's inhabitants,
scattered in
inhabitants, scattered
Among earth's
those
have not
the knee to
to Baal.
Baal. Like
Like the
the stars
stars of
those who have
not bowed the
of
heaven,
which appear
night, these
these faithful
faithful ones
at night,
ones will
will
heaven, which
only at
appear only
shine
forth when darkness
covers the
the earth
shine forth
darkness covers
earth and gross
darkness
gross darkness
in the
the
people. In heathen
heathen Africa,
the Catholic
Catholic lands
Europe
the people.
lands of
of Europe
Africa, in
and of
of South America,
America, in
in China,
China, in
in India,
India, in
the islands
islands of
in the
of the
the
sea,
in all
all the
the dark
the earth,
earth, God has
has in
reserve aa
in reserve
dark corners
corners of
of the
sea, and in
that will
yet shine
shine forth
firmament of
ones that
of chosen
chosen ones
will yet
amidst the
the
forth amidst
darkness, revealing
revealing clearly
to an apostate
apostate world
world the
the transforming
transforming
darkness,
clearly to
Kings, pp.
pp. 188,
power of
of obedience
obedience to
to His law.-Prophets
law.
188,
power
Prophets and Kings,
189.
189.
Every jewel
jewel will
out and gathered,
gathered, for
for the
the hand of
of
will be brought
brought out
Every
is set
the remnant of
the
recover the
of His
His people.
people.-Early
set to
the Lord is
to recover
Early
Writings,
p. 70.
70.
Writings, p.
We believe
believe the
the majority
majority of
of God's
children are
are still
God's children
still
in this
this way
the world.
world. And of
scattered
of
scattered in
way throughout
throughout the
course, the
the majority
those in
in Christian
Christian churches
of those
churches
course,
majority of
ourselves canstill
conscientiously observe
observe Sunday.
still conscientiously
canSunday. We ourselves
that
is
not do so,
for
we
believe
that
God
is
calling
for
a
for
believe
not
for
a
so,
calling
in this
reformation in
this matter.
matter. But we respect
respect and love
reformation
love

those
of our fellow
fellow Christians
those of
Christians
God's
God's
193
193
not interpret
who do not
interpret
just as
do.
Word just
as we do.
Our study
of prophecy,
study of
according to
to the
the historical
historical
prophecy, according
school
of interpretation,
convinces
us
that
just
before
school o
convinces
that
us
interpretation,
just before
the
the appearing
appearing of
great
issues
of our Lord and Saviour,
Saviour, great issues
will
will challenge
challenge both the
the church and the
the world.
world. CircumCircumso shape
stances
will so
stances will
that every
themselves that
soul on earth
earth
shape themselves
every soul
will be tested
as to
his loyalty
will
tested as
to his
to
God.
In
accordance
with
to
In
with
accordance
loyalty
the
of
Christ
we
the teaching
of
Christ
believe
that
many
today
that
believe
who
teaching
many
today
profess His name and claim
to be
be followers
followers of
of His
His truth
truth
claim to
profess
will at
at that
will
that time
time compromise
their
faith
and
actually
their
faith
compromise
actually
deny their
their Lord.
Lord.
deny
That which leads
up to
to this
this crisis
crisis is
is outlined,
outlined, we
leads up
in Revelation
believe, in
In this
this prophecy
prophecy two great
13. In
Revelation 13.
believe,
great
powers appear
appear under the
the symbols
a ten-horned
ten-horned
of a
powers
symbols of
beast from the
two-horned beast
beast from the
the sea,
beast
the
sea, and a two-horned
earth. These dominating
powers
are
seen
to
unite
in
a
earth.
are
seen
to
unite
in
a
dominating powers
single
purpose,
that
of
opposing
God
and
persecuting
of
that
single purpose,
opposing
persecuting
His people.
people. Their combined opposition
opposition will
will be
be uniuniversal,
will succeed in
in
influential that
that they
so influential
versal, and so
they will
world
getting
a
decree
passed,
possibly
through
a
some
decree
getting
passed, possibly through
court legislature,
legislature, that
those who withstand
withstand their
their edict
edict
that those
court
will
be prohibited
prohibited from doing
any
business
whatsobusiness
will be
doing any
ever;
will be denied them.
ever; even food will
The effect
effect of
this decree
will be upon
upon all,
decree will
of this
all, "both
small
rich
and
poor,
free
bond."
No
and
rich
free
bond/'
small and great,
poor,
great,
one will
will escape.
escape. It
will result
in worldwide boycott
boycott of
of
It will
result in
crisis many
those who serve
In that
that crisis
many will
will comprocomproserve God. In
those
mise their
their faith.
faith.
their principles
mise
deny their
principles and deny
And it
it is
our
belief
that
God
the whole
wants the
belief that
is
world, especially
especially those
serve Him,
Him, to
to be
love and serve
those who love
world,
He
is
prepared
for
that
issue.
Therefore,
is
issue.
tremendous
that
for
Therefore,
prepared
7
194
QUESTIONS
sending
all the
peoples of
of earth.
a special
to all
the peoples
earth.
sending a
message to
special message
This message
message first
calls
men
to
accept
salvation
through
first calls
to accept salvation through
His grace,
then it
the issues
issues clearly
clearly before
it sets
before
His
sets the
grace, and then
by unmasking
the
of
sin
revealing
sin
them by
man
of
and
the
the
revealing the
unmasking
subtlety
of
his
attacks,
so
that
the
test
comes,
when
the
that
test
o
his
so
attacks,
comes,
subtlety
each individual
be abJe
intelligent choice.
will be
to make intelligent
choice.
each
individual will
able to
In
harmony with
interpretation of
of prophecy
prophecy we
In harmony
that interpretation
with that
that God is
is giving
tests
of
loyalty
today,
feel
of
that
tests
so that
feel that
loyalty today, so
giving
the whole world
when the
the final
world will
will
final issue
issue comes and the
the matter
matter of
of loyalty
to
God
or
comdivide
to
or
divide itself
itself on the
loyalty
the world,
pliance with
with the
the satanic
world, men will
will be
be
edict of
of the
satanic edict
pliance
the
test.
ready
for
for
the
test.
ready
In every
has had loyal,
loyal, faithful
faithful
crisis God has
In
every great
great crisis
more
ones
whose allegiance
to
Him
has
been
precious
to
been
ones whose
precious
allegiance
than life
itself. And in
this coming
coming hour of
of test
test we bebethan
life itself.
in this
that He will
have aa loyal
"remnant."
believe
lieve that
lieve
will have
We
believe
loyal
that finally
finally the
the "remnant"
people will
will include
include every
that
"remnant' people
every
true
and
faithful
follower
of
Christ.
believe God
of
Christ.
faithful
follower
We
believe
true
has
given us
us aa solemn responsibility
to carry
carry His final
final
has given
responsibility to
world-"the
everlasting
message
of
entreaty
to
the
world
''the
of
to
the
everlasting gosmessage
entreaty
gospel"
(Rev.
14:6).
pel" (Rev. 14:6).
understanding of
place in
in preparation
preparation for
of our place
for
Our understanding
in the
the following
following statement
these events
events is
statement from
these
is outlined
outlined in
Ellen G.
G. White:
White:
Ellen
7
In the
the time
time of
every divine
divine institution
is to
to be
be rereof the
institution is
the end,
end, every
stored.
in the
law at
the time
time the
the Sabbath was
the law
breach made in
at the
stored. The breach
is to
changed by
by man,
man, is
to be
be repaired.
repaired. God's remnant people,
people, standstandchanged
ing before
before the
the world
world as
reformers, are
are to
to show that
that the
the law of
of
as reformers,
ing
of all
is the
the foundation
all enduring
reform, and that
the
that the
God is
foundation of
enduring reform,
Sabbath
of the
the fourth
to stand
stand as
as aa memorial
is to
fourth commandment is
Sabbath of
memorial
the power
of creation,
reminder of
of the
power of
In clear,
of God. In
a constant
of
constant reminder
creation, a
clear,
the necessity
necessity of
obedience to
all
distinct
lines they
they are
are to
distinct lines
to present
of obedience
to all
present the
the
precepts of
Decalogue. Constrained
Constrained by
by the
the love
love of
Christ,
the precepts
of the
the Decalogue.
of Christ,
building up
up the
the waste
waste places.
they are
are to
to cooperate
in building
they
cooperate with Him in
places.
195
195
to be repairers
They
of the
the breach,
restorers of
of paths
to
breach, restorers
They are to
repairers of
paths to
dwell in.-Prophets
In.
678.
Prophets and Kings,
Kings, p.
p. 678.
the matter:
To sum up
matter: We believe
believe that
that through
all
up the
through all
has had His elect,
the ages
by
their
their
elect, distinguished
ages God has
distinguished by
sincere obedience to
sincere
to Him in
in terms
terms of
of aU
all the
the light
relight reto them. These constitute
vealed to
what
may
be
described
constitute
may be described
as the church invisible.
as
invisible. We also
at various
also believe
believe that
that at
various
earth's
perioqs
of
earth's
history
God
has
called
out
a
company
a
has
called
out
periods
history
company
of people,
the depositories
people, making
making them uniquely
uniquely the
depositories and
of His truth.
exponents
truth. This is
is strikingly
illustrated by
exponents of
strikingly illustrated
by
of Israel,
the history
mentioned,
by
ceras already
cerIsrael, and as
mentioned,
history of
already
by
tain reformatory
tain
in the
history of
the history
of the
the ChrisChrisreformatory movements in
tian church.
tian
church.
We believe
that in
\Ve
believe that
has aa special
in earth's
earth's last
last hour God has
special
for
the
message
for
the
world,
to
prepare
all
will
heed
it
to
all
will
it
who
world,
message
prepare
to
withstand the
of
the
last
days
to
the deceptions
to withstand
last
of
the
and
to
make
days
deceptions
ready for
for the
the second advent of
of Christ.
Christ. \Ve
believe that
that
We believe
ready
has raised
raised up
as the
the SeventhHe has
movement known as
Seventhup aa movement-known
day
Adventist
church-for
the
express
purpose
church
for
the
of makday
express purpose of
in
a
the
and
ing
it,
in
a
special
way,
the
depository
exponent
of
ing it,
special way,
depository
exponent of
this message.
message. While this
this company
company of
of God's
God's children
children
this
may be
be described
described as
a church,
church, we believe
believe the
the term
as a
may
"movement" more accurately
accurately conveys
conveys the
the essential
essential nanature and purpose
purpose of
this distinctive
distinctive group
group with
with its
its disdisof this
ture
tinctive
tinctive message.
message.
conceive our
our task
task to
to be that
that of
of persuading
persuading men
We conceive
to make ready
ready for
for the
the day
day of
of God,
God, by
by calling
calling on them
to
to accept
accept Heaven's special
special message
message and thus
thus to
to join
join with
to
us in
in proclaiming
proclaiming God's
God's great
great truth
truth for
for these
these days.
days. Holdus
this
raised
movement
and
ing,
as
do,
that
raised
up
this
God
that
we
as
do,
up
ing,
that
the
final
we
believe
before
gave
to
it
its
message,
believe
that
before
the
final
its
it
to
message,
gave
hour of
of crisis
crisis and testing
testing all
all God's
God's true
true children
children-now
now
hour
196
QUESTIONS
so widely
join with us
us in
in giving
giving obediscattered will join
obediwidely scattered-will
ence to
to this
this message,
the seventh-day
of which the
message, of
seventh-day Sabbath
is
a basic
basic part.
part.
is a
Finally,
the earnestness
all the
earnestness and
Finally, we would say
say with all
directness we can command, that
that we repudiate
repudiate any
directness
any implication
that
we
alone
are
beloved
of
a
and
of
God
that
are
beloved
have a
plication
claim upon
upon heaven.
that all
all who serve
claim
serve God
believe that
heaven. We believe
in full
full sincerity,
of all
all the
the revealed
revealed will
will of
in
in terms of
of God
sincerity, in
that they
they now understand,
understand, are
presently potential
potential memare presently
that
bers of
of that
that final
company as
as defined
defined in
in
final "remnant" company
bers
Revelation
17. We believe
it to
to be the
the solemn task
believe it
task
Revelation 12:
12:17.
joyous privilege
the advent movement to
and joyous
of the
to make
privilege of
God's last
truths
so
clear
and
so
persuasive
last testing
truths
so
clear
as to
God's
so
to
testing
persuasive as
of God's children into
into that
that prophetically
prophetically foredraw all
all of
foretold company
making ready
for the
of (Sod.
God.
the day
told
ready for
day of
company making
What Constitutes
Constitutes "Bahylon"?
"Babylon" ?
QUESTION
QUESTION
21
Do Seventh-day
beAdventists teach
or beteach or
lieve,
that
the
members
of
the
various
the
that
various
the
lieve, as a body,
body,
of
Protestant
Protestant denominations,
as well
as the
Cathowell as
the Cathodenominations, as
lic,
are
lic, Greek,
Greek, and Russian Orthodox churches,
churches, are
to be identified
the
symbol
the
identified with Babylon,
of
Babylon,
symbol of
apostasy?
apostasy?
We
We fully
the heartening
that a
a host
fact that
host
fully recognize
recognize the
heartening fact
of
of Christ are
of true
true followers of
all through
through the
the
are scattered
scattered all
various
various churches
churches of
the Roman
of Christendom,
Christendom, including
including the
Catholic
Catholic communion. These God clearly
clearly recognizes
recognizes as
as
His own. Such do not form aa part

part of
of the
the "Babylon"
"Babylon"
the Apocalypse.
portrayed in
in the
of loyalty
portrayed
loyalty or
Apocalypse. The matter of
disloyalty to
to truth
truth is,
is, in
in the
the ultimate,
ultimate, aa question
question of
of
disloyalty
personal
relationship
to
the
fundamental
God
and
the
to
personal relationship
principles of
of truth.
truth. What is
is denominated "Babylon,"
principles
"Babylon,"
in
in Scripture,
Scripture, obviously
embrac;es
those who have broken
those
embraces
obviously
with the
the spirit
of true
true Christianity,
Christianity, and
essence of
spirit and essence
have followed the
the way
way of
of apostasy.
apostasy. Such are
are under the
the
censure
censure of
of Heaven.
1.
In order
1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND IMPERATIVE.
IMPERATIvE.-In
order
to
to set
set forth
forth what Seventh-day
Adventists believe
believe on this
this
it
is
of
hispoint,
it
is
essential
first
to
get
the
background
of
hisessential
first
to
the
get
point,
background
torical applications
applications that
that reach
reach back some eight
eight hundred
torical
years. The earliest
earliest application
application of
of the
the symbolic
symbolic term
years.
197
197
198
QUESTIONS
"Babylon"
the Papacy,
Papacy, or
or the
to the
the Roman Catholic
Catholic
"Babylon" to
Church,
appears in
of the
the twelfth-century
twelfth-century
in the
the writings
Church, appears
writings of
Albigenses. But along
with their
their identiidenti\Valdenses and Albigenses.
Waldenses
along with
of
their
fication
the dominant ecclesiastical
fication of
of the
ecclesiastical apostasy
their
of
apostasy
day
as
the
organization
portrayed
in
the
Bible
prophas
the
in
the Bible prophday
organization portrayed
many of
of God's
God's children
ecies,
that many
also stated
stated that
children
ecies, they
they also
still in
And
papal Babylon.
these
they
conwere still
in papal
were
these
conBabylon.
they
strained
to "call
or
urge
to
separate,
from
her
strained to
"call out,"
or
to
her
out,"
urge
separate,
list
apostasies.
of spiritual-minded
medieval
long list of
apostasies. A long
spiritual-minded medieval
in the
the fourteenth
Catholics
Catholics follow
follow in
fifteenth cenfourteenth and fifteenth
centuries-including
pseudo-Joachim,
Olivi,
Eberhard,
turies
Olivi,
Eberhard,
including pseudo-Joachim,
Wycliffe, Huss,
Savonarola-all
boldly asserting
all boldly
Huss, and Savonarola
Wycliffe,
asserting
that
represents the
the corrupted
church of
that "Babylon"
of
"Babylon" represents
corrupted church
Rome,
warning of
retribution.
And
of her
retribution.
her coming
Rome, and warning
coming
for
this some even went to
the stake.
for this
to the
stake.
2. USED BY PROTESTANT
PROTEST.ANT FOUNDERS.
FOUNDERs.-During
2.
the
During the
Protestant Reformation all
all leaders
Protestant
leaders taught
taught essentially
essentially
the same,
same, from Luther,
the
in 1520,
Luther, in
1520, onward. These men
were scattered
France, and
over Germany,
scattered over
Switzerland, France,
Germany, Switzerland,
England.
In
Britain
were
men
like
William
Tyndale,
In
Britain
were
like
William
England.
Tyndale,
Bishops Ridley
Ridley and Hooper,
Hooper, Archbishop
Cranmer,
Bishops
Archbishop Cranmer,
Bishops Bale,
Coverdale, and John
John Knox
Bale, Jewell,
Bishops
Jewell, and Coverdale,
and Lord Napier
Napier in
farewell
letter
in Scotland.
Scotland. Ridley's
farewell
letter
Ridley's
in 1555,
before his
his martyrdom,
martyrdom, in
repeatedly
referred
to
before
referred
to
1555, repeatedly
"Babylon,"
called for
for separation
"Babylon," and called
separation from Rome.
3. CONTINUED IN
IN POST-REFORMATION.
PosT-REFORMATION.-In
post-Ref3.
In post-Reformation times
times some thirty
prominent
expositors
thirty prominent expositors
maintained the
the same position,
including such
such famous
position, including
men as
as King
I, Joseph
Joseph Mede,
Newton,
Sir Isaac
Isaac Newton,
Mede, Sir
King James
James I,
Thomas
Newton,
Methodism's
founder
John
Bishop
Newton,
Bishop
John
Wesley,
and
Johann
Bengel
various
other
Conand
other
various
ConWesley,
Johann Bengel
in
tinentals.
Even
in Colonial
America, John
John Cotton,
tinentals,
Colonial America,
Cotton,
WHAT CONSTITUTES
"BABYLON"?
199
199
Roger Williams,
Increase Mather,
Mather, Samuel Hopkins,
Williams, Increase
Roger
Hopkins,
and more than
than aa score
of others,
others, down to
to President
score of
President
Timothy Dwight
Dwight of
Yale in
in 1812,
of Yale
similar appli1812, made similar
Timothy
applications. One was
cations.
was the
the noted
Baptist historian
historian Isaac
noted Baptist
Isaac
"
Backus,
in
1767
wrote:
"'She
['the
church
who
in
of
'She ['the church of
1767 wrote:
Backus,
Rome'] is
the mother of
harlots, and all
is the
of harlots,
all churches
churches who
Rome']
after any
go after
but Christ,
temporal living,
lovers but
for a
a temporal
Christ, for
go
any lovers
living,
"
of
are guilty
or
playing
the
harlot.'''
(See
Prophetic Faith
Faith
the
harlot.'
guilty
playing
(See Prophetic
Our
of
Fathers) vol.
vol. 3,
p. 213.)
Earlier, Roger
Williams
3, p.
Fathers,
of
213.) Earlier,
Roger Williams
had complained
to the
the British
British Parliament
Parliament about
about ProtProtcomplained to
estants' clinging
estants'
clinging to
to the
the spirit
doing
the
deeds
or
and
of
the
deeds
doing
spirit
papal
Babylon.
papal Babylon.
Meanwhile,
several Old World Protestant
Protestant writers
writers
Meanwhile, several
had noted that
that Babylon,
Babylon, the
Revelation 17,
the "mother" of
of Revelation
17,
that
bore
the
same
family
name.
And
had "daughters"
that
bore
the
name.
"daughters"
family
believing that
other Protestant
bodies had rerethat certain
certain other
Protestant bodies
believing
tained some of
of the
the characteristics
the
tained
characteristics and errors
errors of
of the
Papacy,
they
began
to
include
the
family
them
under
to
include
the
family
Papacy, they began
Among these
these writers
writers were
were such
nonname "Babylon."
such non"Babylon." Among
as Browne,
Milton.
conformists
conformists as
Barrow, and John
Browne, Barrow,
John Milton.
DAUGHTERs.-In
4.
4. BABYLON,
In the
the
BABYLON, MOTHER AND DAUGHTERS.
nineteenth-century
Old
World
awakening,
early
Advent
early nineteenth-century
awakening,
Lacunza, from within
within Catholicism,
called Babylon
Babylon
Catholicism, called
Lacunza,
"Rome on the
Tiber." And various
various Anglican
Anglican and nonnonthe Tiber."
Cuninghame,
Brown,
conformist
as
such as
leaders
conformist leaders-such
Brown,
Cuninghame,
the application.
M'N eile, and Ash-pressed
ProtAsh pressed the
M'Neile,
application. The ProtHall
in 18351835
estant Association,
Association, organized
in Exeter
in
estant
organized in
with such
Melville in 1839
1839 sounded
such men as
as Croly
with
Croly and Melville-in
the
both Protestantism
Protestantism
"out of
of Babylon"
the "out
call, including
including both
Babylon" call,
and Popery.
Popery.
the Dublin Christian
Herald, edited
edited by
by AngliAnd the
Christian Herald.,
Anglithat
can
Rector Edward N. Hoare,
Hoare, asserted
asserted in
in 1830 that
can Rector
200
200
the
the
QUESTIONS
abominations of
papal Babylon,
Babylon, the
the mother,
of papal
mother,
Alexander Fraser,
Fraser, of
"covered
of Scotall Christendom."
Scot"covered all
Christendom." Alexander
land, and Anglican
Angli,can David Simpson,
of
England,
held
of
land,
England,
Simpson,
similar
views. Fraser
Fraser said
that an
churches were tinged
all churches
similar views.
said that
tinged
with the
spirit of
that
with
the spirit
of Babylon.
Babylon. And Simpson
Simpson declared that
Protestant
denomination,"
of "whatever
"whatever denomination,"
Protestant churches,
churches, of
and
doctrines
which partake
partake of
doctrines
and circirthe same spirit
of the
spirit
be
considered
daughters.
cumstances,
must
considered
be
cumstances,
daughters.
In
Elias Smith and Lorenzo
In North America,
America, passing
passing Elias
daughters
Dow,
wrote strongly
the Protestant
Protestant daughters
Dow, who wrote
strongly on the
churchman
Samuel
as related
to Rome,
M.
related to
as
Rome, Disciples
Disciples
that Protestantism
Protestantism had been bebedeclared that
McCorkle declared
insisted that
fuddled
by the
the wine of
that the
the
of Babylon,
fuddled by
Babylon, and insisted
"mother" church had Protestant
Protestant daughters.
daughters. And promprominent Baptist
clergyman
Isaac
T.
(1799-1847)
Hinton
inent
Isaac
(1799-1847)
Baptist clergyman
hinted that
that nationally
established Protestant
plainly hinted
Protestant
nationally established
plainly
churches
are,
because
of
church-state
union
and comchurches are, because of church-state
promise, daughters
Babylon.
of Babylon.
daughters of
promise,
5.
IN ADVENT AWAKENING.-Then,
durAWAKENING. Then, dur5. EMPLOYED IN
in
ing
the
Second
Movement
in
in
the
Advent
in
America
the
the
ing
1830's
there was
was growing
growing proscription
proscription
1830's and 1840's,
1840's, there
among
the
larger
Protestant
bodies
against
those who
Protestant
bodies
the
against those
larger
among
held premillennialist
premillennialist views,
increasing ecclesiastiecclesiastiheld
views, and increasing
cal opposition
opposition to
to emphasis
on
the
Second
Advent-parthe
Advent
cal
emphasis
particularly among
among the
the Methodists
Methodists and
an.d Congregationalists
Congregationalists
ticularly
of New England
England-forbidding
the dissemination
dissemination of
of
of Adforbidding the
ventism. This opposition
led
the
ventism.
led
to
the
sounding
the
of the
to
sounding of
opposition
call to
call
the churches
churches that
that rejected
rejected the
the
to "come out" from the
Second Advent message
that clung
dung to
to the
the tainted
tainted
message and that
doctrines of
was how the
the "call"
"call" came to
doctrines
of Babylon.
to
Babylon. That was
be sounded at
that time.
a condemnation of
of
at that
time. It
It was not
be
not a
the host
host of
of godly
in the
various Protestant
Protestant
the various
the
individuals in
godly individuals
WHAT CONSTITUTES "BABYLON"?
201
201
of the
the official
churches,
attitudes and actions
actions in
official attitudes
in
churches, but of
rejecting the
the vital
vital Second Advent truth.
truth. (A
historical
rejecting
(A historical
in Prophetic
Prophetic Faith
Faith of
Fathers, vols.
record
appears in
record appears
vols.
of Our Fathers,
1-4.)
1-4.)
6. A THOUSAND YEARS OF
6.
OF PRECEDENT.
PRECEDENT.-In
the light
In the
light
of the
of
the historical
historical record
of aa thousand
thousand years,
years, there
there is
is
record of
nothing new or
about
Adventist
employment
or strange
Adventist
about
nothing
strange
employment
of
that had constantly
been used
used by
by other
of the
the term that
other
constantly been
as
bodies,
as
they
felt
that
light
and
truth
been
refelt
that
rehad
truth
been
bodies,
they
light
application of
the term
jected and opposed.
the application
of the
jected
opposed. And the
"daughters"
of
Babylon
has
similarly
been
used
for
of
has
used
for some
been
"daughters"
Babylon
similarly
three hundred years.
years.
three
as the
the FundamenGroups and organizations
such as
organizations such
Groups
Christian Churches,
talists,
the International
International Council
of Christian
Council of
talists, the
Churches,
and the
National Association
of Evangelicals
Evangelicals have
have withwiththe National
Association of
drawn from the
organizations because
because of
the older
older organizations
of what
to be modernist
in
they believed
believed to
modernist apostasy
apostasy entrenched
entrenched in
they
the
controlling leadership
of
various
denominations.
the controlling
denominations.
of
various
leadership
7. EVIDENCES OF DEPARTURE.
DEPARTURE.-Such
are the
histhe hisSuch are
7.
that the
the term
toric
precedents. Adventists
believe that
toric precedents.
Adventists believe
"Babylon,"
to in
in Revelation
Revelation 17,
has been
referred to
17, has
"Babylon," referred
rightly
applied
to
the
Papacy.
Great
Babylon,
the
to
however,
Babylon, however,
rightly applied
Papacy.
according
to
verse
5,
is
mentioned
as
a
"mother."
So
a
"mother/'
is
as
to
verse
5,
according
"
"
also.
the term "Babylon"
rightly
belongs
to
others
also.
We
others
the
to
Babylon rightly belongs
therefore
wherever there
there are
are individuals,
that wherever
therefore believe
believe that
individuals,
the
or
of
individuals,
that
hold
to
and
advocate
the
to
that
of
or groups
individuals,
groups
of
the
and
procedures
of
the
unchristian
practices,
unchristian doctrines,
doctrines, practices,
procedures
denominated
be
papal
church,
such
may
justifiably
papal church, such may justifiably
"Babylon"-hence,
piut of
of the
the great
great apostasy.
apostasy. Wher"Babylon" hence, part
ever
conditions obtain,
ever such
such conditions
others,
Adventists, with others,
obtain, Adventists,
that the
the guilty
organizations
may
rightly
believe that
believe
guilty organizations may rightly be
denominated "Babylon."
"Babylon."
202
QUESTIONS
8.
RELATIONSHIP.-We
be8. MATTER OF PERSONAL RELATIONSHIP.
We be-
lieve that
the religious
will worsen,
worsen,
lieve
that conditions in the
religious world will
we
not improve,
improve, as
approach
world's climax (1
(1
as
approach the world's
Tim. 4:1,
4: I, 2;
1, 5).
the gulf
2 Tim. 3:
3:1,
2; 2
5). And the
gulf between
apostasy
truth will
will become wider and
fidelity to truth
apostasy and fidelity
as prophecy
prophecy fulfills
before our eyes.
eyes. But our
fulfills before
wider as
statements
regarding Babylon
Babylon do not have the
the defamastatements regarding
tory
character
that
some
impute
to
us.
They
are
that
to
would
us.
character
They are
tory
impute
uttered in
in sorrow,
invidious comparisons.
comparisons.
for invidious
uttered
sorrow, not for
fact that membership
We are
are conscious of the
the fact
membership in
in
any
church
is
not,
in
itself,
either
of
fellowin
of
evidence
either
is
fellownot,
itself,
any
ship
to the fundamentals of
of
of fidelity
Christ or of
fidelity to
ship with Christ
of old,
the gospel.
gospel. As was the case of Israel
Israel of
the ChrisChristhe
old, the
tian
throughout the centuries
centuries has
has been plagued
tian church throughout
plagued
by
the
presence
of
a
"mixed
(Ex.
a
multitude"
of
the
12:38;
(Ex. 12:38;
by
presence
is particularly
particularly true
true
this is
Num. 11:4;
11:4; Neh. 13:3).
13:3). And this
of these
these latter
latter times,
departed from
of
times, when many
many have departed
the faith,
faith, as
in Bible prophecy
prophecy (1
the
foretold in
as clearly
(1 Tim.
clearly foretold
4:
1; 22 Tim. 4:3,
4). We firmly
believe that
that God is
is
4:3, 4).
4:1;
firmly believe
calling today
today for
to break with everything
for His children to
everything
calling
that
is alien
to the
the fundamental,
apostolic principles
principles of
of
alien to
that is
fundamental, apostolic
truth.
truth.
VI.
ProphecyI Daniel
Daniel 8$
on Prophecy,
VI* Questions
Questions on
and 9,
and
the 2300
2300 Days
and the
9, and
Days
Basic Principles
Principles of
Prophetic Interpretation
of Prophetic Interpretation
Basic
QUESTION
QUESTION
22
What are the

the basic
teachings of
of SeventhSeventhbasic teachings
day
Adventists
in
regard
to
the
inspired
prophAdventists
in
to
the
day
regard
inspired prophecies
ecies of
the
Bible?
wherein
why
the
Bible?
And
and
of
why do
you
differ
from
the
postmillennialists
and
futurthe
futuryou differ from
postmillennialists
ists? What about the
ists?
prophecies,
the "kingdom!'
"kingdom" prophecies, and
the restoration
restoration of
the
Jews? Why
you differ
Jews?
of
differ
Why do yon
from the
postmillennialists and the
futurists on
the postmillennialists
the futurists
from
their interpretation?
their
Please be specific.
specific.
interpretation? Please
profoundly impress
the student
student of
Three things
o
things profoundly
impress the
prophecy
as
he
surveys
the
witness
of
the
centuries:
(1)
as
he
the
witness
of
the
centuries:
(1)
surveys
prophecy
The immutable purpose
of God (Isa.
(Isa. 14:27);
(2) His
purpose of
14:27); (2)
divine
foreknowledge (Isa.
46: 10; Acts
Acts 2:23),
2:23), and the
the
divine foreknowledge
(Isa. 46:10;
inspired revelation
revelation of
outline of
of the
the ages
the outline
of the
through
ages through
inspired
the Bible
Bible prophets
old (Amos
(Amos 3:7);
3:7); and (3)
the
of old
(3) His
prophets of
fall
infinite
patience with willful
willful human beings
beings who fall
infinite patience
short
of His
His plan
plan for
short of
for them.
of Holy
for the
the great
prophecies of
Holy Writ,
outline prophecies
As for
Writ,
great outline
are
Seventh-day
Adventists
believe
that
they
are
a
divinely
believe
that
Adventists
divinely
they
Seventh-day
inspired
portrayal of
the ages.
of our interpretaof the
ages. Most of
interpretainspired portrayal
tion
prophecies of
this type
type are not original
original with us.
us.
of this
tion of
of prophecies
the
most
They
are
based
on
the
findings
of
many
of
the
of
of
the
are
based
many
findings
They
godly
of various
faiths through
scholars of
various faiths
through
godly and eminent scholars
the centuries.
early church we hold that
that
the early
the
centuries. With the
in
historical
are
to
be
for
prophetic
fulfillments
are
to
for
in
historical
looked
fulfillments
prophetic
205
206
events,
events,
QUESTIONS
and we find
progressive, contemporary
contemporary recogrecogfind a
a progressive,
nition
the advancing
epochs and major
major fulfillments
fulfillments
nition of
of the
advancing epochs
of
of the
the prophetic
prophetic outline
in history.
outline in
history.
We believe,
believe, with
the majority
majority of
expositors from the
with the
of expositors
the
early
Church
Fathers
to
modern
times,
that
the
four
that
the
to
Fathers
four
times,
early
world powers
powers of
prophecies were
world
of Daniel's
outline prophecies
Daniel's outline
the Neo-Babylonian,
Neo-Babylonian, Meda-Persian,
Grecian (Macethe
Medo-Persian, Grecian
(Maceto be
danian),
and
empires;
that
not to
be
that
Rome
was not
Roman
donian),
empires;
power,
but
was
followed
immediately
by
a
fifth
fifth
world
but
followed immediately by a
power,
to be
be divided
to
a number of
divided into
Into a
of strong
strong and weak kingkingthat this
breakup was attested
attested as
in process
process of
doms;
this breakup
as in
of
doms; that
the fourth
that
this
fulfillment in
in the
fifth centuries;
fulfillment
fourth and fifth
that
this
centuries;
the appearance
of a
was to
to be
be followed by
a powerful
powerful
by the
appearance of
that antichrist
would, In
in turn,
turn, be
be dedeantichrist;
antichrist would,
antichrist; and that
stroyed
at
the
Second
Advent,
will
be
accomwhich
will
be
at
the
Advent,
stroyed
panied by
by the
the literal
the righteous
righteous dead,
literal resurrection
resurrection of
of the
dead,
panied
the binding
binding of
the millennium;
millennium; and
and the
of Satan
Satan during
during the
that
the millennium
millennium will
then be
be followed
followed by
by the
the eterthat the
will then
eternal kingdom
kingdom of
nal
of God.
believe with many
many Reformation
Reformation leaders
that
We believe
leaders that
division into
the ten
representing
into the
ten kingdoms
Rome's division
kingdoms representing
the various
various nations
Europe was followed by
by the
nations of
of Europe
the papal
the
papal
predicted dominant power
power of
the
Antichrist
as the
of the
Antichrist as
the predicted
Ages (see
p.
336).
hold
the
historical
Middle Ages
Thus
we
hold
the
historical
(see p. 336).
of prophecy.
prophecy. We reject
futurism and preterism
view of
preterism
reject futurism
not merely
merely because
because both systems
were
projected
were
the
systems
by the
projected by
in the
Catholics in
the counter-Reformation
counter-Reformation against
Roman Catholics
against
Protestant
because we find
find these
these interProtestant positions,
interpositions, but because
pretations out
out of
of harmony
harmony with Scripture
pretations
Scripture specifications.
specifications.
postmillennialism's now largely
disNor do we accept
accept postmillennialism's
largely discredited thesis
thesis of
world
betterment
and
apof gradual
credited
betterment
gradual
approaching universal
in aa man-made kingdom
kingdom of
universal peace
of
peace in
proaching
PRINCIPLES OF INTERPRETATION
207
207
God. Seventh-day
that the
the sole
hope
Adventists believe
believe that
sole hope
of
the world is
of the
personal, premillennial
premillennial second
is the
adthe personal,
second advent
vent of
of Christ,
Christ, which,
believe from
from the
the study
study of
of
which, we believe
Bible prophecy,
prophecy, is
but for
for which
which we set
set no
Bible
is imminent,
imminent, but
date.
date.
We believe
believe that
the prophecies
prophecies simply
simply form the
the
that the
for
background
for
the
great
redemptive
activity
of
God
as
of
as
the
background
great redemptive activity
centered
centered in
in the
the two advents
advents of
the
Christ came the
of Christ.
Christ. Christ
first time
first
time to
to live
the Sinless
to
live among
as the
Sinless One,
One, and to
among men as
die
die as
as the
the all-sufficient,
atoning sacrifice
sacrifice for
for
all-sufficient, vicarious,
vicarious, atoning
the
the redemption
redemption of
lost race.
priestly ministry
ministry
a lost
of a
race. And His priestly
in heaven spans
in
the
period
His
ascension
and
His
ascension
the
between
spans
period
His second advent as
King of
to gather
the rereas King
of kings,
kings, to
gather the
the tragic
reign
of
sin.
deemed and to
to end the
of
sin.
tragic reign
I. Adventist
Adventist Views of
Relation to
to Others
In Relation
of Prophecy
Prophecy in
prophecy and prophetic
prophetic fulfillment
fulfillment
The subject
of prophecy
subject of
I.
is entirely
entirely too
treated adequately
adequately here.
here. This
too broad to
to be
be treated
that seem
answer will
will therefore
therefore be
be limited
to points
points that
answer
limited to
considered
in
these
quesmost relevant
relevant to
in
these
most
the topics
considered
to the
questopics
tions
tions and answers.
answers.
1.
OF BIBLE
BIBLE PROPHECIES.
PROPHECIES.-The
The word
1. CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION OF
"prophecy"
means
both
forth
telling
and
foretelling;
both
foretelling; a
forthtelling
'prophecy'
reprophet
speaks
forth
the
message
of
God,
relaying reof
the
forth
God, relaying
message
prophet speaks
also at
to man;
man; he also
at
proof, correction,
correction, and instruction
instruction to
proof,
the
or the
times
of either
the immediate or
times foretells
events of
either the
foretells events
distant
future, announcing
the development
development
in advance the
distant future,
announcing in
will
to
or
will
to
pass in
in the
the
of
God's
purpose,
what
come
of God's purpose, or
pass
working out
out of
of certain
circumstances.
certain circumstances.
working
prophet was
was termed a "seer,"
Sometimes
a prophet
Sometimes a
"seer," meaning
one
sees
with
supernatural
sight.
who
one
sees
supernatural sight. Sometimes
ing
prophet orally;
God's
message
comes
to
to the
the prophet
God's message
orally; sometimes
is
'
208
208
QUESTIONS
pictorially in
whether the
prophet hears
hears or
or
the prophet
In vision.
vision. But whether
pictorlally
word
as
the
sees
message of
it forth
forth as the
sees the
the message
of God,
God, he speaks
speaks it
rather than
than of
the prophecy
prophecy came
of
'Tor the
of God,
of man. "For
God, rather
not
by the
will of
but holy
holy men of
of
time by
of man: but
not in
in old
old time
the will
as
they
were
by
the
Holy
Ghost"
the
moved
were
God spake
as
Holy
by
spake
they
(2
Peter 1:21).
(2 Peter
1:21).
Prophecy
in several
ways:
several ways:
classified in
be classified
may be
Prophecy may
By
content,
intointo
By content,
a.
ethical messages
reform for
for contemporaries
contemporaries
of reform
a. ethical
messages of
as through
through Elijah,
Elijah, Jeremiah;
as
Jeremiah;
b.
predictions, in
in which the
may
ethical element may
the ethical
b. predictions,
through Isaiah,
Jeremiah, Daniel.
Daniel.
often occur
occur as
as through
often
Isaiah, Jeremiah,
form, intoBy form,
into
By
a.
literal prophecies;
a. literal
prophecies;
b.
prophecies;
b. figurative
or symbolic
symbolic prophecies;
figurative or
c.
prophecies;
enacted prophecies;
c. enacted
d. prophetic
prophetic parables.
parables.
d.
to range,
range, intoAs to
into
a. Immediate
immediate or
prophecies;
a.
or short-range
short-range prophecies;
b.
predictions of
distant
events;
distant
b. predictions
of single
events;
single
c.
prophecies covering
long
c. long-range outline
covering long
long-range outline prophecies
periods;
periods;
d.
d. prophecies
prophecies of
of double application
application (immediate
(immediate
and future;
or
literal
and
figurative).
or
literal
future;
figurative).
As to
to fulfillment,
fulfillment, predictive
predictive prophecy
prophecy may
may be
be didiat least
into at
categories:
vided into
least three
three categories:
a.
of divine
divine purpose
a. predictions
predictions of
purpose (independent
(independent
of
or purpose);
of man's will
will or
purpose);
b.
predictions of
&. predictions
of divine
divine foreknowledge
foreknowledge (foretell(foretelling
man's
actions);
man's
ing
actions);
c. predictions of
c.
divine reward or
or punishment
punishment
predictions of divine
(conditional
or evil
actions).
evil actions).
(conditional on man's good
good or
209
209
it may be difficult
Sometimes it
difficult to
to determine
determine whether
may
a
a given
prophecy belongs
belongs in
in one category
or another,
another,
given prophecy
category or
but all
all three
three classes
prophecy are
though in
classes of
of prophecy
in
are sure,
sure, though
different
ways.
different ways.
2. FULFILLMENTS OF THESE THREE CLASSES
2.
PRECLASSES OF PREDICTIoNs.-Examples
predictions of
of these
these last
DICTIONS.
of predictions
last three
three
Examples of
classes
will make this
classes will
this clear:
clear:
of the
Prophecies
first class
class (God's
purthe first
Prophecies of
(God's immutable purpose)
include,
for
example,
God's
prediction
that
for
God's
pose) include,
example,
prediction that
Christ
that the
die for
Christ would die
for man's
the uniuniman's salvation,
salvation, and that
verse will
verse
will ultimately
ultimately be
be cleansed
cleansed from sin.
Prophecies
sin. Prophecies
of
to pass,
pass, for
for they
they are
are aa statement
statement of
of this
this type
of
type must come to
eternal purpose
God's eternal
purpose or
will to
do
something,
indeGod's
or will
indeto
something,
pendent of
of man's will
will or
or action.
action.
pendent
second class
class (foreknowledge)
(foreknowledge) inthe second
Prophecies
of the
inProphecies of
clude
predictions of
Jesus' betrayal
betrayal and crucifixion.
crucifixion.
clude predictions
of Jesus'
type of
will come to
pass, because
because God
This type
of prophecy
to pass,
prophecy will
cannot be
be mistaken
His foreknowledge.
His omin His
In His
cannot
mistaken in
foreknowledge. In
niscience, knowing
knowing "the
the beginning/'
beginning,"
"the end from the
niscience,
He was aware
aware that
that evil
evil men would betray
betray and crucify
crucify
but the
the predictions
did not force
force any
of them to
to
Jesus, but
any of
predictions did
Jesus,
sin.
Although aa prophecy
may
predict
"what
God's
foreGod's
foresin. Although
prophecy may predict
knowledge had seen
be," yet
yet as
as one of
seen would be,"
of our most
knowledge
"the
prophecies
representative
writers
has
said,
writers
has
"the
said,
prophecies do not
representative
shape
the characters
the men who fulfill
them. Men
fulfill them.
characters of
of the
shape the
in The
act out
out their
will."-ELLEN
G. WHITE in
ELLEN G.
their own free
free will."
act
Herald) Nov. 13,
1900,
p.
721.
721.
Review and Herald,
13, 1900, p.
Prophecies
the third
that promise
promise
third class
of the
class (those
(those that
Prophecies of
reward or
or threaten
are exemplified
by
threaten punishment)
reward
exemplified by
punishment) are
the
of
Jeremiah's
twofold
prediction
(ch.
17)
of
the
permatwofold
permaprediction (ch. 17)
Jeremiah's
nence
the destruction
of Jerusalem.
might say,
destruction of
or the
nence or
say,
Jerusalem. We might
further,
that predictions
of this
this class
equally sure,
class are
are equally
sure,
further, that
predictions of
210
210
QUESTIONS
in aa different
different way:
is certain,
certain, for
for example,
example, that
that aa
but in
It is
way: It
man will
will surely
surely experience
the
fulfillment
of
either
the
either
the
of
fulfillment
experience the
the punishment
predicted. If
the
If he fulfills
fulfills the
reward or
or the
punishment predicted.
conditions for
receiving the
the blessings,
blessings, the
the penalties
penalties are
are
for receiving
conditions
the
not inflicted;
if,
on
the
other
hand,
incurs
the
incurs
he
the
other
not
hand,
inflicted; if,
threatened punishment
the alternate
alternate predictions
predictions of
of
threatened
punishment the
blessings are
are not
not fulfilled.
is conditioned
conditioned
fulfilled. The outcome is
blessings
Thus
when God
man's choice
or
of
evil.
of
evil.
of good
or
on man's
choice of
good
threats
utters either
either kind
kind of
or
threatsof prediction-promises
utters
prediction promises
to
the
same
man
or
nation,
it
is
obvious,
in
the
very
it
in
the very
or
is
to the
obvious,
nation,
nature
any single
prediction of
rethat any
of rethe case,
nature of
of the
case, that
single prediction
or punishment
punishment may
mayor
may not
not be fulfilled,
fulfilled, deor may
deward or
pendent on the
the freedom of
will to
to comply
or
of the
the human will
comply or
pendent
not to
to comply
comply with
with the
the conditions;
yet the
the certainty
certainty of
of
not
conditions; yet
in
either
prophecy
is
any
way
impaired,
since
either
one
since
is not in
any
way
impaired,
prophecy
or
the other
other alternative-reward
or punishment
punishment-will
will
alternative reward or
or the
surely
come.
surely
It
is true
true that
that fulfillment
of the
the tests
tests of
is one of
of true
true
It is
fulfillment is
prophecy.
Though
fulfillment
of
prediction
does
fulfillment
does
mere
of
prophecy. Though
prediction
not necessarily
necessarily prove
prophet to
to be
be genuine
genuine (Deut.
a prophet
not
(Deut.
prove a
13:
1, 2),
a failure of fulfillment proves a prophet false
false
13:1,
2), a failure of fulfillment proves a prophet
(Deut.
a stated
or implied
stated or
unless there
there was a
(Deut. 18:20-22),
implied
18:20-22), unless
condition. Fulfillment
test obviously
obviously apapFulfillment as
a workable test
as a
condition.
plies
only
to
immediate
predictions,
for
long-range
preto
for
plies only
long-range prepredictions,
dictions
to be fulfilled
long after
the prophet's
prophet's death
fulfilled long
after the
dictions to
can
can be
be of
of no use
use to
his contemporaries
in deciding
to his
deciding
contemporaries in
whether they
they should believe
the prophet's
prophet's messages
messages and
believe the
regard him as
messenger of
of God.
as a
a genuine
regard
genuine messenger
3.
3. CONDITIONAL PROPHECIEs.-Prophecies
PROPHECIES. Prophecies that
that state
state
or imply
imply either
or
threats
are
conditional,
deor
either promiseS
or
are
dethreats
conditional,
promises
pendent
on
actions.
Conditionality
is
sometimes
man's
actions.
is
sometimes
pendent
Conditionality
stated
not (Jonah
(Jonah 3:4).
stated (Ex.
19:5, 6);
6); sometimes not
(Ex. 19:5,
3:4). In
21 I
211
such prophecies
slich
prophecies we may
refind one set
set of
of fulfillments
fulfillments remay find
placed
by
another,
according
to
the
response
to
the
placed by another, according to the response to the
conditions, without
without in
way weakening
the certainty
in any
conditions,
any way
certainty
weakening the
of prophecy
prophecy (Jer.
18:7-10).
of
(Jer. 18:7-10).
Some predictions
predictions are
in fulfillment
because
are delayed
fulfillment because
delayed in
of
inaction; sometimes the
the fulfillof man's own actions
fulfillactions or
or inaction;
ment is
is different
different from the
original possibility.
possibility. There
th.e original
are obvious
arc
obviolls examples
both of
of both
of these.
these.
examples of
a. God had promised to
-a.
to
take
the Israelites
Israelites from
the
take
promised
Egypt
to the
the land of
to drive
drive out
the
of Canaan and to
out the
Egypt to
inhabitants and give
give His
His people
people possession
possession (Ex.
heathen inhabitants
(Ex.
3:8;
17; 23:23;
Yet when they
they neared
neared the
the
3:8; 15:
15:17;
23:23; etc.).
etc.). Yet
borders
'of
the
land,
at
Kadesh-barnea,
the
adverse
'of
the
reborders
land, at Kadesh-barnea, the adverse report of
of the
the spies
rebel and refuse
refuse to
to go
on.
go on.
port
spies made them rebel
the
Consequently,
God
said,
"Ye
shall
not
into
the
shall
not
come
into
said,
Consequently,
land,
concerning
which
I
sware
to
you
dwell
I
dwell
to
make
sware
land, concerning
you
therein"
(Num. 14:30).
They were to
to wander in
in the
the
therein" (Num.
14:30). They
wilderness until
until that
that generation
generation perished.
perished. God even
wilderness
called that
breach of
promise" (verse
(verse 34),
it
for so
so it
that "my
of promise"
called
"my breach
34), for
apparently
was;
but
the
next
generation,
nearly
forty
the
generation, nearly forty
apparently was;
years later,
did enter
enter Canaan.
later, did
years
Today
the long
the second coming
of Christ
Christ
for the
wait for
coming of
Today the
long wait
his
leads
"Where
is
the
promise
of
his
comis
the
of
to ask,
leads some to
ask,
promise
is
not
slack
ing?"
The
apostle
answers,
"The
is
not
slack
Lord
apostle answers,
ing?"
concerning
his promise,
promise, as
as some men count slackness;
slackness;
concerning his
but is
is longsuffering
longsuffering to
to us-ward,
us-ward, not
not willing
willing that
that any
but
any
should perish,
perish, but that
to repentance"
repentance"
all should come to
that all
should
(2 Peter
Peter 3:9).
3:9).
(2
b.
a transformed
transformed fulfillment
fulfillment was
of a
b. An example
example of
the
prophecy of
will divide
divide them
"I will
tribe of
of Levi,
of the
the tribe
the prophecy
Levi, "I
in Jacob,
and
scatter
in
Israel"
(Gen.
49:7). Yet,
Yet,
in
Israel"
them
scatter
in
(Gen. 49:7).
Jacob,
because of
of that
in aa crisis,
the scattering
that tribe's
tribe's loyalty
because
crisis, the
scattering
loyalty in
212
212
QUESTIONS
was turned
into aa blessing.
blessing. Levl
Levi became the
the tribe
tribe of
of
turned Into
a
inherit
section
of
the
priesthood, and so
not inherit a section of land
did not
so did
the priesthood,
like
other tribes,
tribes, and was not
not numbered as
as one of
of
like the
the other
the twelve,
twelve, yet
Levi
lived
scattered
among
all
the
scattered
all
lived
the
Levi
the
among
yet
tribes, so
all (Ex.
(Ex. 32:26;
32:26; Num.
to all
a blessing
as to
to be
be a
so as
tribes,
blessing to
that
18:20-24).
prophecies that
18:20-24). Sometimes Old Testament prophecies
are
primarily literal
in aa figurative
fulfilled in
are fulfilled
literal are
are primarily
figurative manner
in
the New Testament.
fulfillments must be
be
such fulfillments
in the
Testament. But such
there
identified for
us by
inspiration;
otherwise
there
would
otherwise
for us
identified
by inspiration;
to speculative
fanciful interpretations.
interpretations.
be no
no limit
limit to
be
speculative and fanciful
the
fact that
As can
be seen
these examples,
the
fact
that we
seen from these
can be
examples,
cannot always
find
a
literal
fulfillment
of
every
literal
fulfillment
detail
find
a
of
cannot
every detail
always
of
prophecy
does
not
mean
that
the
prediction
has
the
not
that
does
of prophecy
prediction has
or that
that we must look
look for
fanciful fulfillment
fulfillment
failed
for some fanciful
failed or
yet
to
come.
allowance
be
made,
as
Due
must
allowance
be
as even
to
made,
yet
in
ancient,
as
"literalists"
for
figurative
language
In
for
as
"literalists" know,
ancient,
know,
figurative language
in
modern,
writing;
also
for
Oriental
modes
of
speech.
for
in modern, writing; also
Oriental
of speech.
Further, parables
parables or
be understood
understood in
or symbols
in
Further,
symbols must be
terms of
of what the
intends to
to convey,
not
in
the author intends
terms
in
not
convey,
terms
of the
the irrelevant
details of
picture (such
(such as
of the
the picture
irrelevant details
terms of
as
to five
five ratio
ratio of
of
the spots
the leopard
the five
five to
or the
the
beast, or
leopard beast,
spots on the
the
wise and foolish
virgins). When
'When we consider
foolish virgins).
the wise
consider the
the
in which a
a prophetic
is given, seeking
setting
message is
setting in
given, seeking
prophetic message
meaning,
first
the direct
first for
for the
direct and primary
then for
for
primary meaning, and then
meaning, we find
that
any
valid secondary
secondary or
or figurative
find that
any valid
figurative meaning,
the
are neither
the prophecies
prophecies are
neither aa phantasmagoria
phantasmagoria that
that
means anything
the imagination
anything the
might wish
wish to
to see
in
see in
imagination might
In
it,
nor
messages
in
cipher
with
a
rigid
meaning
for
a
it,
messages
cipher
rigid meaning for
word-messages
be fulfilled
fulfilled in
in detail
every word
that must be
detail
every
messages that
else the
or else
the prophecy
prophecy has
has failed.
failed.
4.
4. VARYING VIEWS OF THE "KINGDOM PROPHECIES."
-There
has been much misunderstanding
of the
the series
There has
series
misunderstanding of
213
of
of promises
promises and prophecies,
prophecies, chiefly
the Old TestaTestaIn the
chiefly in
ment,
conce~ning the
place of
of Israel
Israel in
the place
in God's
God's planment, concerning
plan
the
the so-called
so-called "kingdom
'kingdom prophecies."
prophecies."
'
The ôjJmillennialist
postmillennialist interprets
the "kingdom
''kingdom
interprets the
prophecies"
as
wholly
symbolic
descriptions
of aa future
as
future
prophecies"
wholly symbolic descriptions of
golden age
the church,
a millennium of
worldwide
of the
of worldwide
church, a
golden
age of
righteousness,
to
be
brought
about
by
a
larger
to
a
righteousness,
brought
by larger measure
of
not
by the
the direct
of the
the present
present means of
of grace,
interdirect internot
by
grace,
vention of
of God. This,
it
is
claimed,
will
prepare
the
it
is
will
This,
claimed,
prepare the
the second
the end
whole world for
for the
at the
second coming
of Christ
Christ at
coming of
of the
to usher
usher in
in the
the final
final judgment
judgment and
of
the millennium to
eternity.
eternity.
The ^ranillennialist
premillennialist expects
the present
present reign
reign of
of
expects the
evil
continue, and even
grow worse,
worse, until
until the
the personal
personal
evil to
to continue,
even grow
coming
of
Christ
ends
this
age
by
catastrophic
Christ
of
this
coming
age by catastrophic and
supernatural
means.
He
begins
the millennium with aa
means.
begins the
supernatural
literal first
resurrection (of
it
first resurrection
"the saints")
literal
(of "the
saints") and ends it
with the
the second
rest of
the dead"),
with
"the rest
of the
second resurrection
resurrection (of
(of "the
dead"),
state
and the
the final
judgment, followed
by the
the eternal
eternal state
final judgment,
followed by
in
the new heavens
heavens and new earth.
earth.
in the
The amillennialist
amillennialist denies
any millennial
millennial kingdom;
denies any
kingdom;
the
he equates
it,
like
Augustine,
with
the
triumph
rather,
with
like
rather, he
it,
Augustine,
triumph
equates
of
Christianity in
present era.
agrees with the
in the
era. He agrees
the present
of Christianity
premillennialist that
world is
is not
not to
to see
see a golden
that the
the world
golden
premillennialist
will
age
before the
the advent,
that the
the wheat and tares
tares will
advent, that
age before
introgrow
side
by
side
until
the
direct
and
cataclysmic
introdirect
the
side
until
side
cataclysmic
by
grow
duction
of the
the next age
by the
advent of
Christ, but he
the advent
of Christ,
duction of
age by
foladvent is
is folthe
that
agrees
with
the
postmillennialist
that
the
agrees with the postmillennialist
final
not by
by aa millennial
kingdom but by
by the
the final
lowed
millennial kingdom
lowed not
judgment
the
eternal
state.
and
the
eternal
state.
judgment
resurgent premillennialism
of the
the early
early ninenineThe resurgent
premillennialism of
the
teenth century
reacted vigorously
vigorously against
against the "spiritteenth
"spiritcentury reacted
214
214
QUESTIONS
ualizing"
the first
of the
the kingdom
first resurrection
resurrection and of
of the
kingdom
uallzlng" of
prophecies by
the then-dominant
then-dominant postrnillennialism.
postmillennialism.
prophecies
by the
premillennialists, who came to
to be
be known in
in BritBritThe premillennialists,
ain
as "literalists,"
not only
a
literal
resurain as
a
literal
resurstressed not
'literalists," stressed
only
rection
but also
kingdom on earth
earth during
during the
the
a literal
rection but
literal kingdom
also a
millennium. This would be
be under the
the direct
direct or
or indirect
indirect
rule of
of Christ,
involve aa literal
literal application,
application,
rule
Christ, and would involve
to
Jews, of
prophecies made to
to
to the
the Jews,
of the
the Old Testament prophecies
ancient Israel.
Israel. Though
at first,
first, most of
these
ancient
historicists at
of these
Though historicists
literalists soon
took the
the next
next logical
step;
they
literalists
soon took
became
logical step; they
futurists.
of the
majority of
the prophfulfillments of
the majority
of the
futurists. The fulfillments
prophecies
for
either
at,
or
after,
the
end
of
ecies were looked
for
the
looked
either at, or after,
of the
the
present age.
age. All
All the
kingdom prophecies
prophecies that
that had not
the kingdom
present
to the
the last
last detailbeen completely
detail
fulfilled down to
completely fulfilled
Israel's triumph
Israel's
triumph over
kings,
her
re-establishover earthly
her
re-establishearthly kings,
ment in
in Palestine
with the
the rebuilding
rebuilding of
the Temple
rnent
Palestine with
of the
Temple
the renewal
and the
renewal of
of the
the animal sacrifices,
the
even the
sacrifices, and even
divine withholding
withholding of
any nation
nation that
that should
divine
rain from any
of rain
should
fail to
to come up
fail
up to
to Jerusalem
Jerusalem to
to the
the Feast
Tabernacles
Feast of
of Tabernacles
-all
held must be
be fulfilled
all this,
fulfilled
this, and much more,
more, they
they held
in
in a literal
literal future
Jewish kingdom
on
earth
after
the
future Jewish
the
earth
after
on
kingdom
second advent,
during
the
millennium.
the
millennium.
advent, during
In North America the
the strong
premilIennialist
strong premillennialist
movement of
of the
mid-nineteenth century
century at
at first
the mid-nineteenth
first inincluded literalists
literalists and Millerites.
Millerites. And since
since both
both were
historkistt premillenniaJists,
historicis
were allies
allies against
premillennialists, they
they were
against
entrenched postmillennialism.
postmillennialism. But the
the Millerites
Millerites bebeof
lieved, with the
the majority
of
the
church
through
the
centhe
church
the
lieved,
cenmajority
through
that the
turies, that
the prophesied
prophesied kingdom
kingdom was
was to
to be
be realized
turies,
realized
by the
the glorified
not the
the Jews.
Jews. They
church, not
believed,
by
glorified church,
They believed,
further,
that the
the millennium was
was to
be the
the beginning
beginning
to be
further, that
of
of the
the eternal
state.
eternal state.
215
215
Unlike most premillennlalists

premillennialists today,
today, Seventh-day
Seventh-day
Adventists
Adventists hold that
the kingdom
kingdom promises
promises are
are fulfilled
that the
fulfilled
in
the experience
experience of
the "kingdom
In the
of the
the church-today
church today the
'kingdom
of
hearts of
eventually the
the
of grace"
In the
the hearts
of Christians,
Christians, and eventually
grace" in
"kingdom
of
glory"
in
the
eternal
state.
So
we
differ
of
in
eternal
differ
the
state. So
'kingdom
glory"
from other Christian
groups In
in our
our views
views on the
the kingChristian groups
kingdom prophecies.
prophecies.
'
II.
n.
Adventist Views on the

the
Adventist
Kingdom
Prophecies
Kingdom Prophecies
1. PROMISES
1.
TO ABRAHAM.
ABRAHAM.-The
The Old Testament
makes it
it clear
clear that
that the
the Hebrew people,
people, the
the descenddescendants of
of the
ants
Jacob, were
were chosen
the twelve
sons of
twelve sons
of Jacob,
chosen especially
especially
as the
by God as
making known His purpurthe instruments
instruments for
for making
by
of
pose
of
salvation.
Through
them
the
Scriptures
were
salvation.
the
pose
Through
Scriptures
given;
through them the
the Messiah,
the Christ,
Christ, was
to
was to
Messiah, the
given; through
come; and through
all
the
nations
of
the
world
all
them
the
nations
of
the
world
come;
through
to receive
receive the
the blessings
blessings of
Yet the
were to
of salvation.
salvation. Yet
the Old
a
Testament makes equally
clear
a
fact
that
is
often
that
is
clear
fact
often
equally
overlooked-that
this status
being the
the chosen people
people
that this
overlooked
status of
of being
was conditional.
conditional.
God made promises
several occasions
occasions to
to their
their
promises on several
ancestor
Abraham-that
be blessed,
blessed, that
his
ancestor Abraham
that he would be
that his
seed
a great
seed would be numerous and become a
nation,
great nation,
that they
they would be
be given
given the
Canaan, that
that
the land of
that
of Canaan,
this land
land was to
of Egypt"
to extend from the
the "river
"river of
this
Egypt"
(the
to the
the river
river Euphrates.
el-Arish) to
Euphrates. (See
(See Gen.
(the Wadi el-Arish)
12:1-3;
15:5, 7, 18-21; 17:1-21;
17:1-21; 18:18,19;
18:18, 19;
12:1-3; 13:14-17;
13:14-17; 15:5,7,18-21;
22:
15-18.)
22:15-18.)
2.
ISRAEL AT SINAI.-When
SINAI.
When God bebe2. PROMISES TO ISRAEL
gan
to
fulfill
these
promises
to
Abraham's
descendants
descendants
gan to fulfill these promises to
to
them
them the
by
bringing
out
of
Egypt
to
give
the
give
Egypt
by bringing
Promised Land and to
to make them aa nation,
nation, He made
Promised
216
QUESTIONS
aa covenant
covenant with
with them at
conditional nature
at Sinai.
Sinai. The conditional
nature
of the
the promises
promises to
to the
the new nation
nation of
of Israel,
Israel, as
His
of
as His
chosen
people, was very
clearly stated
stated right
right at
at the
chosen people,
the
very clearly
beginning:
beginning:
Now therefore,
therefore, if
ye will
obey my
my voice
voice indeed,
if ye
will obey
indeed, and keep
keep my
my
then ye
shall
be
a
peculiar
treasure
above
covenant, then
treasure
unto
me
be
a
shall
covenant,
ye
peculiar
all people:
people: for
the earth
is mine:
mine: and ye
ye shall
shall be unto
unto me aa
earth is
for all
all the
all
kingdom
of
priests,
and
an
holy
nation
(Ex.
19:5,
6).
nation
of
19:5,
holy
(Ex.
6).
kingdom
priests,
Their status
people hinged
hinged on an
as God's special
status as
special people
if
if.
the second
Nearly forty
as the
second generation
generation
later, as
forty years
years later,
Nearly
was on the
the borders
borders of
the Promised Land,
Land, Moses in
of the
was
in
his farewell
address instructed
instructed
farewell address
his
them at
length (Deut.
at length
(Deut.
if they
see the
fulfillment of
that if
they hoped
to see
the fulfillment
the
7:8),
of the
hoped to
7:8), that
promises
to
their
fathers
they
keep
faith
made
their
fathers
must
faith
to
they
keep
promises
with the
the ever
ever "faithful
God, which keepeth
keepeth covenant
with
"faithful God,
covenant
and mercy
mercy with them that
love
him
and
keep
that love
his
keep his
to aa thousand
thousand generations"
commandments to
7:
generations" (Deut.
(Deut. 7:
that
if
they
would
"keep
the
commandments,"
the
9);
the
that
the
commandments,"
if they
9);
"keep
Lord would "keep
which
the covenant
thee the
covenant ... which
"keep unto thee
unto thy
thy fathers"
he sware
he
sware unto
fathers" (Deut.
the
7:11, 12).
(Deut. 7:11,
12). On the
other hand,
hand, if
they disobeyed
disobeyed God they
they would perish
other
if they
perish
like
nations that
that they
they were
were to
to dispossess
(Deut.
like the
the nations
dispossess (Deut.
8:
1, 19,
20). Compare
warnings that
that the
the land
the warnings
land
8:1,
19, 20).
Compare the
their
would spue
as it
it had spued out
out also,
also, as
spue them out
spued out their
predecessors
(Lev.
18:26-28;
20:22).
In
a
long
series
a
In
series
18:26-28;
predecessors (Lev.
20:22).
long
of blessings
of
blessings and cursings
the 01folcursings (Deuteronomy
(Deuteronomy 27-30)
27-30) the
are
conditioned
lo"o/ing
blessings
are
conditioned
on
obedience
to
God's
to God's
lowing blessings
commandments: holiness,
holiness, leadership,
leadership, prosperity.
prosperity. The alalternate
pestilence, famine,
famine, poverty,
poverty, defeat,
ternate curses
curses include
include pestilence,
defeat,
nations-with,
however, aa promise
scattering
the nations
with, however,
scattering among
among the
promise
return from exile
they repented.
repented.
of
of return
exile if
if they
.
217
217
The alternatives
alternatives presented
that God's
it clear
God's
clear that
presented make it
"I
will
saying,
the various
blessings was
was equivvarious blessings
saying, "1 will give"
give" the
equivalent to
to "I
willing to
to give/'
give," "I
purpose to
give."
alent
"I am willing
"I purpose
to give/'
But the
the Israelites
Israelites were not
left in
doubt as
not left
in doubt
as to
the
to the
conditions
either
gain
or
lose
conditions under which they
either
would
or
lose
they
gain
the promised
the
promised blessings.
blessings.
Note the
the specific
the conditional
nastatements of
of the
conditional naspecific statements
ture
ture of
of the
the promises
and
prophecies
to
the
literal
nanato
the
literal
promises
prophecies
tion of
of Israel
Israel in
tion
with all
the points
points covin connection
connection with
all the
covered in
in the
the promises
to Abraham. In
In each
each case
the
case the
promises to
fulfillment of
fulfillment
promise was
was conditioned
of the
the promise
obediconditioned on obedience:
their status
the chosen
chosen people,
people, Ex.
Ex. 19:5,
ence: (a)
status as
as the
19:5, 6;
6;
(a) their
Deut.
a
Deut.28:9;
(b)
a
great
nation,
Deut.
28:
1,
7,
9,
10,
13
Deut.
13
28:9; (b)
28:1, 7, 9, 10,
great nation,
(compare
verses 15,25,48);
a holy nation, Ex. 19:6;
15, 25, 48); (c)
(compare verses
(c) a holy nation, Ex. 19:6;
1-14 (compare
28: 1-14
Deut.
Deut. 28:9;
28:9; (d)
7:9-14; 28:
blessings, Deut. 7:9-14;
(d) blessings,
(compare
verses
30:
16,
19;
(e)
the
land,
Deut.
8:
1,7-9;
verses 15-68);
the
30:
Deut.
8:1,
7-9; 30:
land,
15-68); 30:16, 19; (e)
19,
20
(compare
Lev.
18:26-28;
Deut.
28:
15,
64);
19, 20
(compare Lev. 18:26-28; Deut. 28:15, 64);
11 Kings
Kings 9:3,
9:3, 6,
Chron. 28:8;
28:8; 22 Chron.
Chron. 7:16,
19,
6, 7;
7:16, 19,
7; 1I Chron.
line of
(I) the
20; Eze.
Eze. 33:24-26;
33:24-26; 36:26-28;
the Davidic line
of
36:26-28; (/)
20;
kings,
1
2:3,
4;
8:25;
9:4,
5;
1
Chron.
28:4-9;
1
I Kings 2:3,
28:4-9;
4; 8:25; 9:4, 5;
kings,
Kings
6: 16; 22 Chron. 7:
17-22; and (g)
blessing to
to
2 Chron. 6:16;
2
7:17-22;
(g) blessing
the nations,
nations, Eze.
33-36; 37:23,28.
Eze. 36:23,
the
36:23, 33-36;
37:23, 28.
But since
since the
the conditions
partly met,
conditions were only
But
met,
only partly
partially
fulfilled
in
the promises
promises were only
in
Hebrew
fulfilled
the
only partially
history.
history.
3.
SOLOMON. To David,
3. PROMISES TO DAVID AND SOLOMON.-To
David,
ever"
Israel
for
whom God chose
be king
over
Israel
for
ever"
over
chose "to
"to be
king
fulwere
his
(1
Chron.
28:4),
and
to
his
son
Solomon,
fulto
Solomon,
(1 Chron. 28:4),
a
Israel
filled
many of
the early
promises made to
to Israel-a
of the
filled many
early promises
great
name,
a
great
nation,
prosperity,
victory
and
a
nation,
name,
victory
great
prosperity,
great
peace, rule
rule over
nations, dominion "from the
the
other nations,
over other
peace,
river
river
of
Egypt
unto
the
great
river,
the
river
Euphrathe
the great river,
river of Egypt
Euphra-
218
QUESTIONS
tes"
(Gen. 15:18;
tes" (Gen.
1 Kings 4:21). Further,
in
15:18; compare
Kings 4:21). Further, in
compare 1
David's time,
time, God intended
that Israel
should "dwell
David's
intended that
Israel should
"dwell
in
a place
place of
their own,
in a
of their
own, and move no more" (2
(2 Sam.
7:10;
Chron. 17:9).
1 Chron.
7:10; 1
17:9).
This
does not
not contradict
the earlier
earlier statements
that
contradict the
statements that
This does
Israel was
was to
land on condition
condition of
of obedience
Israel
the land
to hold the
1,
19-20;
etc.),
nor
is
it
invalidated
by
(Deut.
8:
is it
invalidated
the
8:1,
19-20;
by the
(Deut.
etc.),
fact
they were later
it. It
was not
not
It was
that they
later removed from it.
fact that
God's
desire that
that Israel
Israel should be
be cast
cast out
out of
of the
the land
land
God's desire
on account
account of
their sins,
than it
is His
His desire
it is
desire
of their
on
sins, any
any more than
that anyone
anyone should
should be
be lost
by rejecting
salvation
(Eze.
lost by
salvation
that
rejecting
(Eze.
11;
2
Peter
3:
9).
David
understood
this
promise
to
33:
Peter
understood
this
2
33:11;
3:9).
promise to
be conditional,
conditional, as
clear from his
as is
later address
at the
is clear
his later
address at
the
be
coronation of
the asof Solomon,
ascoronation
Solomon, when he admonished the
sembled people:
people: "Keep
and
seek
for
all
the
commandseek
sembled
all
the
for
"Keep
your God: that
that ye
ye may
may possess
possess this
this
ments of
of the
the Lord your
ments
it for
inheritance for
good
land, and leave
leave it
for an inheritance
for your
good land,
your
children
after you
you for
(I Chron.
Chron. 28:
8).
children after
for ever"
ever" (1
28:8).
Further,
recognized the
the promise
promise concerning
concerning
Further, he recognized
Solomon as
as conditional
establish his
also: "I
"I will
will establish
conditional also:
his kingkingdom for
for ever,
ever, if
be constant
to do my
my commandif he be
constant to
judgments, as
as at
this day"
6, 7).
ments and my
at this
my judgments,
day" (verses
(verses 6,
7).
After the
the Temple
finished,
repeated
the
was
After
God
finished,
Temple
repeated the
same promise
promise to
to Solomon himself,
himself, placing
placing the
the concontinuance of
the kingship,
of the
and
of
Isof the
the Temple,
of
Iskingship, of
Temple,
rael's possession
possession of
land on condition
condition of
rael's
of the
the land
of faithfulfaithfulness to God (I
ness
Kings 9:
3-9; 22 Chron.
Chron. 7:
16-22).
9:3-9;
(1 Kings
7:16-22).
God's
purpose that
that Israel
Israel should
God's statement of
of His purpose
should
"move no more" (2
Sam.
7:
10),
and
that
David's
that
David's
(2
7:10),
house would be established
the throne
throne forever
house
established on the
forever
13)
shows
that
was
willing
to
fulfill
the
(verse
that
He
was
to
fulfill
the
(verse 13)
willing
promised blessings
blessings to
Israel from the
the time
time of
David
to Israel
of David
promised
219
If the
and Solomon. If
the conditions
been met there
there
conditions had been
would never have been aa series
of
captivities.
series of captivities.
although he
he saw the
the
But Solomon apostatized,
apostatized, and although
folly
of
his
ways
before
his
death,
his
kingdom
of
his
was
his
his
before
death,
folly
ways
kingdom
divided,
were permanently
permanently lost
lost
ten of
of the
the tribes
tribes were
divided, and ten
to his
his dynasty.
to
dynasty. It
is
true
that
his
descendants
ruled
It is true that his descendants ruled
Judah as
as aa nation,
but the
the kingdom
kingdom
as long
it lasted
as it
lasted as
nation, but
Judah
long as
eventually
came
to
an
end
and
the
crown
of
David's
to
of
David's
the
eventually
was
dynasty
removed
"until
right
it
''until
he
whose
come
dynasty
right it
is" (Eze.
(Eze. 21:27).
21: 27). This refers
refers to
to the
is"
the divine
divine Son of
of David
line
(Matt.
21:5,
9).
Though
Solomon
and
the
royal
line
the
21:5,
royal
(Matt.
9). Though
of David failed
to realize
realize the
the promises,
promises, the
the prophecy
prophecy
failed to
of
of David's
meets its
its fulfillment
fulfillment in
in Christ,
David's seed
of
seed meets
Christ, who
will yet
yet rule
rule over an eternal
(Ps. 89:3,
89:3, 4;
4; Isa.
Isa.
will
eternal kingdom
kingdom (Ps.
9:6,
7; Jer.
JeT. 23:5;
9:6, 7;
23:5; Luke 1:32,
1:32, 33).
33).
4.
4.
THREAT OF CAPTIVITY CONDITIONAL.
CONDITIONAL.-It
It was
the nation's
nation's sins
the end of
of the
the Jewish
the
sins that
that brought
brought the
Jewish
kingdom in
in the
Babylonian captivity
captivity (2
(2 Chron.
Chron. 36:
the Babylonian
36:
kingdom
14-17).
into
carried into
Jews need not have been carried
14-17). The Jews
exile. Jerusalem,
with
its
magnificent
Temple,
might
with
exile.
its
Jerusalem,
magnificent Temple, might
have stood
the metropolis
metropolis into
into
have
stood forever
forever and have been the
kings and princes
the Jews
which kings
enter, if
if the
princes would enter,
Jews had
faithful to
if they
they had
been faithful
their covenant-even
covenant even if
to their
last-minute warning
warning
heeded Jeremiah's
Jeremiah's last-minute
(Jer.
(Jer.
17:2117:21-
27).
27).
In the
the chapter
warning message,
message,
this warning
In
following this
chapter following
the doom
the acceptance
acceptance of
averted the
of which would have averted
the
of Judah,
Judah, Jeremiah
records God's clear
dear and explicit
of
explicit
Jeremiah records
statement
nature of
of prophecies
prophecies of
of
of the
the conditional
conditional nature
statement of
rewards and punishments:
punishments:
rewards
a nation,
At what
what instant
I shall
nation, and concon
instant I
shall speak
At
concerning a
speak concerning
to destroy
cerning
kingdom, to
to pluck
pull down,
to pull
a kingdom,
down, and to
destroy
cerning a
up, and to
pluck up,
220
QUESTIONS
it;
if that
that nation,
nation, against
have pronounced,
pronounced, turn
turn from
it; if
against whom II have
their
their evil,
evil, II will
of the
the evil
evil that
thought to
to do unto
will repent*
that II thought
repent* of
them. And at
speak concerning
concerning aa nation,
nation, and
at what instant
shall speak
instant II shall
concerning aa kingdom,
kingdom, to
to build
build and to
to plant
plant it;
it do evil
in
if it
evil in
it; if
concerning
my
that it
not
my
voice,
then
I
will
repent*
of
the
good
I
then
will
of
it obey not
the
voice,
my sight,
sight, that
good
my
repent*
obey
wherewith II said
benefit them (Jer.
I would benefit
wherewith
said 1
18:7-10).
(Jer. 18:710).
That this
this principle
principle referred
to Israel
Israel is
is made dear
referred to
clear
by
verses
11
and
13.
National
repentance
even
then
National
verses
11
13.
by
repentance
might
have
reversed
the
fate
of
the
kingdom,
but
Jerefate
of
the
but
have
reversed
the
kingdom,
might
Jeremiah's pleas
pleas went unheeded,
unheeded, and the
result was exile.
the result
exile.
miah's
S.
5. RESTORATION PROPHECIES AND THE NEW CovCOVENANT.-The
captivity,
however,
was
not
ENANT. The Babylonian
was
however,
Babylonian captivity,
the end of
Even
in
exile
there
in
was
of God's patience.
exile
there
the
patience.
yet hope
hope for
repentance that
that might
avert the
the fulfillfor repentance
fulfillyet
might avert
the prophecy
prophecy of
national downfall.
rement of
of the
downfall. God reof national
assured
assured them through
Jeremiah
that
this
captivity,
that
this
through Jeremiah
captivity,
though aa punishment,
punishment, was
was not "a
full end" (Jer.
5:
"a full
though
(Jer. 5:
1018;
46:28).
Beginning even
even before
before the
the exile,
exile, God
10-18; 46:28). Beginning
had sent
prophetic messages
promising aa return,
return, and
sent prophetic
messages promising
a full
offering
full and glorious
a new
restoration under a
offering a
glorious restoration
covenant (Jer.
31:27,
28,
31).
(Jer. 31:27, 28, 31).
Under the
at
the national
national covenant made with God at
Sinai and repeatedly
repeatedly reaffirmed,
all Israel
Sinai
failed
Israel had failed
reaffirmed, all
miserably,
as
was
amply
demonstrated
throughout
their
as
miserably,
throughout their
amply
whole national
national history.
history. The apostate
ten
tribes,
ten
tribes, long
long
apostate
the
the
separated
from
the
sanctuary
and
the
theocracy,
separated
sanctuary
theocracy, had
already been swept
Israelthe remnant of
of Israel
already
away; now the
swept away;
the- kingdom
of
theof
Judah-which
fallen
into
apostasy
which
had
fallen
into
kingdom
Judah
apostasy
more slowly,
being carried
carried into
into
less surely,
slowly, but no less
surely, was being
"** This
This repenting
good or
or evil
evil God has
has promised
is aa statement
statement in
of the
the good
in human
repenting of
promised is
terms that
does not
not adequately
represent the
the true
nature of
God, but
used in
in
that does
true nature
of God,
is used
but is
adequately represent
order to
is
to express
the
change
in
outcome.
It
is
not
actually
changes.
the
in
It
not
who
God
express
change
changes. God
actually
hts
h'l.S impartially
impartially announced the
alternate consequences
~ood or
or evil
evil choice;
choice;
the alternate
of man's good
consequences of
His attitude and His alternatives
unchanged; but
but man ss change
of action
action
alternatives remain unchanged;
change of
brings an altered
altered relationship
relationship toward
toward God and aa reversal
reversal of
of the
the consequences.
consequences.
brings
221
221
the royal
captivity,
line of
of David was to
to lose
lose the
the
royal line
captivity, and the
until
the
throne until the Messiah should come,
come, "whose right
right
it is
it
is to reign."
this dark hour God sent-through
sent
reign." At this
through
in beleaguered
Jeremiah
Ezekiel
beleaguered Judah
Jeremiah in
Judah and through
through Ezekiel
earlier
among
the
earlier
groups
of
exiles
already
in
Babyof
exiles
in
among
groups
already
Babylonia-similar
lonia similar messages
of a
a "new covenant,"
an "ever"evercovenant," an
messages of
lasting
bless the
the
covenant," under which He would bless
lasting covenant,"
exiles when they
returned.
He
would
restore
them
as
exiles
returned.
restore
as
they
God's holy
nation,
as
a
living
demonstration
of
His
as
a
demonstration
His
of
holy nation,
living
love and care,
thus as
love
as an instrument of
of blessing
to
care, and thus
blessing to
the nations of
of the world (see
the
Jer.
31:31-34;
32:3632:3631:31-34;
(see Jer.
Eze. 37:
41;
19-28).
41; Eze.
37:19-28).
The people
people were evidently
that they
evidently complaining
they
complaining that
for the
the sins
erewere suffering
sins of
their fathers,
of their
for J
fathers, for
suffering for
Jeretheir proverb,
miah mentions their
proverb, "The fathers
have eaten
fathers have
eaten
aa sour
grape, and the
the children's
teeth are
are set
sour grape,
children's teeth
set on edge"
edge"
31:29).
Then
he
continues
with
the
announce(Jer.
the announcecontinues
(Jer. 31:29).
the new covenant,
deal,
of the
in which God will
ment of
will deal,
covenant, in
not with
with the
the fathers,
with
hearts.
with
human
hearts.
fathers, but directly
directly
put His "law in
in their
their inward parts,
parts, and
He would put
write it
it in
in their
their hearts,"
hearts," and every
every man individually,
individually,
write
from the
the least
least to
to the
the greatest,
greatest, was to
to know the
the Lord.
Lord.
their
sins
their
sins
and
remember
He would forgive
them
no
forgive
In
the
next
(Jer. 31:31-34).
the
chapter
Jeremiah
more (Jer.
31:31-34).
chapter Jeremiah
speaks of
of it
as the
the "everlasting
"everlasting covenant"
covenant" (Jer.
(Jer. 32:39,
32:39,
it as
speaks
covenant
the
which
is
made
with
40),
is
the
with
(Gen.
Abraham
40),
(Gen.
17:7).
17:7).
Under the
the "everlasting
covenant" God promised
promised
put His
His "fear
"fear in
in their
their hearts,
hearts, that
that they
they shall
shall not
not
to put
to
depart
(Jer.
32:40).
In
this
connection
me"
In
this
from
connection
God
(Jer. 32:40).
depart
"give them one heart,
heart, and one way,
way, that
that they
they
would "give
may fear
fear me for
for ever"
ever" (verse
(verse 39).
39).
may
222
222
QUESTIONS
Ezekiel, the
the prophet
prophet to
to the
the exiles
exiles already
already in
in Babylon,
Babylon,
Ezekiel,
"one heart,"
heart," and "a
"a new
spoke of
of God's
God's giving
giving them "one
spoke
spirit,"
spirit/'
exchanging "the
"the stony
stony heart"
heart" for
for "an
"an heart
heart of
of
exchanging
might
"walk
in
my
statutes,"
promin
"walk
and
statutes,"
my
prommight
that "they
"they shall
shall be
be my
my people,
people, and II will
will be
be their
their
ising that
ising
(Eze. 11:
19, 20).
20). Ezekiel
Ezekiel elsewhere
elsewhere mentions
God" (Eze.
11:19,
the "everlasting
covenant" made with
with the
the restored
restored
the
exiles of
of both
both Israel
Israel and Judah,
Judah, and the
the rule
rule of
of David
exiles
that they
they
flesh" that
flesh"
their sins
sins
over aa people
people cleansed
cleansed from their
over
(Eze.
(Eze.
37: 1937:19-
28). Isaiah also speaks of the everlasting covenant

covenant
28). Isaiah also speaks of the everlasting
(Isa. 55:3;
55:3; 61:8).
61:8).
6. GOSPEL IN THE EVERLASTING COVENANT.
COVENANT.6.
Again Ezekiel
Ezekiel uses
uses almost
almost the
the same words:
words: "A new
Again
heart also
also will
will II give
give you.
you .... And II will
will put
put my
my spirit
spirit
heart
within you,
you, and cause
you to
to walk in
in my
my statutes"
statutes"
cause you
within
(Eze.
36: 26, 27).
purpose of
the new covenant
of the
27). The purpose
(Eze. 36:26,
was to
to obey,
they may
may fear
fear me
"that they
enable them to
was
to enable
obey, "that
for
ever," and "that
shall
not
depart
from
me";
"that they
shall
for ever,"
not
me";
they
depart
"that
they may
in
my
statutes"
(Jer.
32:39,
40;
walk
in
statutes"
"that they
my
may
(Jer. 32:39, 40;
"I
Eze.
19, 20);
of enabling
the means of
Eze. 11:
was, "1
11:19,
enabling was,
20); and the
in
will
put my
my spirit
within
you"
(Eze.
36:27).
But
in
will put
you" (Eze. 36:27).
spirit
Old Testament times,
as
in
the
New,
the
natural
heart
the
natural
in
the
heart
as
New,
times,
"is
of God,
neither indeed can
the law of
"is not
to the
not subject
God, neither
subject to
be" (Rom.
8:7).
That
is
why
the
writing
the
be"
is
of the
the law
why
writing of
(Rom. 8:7).
a
of
man
a
new
heart
in the
the heart
heart involves
involves giving
heart
of God in
giving
in place
free
in
of
his
stony
heart,
a
free
and
unmerited
gift
of
his
stony heart,
gift
place
that
that can
faith.
can be
received only
be received
only by
by faith.
is nothing less
The new covenant,
salcovenant, then,
then, is
nothing less than salthrough
faith,
the
reception
of
God's
vation
grace
the
vation by
of
God's
faith,
by grace through
reception
to walk in
in newness of
Spirit,
of life.
life. This
This
enabling one to
Spirit, enabling
in the
is
is the
the New Testament gospel
the heart
heart of
of the
the Old
gospel in
Testament.
Testament.
(Isa.
223
223
between law
law and
is no incompatibility here
There is
incompatibility here between
grace.
in
the
time
of
Israel
there
was
no
incomEven
in
the
incomof Israel there
grace.
patibility between grace
the "ceremonial"
law,
"ceremonial" law,
patibility
grace and the
for until
until Jesus
Jesus died the
the rites
rites and sacrifices
were God's
for
sacrifices were
God's
appointed
of directing
the eye
eye of
of faith
the
faith to
to the
appointed way
way of
directing the
coming
the offering
the Lamb of
of
Saviour. Not until
until the
of the
coming Saviour.
offering of
ceremonial system
abolished
God, once for
the ceremonial
for all,
was the
abolished
God,
all, was
system
(Eph.
15). Thereafter
insistence upon
upon the
the ceremoceremoThereafter insistence
(Eph. 2:
2:15).
denial of
in the
tlie allnial observances
nial
observances became a
a denial
faith in
allof faith
sufficient
1, 10;
sufficient sacrifice
sacrifice of
of Christ
Christ (Acts
Gal. 5:
5:
10; Gal.
15:1,
(Acts 15:
1,
2). The new covenant,
ratified by
by the
later ratified
the blood
1, 2).
covenant, later
of
of Jesus
Jesus (Heb.
(Heb. 8:6-13;
Matt. 26:28),
26:28), and mediated by
8:6-13; Matt.
by
His heavenly
heavenly ministry
(Heb.
15; 12:24)-the
the
8:6; 9:
9:15;
ministry (Heb. 8:6;
12:24)
covenant promising
promising the
writing of
of the
the law in
in the
the
the divine
divine writing
heart,
the indwelling
of
the
Spirit,
prothe
which
of
heart, with the
indwelling
proSpirit,
of the
the law
law in
in the
the life
life (Rom.
duces
the righteousness
duces the
righteousness of
(Rom.
8:4)-is
variance with
the moral law of
is never at
at variance
with the
of God,
God,
8:4)
then or
or now.
then
7. CONDITIONED ON INDIVIDUAL
INDIVIDUAL ACCEPTANCE.
ACCEPTANCE.-These
These
7.
the
prophecies
of
the
restoration
of
Israel
offered
the
the
offered
of
restoration
of
Israel
prophecies
to aU,
all should know the
the Lord
new covenant to
for all
all, for
"from the
the greatest"
er. 31:
31:
least of
of them unto the
the least
greatest" (J
(Jer,
34).
God
never
offers
forgiveness,
cleansing
from
sin,
offers
sin,
forgiveness, cleansing
34).
and aa new heart
condition of
of individual
individual rereheart except
except on condition
covpentance. The restoration
restoration connected with
with the
the new covpentance.
far
as
the
enant
into
effect
only
in
so
far
as
the
individual
in
so
into
effect
enant could
could go
go
only
to whom
Israelite would accept
the covenant.
covenant. Those to
Israelite
accept the
heart "shall
be my
my people,
people, and
"shall be
a new heart
God would give
give a
I will
be their
their God." The next
next verse
verse excludes
those
excludes those
will be
I
who refuse
be cleansed:
as for
for them whose
cleansed: "But as
to be
refuse to
heart walketh
the heart
of their
their detestable
detestable things
heart of
after the
walketh after
heart
things
and
will recompense
their way
way
their abominations,
and their
abominations, II will
recompense their
224
224
QUESTIONS
upon their
their own heads,
heads, salth
saith the
the Lord" (Eze.
(Eze. 11:20,
11: 20, 21).
21).
upon
The everlasting
everlasting covenant was made with Abraham,
Abraham,
was called
called the
tl}e father
father of
of the
the faithful
faithful (Gen.
(Gen. 17:
17:
who was
1, 2,
2, 7;
7; compare
compare Gen.
Gen. 26:5),
26:5), Isaiah
Isaiah introduces
introduces the
the everever1,
lasting covenant
covenant with
with the
the invitation,
invitation, "Incline
"Incline your
your
lasting
and
ear,"
"come,"
"hear"
(Isa.
55:3);
continues,
continues,
''come," "hear"
ear,'*
(Isa.
55:3);
"Seek ye
ye the
the Lord while
while he
he may
may be
be found,"
found," "return
"return
"Seek
unto the
the Lord"
Lord" (verses
(verses 6,
6, 7).
7). God pledges
pledge!> His word as
as
unto
to His
His faithfulness
faithfulness (Jer.
(Jer. 31:35-37;
31:35-37; 33:20-26);
33:20-26); but
to
His covenant
covenant is
is offered,
offered, not
not imposed.
imposed. Therefore,
Therefore, the
the
His
are conrestoration promises
promises under the
the new covenant
covenant are
conrestoration
ditioned upon
upon the
the Israelites*
Israelites' voluntary
voluntary acceptance
acceptance and
ditioned
their acting
acting by
by faith
faith upon
upon that
that acceptance.
acceptance.
their
If
all Israel,
Israel, or
a large
large majority,
majority, had wholewholeor even a
If all
and
the
new
heartedly
entered
into
the
experiinto
covenant
entered
experiheartedly
enced
the new heart
heart through
through the
indwelling of
the
of the
the indwelling
enced the
Spirit
of
God,
resulting
in
wholehearted
obedience,
obedience,
Spirit of God, resulting in
desired to
what might
might have been the
the results!
still desired
to
results! God still
the
use
His special
instrument
to
share
the
blessshare
blessas His
to
use Israel
Israel as
special
ings
other nations.
nations.
of the
the new covenant
covenant with other
ings of
8.
RESTORATION PROPHECIES PARTLY FULFILLED.
8.
-The
prophecies-some
"restoration" or
some
or "kingdom"
The "restoration"
"kingdom" prophecies
full
imagery,
others
in
literal
language-speak
full of
others
in
literal
of poetic
language speak
poetic imagery,
of
life and Edenic conditions
conditions of
of the earth,
of
of long
earth, of
long life
Israel's
Israel's righteousness
drawing
righteousness and world leadership,
leadership, drawing
to her,
the
the
the
knowledge
the nations
nations to
of the
her, and spreading
knowledge of
spreading
the world.
Lord over the
world. The house of
of David was to
to be
restored,
and
finally
the
Messiah
was
to
come-the
the
to come
restored,
finally the
Messiah,
to be "cut
"cut off,"
the
to be the
Messiah, who was to
off," who was to
Lamb of
the
new
covenant,
and
of God that
that would ratify
the
covenant,
ratify
to rule
rule the kingdom
in righteousness
who was to
kingdom in
righteousness and
finally
in eternal
eternal peace.
the golden
However, the
bring in
peace. However,
finally bring
golden age
age
PRINCIPLES OF
OF INTERPRETATION
PRINCIPLES
INTERPRETATION
225
225
was not
to be
not to
be altogether
was
one of
of peace;
the
altogether one
peace; apparently
apparently the
of
jealousy
of
enemies
was
to
bring
war,
which
would
end
to
which
would
end
war,
jealousy
bring
final victory
in final
for God's
in
God's people
before
38; 39)
victory for
people (Ezekiel
(Ezekiel 38;
39) before
of
the second coming
of
Christ,
and
the
transition
to
and
the
transition to the
the
Christ,
coming
state.
eternal state.
The restoration promises
connected with
with the
the
promises were connected
from exile.
exile. To what extent
return from
extent 'were
were these
these predicpredicfulfilled after
after the Babylonian
tions fulfilled
Babylonian captivity?
captivity? Cyrus
Cyrus
granted
of return to
"all his
to "all
his people"
granted the privilege
privilege of
people"
(Ezra
3), which would include
include any
of
(Ezra I:
1:3),
any worshiper
worshiper of
from
the
Jehovah
the northern tribes
tribes also.
also. And under
under that
that
Jehovah
edicts several
and subsequent
several groups
of exiles
exiles did
redid resubsequent edicts
groups of
the Temple
turn. They
and
reconstituted
the
reconstituted
the
They rebuilt the
Temple
state under their
their own law (Ezra
Jewish
14, 15;
117:116:14,
Jewish state
15; 7:
(Ezra 6:
to
26)-subject
to
Persia,
of
course.
But
the
books
of
of
course.
the
books
of
Persia,
26)
subject
Nehemiah, Haggai,
Haggai, Zechariah,
Malachi
show
Ezra, Nehemiah,
Ezra,
and
Malachi
Zechariah,
how they
of the
fell short of
the restoration
envisioned under
restoration envisioned
they fell
the
the new covenant.
covenant.
Their zeal
zeal for
for the
the law
law found expression
expression in
in legalism
legalism
and exclusiveness
exclusiveness rather
rather than
than in
in seeking
seeking the
the Spirit
Spirit of
of
God. The promise
promise of
of the
the return
return was fulfilled;
fulfilled; but
but the
the
return was limited.
limited. Even the
the Temple
Temple that
that they
they built
built
was but aa modest edifice
edifice in
in comparison
comparison with
with the
the former.
former.
The glorious
glorious kingdom
kingdom was not
not realized
realized in
in the
the semisemiautonomous
state under the
the Persian
Persian Empire
Empire and under
under
autonomOlis state
the
the Macedonian rule,
rule, or
or in
in the
the brief
brief interval
interval of
of indeindeunder
the
pendence
the
rulers.
Finally
came
Maccabean
rulers.
pendence
Finally came
the
the subjection
subjection to
to Rome.
9.
9. MESSIAH'S
MESSIAH'S KINGDOM
KINGDOM -OFFERED
AND REJECTED.
REJECTED.OFFERED AND
Then
Then came
came the
the Messiah.
Messiah. The
The Carpenter
Carpenter of
of Nazareth
Nazareth
began
to
preach,
"The
time
is
fulfilled,
and
the
kingto
"The
time
is
and
the
fulfilled,
began
preach,
kingdom of
of God
God is
is at
at hand"
hand" (Mark
(Mark 1:15).
I: 15). What
What Jesus
Jesus offered
offered
dom
226
226
QUESTIONS
was the
the blessing
blessing of
of the
the new covenant,
covenant, of
of the
the renewed
was
heart, of
of the
the Spirit
Spirit within.
within. But this
this seemed aa disapdisapheart,
pointment to
to most
most of
of the
the Jews.
Jews. They
They had so
so long
long set
set
pointment
their hearts
hearts
their
on the
the material
material aspects
aspects of
of the
the kingdom
kingdom
on
prophecies
that
they
forgotten
the
spiritual.
They
the
had
that
forgotten
spiritual. They
they
prophecies
wanted independence
independence from Rome
Rome-even
vengeanceeven vengeance
but they
they did
did not
not want
want the
the law
law of
of love
love written
written in
in their
their
but
'hearts. They
They wanted
wanted the
the conquest
conquest of
of the
the Gentiles,
Gentiles, but
'hearts.
they were
were not
not interested
interested in
in being
being aa source
source of
of blessing
blessing to
to
they
sit
aU nations.
nations. They
They remembered the
the king
king who was to
to sit on
all
the throne
throne of
of David,
David, but
but they
they had forgotten
forgotten the
the SufferSufferthe
ing
Servant.
Consequently
they
could
not
recognize
their
not
could
Servant.
recognize their
ing
Consequently they
for
His
Messiah when He came,
desire
for
His
kingand
had
no
desire
Messiah
came,
kingoffered it
to them.
them.
dom when He offered
it to
If
the Jews
Jews had accepted
accepted the
the new covenant
covenant and the
the
If the
little
Messiah's
kingdom;
if,
instead
of
the
little
the
instead
of
Messiah's proposed
proposed kingdom; if,
handful
handful of
that Jesus
Jesus sent
in~o the world
of followers
sent out into
followers that
to
give His
His message,
have had the
the whole
to give
message, He might
might have
dedicated, to
to use
use in
nation, regenerated
regenerated and dedicated,
in evangenation,
evangeblessings, what
lizing
the world,
victories, what blessings,
world, what victories,
lizing the
rewards,
the leadership
theirs under the
rewards, might
leadership
might have been theirs
of
ready to
of the
the Son of
of God. The Lord was even yet
to use
yet ready
as
instruments
of
blessing,
as
He
had
His chosen people
of
as
as
instruments
blessing,
people
in the
the days
of
the
prophets
of
old.
But
they
would
been in
of
the
of
old.
they
days
prophets
not.
not.
10. LITERAL
10.
ISRAEL REPLACED BY CHRISTIAN
CHURCH. Jerusalem knew not the
CHURCH.-Jerusalem
of her
visitathe time of
her visitato
tion,
and
consequently
her
house
was
left
to
her
"desher
"desher
left
tion,
consequently
olate" (Matt.
wept over
olate"
the rejected
over
(Matt. 23:28),
23:28), and the
rejected Lord wept
fate. Though
the
her fate.
the
destruction
was
delayed
forty
destruction
Though
delayed forty
years,
there was no repentance
to avert
avert the
the nation's
nation's
years, there
repentance to
doom. There was no assurance,
as
before
(Jer.
10,
assurance, as before (Jer. 5:
5:10,
227
227
the destruction
that the
to be
be only
temporary.
18),
destruction was to
only temporary.
18), that
The servants
who
had
repeatedly
abused
the
servants
the prophrepeatedly
prophets
the Son of
of the
the Owner of
the
crucified the
ets had finally
of the
finally crucified
vineyard,
and
consequently
were
dispossessed.
The
Son
were
vineyard,
consequently
dispossessed.
Himself had pronounced
upon them:
them: "The
sentence upon
pronounced sentence
kingdom of
taken from you,
you, and given
to aa
shall be taken
of God shall
kingdom
given to
nation
bringing forth
(Matt. 21:
nation bringing
forth the
the fruits
fruits thereof"
thereof" (Matt.
21:
43).
Many
to
come
from
the
east
west
to
sit
were
west
to
east
and
sit
the
to
43). Many
with Abraham,
Abraham, Isaac,
Isaac, and Jacob
Jacob in
in the
the place
of
down with
place of
the rejected
rejected children
the kingdom
kingdom (Matt.
11, 12).
the
children of
of the
8:11,
(Matt. 8:
12).
These were to
among the
the Gentiles
Gentiles and
to come from among
prove themselves
themselves "Abraham's children"
would prove
children*' more
truly
than
the
Jews
because
they
"would
do the
the works
the
truly
they
Jews
of Abraham" (John
of
(John 9:39).
9:39).
the great
When the
great body
of the
the professed
professed seed
seed of
of
body of
Abraham-the
body-rejected
their
King,
the
official body
their
the
Abraham the official
rejected
King,
Mediator of
of the
they inevitably
inevitably cut
themthe new covenant,
cut themcovenant, they
selves
Messianic kingdom
selves off
off from the
the Messianic
the covecovekingdom and the
nant relationship.
The
only
Jews
retained
these
who
retained
these
nant
only Jews
relationship.
the
remnant
(Rom.
11:
5),
those
relationships
were
were
the
those
(Rom. 11:5),
relationships
who accepted
accepted their
Messiah and became the
the nucleus
their Messiah
of the
Christian church;
these were the
the true
true children
children of
the Christian
of
of
church; these
the Gentile
Gentile converts,
converts, the
the
Israel.
Israel. To them were added the
"wild
into the
the parent
parent
branches who were grafted
"wild olive"
olive" branches
grafted into
stock
in place
place of
branches that
that had broken
the natural
natural branches
of the
stock in
themselves off
11:
16-24).
off (Rom.
themselves
(Rom. 11:16-24).
Thus the
the rejection
the nation
nation of
of the
of Israel
Israel did not
rejection of
of God's
invalidate the
the prophecies
prophecies or
or cut
cut off
off the
the line
line of
invalidate
as though
the word of
of God hath
chosen
people. "Not as
chosen people.
though the
taken
but "the
children of
the flesh"
flesh" were
"the children
of the
effect" but
taken none effect"
of
the
replaced
by
"the
children
of
the
promise"
(Rom. 9:6,
"the
children
9:6,
promise" (Rom.
replaced by
Abraham.
of
8)-the
spiritual
seed
of
seed
the spiritual
8)
228
228
QUESTIONS
11.
OF THE KING11. NEW TESTAMENT ApPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS 0.1"
DOM PROMISES.
PROMISES.- The children
af Abraham "which are
are
children of
of
both Jew
Jew and Gentile
of faith"-all
faith"
all who are
Gentile
are Christ's,
Christ's, both
-have
been heirs
heirs of
the ancient
promises
of the
ancient promises
have thenceforth
thenceforth been
(Gal.
3:7,
8,
16,
29).
Both
classes
of
seed,
of
Abraham's
classes
seed,
(Gal. 3:7, 8, 16, 29).
receive the
the Abrahamic promJew and Gentile,
are to
to receive
Gentile, are
promJew
not say
that the
earthly-kingdom promises. Paul
Paul does
the earthly-kingdom
ises.
does not
say that
promthe
to.
the
Jew
heavenly-kingdom
ises to
ises
to Israel
Israel belong
to
belong
Jew and heavenly-kingdom
promises to
to the
the Christian,
but rather
he speaks
speaks af
rather he
of the
the
Christian, but
promises
inheritance af
world by
by all
all the
seed:
the seed:
of the
the world
inheritance
"For
the promise,
be the
the heir
heir of
the world,
world,
he should
should be
of the
that he
"For the
promise, that
was not
not to
to Abraham,
Abraham, or
to his
his seed,
seed, through
the law,
but through
through
or to
was
law, but
through the
faith .
the righteousness
righteousness of
Therefore it
it is
. . to
faith.. . . . Therefore
is of
of faith
...
the
to
of faith
the end the
the promise
promise might
might be
be sure
to all
the seed;
seed; not
not to
that only
only
sure to
all the
to that
the
is of
the law,
but to
to that
that also
also which is
is of
of the
the faith
which is
faith of
of
which
of the
law, but
.
Abraham;
the father
of us
us all
all (Rom.
4: 13, 16).
Is the
father of
Abraham; who is
(Rom. 4:13,
16).
Further,
the Christian
belangs to
to. the
the kingdom
kingdam of
Christian belongs
of
Further, the
(Cal.
1:13;
James
2:5;
Rev.
1:6).
Jesus
Christ
Rev.
Christ
(Col. 1:13; James 2:5;
1:6). Jesus
was promised
promised as
Davidic King
King in
was
in connection
as the
connection with
with
the Davidic
the new,
new, or
covenant
(Eze.
37:21-28;
or everlasting,
the
covenant
Luke
37:21-28;
everlasting,
(Eze.
1:32,33;
campare Zech.
Zech. 9:9-11;
Matt. 21:4-9).
21:4-9). By
By His sacsac1:32, 33; compare
9:9-11; Matt.
rifice He became the
the mediator of
of that
covenant (Heb.
that covenant
rifice
(Heb,
8:6-13;
26:28; Mark 14:24;
Matt. 26:28;
13:20; compare
14:24;
8:6-13; 12:24;
12:24; 13:20;
compare Matt.
22: 20). Obviously,
then, Christians
heirs of
Luke 22:20).
Christians are
are heirs
of the
the
Obviously, then,
new-covenant prophecies
prophecies and the
new-covenant kingkingthe new-covenant
dom.
the covenant people,
That the
the church is
is now the
people, the
the
chosen
chosen people,
people, is
indicated
by
the
application
is clearly
indicated
the
by
clearly
application
that two
two New Testament writers
the original
that
writers make af
of the
original
of Israel
Israel at
Peter, adadpromise to
to the
the children
children of
at Sinai.
Sinai. Peter,
promise
as
they
began
to
be
called,
dressing
the
"Christians,"
the
as
to
be
''Christians,"
called,
dressing
they began
says:
says:
"But ye
ye are
royal priesthood,
priesthood,
a chosen
a royal
are a
chosen generation,
generation, a
Christ
Christ
229
229
holy nation,
nation, aa peculiar
peculiar people"
people" (1
(1 Peter
Peter 2:9).
2:9). In
In
an holy
writing
to
Gentile
Christians
(sec
verse
10),
he
is
to
Gentile Christians (see verse 10), he is
writing
quoting,
almost verbatim,
verbatim, Exodus 19:5,
6 (Peter
(Peter uses
uses
19:5, 6
quoting, almost
the
identical Greek words
words for
priesthood"
that
the identical
that
for "royal
"royal priesthood*'
in the
occur
the LXX for
the Hebrew "kingdom
of
occur in
for the
"kingdom of
writes to
to Christians
Asia Minor about
priests"). John
Christians of
about
of Asia
John writes
priests").
who
Jesus,
"hath
made
us
kings
and
priests
[preferred
us
Jesus,
kings
priests [preferred
Greek reading:
reading: "a
kingdom, priests"]
priests"] unto
unto God and his
his
"a kingdom,
Father" (Rev.
(Rev. I1:6).
:6). Again,
describes
the
redeemed
he
the
describes
Again,
as singing
in heaven as
to the
the Lamb,
art worthy"
worthy"
in
Lamb, "Thou art
singing to
thou "hast
our God kings
kings and priests
priests
for
for tliou
"hast made us
us unto our
[preferred
Greek
reading:
"a
kingdom
and
priests"]"
"a
reading:
kingdom
[preferred
priests"]"
(Rev.
writers therefore
the
therefore apply
5:9, 10).
(Rev. 5:9,
10). Both writers
apply to the
church and not
Christian church-and
not specifically
to
Jewish
ChrisChristian
to
Chrisspecifically
Jewish
the covenant promise
tians-the
promise made to
to Israel,
Israel, aa conditians
condithat the
nation of
Israel, by
by the
tional promise
promise that
the rejecthe nation
tional
of Israel,
rejection of
of the
the Messiah,
forfeited.
tion
Messiah, had forfeited.
Israel kingWhy
these inspired
writers apply
the Israel
kingWhy do these
apply the
inspired writers
dom prophecies
prophecies to
the non-Israelite
non-Israelite Christians?
Is it
it
to the
Christians? Is
nanot because
because the
the true
is no longer
longer the
the Jewish
Jewish naIsrael is
not
true Israel
but is
church? The fact
that
tion,
the Christian
fact that
is rather
rather the
Christian church?
tion, but
Paul refers
(1 Cor.
18)
Cor. 10:
refers to
to "Israel
"Israel after
after the
flesh" (1
Paul
the flesh"
10:18)
the
implies
that
there
is
an
Israel
not
after
the
flesh.
flesh. He
is
Israel
not
after
that
there
implies
passages what he means when he
clear in
in several
several passages
makes clear
all
true Israel.
Israel. First,
that not all
refers
the true
refers to
to the
First, he mentions that
all
Israel-"They
are
not
all
Israel,
which
Jews
belong
to
are
not
Israel
to
Israel,
"They
Jews belong
defines a true
are of
Elsewhere he defines
true
are
Israel" (Rom.
of Israel"
9:6). Elsewhere
(Rom. 9:6).
Jew:
is not
not aa Jew,
Jew, which is
is one outwardly;
outwardly;"
Jew: "He is
is
rather,
he "which is
inwardly; and circumcision
circumcision is
is one inwardly;
rather, he
that
of the
heart" (Rom.
2:28,
29).
the heart"
that of
2:28,
(Rom.
29).
The mark of
Israelite then,
then, is
is aa circumcised
circumcised
true Israelite
of the
the true
heart. That this
this does
refer only
only to
to Jews
Jews with circirdoes not refer
heart.
1 '
230
QUESTIONS
hearts is
verse 26:
26: "If
cumcised hearts
"If the
the unciris clear
clear from verse
unclrkeep the
of the
the law,
Jaw, shall
cumcision keep
the righteousness
shall not
righteousness of
his uncircumcision
his
uncircumcision be
be counted for
for circumcision?"
circumcision?"
Therefore aa Gentile
can be
be counted as
as a
Therefore
Christian can
a true,
Gentile Christian
true,
though
not
a
literal,
Israelite.
Legalism?
can
it
it be
not
Israelite.
How
a
literal,
Legalism?
though
His Son "that
the righteousness
righteousness of
the
"that the
of the
when God sent
sent His
the
law might
be
fulfilled
in
us,
not
after
the
law
in
who
walk
not
after
be
fulfilled
us,
might
flesh,
but after
the Spirit"
after the
flesh, but
Spirit" (Rom.
(Rom. 8:4)?
8:4)? What he means
by the
explains to
to the
the Philippians:
Philippians:
the true
true circumcision
circumcision he explains
by
"For we are
worship God in
the
in the
the circumcision,
are the
circumcision, which worship
spirit,
rejoice
in
Christ
Jesus,
confiin
and
have
no
confiand
Christ
Jesus,
rejoice
spirit,
dence in
the flesh"
sentence may
may seem
flesh" (Phil.
in the
dence
(Phil. 3:3).
3:3). This sentence
in
it
is crystal
grammatically
ambiguous,
in
the
context
it
is
but
the
crystal
grammatically ambiguous,
dear
Paul is
circumcision.
true circumcision.
that Paul
clear that
is defining
defining true
that Paul
statements show dearly
The foregoing
clearly that
foregoing statements
taught
that
the
true
Israel-not
Israel
after
the
flesh
but
true
not
after
the
that
the
Israel
Israel
flesh but
taught
Israel
after
the
Spirit-is
composed
of
both
Jews
and
is
Israel after the Spirit
composed of
Jews
Gentiles, the
the children
not merely
merely of
the flesh
flesh but of
children not
of the
of
Gentiles,
the
promise, circumcised
in the
the flesh
in the
flesh but in
the
the promise,
circumcised not in
heart
heart (Rom.
(Rom. 9:8).
9:8).
Again,
Christians who were formerly
addresses Christians
formerly
Again, Paul addresses
Gentiles, and who are
still called
called "uncircumcision"
are still
Gentiles,
by the
such according
according to
to the
the flesh
flesh (Eph.
are such
the Jews
by
(Eph.
Jews who are
2:
II).
Christians
were
once
"aliens
from the
"aliens
the
Christians
These
2:11).
commonwealth of
the covecoveof Israel,
Israel, and strangers
strangers from the
in
nants
of promise"
promise" (verse
12).
however,
in
Christ,
nants of
Christ,
Now,
however,
(verse 12).
to God by
through
access to
by the
the Spirit,
they have access
through whom they
Spirit,
they
are
"no
more
strangers
foreigners,
fellowand
but
felloware
they
foreigners,
strangers
citizens
with the
saints, and of
household of
the household
of God"
citizens with
the saints,
of the
(verse
19).
In
other
words,
the
Gentiles,
in
becoming
in
In
other
the
Gentiles,
words,
becoming
(verse 19).
Christians, cease
be aliens
cease to
fellow citizens,
to be
aliens and become fellow
citizens,
Christians,
and heirs
heirs of
the covenants of
of promise.
promise. Hence Chrisof the
Chris-
231
231
tians, gathered
both Jews
Jews and Gentiles,
Gentiles,
gathered from among
among both
to the
true commonwealth of
Israel. That is
belong to
the true
is
of Israel.
belong
Israel shall
"all Israel
shall be saved"
saved" (Rom.
how "all
(Rom. 1l:26).
11:26).
tians,
12.
PROPHECIES.12. FULFILLMENT OF THE KINGDOM PROPHECIES.
The question
question naturally
arises,
If
the
Christian
church
If
the
Christian
naturally arises,
is
heir of
of the
the promises
promises and the
the covenants,
covenants, where are
is heir
are we
the prophecies
prophecies that
that
to
for the
the fulfillment
of all
all the
look for
fulfillment of
to look
were not
not realized
realized by
literal
Israel?
In
the
early
church,
literal
Israel?
In
the
church,
by
early
the present,
present, or
the future?
the
or the
future?
the kingdom
kingdom prophecies
prophecies are
Wherever the
are definitely
definitely apapTestament
writers
to
events
in
the
plied
by
New
writers
in
the
to
events
plied by
church,
it is
obvious that
are safe
their
is obvious
that we are
in following
safe in
church, it
following their
inspired
interpretative
applications.
Peter
sees
Joers
inspired interpretative applications. Peter sees Joel's
prediction of
wonders among
the
of visions,
dreams, and wonders
visions, dreams,
among the
prediction
of Israel
least partially,
partially, in
the
Israel fulfilled,
at least
in the
remnant of
fulfilled, at
miracles of
church
the
outpouring
the early
under
the
of
miracles
of the
early
outpouring of
16-21; compare
compare Joel
2:28-32).
the
the Spirit
2:16-21;
Joel 2:28-32).
(Acts 2:
Spirit (Acts
James,
in
delivering
the
decision
of
the
church counthe
in
counthe
decision
of
delivering
James,
of
concerning
cil
of Jerusalem,
quotes
a
prophecy
Amos
a
of
cil of
concerning
prophecy
Jerusalem, quotes
the restoration
restoration of
Israel and applies
applies it
to the
the first
first Genit to
of Israel
the
tile converts
to the
church:
tile
converts to
the church:
at the
Simeon [Simon
Peter] hath
hath declared
declared how God at
the first
first
[Simon Peter]
his name.
did
visit the
the Gentiles,
take out
people for
for his
a people
of them a
out of
to take
did visit
Gentiles, to
it is
this agree
words of
of the
the prophets;
prophets; as
as it
written, After
After
is written,
the words
And to
to this
agree the
this
I will
will return,
return, and will
build again
again the
the tabernacle
tabernacle of
of David,
will build
this I
David,
which
will build
build again
the ruins
ruins thereof,
thereof,
is fallen
which is
fallen down;
down; and II will
again the
seek after
and II will
will set
set it
residue of
might seek
after
of men might
it up: that
the residue
and
up: that the
the Lord,
Lord, and
and all
upon whom my
my name is
is called,
all the
the Gentiles,
the
called,
Gentiles, upon
14-17; Cf.
Cf. Amos 9:
11, 12).
saith
the Lord (Acts
saith the
9:11,
15:14-17;
12).
(Acts 15:
In
James is
is saying:
prediction of
of
In other
other words,
words, James
saying: Amos' prediction
happen "after
this" ** (i.e.,
(i.e., after
after Amos' day)
what was
was to
to happen
"after this"
day)
*CuriollsIy, the
words ('after
((return and" are
are not In
in the Hebrew of
of
this" and "return
"after this"
the words
*CuriousIy,
which begins:
that day
will raise
raise up
up the
the tabernacle
tabernacle of David."
"In that
Amos 9:11,
day II will
begins: "In
9:11, which
232
232
QUESTIONS
has
begun to
meet its
in the
the conversion
conversion
fulfillment In
has now begun
its fulfillment
to meet
That
the
of the
the Gentiles
Gentiles in
the apostle
Peter's day.
day.
is,
of
in the
is, the
apostle Peter's
prophecy of
the restoration
house of
of David,
David, and
the house
of the
of the
restoration of
prophecy
of the
the Gentiles'
seeking after
the Lord,
Lord, is
is now being
after the
of
Gentiles' seeking
being
fulfilled
by the
the expansion
of the
to include
include the
the
the church to
fulfilled by
expansion of
Is a
Gentiles.
passage quoted
a prophecy
prophecy
Gentiles. The passage
quoted from Amos is
of
the restoration
restoration of
Israel's Davidlc
Davidic kingdom
kingdom and the
of the
of Israel's
incorporation
into that
that kingdom
kingdom
"Gentiles" into
the "Gentiles"
of the
incorporation of
it figura9: 11, 12);
but James
obviously applies
applies it
(Amos
figura12); but
James obviously
(Amos 9:11,
building
up
of
the
church
of
Christ
the
tively
to
the
church
of
Christ
the
of
the
the
to
building
up
tively
Son of
David.
of David.
Peter
finds in
Isaiah's "comer
28: 16) aa
In Isaiah's
"corner stone"
stone" (Isa.
Peter finds
(Isa. 28:16)
as
the
chief
prediction
of
Jesus
as
the
chief
cornerstone
(1
Peter
of
(1 Peter
Jesus
prediction
in
the
2:6)
of
the
"spiritual
house"
in
the
Christians
house"
which
the
Christians
of
2:6)
"spiritual
are built
built as
as "lively
stones [E.R.V.,
are
"lively stones
"living stones"]"
[E.R.V., "living
stones"]" and
as aa "holy
offer up
up spiritual
spiritual sacrifices"
to offer
sacrifices"
as
"holy priesthood,
priesthood, to
(verse
5).
(verse 5).
Paul,
passage (2
(2 Cor.
16-18), quotes
In one short
short passage
Cor. 6:
Paul, in
6:16-18),
quotes
connected
with
the
covefrom several
with
new
the
coveseveral prophecies
from
prophecies
nant and the
promised to
to ancient
ancient IsraelIsrael
nant
the restoration
restoration promised
phrases borrowed from Jeremiah
Jeremiah 31:33 (compare
(compare
phrases
Jer.
32:38; Eze.
37:27); Isaiah
Isaiah 52:11;
Eze. 11:19,
52:11; and
20; 37:27);
11:19, 20;
Jer. 32:38;
Jeremiah
: 9.
31:9.
Jeremiah 31
fulfillments to
to the
the church
church of
the present
present age
are
The fulfillments
of the
age are
of
course
figurative.
Many
of
the
prophecies
unrealized
of course figurative. Many of the prophecies unrealized
in
in Old Testament times
are to
be fulfilled,
times are
to be
of
fulfilled, some of
Either
Either James's
is quoted
quoted from aa different
text of
of Amos
build" is
different text
James's phrase
phrase "return and build"
or it
it is
paraphrase, exactly
parallel to
to the
the common Hebrew idiom in
in which the
the
or
is a paraphrase,
exactly parallel
of
verb "return" (shub,
"to
turn
back")
is
often
used
to
express
either
a
reversal
of
turn
is
often
used
to
either
reversal
back")
(shub,
express
attitude or
or aa mere,
mere, repetition.
is, to
to "return
something, can
can mean
attitude
"return and do" something,
repetition. That is,
merely
to
do
it
again.
K.J.V.
sometimes
translates
the
phrase
literally,
as:
"1
it
to
translates
the
as:
"I
The
merely
K.J.V.
again.
phrase literally,
returned,
considered all
the oppressions"
opyressions" (Eccl.
(Eccl. 4:
1; compare
4:7; y:ll);
9: 11); "I
all the
returned, and considered
4:1;
compare 4:7;
will return,
will
return. and have compassion"
compassion" (Jer.
(jer. 12:15);
if he
he will
will return
return and
12:15) "Who knoweth if
r~pent?" (Joel
often "return and" is
translated
"again,"
as:
is simply translated
as:
repent?"
(Joel 2:14).
Very often
2:14). Very
"again,"
simply
"He built
built again
built") the
the high
high places
places which
returned and built"]
again [margin:
[margin: Heb. "he returned
Hezekiah his
his father
father had broken
broken down" (2
(2 Chron.
33:3).
Chron. 33:3).
;
233
233
In connection
them literally,
connection with,
or after,
the second
second
with, or
after, the
literally, in
of
Christ.
But
coming
the
the fact
fact that
that inspired
writers have
have
coming of Christ.
inspired writers
made figurative
that we cannot
cannot rerefigurative applications
applications shows that
quire
a
literalness
in
detail.
literalness
in
detail.
quire
The Christian
Christian church,
is a
a "holy
church, then,
then, is
nation,"
"holy nation,"
not
of
composed
race or
or nationality,
of
composed not of aa single
single race
nationality, but of
under
the
new-coveevery
is voluntarily
the
new-coveevery individual who is
voluntarily
nant relationship
his Lord.
Lord. Therefore
Therefore its
its blessings
relationship with his
blessings
of national
those of
cannot be those
territorial
holdnational prosperity,
holdterritorial
prosperity,
victories over invaders.
ings,
invaders. Ezekiel's
the
Ezekiel's promise
of the
ings, or victories
promise of
of postexilic
deliverance of
Israel
from
the
hosts
of
Gog
Israel
of
the
hosts
postexilic
Gog
fulfilled literally,
Apocalypse is
was not fulfilled
in the
is apthe Apocalypse
literally, but in
apto the final
final destruction
plied to
destruction of
of the
the enemies of
of God and
plied
of His people
of
people after
after the
the millennium.
The glorious
pictured by
is not
fulEzekiel is
not fulglorious Temple
Temple pictured
by Ezekiel
in the
filled literally
church, and cannot
cannot be,
be, for
filled
literally in
the church,
for the
sacthe sacrificial types
rificial
types and shadows ceased
ceased in
in the
the antitypical
anti typical sacrisacrifice of
Christ on Calvary's
fice
of Christ
have the
the
cross. Instead
Instead we have
Calvary's cross.
priestly
ministry
of
the
Son
of
God
in
the
sanctuary
of
the
of
in
the
priestly ministry
sanctuary
"not made with
with hands,"
hands," in
in heaven
heaven itself.
itself.
Furthermore, the
the promise
promise to
to Abraham that
that his
his seed
seed
Furthermore,
of the
should be heirs
heirs of
the world,
world, as
as well
well as
as the
the prophecies
prophecies of
of
should
the abundance and peace
peace of
of Eden restored,
restored, will
will both
both
the
find their
their actual
actual fulfillment
the saints
saints inherit
inherit the
the
find
fulfillment when the
earth
earth made new.
Christian church,
church, drawn from all
all nations,
nations,
The Christian
rather than
than from the
the Jewish
Jewish nation,
nation, is
is now the
the vehicle
vehicle
rather
bringing God's
God's blessing
blessing to
to the
the world.
world. Its
Its head is
is
for bringing
for
Christ, the
the Son of
of David,
David, who now rules
rules in
in the
the hearts
hearts of
of
Christ,
His people,
people, and will,
will, one day,
day, rule
rule in
in person
person in
in His
His
eternal kingdom.
kingdom. It
It is
is "the
"the kingdom
kingdom of
of God ... within
within
eternal
"cometh
you"
(Luke
17:21),
which
not
with
observaobservayou" (Luke 17:21),
.
234
QUESTIONS
tion [margin,
(verse 20),
[margin, "outward show"]"
show"]" (verse
grows
20), but grows
like a
like
13:31,
32).
Such
is
a mustard seed
seed (Matt.
is the
the spirit(Matt. 13:31, 32).
spiritual kingdom
ual
to which we must now belong
are to
if we are
to
kingdom to
belong if
enjoy
future kingdom
of the
the future
of glory.
the blessings
enjoy the
blessings of
kingdom of
glory.
will finally
Thus the
the kingdom
fulfilled,
prophecies will
finally be fulfilled,
kingdom prophecies
in the
of
sin
not in
of
sin
and
repentance,
birth
and
the presence
birth
repentance,
presence
death,
war
and
plague,
but
in
the
new
earth.
And
the
the
in
earth.
the
death,
plague,
final fulfillment
in the eternal
eternal kingdom
final
fulfillment in
will
of Christ
Christ will
kingdom of
to the Israel
Israel of
surpass
of old.
old.
everything promised
promised to
surpass everything
IN THE KINGDoM.-In
13.
13. JEW
KINGDOM. In holding
holding
JEW AND GENTILE IN
that
kingdom belongs
to
the
Christian
that the
to
the
Christian church,
the kingdom
church, we
belongs
to the
do not thereby
the Jew.
heirs
deny the kingdom
thereby deny
kingdom to
Jew. The heirs
of
kingdom embrace all
of the
the Abrahamic promise
the kingdom
of the
all
promise of
seed
all
the spiritual
the
seed-all
who
are
Christ's,
all
who
are
are
all
are
Christ's,
spiritual
of the
saved by
by the
the blood of
the everlasting
covenant both
everlasting covenant-both
Gentile.
Jew
and
Gentile.
Thus
any
Jew
may,
as
aa believer
believer in
in
as
any Jew may,
Jew
the Messiah,
the
Messiah, participate
participate in
the millennial
reign
of
the
in the
millennial reign of the
saints as
saints
as well
wen as
of Christ.
Christ. No
as in
in the
eternal kingdom
the eternal
kingdom of
a
as
milJew,
as
a
Jew,
may
lay
claim
to
an
earthly,
national
milto
national
Jeiv,
may
lay
earthly,
Jew,
lennial
lennial kingdom
kingdom on the
the basis
basis of
of the
the Old Testament
kingdom prophecies.
prophecies_
kingdom
14.
THE
14.
QUESTION
JEWISH STATE.-Let
it
STATE. Let it
QUESTION OF THE JEWISH
be emphatically
stated here
emphatically stated
here that
that Seventh-day
Adventist
rejection of
of the
the widely
widely held
held belief
belief in
in aa divinely
divinely prompromrejection
ised
ised future
future Jewish
Jewish world-kingdom
world-kingdom does
does not
not justify
justify the
the
of
or
of
charge
of
"anti-Jewish
bias,"
or
of
blindness
to
the
blindness
to
the
charge
"anti-Jewish bias,"
political fact
fact of
of the
the new Jewish
Jewish state
state of
of Israel.
Israel. Our
political
interpretation does
does not
not involve
involve either.
either. We bebeprophetic
lieve
lieve from Scripture,
Scripture, as
as has
has already
already been set
set forth,
forth, that
that
the
the ancient
ancient Jews
Jews forfeited
forfeited their
their kingdom
kingdom and their
their
as
God's
status
chosen
special
status
as
chosen
people
(see
Matt.
21:43;
Matt.
21:43;
special
people (see
compare Jer.
Jer. 18:6-10).
18:6-10). Yet we also
also believe,
believe, from ScripScripcompare
235
235
that the
the
ture, that
ture,
Jew has
has equal
with every
status with
other
every other
Jew
equal status
human being,
being, and equal
to the
the benefits
benefits of
the
of the
eligibility to
equal eligibility
We
gospel of
of salvation
salvation (Rom.
10:12, 13).
(Rom. 10:12,
gospel
13). We consequently
consequently
invite
all, Jew
and
Gentile,
to
prepare
with us
us to
invite all,
to
to meet
Gentile,
Jew
prepare with
the
relatively few
few Jews
have thus
thus far
far
the coming
coming King.
King. That relatively
Jews have
accepted the
Christ is
matter
the offer
offer of
of salvation
a matter
salvation through
Is a
through Christ
accepted
of deep
regret.
It
is
our
earnest
hope,
and
to
this
end
It
Is
this
of
earnest
to
deep regret.
hope,
pray, that
that many
many more will
will do so
in these
these last
we pray,
so In
last days.
days.
We would rejoice
Jew were
were to
to accept
accept
if every
every living
living Jew
rejoice if
Christ and thus
have aa part
part along
along with
with those
those from all
thus have
all
Christ
nations,
the promised
promised kingdom.
kingdom.
In the
nations, in
The existence
the modern state
is no more
existence of
of the
state of
Israel Is
of Israel
valid
evidence that
that the
the Jews,
Jews, as
nation, are
yet to
to fula nation,
are yet
fulas a
valid evidence
fin the
the kingdom
kingdom prophecies
prophecies In
in Palestine,
than was
was the
the
fill
Palestine, than
that land a
British rule
rule over
proof of
of the
the Anglo-Israel
Anglo-Israel
over that
a proof
British
that the
the Anglo-Saxon
Anglo-Saxon and
interpretation, which claims
claims that
interpretation,
related
peoples
are
the
"true
Israel,"
and
thus heirs
heirs' of
thus
of
related peoples are the "true Israel,"
the divinely
promised
kingdom.
our
denial
of
And
denial
of
the
kingdom.
divinely promised
both claims
anti-Jewish nor antineither anti-Jewish
antius neither
claims makes us
both
anti- any
race or
British.
or people
people on earth.
earth.
are not
not antiBritish. We are
any race
But we believe
believe that
that the
the state
cannot claim
state of
Israel cannot
of Israel
claim
But
Palestine
on
the
ownership
of
the
land
of
Palestine
the
ground
of
of
of
the
ground of
ownership
Biblical promises.
promises. The question
question of
of mere territorial
territorial
Biblical
law. There
claims
by international
international law.
be determined by
claims must be
inis
justifiable reason
reason for
mingling our prophetic
prophetic infor mingling
is no justifiable
an
with
international
international
political
probterpretation
with
such
political probterpretation
the Christian
Christian message,
present the
message, and
lem.
to present
are to
lem. We are
and
all
extend
Christian
sympathy
Christian
justice, to
Christian justice,
to all
extend Christian sympathy
scales
impartially. We are
not to
to let
let our theology
theology tip
tip the
the scales
are not
impartially.
of
justice toward Jew
Jew or
or pagan.
pagan.
or Christian,
of justice
Christian, Moslem or
it is
Seventh-day
Adventists believe
believe that
that it
is the
the mission
mission
of
Christian church to
the "everlasting
to send the
the Christian
of the
"everlasting gospel
gospel
236
QUESTIONS
... to
to every
tongue, and
kindred, and tongue,
nation, and kindred,
every nation,
people," and to
before them the
high privilege
privilege of
the high
of
to set
set before
people/*
membership
in
the
kingdom
of
God.
in
of
the
God,
kingdom
membership
15.
AGE.15. PROPHECIES AFFECTING THE CHURCH AGE.
Since
on
grounds,
that
the
Testament
the
New
that
Since we hold,
hold,
grounds*
church is
heir of
the new covenant
the kingcovenant and the
church
is the
the heir
of the
kingthe
dom (as,
let
it
be
noted,
has
the
belief
of
the
been
belief
of
it
has
the
let
be
noted,
(as,
church throughout
throughout the
the centuries,
centuries, unchallenged
unchallenged until
until
church
times), we find
continuity of
of the
the covenant,
find a
a continuity
modern times),
covenant,
the prophecies
the church age.
the promises,
promises, and the
in the
the
age,
prophecies in
(After
all,
"New
Testament"
simply
"new
covmeans
covall,
simply
(After
the Jew
Jew first,"
enant.")
addressed Himself "to
"to the
first/'
enant.") Jesus
Jesus addressed
they accepted
Him,
He
undoubtedly
and had they
would
undoubtedly
accepted Him,
have made the
the whole Jewish
Jewish nation,
not merely
merely aa handnation, not
ful
of His kingdom.
kingdom. But this
this
ful of
the nucleus
nucleus of
of disciples,
disciples, the
fact
not necessarily
necessarily lead
lead to
conclusjon that
that the
the
fact does
the conclusion
does not
to the
Sermon on the
the Mount,
Mount, the
prophecy
of
Matthew
24,
the prophecy of
24,
indeed the
major portion
of the
the teachings
teachings of
and indeed
the major
of Jesus,
portion of
Jesus,
nation
rather
than
to
the
were addressed
to the
the Jewish
were
addressed to
nation
rather
than
the
to
Jewish
Christian church of
He. is
Christian
of which He.
is the
the chief
chief cornerstone.
cornerstone.
take the
the New Testament as
harmonious whole,
a harmonious
as a
We take
whole,
Apocalypse, addressed
addressed to
to
with Gospels,
Gospels, Epistles,
with
Epistles, and Apocalypse,
the Christian
in which both
both Jew
Jew and Gentile
the
Christian church,
Gentile
church, in
are
one.
are one.
The new covenant,
offered by
by the
the prophets
prophets of
of
first offered
covenant, first
old
old in
in connection
connection with the
kingdom promises,
promises, was methe kingdom
15), ratified
ratified by
by His
His blood
blood
diated by
by Christ
Christ (Heb.
(Heb. 9:
9:15),
in
the
in
the
Lord's
Supper
(Luke
22:
(Heb.
13:20),
typified
Lord's Supper (Luke 22:
(Heb. 13:20), typified
16),
reiterated in
it became aa
in the
the Epistles.
16), and reiterated
Epistles. Thus it
reality
in
the
church,
and
the
new-covenant
kingdom
in
the
the
new-covenant
church,
reality
kingdom
which
is
commonly
called
exists now in
exists
in its
first phase, which
its first
is commonly
called
phase,
the
at the
it
the "kingdom
of grace,"
until at
the second
advent it
second advent
"kingdom of
grace," until
237
237
will become the

will
the visible
of glory,"
which
visible "kingdom
''kingdom of
glory," which
will
continue on after
millennium as
as the
the eternal
will continue
after the
the millennium
eternal
kingdom
established
on
the
new
earth.
established
the
earth.
kingdom
Since
in covenant,
promise, and
Since we see
see a
a continuity
covenant, promise,
continuity in
prophecy,
do
not
regard
the
Christian
Era as
we
not regard the Christian Era
as an
prophecy,
interim dispensation
between past
past and future
interim
future Jewish
dispensation between
Jewish
or
as
a
gap
in
prophecy.
dispensations,
as
a
in
therefore
dispensations,
gap
prophecy. We therefore
for prophetic
look for
prophetic fulfillments
the present
present age;
look
in the
fulfillments in
age; and
because we find
rightly classified
because
find them there,
as
are rightly
classified as
there, we are
in prophetic
historicists
historicists in
interpretation.
THE CONSUMMATION OF PROPHECY.-We
16.
16. THE
find
PROPHECY. We find
further
implications
for
the
continuous
view
of
further strong
of
strong implications for the continuous
in the
prophecy in
the teachings
teachings of
of Jesus.
Jesus. He told
told His
His folfolprophecy
lowers
events before
they came to
to pass
pass in
in order
order that,
of events
lowers of
before they
that,
did
come
to
pass,
His
people
might
believe
when they
to
His
believe
they
pass,
people might
(J
ohn 13:
19). When asked
the
asked about the
the destruction
destruction of
of the
13:19).
(John
Temple,
and
the
end
of
the
world,
or
age
(Matt.
24:3),
the
of
the
or
world,
Temple,
age (Matt 24:3),
Jesus spoke
to His disciples
disciples of
of the
beginning of
the beginning
of sorsorspoke to
Jesus
rows-the
false
christs,
the
wars,
calamities-and
and
the
false
calamities
and
the
rows
christs,
wars,
of desolation"
desolation" with
with
He equated
Daniel's "abomination of
equated Daniel's
the surrounding
of
Jerusalem
by
armies,
as
a
sign
that
as
a
of
the
armies,
surrounding
sign that
Jerusalem by
they
should
flee
for
safety
(Matt.
24:
15,
16;
compare
flee
should
for
safety (Matt. 24:15, 16; compare
they
Heeding this
this warning
warning (Matt.
Luke 21:20,
24:
21:20, 21).
(Matt. 24:
21). Heeding
16-18),
the
early
Christians
escaped,
and
saved
their
their
saved
the
Christians
early
16-18),
escaped,
lives
by flight
flight preceding
preceding the
the destruction
Jerusalem in
in
of Jerusalem
destruction of
lives by
for
the
to
He
told
His
disciples
to
watch
for
the
signs
of
told
A.D. 70.
70.
signs of
disciples
that Jesus
the
nearness of
All this
this indicates
indicates that
of His coming.
the nearness
coming. All
Jesus
for
the
the
lookout
to
be
constantly
the
lookout
for
the
expected
be
on
them
to
constantly
expected
Era.
fulfillment
prophecy throughout
throughout the
the Christian
Christian Era.
of prophecy
fulfillment of
there
This is
in direct
with the
that there
the concept
direct conflict
is in
conflict with
This
concept that
were
to be
be no fulfillments
until after
after the
the removal of
of
fulfillments until
were to
the church from the
the earth.
earth.
the
238
238
QUESTIONS
Furthermore, we see
see the
the outline
outline prophecies
prophecies of
of the
the
Furthermore,
and
in
successive
kingdoms,
of
Daniel
2
7,
in
process
of
Daniel
2
successive kingdoms, of
7,
process of
continuous fulfillment
fulfillment in
in history,
history, from the
the time
time of
of the
the
continuous
with
And
Neo-Babylonian
Empire
onward.
similarly,
onward.
Ionian
similarly,
Neo-Baby
Empire
the seventy
seventy weeks
weeks of
of years
years (Daniel
(Daniel 9)
9) reaching
reaching their
their
the
Messiah.
Not
culmination
in
the
time
of
Christ
the
Messiah.
only
of Christ the
culmination in the
only
that, but
but we find
find the
the apostles
apostles applying
applying Old Testament
that,
church
of
prophecies
to
the
Christian
of their
their own day.
day.
Christian
the
to
prophecies
the
Since,
then,
not
find
in
the
kingdom
prophecies,
in
find
not
do
we
Since, then,
kingdom prophecies,
the outline
outline prophecies,
prophecies, and the
the teachings
teachings of
of Christ
Christ
the
the apostles
apostles any
any justification
justification for
for divorcing
divorcing prophprophand the
ecy from
from the
the church
church age,
look for
for and find
find historical
historical
age, we look
ecy
fulfillments
throughout the
the centuries.
centuries. In
In other
other words,
words,
fulfillments throughout
are historicist
historicist premillennialists.
premillennialists.
we are
III.
the Kingdom
Prophecies
III. Implications
of the
Kingdom Prophecies
Implications of
It
will be seen,
that the
the interpretain this
this section,
It will
section, that
seen, in
interpretation
of
the
kingdom
prophecies
provides
the key
key not
tion of the kingdom prophecies provides the
the
only to
to the
the differences
differences between varying
varying views
views on the
only
millennium,
but also
to other
unreunreother factors
factors apparently
also to
millennium, but
apparently
lated.
lated.
1.
first the
the
I. CHURCH VIEW OF THE KINGDOM.-Note
KINGDOM. Note first
implications
of
the
premise
that
has
been
generally
held
the
that
has
of
generally
premise
implications
in
the centuries,
in the
Christian church throughout
the Christian
centuries,
throughout the
that when the Jews
namely,
Christ they
namely, that
they were
Jews rejected
rejected Christ
a nation,
rejected
as a
that thenceforth
thenceforth the
the true
true
nation, and that
rejected as
chosen people
of
covenant
and
promise-the
saints,
the
of
the
saints,
promise
people
nation"
the
"holy
nation"-is
the
church,
composed
of
all
true
is
all
of
true
church, composed
"holy
Christian
Christian believers,
Acts
or Gentile.
Gentile. (See
believers, whether Jew
(See Acts
Jew or
15:
13-18; II.Peter
,Peter 2:9.)
15:13-18;
2:9.)
Those who hold this
this premise
as true
true must,
if conconmust, if
premise as
sistent,
the following
ten corollaries
corollaries as
as also
also true:
true:
sistent, hold the
following ten
239
239
(I)
persecuted by
by antichrist
"saints" who are
antichrist
are persecuted
(1) The "saints"
not
the
the Jewish
but Christians,
both Jew
are
are
nation but
Christians, both
Jewish nation
Jew and
Gentile.
during the
Gentile. Thus antichrist
antichrist must come during
the ChrisChristian
Era, or
and
not
after.
tian Era,
or "church
"church age,"
after.
not
age,"
(2) The Christian
is present
present on earth
Christian church is
earth during
(2)
during
the
tribulation inflicted
by antichrist;
antichrist; thus
thus there
the tribulation
inflicted by
can
there can
be no pretribulation
pretribulation "rapture"
of
the
saints.
be
of
the
saints.
"rapture"
(3) There is
period allotted
to the
the Jewish
future period
is no future
allotted to
(3)
Jewish
nation as
people; thus
thus the
the fulfillment
as God's
God's chosen
chosen people;
of
fulfillment of
the
seventieth week cannot be
the seventieth
be aa yet-future
yet-future Jewish
Jewish
period
by
the
ending
of
the
restored
Temple
marked
the
restored
of
the
by
period
ending
Temple
sacrifices;
been fulfilled
fulfilled in
in
it must consequently have
sacrifices; it
consequently have been
the past,
past, most fittingly
the death
of Christ.
Christ. See
the
at the
death of
See
fittingly at
Question
26.
26.
Question
(4)
future kingdom
to
earth cannot belong
kingdom on earth
belong to
(4) The future
the
as
a
people,
but
to
the
Christian
saints,
both
a
the Jews
as
to
the
Christian
both
saints,
Jews
people,
the
Jew
the true
true chosen
chosen people;
people; thus
thus the
Gentile, the
Jew and Gentile,
present
return
of
the
Jews
to
Palestine
is
not
a
foreof
return
the
foreto
Palestine
is
not
a
present
Jews
runner of
of the
the prophesied
prophesied kingdom.
kingdom.
(5)
fulfillment
of
the
kingdom
fulfillment
of
Old Testament kingdom
The
the
(5)
in exact
not to
be expected
exact literal
literal detail
prophecies is
is not
to be
detail
expected in
prophecies
in
Christian church or
spiritual Israel,
Israel, as
it would
as it
or spiritual
in the
the Christian
been experienced
the Jews
ancient times
have been
of ancient
have
by the
experienced by
Jews of
if
they
had
not
forfeited
their
special
status.
status.
not forfeited their special
if they
(6)
church age
be considered merely
merely aa
The
age cannot be
(6)
a
in
which
"gap"
between
two
Jewish
ages-a
period
in
between
period
Jewish ages
"gap"
thus
"the
prophetic clock
ticking"'*';
thus
prophetic
clock stopped
"the prophetic
prophetic
stopped ticking"*;
fulfillments
to be
be expected
throughout
are to
fulfillments are
continuously throughout
expected continuously
Christian
history.
Christian history.
(7)
The
fulfillments
by the
the "little
"little horn,"
fulfillments symbolized
horn,"
symbolized by
(7)
*H.
A. Ironsides,
Ironsides, The Great
Parenthesis, 1943.
p. 23.
23.
Great Parenthesis,
1943. p.
*H. A.
240
240
QUESTIONS
of Daniel's
Daniel's fourth
fourth beast,
beast, are
are to
to be sought
sought within the
the
of
in
thus
Christian
age,
not
after
a
long
gap
in
prophecy;
thus
Christian age, not after a long gap
prophecy;
there
there
is no
no reason
reason for
for aa long
long gap
gap between the
the Roman
is
fourth empire
empire and the
the rise
rise of
of the
the little
little horn.
horn.
fourth
(8)
fulfillment of the
the "falling
"falling away/'
away," and the
the
(8) The fulfillment of
of sin"
sin" sitting
sitting in
in the
the "temple
"temple of
of God" (2
(2 Thess.
Thess.
"man of
2:3, 4),
4), cannot
cannot rightly
rightly be
be connected
connected with the
the Jewish
Jewish
2:3,
Temple; therefore,
therefore, it
it must refer
refer to
to the
the Christian
Christian
Temple;
church. Thus it
it refers
refers to
to an
an apostasy
apostasy in
in the
the Christian
Christian
church.
church and an
an antichrist
antichrist which arises
arises in
in the
the church.
church.
church
well
as
(9)
"kingdom"
teachings
of
Jesus,
as
well as
as of
of
of
The
Jesus,
"kingdom" teachings
(9)
the rest
rest of
of the
the New Testament,
Testament, belong
belong to
to the
the church,
church,
the
not to
to the
the Jews
5-7; 24;
24; etc.).
etc.).
not
(Matthew 5-7;
Jews (Matthew
(10) The church
church is
is heir
heir to
to the
the new covenant,
covenant, under
(10)
which God's
God's law
law is
is to
to be
be written
written in
in the
the heart
heart by
by the
the
which
Holy
Spirit.
This
law
is
not
the
Jewish
national
and
national
is
the
not
Holy Spirit.
Jewish
ceremonial
but rather
rather
at the
the cross,
ceremonial law,
cross, but
law, which expired
expired at
the
moral law,
which, as
the Westminster Confession
Confession
the moral
as the
law, which,
says,
the Ten Comin the
is "summarily
"summarily comprehended
says, is
comprehended in
mandments.'
,
mandments."
VIEW. This pres2.
pres2. THE KEY TO THE ADVENTIST VIEW.-This
the basic
entation
difference between the
the
sets forth
forth the
basic difference
entation sets
Seventh-day
Adventist
historicist-premillennialist
view
Adventist
Seventh-day
historicist-premillennialist
and those
postmillennialists, and
those of
of the
the amillennialists,
amillennialists, postmillennialists,
futurist
will be seen
seen that
that the
the key
It will
futurist premillennialists.
key
premillennialists. It
concept
of
prophetic
interpretation,
and
lies
lies in
in the
the very
of
very concept
in the
the approach
the so-called
specifically
so-called kingdom
to the
approach to
specifically in
kingdom
prophecies.
prophecies.
We disagree
the postmillennialist
amillendisagree with the
postmillennialist and amillenthat
nialist
that
prophecy-as
applied
to
the
kingas
the
nialist concept
to
concept
prophecy
applied
kingthe
dom prophecies
and
the
millennium-is
figuramillennium
is wholly
wholly figuraprophecies
tive.
tive. Such an interpretation
robs the
the predictions
of
interpretation robs
predictions of
PRIN CIPLES OF INTERPRETATION

PRINCIPLES
241
241
specific
meaning. We likewise
likewise disagree
with the
the futurfuturspecific meaning.
disagree with
which
ist
ist view,
seems to
to imply
imply irrevocable
in
irrevocable decree
decree in
view,
to exclude or
prophecy, to
minimize any
or at
at least
least minimize
condiprophecy,
any condito demand literal
literal fulfillment
tional prophecy,
prophecy, and to
tional
for
fulfillment for
Israel in
in the
literal
the past.
past. Such aa
literal Israel
the future
if not
future if
in the
not in
pretribulationism, and
is the
concept is
the root
root of
of futurism,
futurism, pretribulationism,
concept
dispensationalism. Seventh-day
Adventists
have little
Adventists
in
have
little in
dispensationalism.
Seventh-day
common with
with postmillennialists,
postmillennialists, but
but they
they stand
stand bebetween the
futurists, agreeing
the amiHennialists
amillennialists and the
the futurists,
agreeing
partly with
with both.
both.
partly
though sometimes charged
with failing
Adventists,
Adventists, though
failing
charged with
to "rightly
divide"
between
the
Jew
the church,
to
divide"
and
the
the
church,
"rightly
Jew
the two extremes of
avoid the
of over-figurative
over-figurative and overavoid
overinterpretation by
view that
that we believe
believe is
based
literal interpretation
literal
a view
is based
by a
the different
of
on "rightly
different types
"rightly dividing"
dividing" between the
types of
prophecy.
Holding
to
the
"sure
of
prophecy,"
to
the
"sure
word
of
prophecy. Holding
prophecy,"
we deny
the "decree"
the literalist
literalist con"decree" definition
definition and the
condeny the
in
find
cept
of
prediction
in
general.
find
in
Scripture
that
We
in
of
prediction
general.
Scripture that
cept
some prophetic
prophetic messages
messages-such
the kingdom
kingdom prophsuch as
as the
prophecies-given
a local,
in a
setecies
local, more immediate setgiven originally
originally in
all fulfilled
ting might
be only
partially or
not at
at all
fulfi~led in
or not
only partially
might be
ting
in
their primary
primary context,
be
fulfilled
in
aa remote
fulfilled
their
be
context, and yet
yet
time under
under different
in a
a different
different
different circumstances
circumstances and in
time
manner. In
In particular,
the kingdom
kingdom prophecies
prophecies regardregardparticular, the
ing
Israel
belong
in
a
category
separate
other
prein
a
from
Israel
prebelong
category separate
ing
because
dictions
because
they
were
of decree
decree or
or foreknowledge
dictions of
they
foreknowledge
conditional
actions. These were "either/or"
conditional on man's actions.
"either/or"
alternatives of
blessing and threatened
threatened penpenalternatives
of promised
promised blessing
the
Jews
forfeited
the
blessing,
they
alty
to
Israel.
the
As
the
forfeited
Israel.
to
blessing, they
Jews
alty
are
scattered
received
the
alternate
penalty,
and
are
today
scattered
alternate
received the
today
penalty,
among the
nations.
the nations.
among
amillennialists have been
Adventists do not,
as the
the amillennialists
Adventists
not, as
242
QUESTIONS
accused of
the rewards
rewards to
to Israel
of doing,
Israel figurdoing, make the
figurand
the
punishments
literal.
Like
the
futurists we
ative
ative
the punishments literal. Like the futurists
hold that
that the
as literal
literal as
hold
the promises
to Israel
Israel were as
as
promises made to
warnings. The promises
promises would all
all have
have been
were the
the warnings.
were
literally fulfilled
fulfilled if
the Jews
not, through
through disobedidisobediif the
literally
Jews had not,
They will,
will, however,
be ultimately
ultimately
ence,
forfeited them.
them. They
however, be
ence, forfeited
fulfilled
principle to
to true
true Israel,
Israel, for
for ancient
ancient Israel's
Israel's
fulfilled in
in principle
as aa nation
frustrate the
the purposes
purposes of
of
failure
could not
not frustrate
failure as
nation could
God. In
place of
Jewish "branches,"
that
were
cut
the Jewish
that
In place
of the
were
cut
"branches,"
off, the
Gentile converts
with
converts were "grafted
the Gentile
off,
in," along
"grafted in,"
along with
the
natural branches
branches that
that had accepted
the
Messiah
the natural
Messiah
the
accepted
(Rom.
the spiritual
children of
of Abraham,
Abraham,
spiritual children
(Rom. 11:24).
11:24). Thus the
both Jew
Jew and Gentile,
according to
to the
the
both
"heirs according
Gentile, become "heirs
promise" (Gal.
3:29).
We
not
feel
justified
in
in
do
makfeel
promise"
(Gal. 3:29).
justified
ing
unlimited figurative
applications; we must limit
limit
ing unlimited
figurative applications;
such
applications to
to those
those given
given us
us by
by inspiration.
Where
such applications
inspiration.
we find
prophecies unfolded
unfolded in
in the
the
find the
New, we surely
surely have
have aa right
to
the
application,
to
the
make
New,
right
application,
and there
there we find
fulfillment of
the kingthe ultimate
find the
of the
ultimate fulfillment
kingprophecies.
dom prophecies.
Seventh-day
Adventists admittedly
write and preach
preach
admittedly write
the kingdom
kingdom prophecies
prophecies than
than on the
the outline
less
outline
less on the
prophecies of
the Revelation,
Daniel and the
for very
of Daniel
Revelation, and for
very
prophecies
latter
good
reason. The latter present
present many
many specific
specific and dedegood reason.
that we believe
believe can be
be seen
tailed predictions
predictions that
fulfilled
tailed
seen fulfilled
in process
in history,
in our own
in
or are
are in
of fulfillment
fulfillment in
history, or
process of
The
past
fulfillments
strengthen
faith
in
the
day.
fulfillments
in the
faith
day.
strengthen
past
inspiration
of
the
Word.
And
the
fulfillments
divine
the fulfillments
divine inspiration of the
unfolding
are needed to
to fortify
fortify us
us
before our eyes
eyes are
unfolding before
trials
of
the
last
days.
against
the
deceptions
the
and
trials
the
last
of
days.
against
deceptions
The teaching
teaching that
the Jews
Jews as
as aa nation
nation are
are no longer
longer
that the
God's chosen
chosen people,
people, and that
that the
God's
the Christian
Christian church is
is
PRINCIPLES OF
PRINCIPLES
OF INTERPRETATION
INTERPRETATION
243
243
heir to
now heir
the promises
to the
now
we feel,
sound scriptural
is, we
feel, sound
promises is,
scriptural
doctrine,
historic Protestant
Protestant theology
doctrine, good
and interpregood historic
theology and
interpreas well
as standard
well as
tation,
standard Adventist
tation, as
Adventist teaching.
teaching.
To us
us it
it seems
seems less
To
less helpful
to the
the average
to prehelpful to
average man to
present the kingdom
prophecies
than
to
present
to present Christ
Christ
kingdom prophecies
and Him crucified,
and
to warn the
sinner against
the sinner
the
crucified, and to
against the
fatal delusions of
of these
fatal
these last
last days.
days.
of prophecy
The preaching
is for
for the
the one purpose
preaching of
prophecy is
purpose
of uplifting
Christ
who
is
the
center
of
is
the
center
of all
all prophecy,
uplifting
prophecy,
of the
and under the influence of
the Spirit
of God to
to prepare
Spirit of
prepare
men for His glorious
coming
as
King
of
kings
as
and
glorious coming
King of kings and
Sovereign
Sovereign Lord.
Christ
Christ
Pre~eminent in
m Daniel
Pre-eminent
Daniel 88 and
and 9
QUESTION
QUESTION
23
Why
Adventists place
place so
so
Seventh-day Adventtsts
Why do Seventh-day
prophecies, especially
especially of
much stress
stress upon
the prophecies,
of
upon the
Daniel 8
not rather
rather center
9? Should we not
center
S and 9'1
Daniel
emphasis and affection
affection on Jesus
Jesus Christ
our emphasis
Christ and
on salvation
salvation through
faith in
in Him? Are not the
the
through faith
disappointed
hopes
of
1844
a rather
rather shaky
shaky founfoundisappointed hopes of
dation
your expectation
to base
base your
dation upon
of
expectation of
upon which to
the imminent coming
of
our
Lord?
the
coming of
The prophecies
prophecies of
9, which Seventhof Daniel 8
8 and 9,
Seventhto
inseparably
tied
together,
day
Adventists
believe
believe
to
be
tied
Adventists
day
together,
inseparably
are
precious to
the simple
reason that
that we underare precious
to us
us for
for the
simple reason
stand their
their primary
purpose to
to be the
the setting
setting forth
forth of
of
primary purpose
Jesus Christ
Christ as
as our atoning
sacrifice, made on Calvary
Jesus
atoning sacrifice,
Calvary
nineteen centuries
centuries ago,
mediating priest
in
nineteen
ago, and our mediating
priest in
heaven through
through the
centuries,
preparatory
the subsequent
centuries,
subsequent
preparatory
to His
His coming
the eternal
eternal King
kings in
in
to
as the
of kings
coming again
again as
King of
supernal
glory.
supernal glory.
We believe
believe that
8 and 99 are
are inseparably
inseparably
that chapters
chapters 8
related
to each
related to
each other,
in that
that they
they lead
lead up
up to,
to, and ininother, in
preparatory events
volve, respectively,
respectively, the
the wondrous preparatory
events
volve,
and glorious
of the
the first
first and second
second advents
advents
glorious provisions
provisions of
of
of Jesus
Christ
our
Lord.
to
us
these
advents
Christ
Lord.
And
us
these
two
to
Jesus
form the
the two interrelated
centers, or
foci, of
interrelated centers,
or foci,
of God's
244
244
CHRIST IN DANIEL 88 AND 99
245
245
redemptive
for man."
man.* They
thus constitute
constitute
provisions for
They thus
the focal
focal points
of time and eternity.
the
is no
us there
there is
points of
eternity. To us
of the
greater
provisions
in
all
the
the gospel
in
all
the
greater unfolding
unfolding of
gospel provisions
prophetic
Word
than
is
revealed
here.
is
revealed
here.
prophetic
first advent the
the first
At the
the incarnate
incarnate Son of
of God lived
lived a
a
sinless life
life among
matchless,
as God's
God's great
matchless, sinless
servmen, as
among men,
great servant and revealer,
ant
as our example.
as the
the
revealer, and as
Then, as
example. Then,
of God,
Lamb of
atoning,
reconciling
God, He died a vicarious,
vicarious, atoning, reconciling
for a lost
lost world (2
death for
19). And this
treCor. 5:
this tre(2 Cor.
5:19).
mendous redemptive
act took place
in the
the "midst"
"midst"
redemptive act
place in
Daniel's prophesied
of Daniel's
of
seventieth
"week"
of
years.
seventieth
of
prophesied
years.
This transcendent
transcendent event
event certified
certified before
before the
the entire
entire
the
universe
of
universe the integrity
multiple promises
the multiple
of
integrity of the
promises of
in Christ.
redemption
His
Christ. And it
it was attested
attested by
His
redemption in
by
triumphant
the dead and His
His ascenascentriumphant resurrection
sion
heaven, where,
as
great
High
Priest,
as
sion into
into heaven,
our
where,
great High Priest, He
in
ministers in the
the presence
presence of
the benefits
benefits o'f
ministers
of God the
the
of the
atonement made on Calvary.
believe that,
acthat, acCalvary. And we believe
to
cording
to
promise
and
prophecy,
entered
upon
He
entered
promise
cording
prophecy,
upon
the second,
judgment phase
phase of
of that
that heavenly
heavenly
the
second, final,
final, and judgment
the great
great span
span of
of the
the 2300
2300 year-days
year-days
ministry when the
ministry
in 1844,
in Daniel
Daniel 8:14.
8: 14.
ended in
as foretold
foretold in
ended
1844, as
the conclusion
of His
His work as
as mediator,
mediator, we underunderconclusion of
At the
that human probation
probation will
will end forever,
forever, with
with
stand that
stand
eternity and with
with the
the justice
justice and
every case
case settled
settled for
for eternity
every
vindicated
all
of
God
righteousness
of
vindicated
before
all
the
created
before
the
created
righteousness
universe.
we
the
of
the
universe.
This,
understand,
will
intelligences
of
This,
understand, will
intelligences
be followed
followed by
by Christ's
Christ's second
second personal
personal appearing,
appearing, in
in
be
*At the
the first
first advent
advent Christ
Christ offered
offered Himself
Himself without
without spot
spot unto
unto God (Heb.
(Heb. 9:14),
9: 14),
*At
our sins
sins and reconcile
reconcile us
us to
to God by
by His own atoning
atoning death.
death. This
This laid
laid the
the
to purge
purge our
to
foundation for
for all
all the
the redemptive
provisions to
to follow.
follow. And at
at the
the second
second advent
advent
foundation
comes for
for the
the redemption
redemption of
of our bodies
bodies (Rom.
(Rom. 8:23),
8 :23), and for
for the
the eternal
eternal rereo
He comes
moval of
of every
every vestige
vestif. of the
the consequences
consequences of
of sin.
sin, Around these
these two centers
centers cluster
cluster
moval
0 redemption.
redemption.
His complete
complete work of
His
246
QUESTIONS
power and glory,

to raise
raise the
the righteous
to imimrighteous dead to
power
glory, to
and
at
the
same
time
to
translate
the
rightmortality,
at
to
translate
the
the rightmortality,
eous
Cor.
eous living
of the
Cor. 15:51-54).
the
living (1
15:51-54). Both groups
(1
groups of
redeemed-those
those translated
translatedresurrected and those
redeemed
those resurrected
will
then be
up together
together to
the Lord in
to meet the
will then
be caught
in
caught up
Him
be
the
air,
evermore
to
be
with
(1
Thess.
4:
17).
to
the air,
(1 Thess. 4:17).
That, to
to us,
us, is
glorious tie-in
revis the
the glorious
tie-in and wondrous revThat,
elation of
They
portray,
and
inthese two chapters.
of these
elation
inchapters. They portray,
volve,
the
Lord's
miraculous
incarnation,
sinless
life,
the
miraculous
Lord's
sinless
incarnation,
volve,
life,
death, triumphant
triumphant
divinely
attested anointing,
anointing, atoning
atoning death,
divinely attested
literal ascension,
resurrection,
ministrymediatorial ministry
ascension, mediatorial
resurrection, literal
and then
then His
return
to
gather
His
saints
to be
be
return
to
His
His glorious
saints
to
gather
glorious
with
to be
be the
the very
very
with Him forevermore.
forevermore. This we conceive
conceive to
fullness of
of the
the gospel.
gospel. That is
why we love
to
heart and fullness
is why
heart
love to
dwell upon
upon these
these prophetic
prophetic chapters,
which
set
forth
dwell
which
set
forth
chapters,
the
two wondrous advents
of our
our Lord,
Lord, and their
their interadvents of
the two
interrelated aspects
of
redemption.
of
related
aspects
redemption.
Era since
centuries of
The intervening
of the
the Christian
Christian Era
since
intervening centuries
the cross,
cross, now nearing
their
fateful
close,
are
here
their
fateful
the
are
here
close,
nearing
in
uniquely
unfolded
in
prophetic
outline
that
may
outline
that
we
uniquely
prophetic
may
understand the
the sequence
of
events,
are
anchored
of
which
are
anchored
events,
sequence
to an immovable beginning
beginning date.
are enabled
to
date. Thus we are
enabled
latter days,
in which we live
days, in
in
to
the times,
to know the
or latter
live in
times, or
of
the
of
God's
great
plan
of
redemption
for
the outworking
God's
of
for
outworking
great plan
redemption
all
all men in
all ages.
in all
ages.
is basically
the revelation
Prophecy
revelation of
of the
the redempbasically the
Prophecy is
redempin
tive
of
tive activity
of
God
in
and
through]
esus
Christ.
These
Christ.
These
activity
through Jesus
are
therefore
most
chapters
are
therefore
precious
to
us,
as
they
to
us, as they
chapters
precious
the prophetic
form the
in the
the imposing
arch of
of
keystone in
prophetic keystone
imposing arch
salvation
and
glorious
salvation
through
Jesus
Christ.
complete
Christ.
glorious
complete
through Jesus
is not
to us,
This, to
us, is
not honoring
Christ less,
This,
but
less, but
honoring and loving
loving Christ
is
is simply
simply another revelation,
revelation, not
not too
commonly stressed
too commonly
stressed
247
247
today,
Saviour. That is
is
today, of our incomparable
incomparable Lord and Saviour.
as
why
have such
such aa deep
we, as Seventh-day
Adventists, have
why we,
deep
interest and profound
interest
belief in
in the
the majestic
outline of
of
profound belief
majestic outline
the prophecies
of
the
of
Daniel
8
and
9.
8
9.
prophecies
to the second question--concerning
As to
the "disapquestion concerning the
"disapof ISH-we
1844 we feel
pointment"
feel that
that these
these two
two chapters
pointment" of
chapters
events leading
not only
to the
the two
two adadonly portray
portray the events
leading up
up to
that each was accompanied
vents,
by
a
grave
inia
vents, but that
iniaccompanied by
grave
tial misunderstanding
tial
first
misunderstanding and disappointment.
disappointment. The first
was experienced
the disciple
in connection
connection
experienced by
by the
disciple band in
with Jesus'
the cross
cross as
as the
the Lamb of
of God.
God.
Jesus' death on the
The other was experienced
by
those
who
expected
those
the
experienced by
expected the
of their
their Lord in
in glory
return of
in
1844,
and
who
then,
in
1844,
then,
glory
like the disciples,
their error
like
discovered their
error of
of interpredisciples, discovered
interpreas to
tation as
tation
to the
the event predicted.
predicted. When the
the disciples
disciples
die on the
the cross,
saw Jesus
they were bitterly
bitterly disapcross, they
Jesus die
disappointed. Their hopes
crushed, for
for they
they were
were perperpointed.
hopes were crushed,
that Jesus
Jesus was the
the promised
promised Messiah,
Messiah, as
as attested
attested
suaded that
by His anointing
anointing by
by the
the Holy
Holy Spirit.
Spirit. They
They had heard
heard
by
Him declare
declare that
that the
the prophetic
prophetic "time"
"time" for
for His
His apapwas
"fulfilled"
pearance
"fulfilled" (Mark
(Mark 1:15).
I: 15). Doubtless
Doubtless He
pearance
was referring
referring to
to the
the close
close of
of the
the sixty-nine
sixty-nine weeks
weeks of
of
was
and
the
of
years
the
beginning
of
the
seventieth
of
the
seventieth
week
of
years
beginning
Daniel's prophecy.
prophecy. They
They had witnessed
witnessed His
His death
death at
at the
the
Daniel's
specified time,
time, but did
did not
not understand the
the significance
significance
specified
of
of His
His atoning
atoning sacrifice
sacrifice until
until after
after the
the resurrection.
resurrection.
to grasp
grasp the
the idea
idea
Somehow, they
they had been unable to
Somehow,
He
would
off"
violent
that
"cut
off"
by
violent
death
in
the
be
"cut
that
death in the
by
"midst" of
of that
that final
final week of
of years
years of
of the
the great
great MesMes"midst"
sianic prophecy.
prophecy. They
They had thought
thought He would,
would, at
at that
that
sianic
time,
restore
the
earthly
kingdom
to
Israel,
that
the
to
restore
and
that
time,
Israel,
earthly kingdom
His
they would share
share prominently
prominently in
in His glorious
glorious reign.
reign.
they
248
QUESTIONS
When, instead,
to trial
rejection, and to
to
trial and rejection,
Instead, He went to
death
on
Golgotha,
their
hopes
died
with
And
died
with
Him.
death
Golgotha, their hopes
when they
they tenderly
tenderly laid
His bruised
bruised body
body in
in the
the tomb,
tomb,
laid His
their
hopes, they
believed,
were
buried
beyond
recall.
buried
recall.
their hopes,
believed,
beyond
they
But everything
everything was
was changed
rose triumtriumBut
changed when He rose
phantly
from
His
sacrificial
death.
He
Himself
then
sacrificial death.
then
phantly
unfolded to
to them all
all the
prophecies concerning
concerning His
His
the prophecies
unfolded
life
and death
resurrection. After
After His
His ascension,
life and
death and resurrection.
ascension,
they sensed
their great
great disappointment
in His
that their
sensed that
disappointment in
they
death at
the appointed
time-as
wen as
His resurrecresurrecas well
as His
death
at the
appointed time
tion,
to minister
minister as
heavenly priest
priest for
as heavenly
for
ascension to
tion, and ascension
man-was
this
sequence
And
this
man was all
all of
of God's
God's appointment.
appointment.
sequence
of
indeed the
the foundation upon
upon
of redemptive
events was Indeed
redemptive events
which the
the Christian
was built.
built. The time
Itself was
which
Christian church itself
time
was correct,
but the
the anticipated
event-the
setting
up
was
the
event
correct, but
anticipated
setting up
of the
kingdom of
wrong.
Christ
was
not
at
of
the kingdom
of glory-was
was
Christ
was
not
at
glory
wrong.
that
time
to
take
the
throne,
but
was
instead
to
suffer
that
to take the throne,
Instead to suffer
death as
then as
as our
our mediatmediatdeath
as our atoning
sacrifice, and then
atoning sacrifice,
ing
priest,
to
minister
that
sacrifice
in
heaven
for
that
to
minister
sacrifice
In
for
heaven
man.
ing priest,
Not until
until the
the appointed
end
of
the
age
to
of
the
was
He
to
appointed
age
return
return as
then became clear,
All then
as conquering
clear,
king. All
conquering king.
simple,
reasonable.
It
was
simply
the
outworking
and
reasonable.
It
the
simply
simple,
outworking
of the
of God,
God, fully
foretold by
by
of
the immutable purpose
fully foretold
purpose of
the
the prophets
prophets of
of old.
old.
Similarly,
that the
the Advent band of
believe that
of 1844,
1844,
Similarly, we believe
with
fixed on another "time" feature-the
with eyes
eyes fixed
of
feature
the end of
the
related 2300 year-days-mistakenly
the related
looked
for
looked
for
year-days mistakenly
Christ to
Christ
to appear
time as
King of
kings and
at that
that time
as King
of kings
appear at
of lords,
take the
Lord of
lords, to
to take
throne and reign
reign foreverthe throne
forevermore.
more. But such
was
similarly
without
such an expectation
was
without
expectation
similarly
In promise
warrant,
either in
or in
prophecy. Christ,
Christ, our
In prophecy.
our
warrant, either
promise or
mediating
priest, was
was simply
to enter
enter at
at the
the
mediating heavenly
heavenly priest,
simply to
249
249
appointed
the final,
or judgment,
of
final, or
appointed time upon
upon the
judgment, phase
phase of
twofold
His
tJis
priestly
indicated by
cleansthe cleanspriestly ministry,
ministry, indicated
by the
judgment
feature
that
ing,
or justifying
feature
that
ing, vindicating,
vindicating, or
justifying judgment
close of
marks the close
His
coming
of the
the 2300
2300 years-before
before
His
years
coming
as King
in power
as
this
King of kings
kings in
power and great
great glory.
glory. And this
coming
will not
take place
not take
until after
after
understand, will
coming we understand,
place until
close of human probation
the close
the
and
the
end
of
Christ's
the
of
Christ's
probation
priestly
ministry.
priestly ministry.
The disappointment
of the
the Advent believers
believers of
of
disappointment of
in a
1844 was,
a sense
sense analogous
to the
the disapwas, we believe,
believe, in
analogous to
disapof the disciples
pointment of
that
in their
their expectation
pointment
disciples in
expectation that
Christ would set
set up
Christ
His
kingdom
at
His
first
advent.
at
first
advent.
up
kingdom
correct on their
They
time emphatheir respective
They were both correct
respective time
emphaas based on the
sis,
as
the fulfillment
prophetic time
fulfillment of
of prophetic
sis,
periods, but were both
both totally
the event
as to
to the
event to
to
periods,
totally wrong
wrong as
take place.
great
plan
of
complete
take
place. Nevertheless,
God's
God's
of
Nevertheless,
great plan
complete
redemption through
Christ moved on toward
toward its
its
redemption
through Jesus
Jesus Christ
majestic
close, meticulously
fulfilling each
each of
the multiof the
multimajestic close,
meticulously fulfilling
out without
ple predictions,
predictions, which have been carried
carried out
without
ple
in
deviation,
in
accordance
with
God's
eternal
purpose
in
with
eternal
God's
deviation,
purpose in
Christ.
Christ.
We do not
not consent,
therefore, that
that the
the Adventist
Adventist
consent, therefore,
Church simply
a
simply sprang
out
of
a
mistaken
concept
of
mistaken
sprang
concept on
the
the part
part of
of multiplied
multiplied thousands,
thousands, scattered
all through
through
scattered all
the
the leading
leading churches
churches of
of the
the Old World and the
the New,
New,
the
of
the
second
regarding
the
of
the
second
advent,
any
imminence
advent,
regarding
any
than we admit that
that the
the apostolic
apostolic church
church grew
grew
more than
out
out of
of the
the mistaken concept
concept of
of events
events that
that marked the
the
first advent
advent of
of Christ.
Christ.
first
In both
both cases
cases the
the transient
transient human misconception
misconception
In
but aa passing
passing incident,
incident, which quickly
quickly gave
gave way
way
was but
was
to those
those enduring
enduring foundation
foundation truths
truths that
that constituted
constituted the
the
to
250
occasion
occasion
QUESTIONS
of,
the full
justification for,
full justification
the
afford the
of, and afford
for, the
it redevelopments that
instance it
rethat followed.
followed. In each
each instance
developments
in aa clearer
understanding- of
of our
our Lord and His
sulted
sulted in
His
clearer understanding
redemptive work for
for man.
redemptive
emphasis on time
was justifiable
justifiable in
in each
each case,
time was
An emphasis
for
case, for
the prophetic
prophetic Word had indicated
indicated that
that something
something of
of
the
was
about
to
take
place.
In
each
great
importance
was
to
take
In
each
great importance
place.
instance the
the truth
beclouded by
by human miscontruth was beclouded
instance
misconthe
initial
disappointment
speedily
ception.
the
initial
was
But
disappointment
ception.
speedily
followed
by clarifying
light. In
In each
each episode,
episode, despite
followed by
clarifying light.
despite
a
a
fulfillment
mistaken initial
initial expectations,
mistaken
tremendous
fulfillment
expectations,
taken place
place In
in the
outworking
had actually
the wondrous outworking
actually taken
of
Christ's redemptive
activity
for
of Christ's
for
man.
redemptive activity
Thus it
was that
that early
eTTor over
over the
the order
of
it was
order of
early error
abiding
knowledge
and
events was soon
events
by
soon superseded
superseded by abiding knowledge
truth. The brief
truth.
brief initial
mistake of
initial mistake
of each
each group
group was
quickly
supplanted
by
a
clear
understanding
of God's
God's
quickly supplanted by a clear understanding of
of
events
in
God's
purpose. Confusion
Confusion over
in
over the
the sequence
of
events
God's
purpose.
sequence
unfolding plan
was soon
a
of redemption
soon clarified
clarified by
unfolding
plan of
redemption was
by a
clear grasp
the
the
divine
outline
of
God's
perfect
plan
clear
of
divine
outline
of
of
God's
grasp
perfect plan
of redemption.
of
redemption. The faith
of Adventism is
faith of
is therefore
therefore
in the
anchored in
the perfection
of God's revealed
revealed plan
perfection of
plan and
not
In
purpose,
not
in
the
imperfection
of
man's
knowledge
the
of
man's
purpose,
imperfection
knowledge
and understanding.
understanding.
Our hope
hope and expectation
is built
built on divine
divine cercerexpectation is
not on human frailties.
is founded
founded on the
tainties, not
frailties. It
It Is
the
tainties,
established facts
facts of
established
revelation, not
not on aa transient
transient
of divine
divine revelation,
human misapplication.
It is
misapplication. It
is based
based upon
upon the
the undeviatundeviating, sovereign
of God,
not on the
the faulty,
God, not
ing,
sovereign purpose
purpose of
faulty,
limited
limited concepts
concepts of
the solid
solid foundation
foundation of
of
of man. Such is
is the
our advent hope
and
expectation.
That
is
where
where
Is
we
hope
expectation.
place the
the emphasis
emphasis-on
unchanging
on God's
God's omnipotent,
place
omnipotent, unchanging
251
251
faithfulness,
limitations. We do
faithfulness, not on man's faltering
faltering limitations.
the apostles
not censure the
for
their
mistake,
see
for
their
for we see
mistake, for
apostles
hand
of
God
the
of
behind it
the
the
it all,
of the
all, leading
leading them out of
Nor
dark.
or do we censure our own forefathers,
dark. N
for again
forefathers, for
again
see the hand of
we see
of God leading
their early
early
through their
leading through
disappointment.
What
at
first
was
a
terrible
embarrassat
first
a
terrible
embarrassdisappointment.
ment,
a movement marked by
the
ment, quickly
quickly became a
by the
of Heaven.
blessing
blessing of
is our faith:
This,
faith: Christ
Christ has
forhas been moving
This, then,
then, is
moving forto
ward from phase
to
phase
in
His
all-encompassing
work
in
phase
phase
all-encompassing
for the redemption
of sin-alienated,
for
redemption of
lost mankind. Not
sin-alienated, lost
one feature,
will fail.
fail. Our
has failed,
or will
feature, or provision,
failed, or
provision, has
hope
triumph are
in
are wholly
Him.
in
hope and our triumph
wholly
Problems
Problems
Pertaining to
Daniel 88
to Daniel
Pertaining
QUESTION
QUESTION
24
What scriptural
scriptural and historical
basis do
historical basis
Seventh-day
Adventists
have
for
teaching
that
Adventists
(1) that
for teaching (1)
Seventh-day
the
230{) days
days ("evenings-mornings")
of
Daniel
Daniel
the 2300
("evenings-mornings") of
8:14
symbolize years;
years; (2)
(2) that
that the
the little
little horn
8:14 symbolize
horns
coming
out
of
one
of
the
four
of
the hehethe
out
of the
of
four
of
coming
goat
(verse
9)
stands
for
0)
that
the
and
that
the
stands
(3)
Rome;
9)
(verse
for
goat
trodsanctuary of
to be trodverses 1114,
11-14, which was to
of verses
sanctuary
"
den underfoot
"cleansed," or "justiunderfoot and then be "cleansed,"
justified," is
sanctuary? Are you
you not
not
is the
the heavenly
fied,"
heavenly sanctuary?
a
practically
alone
in
holding
concept'!
in
such
concept?
practically
holding
these questions
pertain to
to the
the vision
all pertain
vision of
of
As these
questions all
Daniel 8,
will be desirable
the
chapter
it will
desirable to
the
as
to survey
8, it
survey
chapter as
the
a whole,
in
order
to
have
the
background
for
our
posiin
for
a
to
have
whole,
background
position
these related
related points.
tion on these
points.
1.
here gives
Daniel here
a
1. A SURVEY OF CHAPTER 8.-Daniel
8.
gives a
consecutive
prophetic symbolism
symbolism dradraconsecutive account of
of the prophetic
matically portrayed
portrayed before
before him in
in vision.
vision. But along
matically
along
with this
this fact
in mind that
that this
this
with
it should be borne in
fact it
chapter
parallels
the
vision
of
the
four-part
metallic
the
vision
the
metallic
of
chapter parallels
four-part
image of
of !=hapter
2, symbolizing
image
symbolizing four world empires,
chapter 2,
empires,
and the
the four
four beast-kingdoms
of Daniel
Daniel 7,
also
7, which also
beast-kingdoms of
and
portray
Babylonia,
Medo-Persia,
""
Grecia,
Rome.
Medo-Persia,*
Grecia,
portray Babylonia,
*This compound
is employed
employed in
with the
the angelic
an~t"lic interpretaname -is
in conformity
compound name'
conformity with
interpretation
("Media and Persia,"
Persia," verse
verse 20),
emphasize the
the fact
fact that
that neither
neither here
tion ("Media
to emphasize
here
20), and to
252
252
PROBLEMS IN DANIEL 88
253
253
difference is
The major
is that
that the
the vision
vision of
of chapter
8
major difference
chapter 8
with
begins
Medo-Persia.
Medo-Persia.
begins
first sees
sees a
a ram with
Daniel first
with two horns.
horns. This
exThis is
is exidentified
the
interpreting
angel
as
Medoplicitly
identified
by
the
as
plicitly
by
interpreting angel
Persia predominant
Persia,
Persia, with Persia
verses 3,
3,
predominant (compare
(compare verses
It pushed,
4,
or butted,
4, and 20).
northbutted, westward,
westward, north20). It
pushed, or
ward,
in power
ward, and southward,
southward, increasing
increasing in
power and working
working
its own will.
out
will.
out its
Next,
with astonishing
Next, a shaggy
shaggy "he goat"
goat" came with
astonishing
the west.
west. This represented
Greco-Macespeed
Greco-Macespeed from the
represented
verses 5
donia (compare
the goat
5 and 21),
the
(compare verses
21), the
goat being
being the
national emblem of
national
just
as
the
was
the
of Greece,
as
ram
the
was
the
Greece, just
identifying
of Medo-Persia.
Medo-Persia. The Grecian
Grecian
identifying emblem of
goat's
this kingdom
under
goat's "notable" horn signified
signified this
kingdom under
the Great (verses
Alexander the
5,
21),
whose
dominion
whose
5,
(verses
21),
extended from Greco-Macedonia to
northwestern India,
to northwestern
India,
and from Egypt
to beyond
beyond the
Caspian Sea-the
the Caspian
Sea the largest
Egypt to
largest
the world had yet
yet known. There can
be no valid
empire the
can be
valid
empire
as
to
question
as
to
the
identification,
inasmuch
as
it
is
given
the
it
is
as
Inasmuch
identification,
question
given
by inspiration.
inspiration.
by
Then in
at the
in 323
B.C., at
the height
height of
of his
his power,
power,
323 B.C.,
Alexander died.
first the
died. At first
the leading
leading generals
generals tried
tried to
to
the
vast
regencies
in
the
organize
the
vast
territory
under
in
the
territory
organize
regencies
of Alexander's
Alexander's half-witted
half-witted half
half brother
brother and
name of
Alexander's posthumous
posthumous son.
son. But after
after two
two decades
decades of
of
Alexander's
intermittent warfare
warfare between rivals,
rivals, the
the two strongest
strongest
intermittent
bidders
bidders for
for centralized
centralized power
power were decisively
decisively defeated
defeated
nor elsewhere
elsewhere does
does Daniel
Daniel conceive
conceive of
of an independently
independently existing
existing Median Empire
Empirenor
a prerequisite
prerequisite to
to the
the "Grecian
"Grecian View" of
of the
the fourth
fourth kingdom
kingdom of
of Daniel
Daniel 22 and 7,
7,
a
which will
will be
be discussed
discussed under Question
Question 28.
28. The term "Medo-Persia"
"Medo .. Persia" is
is currently
currently
which
employed by
by such
such conservative
conservative scholars
scholars as
as Robert
Robert D. Culver
Culver (1944),
(1944-), Edward J.
J.
employed
Young (1949),
(1949), Herbert
Herbert C.
C. Leupold
Leupold ^1949),
(1949), and the
the Catholic
Catholic Commentary
Commentary (1955J,
(1955
Young
as well
well as
as aa large
large number of
of earlier
earlier men,
men, such
such as
as Charles
Charles Boutflower
Boutflower (1922),
(1922
as
Wright (1906),
(1906), and aa host
host of
of great
great scholars,
s~holars, such
such as
as Keil
Keil (1869)
(1869) ana
and
Charles H. Wright
Charles
Zockler (1870),
(1870), and reaching
reachmg back
back to
to Reformation times.
umes.
Zockler
1,
254
QUESTIONS
coalition of
by
of four
four who divided
divided the
the empire
into four
four
by aa coalition
empire into
kingdoms.
divisions (three
of which survived
survived
(three of
kingdoms. These divisions
as the
as
and
Syria,
of Macedonia,
the monarchies of
until
Macedonia, Egypt,
Syria, until
Egypt,
the
remarkably
fulfilled
the
prothe Romans took
took over)
fulfilled
the
over) remarkably
prophetic
specifications
of
four
horns
toward
the
four
points
four
horns
of
the
four
phetic specifications
points
of
of the
the compass-Ptolemy
Palestine, and
holding Egypt,
Egypt, Palestine,
compass Ptolemy holding
part
of
Syria,
toward
the
south;
Cassander
ruling
the
of
Cassander
Macsouth;
Syria,
part
ruling Macin the
edonia
supreme
the west;
edonia and Greece in
west; Lysimachus
Lysimachus supreme
of Asia
Asia Minor,
in
in Thrace and portions
to the
the north;
Minor, to
north;
portions of
and Seleucus
Seleucus ruling
eastruling from Babylonia
Babylonia and Assyria
Assyria eastAncient
ward.
History
(1928-38),
vol.
ward. See
See Cambridge
Cambridge
History (1928-38), vol.
6,
pp. 462,
499, 502.
502.
483, 492,
498, 499,
6, pp.
462, 482,
482, 483,
492, 498,
Then appeared
them, distinct
a horn,
of one of
of them,
distinct
horn, out of
appeared a
from the
the goat's
that from
four horns,
from
horns, one that
goat's previous
previous four
"
littleness
great."
It
was
seen
sweeplittleness became "exceeding
It
seen
exceeding great."
sweeping
Egypt), eastward
eastward (ab(abing southward (encompassing
(encompassing Egypt),
sorbing
Syria),
and
embracing
Palestine,
the
"pleasant
embracing Palestine, the "pleasant
sorbing Syria),
It took
land"
(verse 9).
took on amazing
proportions. And
land" (verse
amazing proportions.
9). It
in harmony
this, we believe
believe-in
harmony with
with numerous recogthis,
recognized contemporary,
contemporary, and most
most past,
past, authorities
authorities-symnized
symbolized Rome. Rome's pagan
pagan and later
later papal
papal phases
phases
bolized
are
the one symbol.
symbol.
are evidently
evidently embraced under the
This is
is further
further evidenced
evidenced by
by the
the fact
fact that
that chapter
8
chapter 8
of
chapters
2
7-Daniel
2
setparallels
the
visions
of
and
the
visions
2
Daniel
7
set2
parallels
chapters
Daniel 77 introducing
introducing the
the
ting forth
forth the
the civil
civil side,
side, and Daniel
ting
And
in
each
of
these
religious
aspect.
in
each
of
these
repeating
porreligious aspect.
repeating portrayals the
the first
first three
three world
world powers
powers-Babylonia,
trayals
Babylonia, Medowere literally
Persia, and Grecia
Grecia-were
literally and historically
historically
Persia,
followed
followed by
by the
the Roman Empire
Empire in
in its
its pagan
pagan and
and papal
papal
West
the
now
seat
The
became
of
phases.
'
*
'
the
seat
of
the
empire,
the
phases.*
empire,
are in
in agreement
agreement with
with Charles
Charles Boutflower
BoutHower (In
(In and Around the
the Book
Book of
of
*We are
Daniel [1923],
[1923J, p.
p. 293),
293), who says:
says: "Daniel's
"Daniel's Fourth
Fourth Kingdom
Kingdom is
is the
the Roman power:
power:
Daniel
255
255
with Italy
Italy occupying
the central
place. We consequently
consequently
central place.
occupying the
this
this horn refers
of
refers to
to the
the greatness
greatness and power
power of
Rome.
2. EARTHLY ANB
AND HEAVENLY SANCTUARIES INVOLVED.
2.
Because of
-Because
the striking
parallels between
between the
the prophof the
striking parallels
prophecies of
ecies
of Daniel
Daniel 2,
2, 7,
because of
of inescapable
7, and 8,
8, and because
inescapable
historical similarity
historical
between the
the Roman
similarity and continuity
continuity between
Empire
and
the
Roman
Church,
Adventists
believe
that
the
Adventists
believe
that
Church,
Empire
the
"little horn"
of Daniel
the "little
hom" of
Daniel 8:9
represents both
both pagan
8:9 represents
pagan
and papal
papal Rome.
the activities
to this
this "little
Accordingly,
activities attributed
attributed to
"little
Accordingly, the
horn" in
in Daniel
hom"
10-13,23-25;
II are
to
Daniel 8:
are to
12:11
8:10-13,
23-25; 11:31;
11:31; and 12:
be understood
understood as
both
pagan
papal
be
as embracing
both
and
Rome
embracing
pagan
papal
in their
in
their scope.
scope.
the 2300
years
Inasmuch as
as the
as years
2300 "days,"
"days," interpreted
interpreted as
(see
reach far beyond the time of the earthly
section 6),
(see section
6), reach far beyond the time of the earthly
we
sanctuary,
believe
they refer
refer to
to the
the "greater
believe
sanctuary,
they
"greater and more
perfect" heavenly
heavenly sanctuary,
the earthly
earthly was
was the
the
of which the
perfect"
sanctuary, of
"figure,"
described
in
Hebrews
8
9.
also
believe
in
described
8
and
9.
We
also
believe
"figure,"
that
the Hebrew word tamid,
in the
boOk
that the
the "daily"
the book
tamid, the
"daily" in
of Daniel (chs.
of
denotes the
the daily,
or
8:11-13 and 11:31),
(chs. 8:11-13
daily, or
11:31), denotes
continual,
the "sanctuary,"
inasmuch
as
the
services of
of the
as
the
continual, services
"sanctuary,"
with the
the sanctuary.
sanctuary.
in connection with
word tamid appears
appears in
therefore believe
that the
the "sanctuary"
of
Daniel 8:
of
Daniel
8:
We therefore
believe that
"sanctuary"
the earthly
11-14
both the
earthly and the
the heavenly
11-14 must involve
involve both
heavenly
sanctuaries.
the
"daily"
represent
the
must
sanctuaries. And similarly,
similarly,
"daily"
represent
hold that
that
in its
as a consular
consular and imperial
first
in its
power, and then in
its later
later
earlier stage
first in
its earlier
imperial power,
stage as
horn' it
it depicted
the Papacy."
Papacy."
stage,
as the
the 'little
'little horn'
stage,
e, when as
depicted the
Adolph
Harnack (What
Is ChrIStianity?
p.
270), _presses
presses the
the- point
point that,
that,
Is
[1903], p.
.
270),
Christianity? [1903),
Aclo...
\dolph Harnack
(What
,..
the Roman
after
Empire's disappearance,
the Roman Church,
Church, under the
after the
the Roman Empire's
disappearance, the
bishop, "pushed
place of
the Roman World-Empire,
which it
it is
the place
is
into the
of which
of the
itself into
"pushed itself
bishop,
World-Empire, of
form
but
the
nations
the actual
continuation," simply
simply remodeling
its
but
govermng
the
nations
with
its
with
the
actual continuation,"
remodeling
governing
of Caesar's
the
pope as
the successor
Pontifex Maximus.
as the
successor of
Caesar's Pontifex
as overlord,
the pope
overlord, and as
that pagan
Gibbon also
it well
suggests that
pagan Rome disappeared,
disappeared, only
well when he suggests
also phrases
Gibbon
only
phrases it
to
as papal
papal Rome. Hundreds
Hundred. of
able scholars
have held
held the
the same position.
position.
of able
scholars have
to reappear
reappear as
:
256
QUESTIONS
the dally
daily regular,
both sancor "continual,"
services of
of both
sanc"continual," services
regular, or
tuaries where involved.
In
like
manner,
the
"transtuaries
In
involved.
like manner, the "transgression of
of desolation"
represents the
the activities
desolation" surely
activities
gression
surely represents
of both
both pagan
pagan and papal
that
render
such
daily
of
Rome
that
render
such
daily
papal
services
or
ineffective.
Therefore
the
quesor
the
ineffective.
Therefore
services inoperative
quesinoperative
tion
verse 13)
the answer "Unto
tion "How long?"
long?" (of
(of verse
13) and the
days" (in
(in verse
verse 14)
three hundred days"
two thousand
thousand and three
14)
obviously
include
both.
And
by
parity
of
reasoning,
include
both.
of
by parity
reasoning,
obviously
the "host"
both Jews
Jews and Christians,
Christians, durinclude both
dur"host" must include
the
of the
ing
respective parts
the 2300
2300 prophetic
prophetic days
the respective
days
ing the
parts of
when each
is operative.
operative.
each sanctuary
sanctuary is
3. TWOFOLD TAKING AWAY OF DAILY.-It
is obDAILY. It is
3.
obvious
pagan Rome were concerned
the activities
activities of
of pagan
that the
vious that
primarily with
with the
the earthly
Jewish Temor Jewish
earthly sanctuary,
sanctuary, or
primarily
ple,
while
those
of
papal
concern the
while
those
of
Rome
must
concern
the
papal
ple,
heavenly
sanctuary.
Christ
Himself
applies
"the
abomiChrist
Himself
"the
abomiheavenly sanctuary.
applies
nation
that maketh desolate,"
31, to
the
of Daniel
Daniel 11:
to the
nation that
desolate/' of
11:31,
desolation of
Temple by
by the
the Roman armies
the earthly
armies
desolation
of the
earthly Temple
in
70 (Matt.
24:1-3,
15-20;
21:20).
Luke
in A.D. 70
24:1-3,
15-20;
21:20). But
(Matt.
Daniel 11:31
is obviously
paranel
to
Daniel
8:11,13,
Daniel
to
Daniel
11:31 is
8:11, 13,
obviously parallel
as both
both refer
refer to
the sanctuary
to
as
to the
its desolation,
desolation, and to
sanctuary and its
the "daily,"
its being
being taken
taken away.
the
or continual,
continual, and its
away.
"daily," or
Christ thus
thus applies
Daniel 8:
13, 14,
part, to
in part,
to the
the
Christ
8:13,
14, in
applies Daniel
Temple
in
Jerusalem.
in
Jerusalem.
Temple
We therefore
therefore believe,
believe, first,
that the
the taking
taking away
of
first, that
away of
the
by
pagan
represents
the
desolation
Rome
the
desolation
the "daily"
"daily" by pagan
represents
the permanent
in A.D. 70,
of
Temple in
with the
permanent cessation
the Temple
cessation
of the
70, with
Dan.
of its
its services
services (see
8:11,
13;
11:31;
compare
of
8:11, 13; 11:31; compare
(see
Matt.
24:1-3, 15-30;
second, that
the
that the
Matt. 24:1-3,
15-30; Luke 21:20);
21:20); and second,
taking
away
of
the
"daily"
by
papal
Rome
represents
the
of
"daily" by papal
represents
taking away
the
papal innovations
innovations as
as aa mediatmediatof such
such papal
the introduction
introduction of
ing priesthood,
priesthood, the
the sacrifice
the mass,
mass, the
the confessacrifice of
of the
confesing
257
257
the worship
worship of
of Mary,
by which it
has
sional,
it has
sional, and the
Mary,** by
successfully
taken away
knowledge
of,
and
reliance
reliance
of,
successfully taken
away knowledge
upon, the continual
of Christ
Christ in
the heavenly
heavenly
continual ministry
in the
upon,
ministry of
sanctuary,
and
rendered
that
ministry
inoperative
in the
the
rendered
that
sanctuary,
ministry inoperative in
lives
lives of
of millions
millions of
professed Christians.
Christians. (See
Heb.
7:
of professed
7:
(See
25;
8:
1-5;
9:24;
etc.)
25; 8:1-5; 9:24; etc.)
4.
4. ROME
ROME FULFILLS FURTHER SPECIFICATIONS.-This
SPECIFICATIONS. This
of
application
of
the
"exceeding
great"
to Rome is
is
the
application
"exceeding great" horn to
further confirmed by
by the
that Rome fulfilled
prethe fact
fact that
fulfilled precisely the other specifications
specifications of
Daniel 8.
For example,
8. For
of Daniel
cisely
example,
Rome "stamped"
upon
the
people
of
God
(Dan.
10),
the
"stamped" upon
people of
(Dan. 8:
8:10),
relentlessly
persecuting them throughout
throughout the
the centuries
centuries
relentlessly persecuting
in pagan
-in
pagan times
times through
through tyrants,
as Nero,
Nero, Domityrants, such as
tian,
just as
tragically under the
the
as tragically
tian, and Diocletian,
Diocletian, and just
succeeding
papal
phase.
Moreover,
pagan
stood
Rome
stood
Moreover,
succeeding papal phase.
pagan
up
Prince of
princes (verse
the Prince
of princes
against the
up against
(verse 25),
25), who we
believe
to be Christ
Acts 3:15;
3: 15; Rev.
Rev. 11:5),
:5),
believe to
Christ (compare
(compare Acts
for
it was a Roman governor
for it
governor who condemned Jesus,
Jesus,
nailed Him to
to the
the cross,
and Roman soldiers
soldiers who nailed
cross,
pierced
His
side,
and
placed
a
seal
on
His
tomb.
a
Roman
His
seal
tomb.
side,
placed
pierced
Again,
in its
papal form trampled
trampled and
later papal
its later
Again, Rome in
desecrated the
of
God's
sanctuary
heaven,
in heaven,
the provisions
of
God's
desecrated
sanctuary in
provisions
by taking
of, and dependence
dependence upon,
upon,
knowledge of,
away knowledge
by
taking away
Christ's "daily,"
as High
High Priest
Priest
or continual,
Christ's
continual, ministry
ministry as
"daily," or
1
in
heavenly sanctuary
(Heb.
7:25;
1
john
2: 1).
in the
the heavenly
7:25;
sanctuary (Heb.
John 2:1).
true atoning
sacrifice
of
It
nullified reliance
sacrifice
of
reliance on the true
It has
has nullified
atoning
Christ on Calvary,
Calvary, once-far-all
by
once-for-all and all-sufficient,
Christ
all-sufficient, by
of the
substituting
repeating the
the daily
sacrifice of
the
daily sacrifice
substituting and repeating
It has
altars. It
mass
thousands of
has thus
thus obscured
of earthly
mass on thousands
earthly altars.
"On
page 44
44 of
of Bishop
Fulton
*On page
Bishop Fulton
the words:
words: "Dedicated
to Mary
"Dedicated to
the
Mary
Advocate of
0/ Sinners
Sinners at
at the
the Triune
Advocate
Son,
of the
Ghost."
the Holy
Holy Ghost."
Son, Spouse
Spouse of
Galilean
.T.
Eternal Galilean
J. Sheen's The Eternal
of God,
Mother of
God, Queen
Queen of
of the
Throne,
Daughter of the
the Father,
Father,
Throne, Daughter
(Emphasis
supplied.)
(Emphasis supplied.)
(954),
(1954), appear
appear
Seven Swords,
Swords,
Mother of
of the
the
258
258
QUESTIONS
and mutilated
mutilated the
worship of
of God,
God, substituting
substituting
the true
true worship
the
the compulsory
unity of
of aa
enforced unity
authority and enforced
compulsory authority
visible
church for
the voluntary
voluntary and true
true unity
unity of
all
for the
of all
visible church
believers in
body
or
church.
or
church.
in Christ-His
And
believers
Christ His mystical
mystical body
it has
has imposed
imposed the
the authority
the visible
visible pope
in
of the
it
authority of
pope in
place of
directs His
His church
church by
by
of Christ,
Christ, who guides
guides and directs
place
His
vicegerent
or
representative,
the
the
or
His own designated
designated vicegerent
representative,
Holy
17; 16:7,
16:7, 13).
14:16, 17;
Holy Spirit
(John 14:16,
Spirit (John
13).
Further,
indicated, the
the Papacy
has interinteras already
Further, as
already indicated,
Papacy has
posed the
the barrier
barrier of
priesthood between
between the
the
a human priesthood
of a
posed
in
worshiper
and
Christ,
in
place
of
direct
access
by
all
to
direct
all
of
access
to
Christ,
by
place
worshiper
Priest.
it
Christ
our great
High
Priest.
it
has
instituted
and
And
has
instituted
Christ our
great High
of salvation
salvation by
established
by human works in
in
a system
established a
system of
place of
of salvation
in Jesus
salvation by
faith in
Christ alone,
subalone, subby faith
place
Jesus Christ
earthly
confessional
in
place
of
confession
stituting
in
an
confessional
of
confession
earthly
stituting
place
of
in heaven.
sins directly
to Christ
in His sanctuary
Christ in
of our
our sins
heaven.
directly to
sanctuary in
In
this
way
the
truth
concerning
the
wondrous
proIn this way the truth concerning the
provisions of
in the
the cross,
cross, and made
visions
of redemption,
redemption, centering
centering in
effective
by our Lord's
ministry in
the heavenly
heavenly sancin the
effective by
Lord's ministry
sanctuary,
were
"cast
down,"
as
the
Papacy
loaded
truth
as
the
truth
were
"cast
loaded
down,"
tuary,
Papacy
with tradition
tradition and obscured
it by
by perversion,
perversion, substitutwith
substitutobscured it
that deprived
ing
a system
system that
of the
the direct
direct
humanity of
ing a
deprived humanity
benefits of
sacrifice
priestly
minisand
benefits
of Christ's
Christ's atoning
sacrifice
minisatoning
priestly
try.
In this
this it
prospered"-practicing
it "practiced
try. In
"practiced and prospered"
practicing
its
prospering in
its
its departures
in its
deceptions, and prospering
departures and deceptions,
of
power.
venal schemes
venal
of
schemes and aggrandizement
aggrandizement
power.
5. "EVENING-MoRNING"
5.
A FULL DAY.
DAY.-In
the pripri"EVENING-MORNING" A
In the
mary,
literal
sense,
"evening-morning"
obviously
desliteral
dessense, "evening-morning" obviously
mary,
ignated aa '24-hour
according to
to Bible
Bible reckonfor according
reckon"24-hour day,
day, for
ignated
ing,
each
24-hour
day
begins
at
sunset
ends
at
the
each
at
sunset
and
at the
ends
24-hour
ing,
day begins
following
sunset
(Genesis
1).
Thus
the
dark
part
of
the
sunset
the
of
the
following
(Genesis 1).
part
day,
designated
"evening,"
always
precedes
the
light
day, designated "evening," always precedes the light
259
259
of the
part of
the day,
the very
very fact
called "morning."
fact
part
day, called
"morning." And the
that
that in
in Daniel
Daniel 8:
14
the
word
for
"evening"
precedes
8:14 the
for "evening" precedes
"morning"
the same sequence
of
"morning" inherently
inherently implies
implies the
sequence of
night and day,

therefore aa full
full 24-hour
a
not a
24-hour day,
night
day, and therefore
day, not
half
as
half day,
as
some
reckon
(and
thus
the
2300
reckon
make
the
thus
2300
day,
(and
days equal
equal 1150
1150 days).
days
days).
If, then,
then, 2300
2300 evenings-mornings
2300 days,
If,
days,
evenings-mornings meant 2300
the period
period would,
would, if
as symbolic
time
in
this
if reckoned as
in
time
this
symbolic
symbolic
prophecy,
stand
for
2300
literal
years.
stand
for
literal
2300
symbolic prophecy,
years.
6.
6. YEAR-DAY PRINCIPLE
PRINCIPLE ApPLICABLE.-On
the conAPPLICABLE. On the
consistency
of
applying
the
year-day
prinof
the
sistency and propriety
year-day prinpropriety
applying
to the
ciple
the 2300 days
verse 14,
say: In
of verse
In all
all
14, we would say:
ciple to
days of
outline
prophecies
it
would
appear
entirely
symbolic
outline
it
symbolic
prophecies
appear entirely
to consider
proper to
the accompanying
time periods
periods as
consider the
as
proper
accompanying time
also symbolic.
symbolic. And aa symbol
invariably
stands
for
somealso
stands
for
somesymbol invariably
thing other
other than
than itself.
In the
the chapter
itself. In
thing
scrutiny,
chapter under scrutiny,
the
prophetic symbols
of
nations-portrayed
the prophetic
Daniel
in Daniel
symbols of nations portrayed in
88 by
by aa "ram" and aa "goat"-do
not stand
for aa literal
literal
stand for
"goat" do not
but
for
the
Medo-Persian
Empire
ram and goat,
for
the
Medo-Persian
goat,
Empire and
the Grecian kingdom
respectively,
as
declared
to Dandeclared
as
to
the
kingdom respectively,
these
iel
by the
the angel
in his
iel by
his interpretation.
angel in
interpretation. To apply
apply these
two obvious
literal animals
animals would be
be aa
obvious symbols
to literal
two
symbols to
and
repudiation
of
their
symbolic
palpable
denial
their
denial
of
symbolic
repudiation
palpable
character,
the interpretation
interpretation given
by the
the angel.
of the
character, and of
given by
angel.
Similarly,
in the
the symbolic
that in
believe that
symbolic time
Similarly, we believe
period given
therewith, the
the 2300
2300 "days"
in connection
connection therewith,
"days"
given in
period
must
cannot mean 2300
They
represent
literal days.
2300 literal
days. They
represent
fulfillment. To apply
to
some other
other time
unit in
apply them to
in fulfillment.
time unit
that
days, as
as some seek
half days,
seek
of days-or
that same
same number of
days or half
to do
do-would
be to
violate and negate
negate their
their
to violate
likewise be
would likewise
to
left in
fundamentally
are we left
in
character. Nor are
fundamentally symbolic
symbolic character.
feature. The
uncertainty as
the intent
of this
this time feature.
intent of
as to
to the
uncertainty
260
QUESTIONS
principle to
to be followed
in interpreting
interpreting symbolic
symbolic time
time
followed in
principle
is:
"I [the
a year"
is: "1
have given
a day
for a
thee a
day for
year"
given thee
[the Lord]
Lord] have
(compare
4:6). We therefore
therefore
Eze. 4:6).
14:34 and Eze.
(compare Num. 14:34
in harmony
with
many
eminent
scholars
with
scholars
in
many
harmony
*
through
the
years,
'
*
'
that
the
2300
prophetic
"days"
inthat
the
2300
the
years,
through
prophetic "days" indicate 2300
2300 literal
fulfillment, and that
that anyin fulfillment,
literal years
dicate
anyyears in
thing
else,
and
anything
less,
be
contrary
to
the
be
to
the
would
less,
else,
contrary
anything
thing
basic principle
principle of
of time
basic
time symbolism.
symbolism.
As far
as 1205,
far back
back as
1205, an anonymous
anonymous Joachimite
Joachimite work
2300
as
23
centuries
interpreted
the
as
the
centuries from
number
2300
23
interpreted
Daniel's time.
Villanova recognized
recognized the
the 2300
2300 days
days
Later Villanova
time. Later
Daniel's
as years
years by
the
year-day
principle.
in
1440,
the
Then
in
as
1440,
by
year-day principle.
Catholic theologian
thlwlogian Nicholas
Nicholas Krebs
Krebs of
of Cusa
Roman Catholic
(Conjectures
Nicholas von Cusa Concerning
of Cardinal Nicholas
Concerning
(Conjectures of
the
Last Days),
Days), recognized
the 2300
2300 prophetic
prophetic "days"
the Last
"days"
recognized the
as years,
dated from Persia.
Persia. This
even then dated
as
years, which he even
is one of
his remarkable declarations:
declarations:
is
of his
believe,
believe,
In
same way
way it
opened up
up to
to Daniel
what way
Daniel in
in what
the
it was opened
In the
the same
way the
last
curse would
would be
the sanctuary
be cleansed
cleansed and the
after the
shall be
the
last curse
be after
sanctuary shall
days from
from the
the hour
hour of
of the
the going
going
vision fulfilled;
fulfilled; and this
this after
after 2300
2300 days
vision
by
forth
of the
the word . . . according
the predicted
predicted number by
forth of
to the
according to
resolving
a day
year, according
to the
the unfolding
unfolding made to
to
a year,
into a
resolving a
according to
day into
6J.-Translated
from Coniectura
p. 934.
Ezekiel [4:5,
Ezekiel
Coniectura in
in Opera,
934.
Translated from
Opera, p.
[4:5, 6].
.
It
that the
chronological or
It should
time
should be
the chronological
or time
be added that
in chapter
placement of
the 2300
2300 year-days
year-days is
not given
given in
is not
of the
placement
chapter
8.
told that
was yet
yet "for
many days"
8. We are
it was
are simply
that it
"for many
days"
simply told
"E.
Apocalyptica:,
vol. 3,
227),
*E. B.
B. Elliott,
for example
example (Hora:
ed., vol.
3, pp.
226, 227),
Elliott, for
plica, 3d ed.,
pp. 226
(Hor Apocaly
most remarkable
remarkable symbolic
actions of
of that
that prophet
prophet [Ezekiel],
[E{ekiel], which
which have
refers
to "two most
refers to
symbolic actions
frequently referred
to in
in the
the year-day
controversy by
by former
commentators.
been so
so frequently
been
former commentators.
referred to
year-day controversy
He was on one occasion
occasion commanded by
by God to
days on his
his left
left side
to lie
lie 390
side before
before
390 days
the
their representative,
representative, the
the people;
people; thereby
thereby to
typify, in
in the
the symbolic
of their
to typify,
character of
the
symbolic character
390
years of
of the
the iniquity
and
concomitant
debasement
on
the
nation
of
Israel;
on
390 years
and
on
concomitant
debasement
the
nation
of
iniquity
Israel; on
another, to
to lie
his right
right side,
side, thereby
to typify
typify the
the 40
40 last
J'ears of
lie 40
40 days
of
last years
another,
days on his
thereby to
Judah's
iniquity.
And
the
meaning
of
these
mystical
days
was
declared
by
God
the
of
these mystical days
declared by
Judah's iniquity.
meaning
have laid
thee the
the years
J'ears of
their iniquity,
iniquity, according
to the
Himself. 'I
Himself.
'I have
laid upon
of their
the numaccording to
upon thee
the days
days 390
I have
have appointed
day for
for aa year.'
year.'-A
precedent
ber of
ber
of the
390 days.
thee each
A precedent
each day
days. I
appointed thee
could scarce
be desired;
probable key
key and
and
than this
more clear
clear and complete
this could
a probable
scarce be
as a
desired; as
complete than
guide to
the meaning
meaning of
days in
in the
symbolic visions
visions that
that we have
have under
under conthe days
to the
of the
the symbolic
conguide
sideration.
))
sideration."
261
261
(verse 26),
26), and that
that the
the events
events at
at Its
its close
dose would occur
occur
(verse
far
far beyond
beyond Daniel's
Daniel's time
time-actually,
in the
the "time
"time of
of the
the
actually, in
(verse 17).
(The dating
dating of
of the
the period
period will
will be
end" (verse
17). (The
discussed in
in Questions
Questions 25
25 and 27.
27.
discussed
7. "DAILY"
"DAILy"-CONTINUAL
SANCTUARY.7.
CONTINUAL SERVICE OF SANCTUARY.
Daniel
Daniel 8:11-14
8: 11-14 is
is concerned
concerned with
with the
the sanctuary
sanctuary-its
its
daily
services,
desolation,
restoration.
collecThe
collecand
restoration.
services,
desolation,
daily
tive word customarily
customarily used
used for
for the
the various
various parts
parts of
of the
the
tive
daily
services-the
offerings,
incense,
lights,
et
ceteraet
services
the
cetera
daily
offerings, incense, lights,
is tamidy
tamid, meaning
meaning "continual"
"continual" or
or "regular"
"regular" (see
(see Ex.
Ex.
is
29:42; 30:7,
30:7, 8;
Lev. 24:2).
24:2). And tamid
tamid is
is the
the term
29:42;
8; Lev.
rendered "daily"
in Daniel
Daniel 8:11,
8:11,12,13;
rendered
11:31; and
12, 13; 11:31;
"daily" in
12:
II. In
In each
each instance
instance the
the word "sacrifice"
is supplied
supplied
"sacrifice" is
12:11.
by the
the translators.
translators. At first
thought, this
this might
might not apapfirst thought,
by
that
pear
to
justified.
it
is
that
to
is
remembered
be
But
when
it
justified.
pear
the
evening and morning
morning sacrifices
the evening
the evening
sacrifices marked the
evening
and morning
morning hours of
prayer, incense,
sacrifice, it
it
of prayer,
incense, and sacrifice,
becomes apparent
that
the
word
"sacrifice,"
while
supwhile
that
the
becomes
"sacrifice,"
supapparent
plied by
by the
the translators,
translators, was not
not altogether
altogether inapproinapproplied
literature*
priate.
rabbinical literature'*'
in rabbinical
that in
Scholars maintain that
priate. Scholars
desare similarly
both evening
sacrifices are
both
similarly desevening and morning
morning sacrifices
as
in
ignated
by
the
term
tamid,
standing
alone
as
in
the
the
tamid,,
standing
ignated by
Hebrew text
Daniel.
text of
of Daniel.
In
of these
the word "evening"
these facts,
In view of
facts, the
may ap"evening" may
appropriately
be
understood
to
mean
"evening
[sacrito
"evening
[sacripropriately
*The Hebrew word tamid.
for "continual,"
in the
the books of Numbers and
tamid, for
"continual," in
as well as
as spe
Exodus,
is applied to
the shewbread,
speoffering, as
incense, and burnt offering,
shewbread, incense,
Exodus, is
applied to the
later rabbinical
rabbinical usage
cifically
to
the
evening
and
morning
sacrifices.
However,
in
in later
sacrifices.
to
the
usage
However,
morning
evening
cifically
is
sacrifices. This j"
tamid
for the
the evening
almost exclusively
tamid was used
used almost
morning sacrifices.
evening and morning
exclusively for
66b, 73b,
seen
as the
TalmudPesahim 56a,
seen in
in such
such works as
the Talmud-Pesahim
96a; and
63b, 66b.
73b, 96a;
61a, 63a,
58a, 61a,
63a, 63b,
offerthe T
Tamid
Sanhedrin
amid or daily
of the
the offering
35b and footnote
footnote ("By
Sanhedrin 35b
daily burnt offeroffering of
("By the
ing");
Sanhedrin 36a,
footnote; Zebahiin
("sprinkles the
gebahiin 91a ("sprinkles
88b, and footnote;
44b, 49b,
49b, 8Sb,
ing"); Sanhedrin
36a, 44b,
blood
of the
the tamid").
tamid" )
blood of
Rabbi
H.
Hertz,
in
The
Pentateuch
and
Haftorahs
says:
Pentateuch
in
Rabbi J.
Haftorahs says:
Hertz,
J.
"The daily
later times
called 'The
in later
times called
continual (Heb.
tamid) offering
offering was in
(Heb. tamid)
daily continual
Tamid.'
'the centre
core of public
the year,
it was 'tlie
centre and core
Offered throughout
Tamid.' Offered
public woryear, it
throughout the
694.
ship.'
28:2-8 (Soncino
p. 694.
London, 1938),
(Soncino ed.,
ed., London,
1938), p.
ship.' "-On Num. 28:2-8
.
"On
QUESTIONS
262
262
fice],"
to mean "morning
fice]," and "morning"
"morning [sacrifice],"
"morning" to
[sacrifice],"
which together
together constituted
one complete
complete cycle
the
constituted one
of the
cycle of
or
"continual"
sanctuary
ritual.
They
daily,
or
"continual"
ritual.
daily, "regular,"
They
"regular,"
sanctuary
are obviously
to indicate
indicate that
that this
this is
the vision
are
used to
is the
vision
obviously used
concerning
the
sanctuary.
the
angel
Thus
when
the
the
angel spoke
sanctuary.
spoke
concerning
of
2300 "evenings-mornings,"
Daniel would naturally
naturally
of 2300
"evenings-mornings/' Daniel
understand
units, each
up of
each made up
of an
understand 2300
2300 tamid units,
"evening
[sacrifice]"
and
a
"morning
[sacrifice]."
a
"morning [sacrifice]." He
"evening [sacrifice]"
would not
not think
half of
as "evening"
half as
of half
of them as
as
think of
"evening" and half
or
"morning,"
making
but
1150
complete
units,
or
days.
units,
making
days.
"morning,"
complete
Accordingly, the
the translation
thousand and three
three
translation "two thousand
Accordingly,
hundred days"
days" very
very properly
properly reflects
reflects the
the sense
the
sense of
of the
Hebrew construction,
construction, and of
context. ""
of the
the context.*
In addition
addition to
foregoing reasons,
reasons, which
which are
the foregoing
are
to the
In
primary,
recognize
as
supporting
evidence
the
fact
as
fact
the
we
evidence
recognize
primary,
supporting
that
the Septuagint-the
oldest translation
translation of
of Daniel
Daniel
that the
Septuagint the oldest
-and
Theodotion translation,
translation, four
four centuries
centuries later,
later,
and the
the Theodotion
both place
place the
the word "days"
immediately
following
the
both
"days" immediately following the
*We are
are here
here in
with Dr.
Dr. Edward J.
Young, Professor
Professor of
of Old TestaTestain agreement
agreement with
J. Young,
Prophscy of
of Daniel,
Daniel, 1949,
p. 174),
ment,
Seminary (The
Westminster Theological
1949, p.
174),
Theological Seminary
(The Prophecy
ment, Westminster
supports the
the full-d'lYs
position:
who supports
position:
full-days
"It
2300 daps.
da),s. This
This interpretation
in the
the Greek
Greek versions,
version., Jerome,
Jerome,
"It means 2300
interpretation appears
appears in
most
Protestant expoSItors
appears to
to be
be correct.
COrrect . . . .
most Protestant
[K.J.V.], and appears
expositors and AV [K.J.V.],
"There
is no
no exegetical
for the
position that
that the
the phrase
phrase evening-mornthe position
"There is
support for
evening-mornexegetical support
means
that
the
evenings
and
mornings
are
to
be
counted
separately,
ing
thus 1150
1150
are
to
be
that
the
mornings
separately, thus
ing
evenings
evenings
1150 days."
evenings and 1150
days."
on
the
paralleling
expression
"forty
days
and
forty
nights,"
Commenting
the
of
Commenting
forty nights," of
paralleling expression "forty days
Gem-sis
7:4, 12;
24:18;
Kings 19:8,
Young contends
that it
it do",
1 Kings
does not
not
Genesis 7:4,
contends that
Exodus 24:
19:8, Young
12; Exorlus
IB; and 1
the
three
days
and
three
nights
of
Jonah
mean twenty
twenty days
days and twenty
nights.
And
the three days
three nights of Jonah
twenty nights.
11 ::17
17 are
not taken
taken as
one-half days.
are not
as one and one-half
days.
Keil
states: "We must therefore
they are,
are, ii.e.,
.. , understand
understand
Keil states:
therefore take
take the
the words as
as they
of 2300
whole days."-C.
F. Delitzsch,
Bible Commentary
Commentary on tlte
them of
the
2300 whole
F. Keil
Keil and F.
days." C. F.
Delitzsch, Bible
Daniel the
the Prophet,
Prophet, p.
p. 304.
304.
Old T
.stament, The Book of
Testament,
of Daniel
Dr_Herbert
Leupold, Professor
of Old Testament
Testament Exegesis,
Exegesis, Capital
G. Leupold,
Dr.
Professor of
Herbert C.
Capital University
University
of Daniel,,
Daniel, 1949,
p. 354),
354), also
holds the
the 24-hour
24-hour day
Seminary
also holds
inter1949, p.
Seminary (Exposition
day inter(Exposition of
pretation:
pretation
"We have
have here
here one of
maior cruxes
of the
the whole
whole book:
book: What do the
the major
the
of the
cruxes of
'two
thousand three
three hundred evenings-mornings'
evenings..mornings' mean? The compound
expression
'two thousand
compound expression
is so
is
unusual that
that it
it perplexes
the reader.
Besides, in
in v.
v. 26
the equivalent
equivalent expression
expression
so unusual
reader. Besides,
26 the
perplexes the
inserts an 'and'
'and' between 'evening'
'morning~ and prefixes
prefixes the
the article
inserts
to each
article to
each
'evening' and 'morning'
of
these words.
words. Consequently
v. 26
26 reads,
reads, ha'erebh
ha' erebh wehabboqer;
v. 14
of these
14 'erebh
'erebh boqer.
Consequently v.
boqer,
wehabboqer; v.
Yet both
both refer
refer to
the same period
period of
of time.
time. Though
can
cite
no
paralto the
we
can
cite
Hebrew
no
Though
parallel. the
the Greek suggests
suggests ~omethine:
the word nurhthSmeron,
ntu/zthemeron, which
which
something analogous,
lel,
analogous, namely,
namely, the
night and aa day'
sense of
of aa period
period of
twenty-four
means 'a
'a night
Cor. 11:25)
the sense
of twenty-four
in the
day' (II
(II Cor.
11:25) in
Thi" is
is the
the simplest
~jmplest and most
most feasible
feasible interpretation."
hours. This
hours.
interpretation."
.
263
263
2300
to indicate
the intent.
indicate the
intent. "Days"
2300 "evenings-mornings"
"Days"
"evenings-mornings" to
in
is likewise
likewise used in the
the Vulgate
Vulgate and the
the Syriac.
is
also
Syriac. So also
in
Luther's German version.
version. It
is likewise
likewise the
the consistent
in Luther's
It is
consistent
rendering of
the Christian
of Jewish
in the
as
Christian Era,
Era, as
rendering
Jewish expositors
expositors in
well
as of
of hundreds
hundreds of
and
later
Christian
exwell as
of early
exlater
Christian
early
egetes.
Authorized, or
or K.J.V.,
K.J .V., similarly
similarly gives
gives
egetes. The Authorized,
"days"
in the
the text,
text, putting
putting "evenings-mornings"
in
the
in
the
"days" in
"evenings-mornings"
but
margin,
retaining
the
"vision
of
the
evening
and
the
the
of
"vision
margin,
retaining
evening
the morning"
morning" in
Albert Barnes
represents
in verse
the
verse 26.
26. Albert
Barnes represents
many
the popular
he remarks,
remarks,
of the
many of
popular commentators when he
"There can
can be
doubt, however,
that aa day
is ininbe no doubt,
however, that
day is
tended by
by this
this [an
evening-morning]."-Notes
on
Notes
[an evening-morning]."
Daniel,
on
Dan.
8:
14.
8:14.
Daniel,
8.
VINDICATION AT THE HEAVENLY ASSIZE.
ASSlzE.-In
the
8. VINDICATION
In the
light
of
~he
foregoing,
believe
that
the
"sanctuary"
the
we
believe
that
of
the
"sanctuary"
foregoing,
light
presented in
Daniel 8:
11-14 could
could not
not refer
refer alone
in Daniel
to
8:11-14
alone to
presented
at Jerusalem.
the
Temple at
to be
be cleansed
the Temple
cleansed
sanctuary to
Jerusalem. The sanctuary
at the
the end of
the 2300
is, we understand,
understand, the
of the
at
the sancsanc2300 days
days is,
man"
tuary
in
heaven,
"which
the
Lord
pitched,
and
not
in
the
not
heaven,
tuary
pitched,
(Heb.
triumphant, risen,
risen, and
of which our triumphant,
(Heb. 8:2),
8:2), and of
Priest
ascended
Jesus Christ
is the
the great
High Priest
Christ is
ascended Lord Jesus
great High
(Heb.
8:
1).
It
is
that
"temple
of
God"
the
the
is that
which
It
of
"temple
(Heb. 8:1).
we
prophet
in
heaven
(Rev.
11:19;
15:5).
This,
in
saw
This,
11:19;
(Rev.
15:5).
prophet
is
the
temple
that
not
only
is
to
be
"cleansed"
believe,
that
is
"cleansed"
the
not
to
be
is
believe,
only
temple
(Dan.
14), but
but is
is also
also to
to be "justified"
8:14),
"justified" (margin),
(margin),
(Dan. 8:
noted
"put
right,"
"vindicated,"
as
will
be
noted
shortly.
as
will
be
"vindicated,"
shortly.
"put right,"
served
The typical
typical services
the earthly
services of
of the
sanctuary served
earthly sanctuary
as
the
"example
and
shadow
of
heavenly
things"
of heavenly things" (Heb.
as the "example
(Heb,
in
8:5).
in
the
wilderness
tabernacle
and
in
the
wilderness
in
the
tabernacle
Now
8:5).
And
Temple
later
there
were
daily
yearly
services.
and
services.
later
there
yearly
daily
Temple
asunderstand that
that the
upon His asthe work of
of Christ,
we understand
Christ, upon
cension
heavenly. high
high priest,
as our heavenly
cension and inauguration
priest,
inauguration as
264
264
QUESTIONS
was foreshadowed by
daily service
in the
the earthly
service in
the daily
by the
earthly
His
type.
This
the
first
phase
of
heavenly
was
of
the first phase
heavenly ministry,
ministry,
type.
mediating and applying

sacrifice He had
the atoning
atoning sacrifice
mediating
applying the
completed
the cross.
cross.
completed on the
This daily
service
of
the earthly
earthly sanctuary,
involvof the
service
sanctuary, involvdaily
ing the
the morning
morning and the
evening sacrifice-the
the tamid
the evening
sacrifice
ing
(Hebrew),
or
"continual"-fitly
foreshadowed
the
or
the conforeshadowed
con"continual"
fitly
(Hebrew),
tinual
of
the
sacrifice
of
Christ
Lord,
acof
sacrifice
Christ
the
of
our
actinual efficacy
Lord,
efficacy
complished
on
Calvary's
cross.
The
risen
Christ,
our
cross.
risen
Christ,
Calvary's
complished
ministering
to make interces"ever liveth
liveth to
interceshigh priest,
priest, "ever
ministering high
sion"
(Beb. 7:25)
for
us.
Hence
understand
His
for
us.
we
understand
His
sion" (Heb.
7:25)
heavenly
ministry
to
the
mediation
of
complete
to
be
the
His
of
heavenly ministry
complete
ever-efficacious atonement,
and ever-efficacious
atonement, which He made and
completed on the
applying that
that atonefor man,
the cross
atonecross for
man, applying
completed
ment to
to the
the individual
as he accepts
accepts Christ
Christ as
his
as his
individual sinner
sinner as
personal
Saviour.
Saviour.
personal
But the
the annual Day
Day of
of Atonement service
service (de(described
in Leviticus
typified the
final
the second and final
Leviticus 16)
scribed in
16) typified
phase of
high priestly
priestly ministry,
ministry, aa work ininof Christ's
Christ's high
phase
volving
judgment.
we
believe
that
are
are
And
that
we
now
believe
volving judgment.
living in
that time
time of
judgment. It
It should be added
in that
of judgment.
living
that, in
in harmony
harmony with the
perof perthe Arminian concept
that,
concept of
sonal
responsibility to God,
understanding of
of the
the
sonal responsibility
God, our understanding
Scriptures
leads
us
to
believe
that
the
life
record
of
every
that
the
life record
us
of
leads
to
believe
every
Scriptures
individual will
will be examined,
sentence of
judgof judgindividual
examined, and sentence
review.
pronounced on every
case
review.
(This
case
is
under
ment pronounced
every
(This is
discussed
in
Question
36.)
in
more fully
discussed
fully
Question 36.)
N at only
only does this
this final
judgment involve the
the ververfinal judgment
Not
dict
of all
before the
bar of
God, but it
it results
results in
in
all cases
the bar
of God,
dict of
cases before
the justification
justification of
before all
all intelliof God's
intelliGod's character
character before
the
all eternity
gences of
of the
universe. It
demonstrates for
It demonstrates
for all
the universe.
eternity
gences
the groundlessness
of Satan's
Satan's charges
the
falsity of
charges against
against
groundlessness and falsity
265
265
the
of God,
the character
character and government
law of
the
God, and the
government and law
and
justice
equity
of
God
in
deciding
that
those
who
in deciding that those
justice
equity of
have accepted
accepted the
the provisions
of redemption
redemption shall
conshall conprovisions of
stitute
His eternal
kingdom and that
that all
stitute the
the citizens
citizens of
of His
eternal kingdom
all
impenitent
sinners
shall
be
barred.
The
purpose
of
the
sinners
shall
be
barred.
of
the
impenitent
purpose
judgment, of
is not
not to
God, but
to
of course,
to enlighten
but to
course, is
judgment,
enlighten God,
the minds of
of all
all created
created intelligences,
intelligences,
satisfy
forever the
satisfy forever
and
angels
mankind.
angels
The universal
universal verdict
verdict will
be: "Just
true are
will be:
are
"Just and true
thy ways,
ways, thou
thou King
King of
(Rev.
of saints"
saints'*
thy
(Rev. 15:3);
15:3); "Thou
art righteous,
Lord, which art,
art, and wast,
wast, and shalt
art
shalt
O Lord,
righteous, 0
thou hast
hast judged
judged thus"
thus" (Rev.
(Rev. 16:5);
be, because
because thou
be,
16:5); and
"Even so,
Lord
God
Almighty,
true
righteous
and
are
true
so,
Almighty,
righteous are
by the
the verdicts
verdicts of
of
thy judgments"
judgments" (Rev.
thy
(Rev. 16:7).
16:7). Thus by
the judgment
judgment of
the heavenly
heavenly sanctuary
will
the
characof the
will
the
characthe
sanctuary
ter
vindicated, as
as the
the climax
clim!lx of
the
ter of
forever vindicated,
of God be forever
of the
"hour of
of his
his judgment"
judgment" (Rev.
14:7).
(Rev. 14:7).
9. INTENT OF TERM "CLEANSED."
"CLEANSED."-The
The significance
9.
significance
the
the various
various terms
by translators
to indicate
of the
terms used by
translators to
indicate the
of
full
intent of
the "cleansing"
(Hebrew,
tsadaq)
of
the
of
the
full intent
of the
"cleansing" (Hebrew, tsadaq)
heavenly
sanctuary
(Dan.
8:
14)
should
not
be
lost.
not
lost.
heavenly sanctuary (Dan. 8:14) should
translaEleven
different renderings
renderings appear
appear in
in standard
standard translaEleven different
Rheims"Cleansed"
(Septuagint,
tions.
are: (a)
tions. These are:
(Septuagint,
(a)
Douay,
Moulton, Boothroyd,
Boothroyd, Spurrell,
Martin, VulSpurrell, Martin,
Douay, Moulton,
gate,
Harkavy,
Ray,
Knox,
Noyes,
French-Osterwald,
French
Osterwald,
gate, Harkavy, Ray, Knox, Noyes,
Segond,
and
Lausanne-the
K.J.V.
and
A.R.V.);
(b)
the
Lausanne
A.R.V.);
(6)
K.J.V.
Segond,
"be
justified" (Leeser;
Sawyer;
A.R.V.,
margin;
K.J.V.,
"be justified"
A.R.V.,
margin; K.J.V.,
(Leeser; Sawyer;
margin); (c)
"be victorious"
(Margolis);
(d)
"be
victorious"
(d)
(Margolis);
(c)
margin);
righted" (Smith-Goodspeed);
declared right"
right"
(e) "[be]
"[be] declared
righted"
(Smith-Goodspeed); (e)
state"
(Young);
(I)
"be
restored
to
its
rightful
state"
(R.S.V.);
to
its rightful
restored
"be
(R.S.V.);
(Young); (/)
(g)
"be
righteous" (Van Ess); (h) "be restored"
restored"
(g) "be made righteous" (Van Ess); (h)
vindi"be
sanctified"
(Fenton);
(j)
"be
vindi(Moffatt);
(i)
sanctified"
(Fenton); (/)
(Moffatt); (f)
266
QUESTIONS
cated" (Rotheram);
(Rotheram); and (k)
(k) "be
"be consecrated"
consecrated" (Luther).
(Luther).
cated"
Problems
in
Bible
Translation
(Review
HerSee
and
See
in Bible Translation (Review
ald), pp.
pp. 174,
174, 175.
175.
ald),
Standard lexicographers
lexicographers agree
agree In
in rendering
rendering tsadaq
tsadaq
Standard
be just,"
just," "to
"to be
be righteous."
righteous." Gesenius'
Gesenius' Lexicon
Lexicon
be
(Brown, Driver,
Driver, and Briggs
Briggs edition)
edition) adds,
adds, "be put
put
(Brown,
as "to
"to
as
right,"
right,"
or "be
put In
in rightful
rightful condition."
condition." And the
the'
"be put
or
the sanctuary
sanctuary shall
shall
"Then the
R.S.V. renders
renders the
the clause,
clause,
R.S.V.
be restored
restored to
to
be
its rightful
rightful state."
state." The translation
translation "to
"to
cleanse" is
is evidently
evidently borrowed from the
the Septuagint
Septuagint
cleanse"
the
(katharisthesetai),
followed
by
the
Vulgate
followed
by
Vulgate (munda(munda(katharisthesetai),
the
bitur).
recognize
that
the
justifying,
vindicating,
that
We
justifying, vindicating,
recognize
bitur).
of the
and making
making righteous
righteous of
the Levitical
Levitical sanctuary
sanctuary was
accomplished by
by the
the services
the Day
Day of
of Atonement,
Atonement,
services on the
accomplished
was cleansed
all defilement
defilement
the sanctuary
sanctuary was
cleansed from all
when the
(Lev.
16:16).
(Lev. 16:16).
This
however, was
was definitely
definitely included,
This cleansing,
included,
cleansing, however,
for
Leviticus 16:
16 an "atonement" was
was made,
made, in
in
16:16
in Leviticus
for in
this
sense, for
of Israel
because of
their
Israel because
of their
for the
the children
children of
this sense,
the chilchil"uncleanness."
that day
the "iniquities
of the
"uncleanness." On that
day the
"iniquities of
dren of
type
of Israel"
Israel" were removed (verse
21). The anti
antitype
(verse 21).
of
will be found in
in connection
that service,
of that
believe, will
service, we believe,
in the
the heavenly
with
with Christ's
Christ's ministry
heavenly sanctuary,
sanctuary, and
ministry in
this
is apparent from Hebrews 9:23:*
9:23:*
this is
apparent
its
in the
that the
of things
the
It
things in
the patterns
It was therefore
therefore necessary
necessary that
patterns of
the heavheavheavens
should be purified
heavens should
these; but the
purified [katharizo]
[katharizo] with these;
better sacrifices
sacrifices
enly
with better
themselves [shall
purified] with
things themselves
[shall be purified]
enly things
than
the Lamb of
of God].
than these
these [that
of the
God].
[that of
*Brooke
270) makes this
Westcott (Epistle
to the
the Hebrews,
this sigFoss Westcott
*Brooke Foss
Hebrews, 1892,
1892, p.
p. 270)
sig(Efiistle to
nificant
nificant comment on Hebrews 9:23:
9: 23:
"The fact
of purifying
fact that
that such
blood was enjoined
for the
such aa mode of
the material
material
purifying by
by blood
enjoined for
it the
instruments
of worship
that some analocarried with
with it
the inevitable
analoinstruments of
inevitable consequence
worship carried
consequence that
gous
nobler purification
for the
therefore some nobler
should be provided
the divine
divine
purification should
provided for
gous and therefore
"The
whole
structure
of
the
sentence
requires
that
'cleansed'
should
archetypes."
structure
of
the
sentence
that
'cleansed'
should
archetypes."
requires
be
the first."
first."
the second
second clause
clause from the
be supplied
in the
supplied in
267
is our understanding of
Such is
larger and wider
the larger
understanding of the
concept
plan of
of saving
men, as
as revealed
revealed
of God's great
great plan
concept of
saving men,
in
death, resurrection,
resurrection,
in Daniel 8,
for since
since our Lord's
Lord's death,
8, for
ascension, the
the heavenly
heavenly sanctuary
is now the
cenand ascension,
the censanctuary is
ter of
Christ's wondrous priestly
priestly work of
ter
of Christ's
of intercession.
intercession.
types and shadows has
has
The sanctuary
earth with its
its types
sanctuary on earth
But
in
heaven
Christ
carries
out
work
of
passed.
in
Christ
His
carries
out
of
passed.
mediation that
in the
the work of
of judgment.
judgment. We
that culminates in
therefore conclude that
that His mediation embraces both
both
therefore
the ministering
ministering of
atoning sacrifice
sacrifice to
to every
the
of Calvary's
every
Calvary's atoning
soul
provisions of
grace, and the
the provisions
the
of His grace,
soul who accepts
accepts the
ultimate
elimination of
the universe
universe of
ultimate elimination
sin from the
of God.
of sin
will, we believe,
believe, eventuate in
the
in the
this ministry
Thus this
ministry will,
purgation
or
destruction
of
everything
connected
with
of
or
destruction
everything
purgation
his cohorts
evil-Satan,
cohorts (Matt.
(Matt. 25:41;
its author,
evil
25:41;
Satan, its
author, and his
and
the
14),
death
(1
Cor.
15:26),
the
of
the
works
of the
Cor.
Heb. 2:
15:26),
2:14),
(I
devil (1
John
3:8;
compare
Rev.
20:10,
14).
devil
3:8;
20:10,
compare
(1 John
14).
Relation of Seventy Weeks

of Daniel
Daniel 99
Weeks of
to
8
to 2300 Days of Daniel
Days of Daniel 8
Relation of Seventy
QUESTION
QUESTION
25
Seventh-day
Adventists seek
seek to
to tie
Daniel
tie Daniel
DanielS.
basis do you
you hold (1)
(1) that
99 to
that
8. On what basis
to Daniel
the 2J()()
days (evenings-mornings)
oj
Daniel
bebeDaniel
the
2$0@ days
of
(evenings-mornings)
gin
at
the
time
as
the
seventy
weeks
of
years
as
same
time
weeks
the
at
the
of
seventy
years
gin
that the
is
of
Daniel 9;
the seventieth
seventieth week is
9; and (2)
(2) that
of Daniel
(J)
Since
you
so
hold,
already
entirely
fulfilled?
Since
so
(3)
hold,
fulfilled?
you
already entirely
your interpretation
of Daniel
Daniel 9:27?
9:27?
what then is
is your
interpretation of
Inasmuch as
chiefly in
as these
these questions
center chiefly
in Danquestions center
the
the
chapter
briefly
in
order
to
get
iel 9. let us
in
us survey
order
to get
survey
chapter briefly
the over-all
over-all picture,
and
thus
have
the
necessary
backthe
the
thus
backnecessary
picture,
ground
prophecy of
the seventy
the answers.
answers. This prophecy
of the
for the
seventy
ground for
the most fascinating
fascinating and vital
weeks of
of years
years is
is one of
of the
vital
to
be found in
prophetic Word. It
in the
the entire
It deals
entire prophetic
deals
to be
with God's
God's plan
the redemption
redemption of
of man,
man. and forefor the
forewith
plan for
the time
time of
the first
as
the
Mestells
of the
first advent of
of Christ.
the
as
Mestells the
Christ,
the time
time of
siah,
also the
a comof His death.
death, when He made a
siah, also
for the
the sins
sins of
the
plete, vicarious
vicarious atoning
sacrifice for
of the
atoning sacrifice
plete,
world.
world.
prophecy has
has to
to do with the
the
The seventy-weeks
seventy-weeks prophecy
the
Jews.
the
Holy
Land,
the
Holy
City,
and
the
sancthe
the
sancLand,
Holy
Holy City,
Jews,
tuary-the
truth center,
center, Temple
nerve center,
center, truth
center,
tuary the nerve
Temple center,
and then
then the
the rejection
rejection center
of the
the Lamb of
by
center of
of God by
ancient people.
people. Note the
the setting:
Darius the
the Mede
His ancient
setting: Darius
iel 9, let
268
268
2300 DAYS
THE 70
70 WEEKS AND THE 2300
269
269
the throne.
was praying
praying and interceding
was on the
throne. Daniel was
interceding
with God concerning
tragic condition
condition of
of His
His backbackthe tragic
concerning the
people, and the
the desolation
desolation of
of
slidden
slidden and disobedient
disobedient people,
the
Jerusalem
and
the
sanctuary
(verses
3-19).
Jerusalem
sanctuary (verses 3-19).
1.
1. DANIEL 9
8.
9 THE KEY THAT UNLOCKS CHAPTER 8.prophetic symbols
The prophetic
the
of Daniel
Daniel 8:2-14-namely,
8:2-14 namely, the
symbols of
"ram" as
as Medo-Persia,
as
Grecia,
and
the
the
as
the "goat"
Medo-Persia, the
Grecia,
"goat"
"exceeding
hom as
as the
the terrifying
power that
that
"exceeding great"
great" horn
terrifying power
would succeed,
was
Rome-had
all
exexbeen
which
was
Rome
had
all
succeed,
plained by
by Gabriel,
messenger, in
in verses
verses
the celestial
celestial messenger,
Gabriel, the
plained
15
all except
the
symbolic
time
element
15 to
to 26.
time
26. That is,
the
is, all
except
symbolic
in the
the 2300
involved
2300 days,
events marking
involved in
the events
with the
marking
days, with
their
close and the
time
of
their
beginning.
their close
the time of their beginning.
Because of
Daniel's sudden illness
illness as
the vision
vision of
of
of Daniel's
as the
chapter
8
was
being
explained
to
him,
Gabriel
had
8
was
to
Gabriel
him,
being explained
chapter
been unable
unable to
to explain
this remaining
remaining time
time featurebeen
feature
explain this
the 2300
verses 13,
26. The dread
the
of verses
2300 days
14, and 26.
13, 14,
days of
prospect
of
the
terrible
persecution
to
come
upon the
the
the
of
terrible
to
persecution
upon
prospect
sudpeople
of
God
evidently
caused
the
aged
prophet
sudof
caused
the
evidently
aged prophet
people
faint and become ill
ill (verse 27). So the
denly
to faint
the explanadenly to
explana(verse 27).
broke off
that point.
point.
tion broke
tion
off precipitately
at that
precipitately at
This unexplained
unexplained portion,
portion, it
will be
be observed,
observed, perperThis
it will
to
were
tained to
to the
the "sanctuary
and
the
host,"
to
which
tained
the
host,"
"sanctuary
be "trodden under foot"
foot" for
2300 "days"
(eveningsfor 2300
be
"days" (eveningsmornings),
events to
to occur
occur at
at their
their close
close
mornings), with special
special events
14,
26).
It
involved
a
persecuting
power
(verses
13,
It
involved
13,
14,
(verses
persecuting power
26).
that was
was to
to stand
Prince of
of princes
princes
the Prince
that
stand up
against the
up against
the
and that
that was to
to practice
and
prosper
against
the
people
people
practice
prosper against
hands.
of
but that
that would finally
be broken without
without hands.
of God,
God, but
finally be
the
This revelation
revelation profoundly
profoundly impressed
the
prophet
This
prophet
impressed
his
and,
noted, might
the cause
cause of
of his
well have been the
as noted,
and, as
might well
unstill
illness.
Chapter 88 closes
certain questions
questions still unillness. Chapter
closes with certain
270
QUESTIONS
answered. Later,
Daniel meditated
meditated on the
the vision
VISIOn
as Daniel
answered.
Later, as
and its
its relationship
relationship to
to the
the condition
condition of
his people,
people, he
he
of his
pleaded earnestly
the termination
termination of
with God for
for the
of
pleaded
earnestly with
Israel's captivity
their return
to Palestine.
Palestine. His
His
Israel's
return to
captivity and their
prayer
brought
a
speedy
answer,
for
Gabriel
was
sent
sent
a
Gabriel
for
prayer brought
speedy answer,
to
bring him comfort
to unfold
unfold the
the plan
plan of
of God
to bring
comfort and to
more fully.
fully.
all but
Gabriel
explained to
to Daniel
Daniel all
Gabriel had previously
previously explained
the
time portion
portion of
vision
of
chapter
vision
the time
of the
the symbolic
of
8.
symbolic
chapter 8.
in
he reappears
reappears to
the explanation
Now he
to complete
complete the
explanation in
literal
9:21,
22)
and
to
clarify
this
rethis
terms (Dan.
to
reliteral terms
9:21,
clarify
(Dan.
22)
maining
part. The angel
uses the
the arresting
words,
angel uses
arresting words,
maining part.
provides the
the
"Consider
the vision."
"Consider the
vision." This expression
expression provides
key
the term "vision"
for the
the explanation,
"vision" appears
to the
key to
appears
explanation, for
in chapter
it
be
that
ten
8.
it
is
to
noted
that in
in
8.
But
is
to
noted
ten times
times in
chapter
Daniel 88 and 99 two Hebrew words,
words, chazon
mar'eh,
Daniel
chazon and mar'
eh,
differing somewhat in
are used
used in
in the
the original
in meaning,
meaning, are
original
differing
Hebrew text.
text. In the
the English
English translations
translations only
only one
word,
used to
to express
express these
these slightly
has been used
word, "vision,"
"vision," has
slightly
a result,
result, the
the exact
exact intent
of
variant thoughts,
thoughts, and as
as a
intent of
variant
the original
original has
has not
not always
been perceived.
perceived.
the
always been
2.
CONCEPTS.
2. TERMS MAY CONNOTE DIFFERENT CONCEPTS.The Hebrew words
words for
may be
be significant.
It
for "vision"
"vision" may
significant. It
is
when
the
chazon
is
used,
the
refis possible that
is
the
that
the
word
chazon
refused,
possible
a whole.
whole. On the
the other
other hand,
erence
to the
the vision
erence is
is to
vision as
as a
hand,
eh is
is employed,
employed, the
the reference
where the
mar'eh
reference
the word mar'
the particular
could be
be to
to the
in
seen and heard in
things seen
particular things
in the
the
chazon. * One feature
the over-all
over-all chazon
seen in
the chazon*
feature seen
was the
the "two thousand
three hundred days"
of
thousand and three
days" of
*The slight
in the
words was
was indicated
indicated in
in aa translation
of
the Hebrew words
translation of
difference in
slight difference
the
Bible in
in 1764
by Anthony
Purver. Cha;;on
he rendered
rendered "vision,"
"vision," but
but mar'eh
mar' eh
the Bible
1764 by
Chazon he
Anthony Purver.
he translated
translated as
as "appearance."
"appearance."
THE 70
2300 DAYS
271
271
8:14.
Daniel 8:
14. This special
referred to
is
as
scene is
referred
to as
special scene
"the
eh] of
the evening
the morning"
morning"
''the vision
vision [mar'
of the
evening and the
[mar'eh]
(verse
26).
(verse 26).
When the
the angel
Gabriel, "whom II [Daniel]
angel Gabriel,
[Daniel] had
seen
the vision
[chazon] at
at the
the beginning"
beginning" (Dan.
in the
seen in
vision [chazon]
(Dan.
9:21),
re.turned to
to complete
the vivihis explanation
of the
9:21), returned
complete his
explanation of
sion,
directed Daniel's
attention specifically
specifically to
Daniel's attention
the
to the
sion, he directed
vision (mar'
vision
eh) when he said,
the vision
vision
"consider the
said, "consider
(mar'eh)
[mar' eh]" (verse
23).
(verse 23).
[mar'eh]"
It will
It
will be
be remembered that
according to
to Daniel
Daniel
that according
it was the
8:26,
27, it
the evening
evening and the
the
the mar'eh
mar'eh "of
"of the
8:26, 27,
morning"
that
Daniel
did
not
understand.
It
was
not
that
did
not
It
was
not
understand.
morning"
the
the vision
vision as
whole, for
all but the
of the
the eveas a
a whole,
evefor all
the scene
scene of
ning
and
the
morning
been
explained.
the
had
been
ning
morning
explained.
be no mistake
mistake as
to this
this identification
of
There can be
as to
identification of
"the vision."
"the
Driver, the
the noted
noted critic
vision." S.
S. R.
R. Driver,
critic (The
Book
(The
of
Daniel) 1936,
pp. 133),
this, and wrote
wrote
1936, pp.
of Daniel,
133), recognized
recognized this,
concerning
"the
vision
at
the
beginning"
(Dan.
"the
at
the
vision
concerning
beginning" (Dan. 9:21)
9:21)
the
that
it refers
refers to
usage and the
that it
"viii. 16."
8 usage
to "viii.
16." The chapter
chapter 8
chapter
9
tie-in
appears
inescapable,
and
the
identical
the
identical
9
tie-in
chapter
appears inescapable,
of the
two chapters
self-evident. What
theme of
the two
chapters becomes self-evident.
indefollows
in
chapter
9
is
therefore
not
aa new and indein
is
follows
therefore
chapter
pendent vision,
vision} but
continuing literal
literal explanais the
the continuing
but is
explanapendent
8.*
tion
the
symbolic
"vision"
of
chapter
8.
*'
"vision"
the
tion of
of
of chapter
symbolic
point, that
that in
in chapter
this point,
We would stress
stress this
chapter 9 Galine of
briel
not introducing
of prophecy.
prophecy. He
a new line
briel was not
introducing a
his
was simply
continuing
and
completing
his
interrupted
was
interrupted
completing
simply continuing
where
he had
explanation,
picking
up
the
thread
just
thread
the
just
explanation, picking up
*Numerous Bible
Bible students
recognize Daniel
Daniel 99 to
to be
be aa continuation
of Daniel
Daniel
continuation of
students recognize
at the
8, and
and when commenting
commenting on
on "whom II had seen
in the
the vision
vision at
the beginning"
seen in
beginning"
Words(Dan.
9:21), refer
refer back
back to
to Daniel
27. Among these
these may
may be
be listed
listed Chr. Words
Daniel 8:17,
(Dan. 9:21),
8:17, 27.
F. C.
T. Robinson,
Robinson, Matthew Henry,
Henry, William
Hales, Thomas Scott,
Scott, F.
C. Cook,
Cook,
worth,
William Hales.,
worth, T.
The Cambridge
the Critical
Exegetical Bible,
BIble, etc.
etc.
Critical and Exegetical
Bible, the
Cambridge Bible,
8,
272
272
QUESTIONS
laid it
it down in
his previous
appearance to
to the
the prophet,
prophet,
in his
laid
previous appearance
recorded
in
chapter
8.
His
last
words,
on
the
the former
last words,
recorded in chapter 8.
occasion,
the effect
that "the
vision"
to the
effect that
"the vision"
occasion, had been to
of
the
2300
evenings-mornings
was
"true,"
(mar'eh)
was
of
the
2300
"true,"
evenings-mornings
(mar'eh]
that the
the period
period involved
involved was to
to extend
extend over
over
and that
"many
days," far
the future.
future.
far into
into the
"many days/'
us to
In
the light
of
these
facts,
to us
to be
be
these
which seem to
of
In the
facts,
light
Adventists
with
conclusive,
Seventh-day
Adventists-along
with
many
conclusive, Seventh-day
many
along
scores
days-definitely
believe
of former days
of scholars
scholars of
scores of
definitely believe
that
the key
that unlocks
unlocks the
the time
furnishes the
Daniel 9
9 furnishes
that Daniel
key that
the
feature
of
Daniel
8-the
2300
year-days.
us
the two
the
To
us
Daniel
8
of
2300
feature
year-days.
chapters
appear
to
be
inseparable,
and
must
be
so
underunderso
be
chapters appear to be inseparable,
the time
stood
if there
there is
to be any
explanation of
of the
is to
stood if
any explanation
feature
14, 26.
of Daniel
Daniel 8:
feature of
26.
8:14,
Daniel 99 was
was obviously
given to
to provide
provide advance
Daniel
obviously given
as the
knowledge
of
the
timing
of
Jesus'
anointing
the
the
of
of
knowledge
timing
Jesus' anointing as
Messiah-"Christ"
denoting
"anointed"
in
the
Greek,
the
"anointed"
in
"Christ"
Messiah
Greek,
denoting
matching the
the Hebrew Mashiach
Mashiach-preparatory
and thus
thus matching
preparatory
to
His public
public ministry.
ministry. And Keil,
with many
many others,
to His
Keil, with
others,
as
The
identifies
as
Christ.
*
allusion
Christ.*
allusion
identifies mashiach nagid
nagid
here is
not to
His incarnation
or birth,
birth, but
but to
His
to His
incarnation or
to His
here
is not
anointing
at
the
time
of
His
baptism,
for
it
was
then
for
it
then
at
the
of
anointing
baptism,
that He was
was anointed by
by the
the Holy
(Acts 10:37,
that
10:37,
Holy Spirit
Spirit (Acts
38)
was
manifest
as
the
Christ,
at
Messiah.
Thus
the
Messiah.
manifest
as
01
and
was
Christ,
38)
the
said to
to his
Peter, "we have
have found the
his brother
brother Peter,
Andrew said
Messias,
being
interpreted,
the
Christ
the
Christ
Messias, which is,
is,
being interpreted,
["anointed,"
margin]" (John
(John 1:41).
1:41).
["anointed," margin]"
*Numerous theologians
the centuries
centuries have recognized
recognized "Messiah the
the
theologians through
through the
Prince," of
to be
be Jesus
Jesus Christ
Christ our Lord.
For example:
In the
the Church
of Daniel
Daniel 9:25,
Lord. For
Prince,"
example: In
9:25, to
Fathers, Clement of
Alexandria (Stromata
(Answer to
to the
Jews
of Alexandria
i. 21);
Tertullian (Answer
the Jews
(Stromata i.
21); Tertullian
Fathers^
8);
Origen (De
(De Principiis)
Julius Africanus,
Africanus~ etc.;
in the
the commentaries: Calvin,
Calvin,
8); Ongen
Principiis ) j Julius
etc.; in
Henry, Clarke,
Robinson; Westminster
Westminster Commentary,
Commentary, and
and
T. Robinson;
Matthew Henry,
Clarke, Scott,
Scott, and T.
and
Gray's
Christian
WorkeTs'
Commentary;
among
expositors
or translations:
translations: NewNew~
Workers'
Christian
among expositors or
Gray's
Commentary;
ton, Wieseler,
Delitzsch, Von Orelli,
Knox, K.J.V.,
K.J.V., and
and Douay.
Wieseler, Delitzsch,
Orelli, Fenton,
Fenton, Young,
Young, Knox,
Douay,
ton,
;
THE 70
2300 DAYS
273
273
3. "DETERMINED"
3.
"ALLOTTED,"
"DEMEANS
"ALLOTTED,"
CREED," "CUT OFF."-Gabriel
immediately to
to
OFF." Gabriel turns
turns Immediately
CREED,"
the vision,
vision, and declares,
the time feature
the
feature of
of the
declares, "Seventy
"Seventy
are determined upon
thy people
people [the
Jews] and
weeks are
upon thy
[the Jews]
upon
thy
holy
city
[Jerusalem]"
(verse
24).
upon thy holy city [Jerusalem]" (verse 24). The Hebrew word chathak,
translated "determined,"
"determined," appears
chathak, translated
appears
in the
nowhere else
the Bible;
Bible; consequently
it
is
else in
is not posit
posconsequently
bring other
Biblical usages
usages of
this word to
to
sible
to bring
sible to
other Biblical
of this
bear
the present
bear on the
present passage
passage in
clarifying its
meaning.
in clarifying
its meaning.
The 1832 edition
gives the
the meaning
meaning of
edition of
of
of Gesenius gives
chathak
as "determine,"
destine," and in
in Chaldee
chathak as
"to destine,"
"determine," "to
"to
the 1846
renders it
it "to
"to cut,"
"to
"decide." But the
1846 edition
edition renders
cut," "decide."
cut" "to
also
"to
decree,"
"to
determine."
The
cut"
"to divide,"
divide," also "to decree," "to determine."
Student's Hebrew and Chaldee Dictionary
Student's
Dictionary of
of 1914
"to
cut,
to
decide,
to
determine,
to
decree,"
and
"to
gives
to
to
to
decide,
cut,
determine,
decree,"
gives
Emphasized Bible
Bible stresses
stresses the
the meanin his
Rotherham in
his Emphasized
ing "divide."
then proceeds
proceeds to
to show that
that the
the
"divide." He then
ing
was
divided
into
seven
weeks,
seventy-week
was
divided
seven
into
weeks,
seventy-week period
period
sixty-two
weeks, and one week.
further usage
is
week. Still
Still further
sixty-two weeks,
usage is
seen
Brown, Driver,
Driver, and Briggs,
and
in Brown,
Hebrew
seen in
A
Briggs,
English Lexicon
Lexicon of
Testament, page
page 367;
the Old Testament.,
367; comof the
English
and
Baumgartner,
in
Veteris
pare
Koehler
Veteris
Lexicon
in
Koehler
Baumgartner,
pare
Testarnenti
Libras, volume I,
page 343,
schneiden
schneiden
Testamenti Libros,
343, giving
1, page
giving
("to
entscheiden ("to
("to decide").
("to cut"),
cut"), entscheiden
decide").
These three
three meanings
meanings-"to
"to cut,"
cut," "to decide,"
decide," and
"to
determine"-appear
in
the
ancient
translations
of
the
ancient
of
in
translations
"to determine"
appear
the Old Testament into
into Greek.
translated
the
Greek. The LXX, translated
at Alexandria,
Alexandria, probably
in the
the second century
at
B.C.,
century B.C.,
probably in
"adgives chathak
chathak in
Daniel 9:24
ekrithesan, i.e.,
i.e., "adas ekrithesan,
in Daniel
9:24 as
gives
the
judged,"
"determined."
On
the
other
hand,
the
Greek
other
the
"determined."
hand,
judged,"
translation
by Theodotion in
the second
second century
in the
translation made by
century
of the
the
A.D. (usually
(usually published
published in
In modern editions
editions of
A.D.
274
274
QUESTIONS
LXX) renders
renders chathak
chathak by
by sunetmethesan,
sunetmethesan, to
to "cut
"cut off,"
off,"
LXX)
"cut short."
short." (See
(See also
also Liddell
Liddell and Scott,
Scott, GreekGreek"cut
uses
English
Lexicon,
vol.
2,
p.
1726.)
Vulgate
uses
The
vol.
2,
Lexicon,
Vulgate
p. 1726.)
English
verb abbreviare,
abbreviare, "to
"to cut
cut short."
short." Hitzig
Hitzig renders
renders It
it
the verb
the
"appointed"; others,
others, "destined,"
"destined," or
or "apportioned."
"apportioned."
"appointed*';
R.V. and the
the A.R.V.
A.R.V. give
give "decreed/'
"decreed," and the
the
The R.V.
Preacher's Homiletical
Homiletical
Preacher's
Commentary, as
as well
well as
as Strong
Strong
Commentary,
in his
his Exhaustive
Exhaustive Concordance,
Concordance, stresses
stresses the
the Chaldee
in
meaning, "to
cut
"to cut
meaning,
off," or
or "to
"to cut
cut in
in pieces."
pieces."
various meanings
meanings of
of this
this Hebrew word have
The various
real significance.
seventy-week
period was defdefThe
real
seventy-week period
significance.
initely
"allotted,"
or
"apportioned,"
to
the
Jewish
to
the
or
"allotted,"
Jewish
initely
"apportioned,"
during which time
time certain
certain specific
specific things
things were
people, during
people,
to be
be accomplished.
accomplished. And in
in God's
God's plan
plan this
this period
period was
to
"decreed," or
or "determined,"
for this
this purpose.
purpose. But the
the
"determined," for
"decreed,"
chathak also
"cut
off,"
as
indiindiword chathak
has the
the meaning
as
"cut
also has
word
off,"
meaning
cated in
many of
lexical authorities.
authorities. The expresof the
the lexical
in so
so many
cated
expresis cut
is
that which is
sion
cut off
off is
is significant,
for that
sion "cut
"cut off"
off" is
significant, for
is time;
"seventy
weeks."
This,
of
course,
is
time;
so
it
time
of
it is
is time
so
weeks."
course,
This,
"seventy
as a
a piece
of material
is cut
cut off
off
piece of
material is
that
off." Just
that is
"cut off."
is "cut
Just as
it not
from aa roll
roll of
might it
not properly
said
of material,
material, might
properly be said
that
period
is
off
from
a
longer
a
is cut
cut
off
that the
the seventy-week
longer
seventy-week period
period of
time?
of time?
period
This concept,
this particular
is recognized
in this
case, is
recognized
concept, in
particular case,
by
authorities. Barnes,
Biblical authorities.
certain Biblical
Barnes, when commentby certain
ing
verse 24,
states: "The meaning
to
24, states:
meaning would seem to
ing on verse
the
was
that
this
portion
of
time-the
seventy
weeks-was
be,
of
time
weeks
that
this
be,
seventy
portion
cut
his] from the
cut
cut off
the whole of
of duration,
or cut
duration, or
off [italics
[italics his]
out of
as it
set by
a definite
of it,
it were,
itself for
for a
definite
it, as
were, and set
by itself
purpose."
the Pulpit
this
Still further,
further, the
Pulpit Commentary
purpose." Still
Commentary on this
"It
with
this
thought,
for
it
remarks:
"It
verse
this
for
it
verse agrees
thought,
agrees
It may
thus refer
means 'to
'to cut
cut off.'
refer to
to these
off/ It
these weeks
may thus
off,"
THE 70
2300 DAYS
275
275
from time
time generally;
generally; hence
hence 'deterbeing 'cut
'cut off'
off'
'deterbeing
"
mined.'
"
mined.'
the significance
of the
the use
use of
With
this recognition
recognition of
With this
of the
of
significance of
"cut
off," we might
might well
well inquire,
Is
the
seventy-week
"cut off,"
Is
the
seventy-week
inquire,
period "cut
time in
a general
in aa specific
specific
"cut off"
off" from time
in a
or in
period
general or
sense?
need to
that in
the symbolic
sense? We need
to remember that
in the
symbolic
reference was
was made to
to the
the 2300-day
vision of
vision
of Daniel 8,
8, reference
2300-day
period. This was
was left
Daniel 99 is
is the
the
left unexplained.
If Daniel
period.
unexplained. If
explanation of
of this
this unexplained
unexplained portion
portion of
of the
the vision,
vision,
explanation
the explanation
explanation would inevitably
have
to
deal
with
the
deal
to
have
inevitably
time. But the
prophetic
time
in
the
time.
the only
in
the
mentioned
only prophetic
vision of
of Daniel
Daniel 99 is
the seventy
weeks.
Could
we
not
vision
is the
weeks.
seventy
logically
conclude, then,
then, that
that when Gabriel
with
deals with
Gabriel deals
logically conclude,
the
the
weeks,
or
490
years,
he
is
explaining
the seventy
or
he
is
weeks,
seventy
years,
explaining the
first
part of
the 2300-days
2300-days prophecy?
prophecy? This period
period (490
first part
of the
(490
their sanctuary
years) was
was allotted
to the
the Jews
Jews with their
allotted to
sanctuary on
years)
earth; the
remainder of
the period
period (2300
years) would
the remainder
of the
earth;
(2300 years)
then reach
reach into
the Christian
period, with
with the
the
then
into the
Christian church period,
sanctuary
in
heaven.
in
sanctuary
the
This concept
concept-that
the 490 years
are cut
off from the
cut off
This
that the
years are
consistent
2300-year
period-seems
to
be
the
only
consistent
to
be
the
seems
only
2300-year period
is cut
the seventy-week
period is
cut off
conclusion.
off from
conclusion. That the
seventy-week period
time
indicated by
two quotations
quotations just
just given.
the two
time is
is indicated
given. And
by the
the
time from which
which it
it is
to he
the
be the
is "Cllt
"cut off"
off" seems to
the time
the
period
in
the
vision
of
Daniel
8,
namely,
the
Daniel
vision
of
in
the
mentioned
8, namely,
period
2g00-year period.
Hales (A
Analysis of
William Hales
of
(A New Analysis
2300-year
period. \ViIliam
conto
this
came
Chronology,
1833,
vol.
2,
p.
517)
to
this
convol.
2,
1833,
p. 517)
Chronology,
clusion over
over aa century
clusion
ago:
century ago:
to
This chTOnological
prophecy . . . was evidently
This
designed to
evidently designed
chronological prophecy
its chronoexplain the
the foregoing
vision, especially
in its
chrono
foregoing [chapter
8] vision,
especially in
[chapter 8]
explain
logical
part of
the 2300
2300 days.
days.
of the
logical part
.
With this
this concept,
in various
various comscholars in
of scholars
scores of
concept, scores
276
276
QUESTIONS
many lands,
time of
Johann Petri,
Petri,
of Johann
the time
munions in
in many
lands, from the
in full
Germany, in
were in
fun but indeindeo Germany,
in 1768
1768 onward,
onward, were
or
pendent agreement.
agreement.
pendent
4.
INDIGATEB BY CON4. SEVENTY "WEEKS OF YEARS" INDICATED
TEXT AND USAGE.translated "weeks,"
in
USAGE. The word translated
"weeks," in
Daniel 9:24,
9:24, is
shabu'im (singular,
shabua'). Shabua'
is shabu'im
Daniel
(singular, shabua'}.
simply
denotes aa unit
unit of
of seven,
may designate
designate aa
seven, and may
simply denotes
or
intent
period
of
either
seven
days
or
seven
years.
seven
seven
either
of
years. The intent
days
period
context
and
In
must be
be determined
by
context
usage.
In
postdetermined by
usage.
postBiblical
literature, also,
the meaning
meaning "seven
years" can
"seven years"
can
Biblical literature,
also, the
the
LXX
transbe clearly
demonstrated.
*
H
ebdomas}
the
transdemonstrated.*
be
Hebdomas,
clearly
lation
shabua', is
period of
seven days
for a
of seven
is used
used for
a period
lation of
of shabua',
days and
also for
for aa period
intent in
in the
the LXX
seven years.
of seven
also
years. The intent
period of
is to
must also
also be determined by
by context
context and usage.
usage. It
It is
to
must
be observed
observed that
that this
this latter
latter usage
can
b~
demonstrated
can
be
demonstrated
be
usage
in
classical literature
sixth century
century B.C.
the sixth
as early
literature as
as the
in classical
early as
(see
Liddell and Scott,
A, Greek-English
Lexicon)
Scott, A
Greek-English Lexicon,
(see Liddell
under
under hebdomas).
hebdomas).
We are
are accordingly
led to
in harmony
to conclude,
conclude, in
harmony
accordingly led
with
a
host
of
scholars,
that in
in Daniel 9:24-27
9:24-27 the
the
with a host of scholars, that
,
*As
to "weeks
the following
writings:
*As to
"weeks of
of years"
note the
Jewish writings:
years" note
following from Jewish
1.
confirm the
the covenant
many for
for one
one week" (Dan.
(Dan. 9:27),
9:27),
shall confirm
covenant with
with many
1. On "he shall
" 'Week' represents a
Midrash Kabbah
Rabbah reads,
'~'Week'
period
of
seven
years."-Lamentaa
seven
LamentaMidrash
of
years."
reads,
represents
period
lions
Soncino ed.,
note 3.
3.
ed., p.
tions,.. Soncino
p. 65,
65, note
2. On "sevenry
weeks are
are determined"
determined" (verse
(verse 24)
24), the
the Talmud reads,
"This
2.
reads, "This
"seventy weeks
prophecy was uttered
uttered at
the heginning
the seventy
seventy years
years captivity
captivity in
Babylon.
in Babylon.
at the
of the
prophecy
beginning of
From the
restoration to
the second
destruction is
is said
to have
have been
been 420
420 years,
the restoration
said to
to the
second destruction
years,
making in
490, Le.,
of years."-Nadr
Soncino ed.,
ed., p.
in all
all 490,
making
118,
years." Nazir 32b,
32b, Soncino
i.e., seventy
seventy weeks of
p. 118,
a
note
note
6.
6.
for one
3.
shall confirm
the covenant
covenant with
with many
many for
one week" (verse
the
3. On "he shall
confirm the
(verse 27),
27), the
"
Yoma 54a,
Talmud says,
in Dan. ix
ix means aa week of years."
years."-Yoma
54a, SonSonsays, " 'One week' in
cino
note 6.
cino ed.,
cd., p.
p. 254,
6.
254, note
4.
weeks" i.e., seven
seven times
4. On "seventy
years-J.
J. Slotki
Slotki states,
70 years
times 70
"seventy weeks"-Le.,
J. J.
states, "The
cryptic
phraseology mal
by the
the seven-year
cycle of
xxv.
of Lev.
Lev. xxv.
cryptic phraseology
suggested by
seven-year cycle
may have been suggested
The expression
0
years' occurs
occurs in
the Mishnah (Sanh.
v. 1)
."-Daniel,
E:(ra,
in the
expression 'week 01
years'
(Sanh. v.
1)."
Daniel, Ezra,
and Nehemiah,
Nehemiah, p.
77.
p. 77.
5.
5. Isaac
Isaac Leeser writes,
Jewish writers
writers thought
thought that
that the
the second
second temple
writes, "Ancient Jewish
temple
stood
70 years
the Babylonian
captivity, make 490."
stood 420 years,
years, which,
with the
the 70
of the
490."
years of
Babylonian captivity,
which, with
The Twenty-Jour
-The
Books of
of the
Holy Scriptures
(1853), on Dan.
Dan. 9:24,
25, p.
p. 1243,
the Holy
Twenty- four Books
Scriptures (1853),
9:24, 25,
1243,
note
note 47.
47. Leeser also
Rashi and other
other commentators
commentators as
recognizing "yearalso refers
refers to
to Rashi
as recognizing
"yearweeks" (note
48). On the
weeks" (verse
(verse 25)
25) Slotki
the "threescore
"threescore and two weeks"
Slotki says,
(note 48).
says,
"Jerusalem
will be
be a fully
restored city
city during
a period
period of
of 434
434 years."
years."-Op.
cit.,
"Jerusalem will
fully restored
during a
Op. cit.,
p. 78.
78.
p.
THE 70
2300 DAYS
277
277
shabua* to
prophet used
used shabua'
to designate
period of
seven
a period
of seven
prophet
designate a
literal
are, to
to us,
us, compelling
compelling
literal years.
years. The following
following are,
reasons:
reasons:
a.
a. Shabua'
Shabua' occurs
times in
Daniel 9:24-27.
In
occurs six
six times
in Daniel
9:24-27. In
the noun is
each case
case the
Elsewhere
each
is without
Elsewhere
without qualification.
qualification.
in
in the
shabua' occurs
the book of
of Daniel
Daniel shabua'
in chapter
occurs only
only in
chapter
3. In these
10:2,
these latter
the meaning
meaning is
is clearly
latter references
references the
10:2, 3.
clearly
"a period
period of
the verses
verses are
of seven
seven days,"
are describing
for the
describing
days," for
Daniel's fast-obviously
fast
it
literal weeks.
weeks. But it
Daniel's
of three
three literal
obviously of
is
to be
be particularly
particularly observed
that shabua'
shabua') as
is to
as here
here
observed that
used, is
is qualified
qualified by
by the
the word yamin,
yamin) "of
days," which
"of days,"
used,
is
in the
is indicated
indicated in
the K.J.V.
margin as
as "weeks
''weeks of
of days."
days/'
K.J.V. margin
very fact
Daniel, the
inspired
Now the
the very
fact that
that Daniel,
the inspired writer,
writer,
felt that
that qualification
a
felt
merely a
necessary when merely
qualification was necessary
that
was
indicated,
surely
suggests
that
of seven days
week of
was
indicated,
days
surely suggests
in
when he
he used
used the
the word without qualification,
as in
qualification, as
Daniel
9:24-27,
he
meant
a
period
of
seven
years.
And
a period of seven years.
Daniel 9:24-27,
the LXX follows
the same pattern,
pattern, in
in this
this respect,
respect, as
as
the
follows the
in
does
standing alone
the Hebrew. It
It has
has hebdomas standing
alone in
does the
Daniel
but qualified
by "of
days" in
in Daniel
"of days"
Daniel 9:24-27,
9:24-27, but
qualified by
10:2,
3. The distinction
the intent
are obvious.
intent are
obvious.
distinction and the
10:2, 3.
b.
has been noted (see
24) that
that aa
b. It
It has
Question 24)
(see Question
characteristic feature
feature of
symbolic prophecy
prophecy is
give
is to
to give
of symbolic
characteristic
the component
component time
time periods,
periods, not literally,
in
symbut
in
the
symliterally,
that
been further
further demonstrated
demonstrated that
bolic form.
form. And it
it has
has been
bolic
literal explanaDaniel
9:24-27 is
of the
the literal
a continuation
is a
continuation of
Daniel 9:24-27
explanain Daniel
tion of
of the
the symbolic
that was begun
begun in
Daniel
vision that
tion
symbolic vision
is
a
Daniel
8:
19-26.
Now,
inasmuch
as
Daniel
9:24-27
is
a
portion
as
9:24-27
8:19-26. Now,
portion
of the
the literal
literal explanation
of the
vision, we
the symbolic
of
symbolic vision,
explanation of
likewise to
to
logically expect
elements likewise
the time elements
would logically
expect the
is
be given
given in
in literal
literal terms.
terms. Such is
the case
if shabua'
shabua' is
is the
case if
be
It
is
meaning
of
"seven
years."
It
is
here
given
the
obvious
of
"seven
here given the obvious meaning
years."
,
278
278
QUESTIONS
generally
among Jewish,
Catholic, and ProtesProtes^
generally agreed
agreed among
Jewish, Catholic,
tant scholars
that if
shabua' in
Daniel 9:24
in Daniel
has
tant
if shabua'
9:24 has
scholars alike
alike that
the meaning
meaning "seven
years," then
then seventy
seventy shabu'im
the
"seven years,"
clearly indicates
indicates aa period
period of
of 490 years.
years.
clearly
5.
OF A SINGLE OVER-ALL UNIT.
UNIT.5. SUBDIVISIONS
statement
of
the
length
the
statement
the
of the
of
There is
is first
a general
first a
length of
general
period,
and
then
the
particulars
of
the
of
acof
the
manner
acthe
of
then
particulars
period,
complishment. The seventy
weeks, collectively,
seventy weeks,
collectively, was
complishment.
divided for
for emphasis
into
three
unequal
into
three
divided
segments 7
emphasis
unequal segments-7
a
of 70.
weeks,
62
weeks,
and
I
week,
giving
a
total of
1
total
70.
62
week, giving
weeks,
weeks,
was
An important
important development
or
event
was
connected
or
event
development
but subdiviwith each
each part.
part. These,
believe, were but
subdiviwith
These, we believe,
unit,
the
three
parts
sions
a single
chronological
the
three
of a
sions of
unit,
single chronological
parts
following
one
another
without
a
break.
(Our
reasons
reasons
a
break.
(Our
following
in Question
will
be developed
developed in
will be
26.)
Question 26.)
in captivity
captivity and
the situation:
was in
situation: Jerusalem
Note the
Jerusalem was
the
ruins. Then came the
in ruins.
the
or Temple,
the sanctuary,
sanctuary, or
Temple, in
"commandment,"
of aa series
series of
of decrees,
or issuance
issuance of
to
"commandment," or
decrees, to
restore and rebuild
rebuild Jerusalem.
Jerusalem. According
to
Ezra
6:
14
to
6:14
restore
According
this commandment involved
three progressive
progressive and inininvolved three
this
in sequence
by Cyrus,
Cyrus, Darius,
Darius,
terrelated decrees,
terrelated
decrees, given
given in
sequence by
and Artaxerxes.
* That of
of Cyrus
(who
gave
the
order
the
order
Artaxerxes.*
Cyrus (who gave
simply
to
'restore
the
Temple)
was
issued
in
537
B.C.;
issued
in
the
was
537
to
"restore
B.C.;
Temple)
simply
that
of Darius
Hystaspes
(who
confirmed
the
order
the
order
that of
Darius Hystaspes (who
continued the
the work of
restoration) was
and continued
of Temple
Temple restoration)
in
and
probably
given
in
519
B.C.;
finally,
the climactic
climactic
B.C.;
finally, the
probably given
in 457 B.C.,
in the
decree
B.C., in
the seventh
year of
of
decree went forth
forth in
seventh year
Artaxerxes
sent
Ezra
to
Judea
with
Artaxerxes Longimanus,
who
sent
to
with
Longimanus,
Judea
*It
took the
the three
of Darius,
of Artaxerxes
Artaxerxes-to
implement
*It took
three decrees-of
decrees of Cyrus,
to implement
Cyrus, of
Darius, and of
(Ezra 6:14).
6:14). But
457 B.C.
B.C. came,
the "commandthe
the "commandment" of
of God (Ezra
But when 457
came, the
ment" of
of God was
was complete.
believe that
that 457
457 B.C.,
B.C., the
the seventh
seventh
complete. We consequently
consequently believe
of Artaxerxes,
Artaxerxes, is
beginning date
date of
the prophetic
prophetic period
period referred
referred to
to in
year
the beginning
of the
is the
in
year of
Daniel 9:24,
9 :24.
Daniel
THE 70
2300 DAYS
279
279
new privileges
(See the
the accompanyaccompanyprivileges and prerogatives.
prerogatives. (See
ing
diagram on page
ing diagram
page 280.)
280.)
The Tem/)/e
was finished
in 515
B.C., in
in the
finished in
515 B.C.,
the sixth
sixth
Ternple was
of
year
of
Darius
(Ezra
6:
15).
But
it
was
not
until
457
until
was
not
457
it
year
(Ezra 6:15).
that the
B.C. that
the authorization
for the
the complete
authorization was given
complete
given for
the
restoration
restoration of
the city.
of the
to the
This looked
looked forward
forward to
city. This
autonomy, with
with provision
state's
receiving full
state's receiving
full autonomy,
provision
for enforcing
for
enforcing its
laws-subject,
of
course, to
to the
the
its own laws
of
course,
subject,
of
Empire
(Ezra
7:
11-26).
It
overlordship
of
the
Persian
the
Persian
overlordship
Empire (Ezra 7:11-26). It
therefore took
three decrees,
decrees, and particularly
particularly that
therefore
took all
all three
that
of
Artaxerxes, to
to
constitute
the
"comof Artaxerxes,
to complete
and
to
the
constitute
complete
mandment" or
or purpose
of God.
God.**
purpose of
The initial
weeks (or
years) saw
saw the
the streets
initial seven
seven weeks
streets
49 years)
(or 49
and the
the walls
walls of
rebuilt.
additional
62
of Jerusalem
additional
rebuilt.
The
62
Jerusalem
weeks (or
434
years)
reached
to
the
time
Messiah
weeks
the
time
when
reached
to
Messiah
(or
years)
period was,
was, in
in contrast,
should
appear. This 62-week
a
should appear.
62-week period
contrast, a
the
rather quiet
years, including
including the
or silent
silent stretch
rather
stretch of
of years,
quiet or
between Malachi,
Malachi, last
last of
the prophets,
prophets, and John
John
time between
of the
time
the Baptist,
herald and baptizer
of the
the Messiah.
It was,
Messiah. It
the
was,
Baptist, herald
baptizer of
significantly,
a
period when there
there were no special
special
significantly, a period
the
prophetic
communications
from
God
to
the
people.
to
people.
prophetic
But the
the initial
weeks of
years, together
together with
of years,
initial seven
seven weeks
the 62
weeks, were
were to
to be
be considered
uninterrupted
as an uninterrupted
considered as
the
62 weeks,
chronological
unit
of
69
weeks
(Dan.
9:25),
unit
of
69
(Dan. 9:25), and were
chronological
of 69
to be
be without
without aa break
break or
is aa total
total of
or gap.
to
gap. That is
to
"weeks"
of
years
(making
483
years)
leading
up
to
the
483
of
"weeks"
years) leading up
years (making
final
years, in
in the
the midst of
of which Messiah
seven years,
final week of
of seven
be "cut
would be
off."
"cut off."
The 483
it will
will be seen,
seen, reach
483 years
"weeks"), it
(69 "weeks"),
years (60
Jewish
Jewish
*
.eventh
year of
of Artaxerx.,.
thor~rore the
the determinadeterminaArtaxerxes, and therefore
seventh year
Horn and Lynn
Lynn H. Wood,
Wood, The CltronolollY
Ezra 77
of Ezra
Chronology ot
(1953).
(The detailed
for this
this date
date will
will appear
QuestIon 27.)
detailed support
27.)
appear under Question
support for
(1953). (The
As to
to 457
457 B.C.
B.C. being
being the
the
*As
date, see
Siegfried H.
tive date,
see Siegfried
tive
se
UJ
|;
70WE'EKS OFVEARS
A.D.
31
69 Weeks (483 YlLars)

COO*>
B.C.
B.C.
537
B.C.
457
c.519
r T
B.C.
27
408
Jerusalem Rebuilt
7W~~k$ (49yt.rs)
CYRUS DARIUS ARTAXERXES
A.D
Tim~s
of S.ltnce
A.D.
34
IWk(7ytars)
70th week
62 Weeks (434 years)
"i!le,' (,9 lI'uks
ThrIdolJ DUrl'e
JJIl?
S.g
S-l
Messiah "cut 0&"

SaCrl6.ce and ob
"They 6m5hed ,heir buddmg
by
CODUDand'
o( me God of Is-
(.won to cease
rael and by detree 01 C~ ..US and

DariU$ 3Jld Atta).cr"es I..rnJ! of
Perna," Ezra 6 l-f. R.s.V.
r. Pl'Nil'IIOIIl Flt/fi'h'"
I FlDlsh"transgression
End SIR otruings
THE 70 WEEKS OF DANIEL 9

o
00
CM
280
M3J..e reconciliation
Btlng in righteousllHS
5. Seal propbeq and ,islOn
6 AnOmt most holy
THE 70
2300 DAYS
281
281
to the
of Jesus
to
the anointing
anointing of
Jesus as
as the
Messiah by
by the
Holy
the Holy
the Messiah
at His baptism
baptism (Luke
3:21, 22).
22). We believe
believe that
Spirit
that
Spirit at
(Luke 3:21,
He began
began His public
public ministry
ministry in
in A.D. 27,
27, following
following His
His
anointing
(Mark
1:
14;
4:
18;
Acts
10:38;
Heb.
Heb.
Acts
Luke
1:14;
10:38;
4:18;
anointing (Mark
the seventy
9:
12). But the
years were not
of years
to
not to
9:12).
seventy weeks of
close
dose until
un~il the
the atoning
death of
of Christ
occurred
Christ had occurred
atoning death
Section
(see
Section
9),
resulting
in
six
specific
developmentsin
six
(see
9), resulting
specific developments
indicated by
indicated
by the
of verse
verse 24.
the six
six consecutive
consecutive clauses
clauses of
24. These
the Jews
were: (1)
were:
(I) the
Jews were
were to
to finish
finish their
their transgression
transgression
of
through
the rejection
of
Jesus
as
the
Messiah,
(2)
the
as
the
Messiah,
through the
rejection
Jesus
(2) the
Messiah was to
offerings, (3)
to make an end of
of sin
sin offerings,
(3) He
was to
to make reconciliation
reconciliation for
iniquity, (4)
(4) He was
for iniquity,
in everlasting
to bring
bring in
righteousness, (5)
(5) the
the vision
vision
to
everlasting righteousness,
was to
be sealed
the
most
was
to be
or authenticated,
sealed or
the
most
authenticated, and (6)
(6)
holy
was
to
be
anointed.
to
anointed.
holy
But it
the 69
of years
years-yet
it was "after"
69 weeks of
"after" the
yet within
the
last or
or seventieth
of years
years-that
the last
seventieth week of
that Messiah
Messiah
would be
be "cut
is the
the focal
point of
this
"cut off,"
of this
focal point
off," which is
prophecy.
we
believe
that
our
Lord
asAnd
asbelieve
when
that
prophecy.
cended into
into heaven,
heaven, and the
Holy Spirit
as
cended
the Holy
Spirit descended as
the signal
of
Christ's
inauguration
as
heavenly
Priest,
of
as
the
Christ's
Priest,
heavenly
signal
inauguration
there
remained not
not one of
of these
these specifications
of Danthere remained
specifications of
iel
9:24 that
that had not
fully
accomplished.
iel 9:24
been
not
fully accomplished.
recognized by
Jesus
As recognized
Christian scholars,
scholars, Jesus
by many
many Christian
the
of
the
began
His
public
ministry
at
at
the
very
beginning
of
the
His
very beginning
began
public ministry
final or
declaring
"The
time
of years,
final
seventieth week of
or seventieth
years, declaring
final "week" of
of
in this
is
15). And in
this final
is fulfilled"
fulfilled" (Mark
1:15).
(Mark 1:
teachlife
years,
thus
begun,
He
confirmed
by
His
life
and
teachthus
by
years,
begun,
ings, and
and ratified
ratified by
everlasting covenant
the everlasting
death, the
by His death,
ings,
the
human family.
of
grace
God
had
with
the
family. BeBehad
made
of grace
cause
of His
resurrection, and ascension
ascension in
in the
the
His death,
cause of
"midst"
not remain
seventieth week,
"midst" of
of the
the seventieth
week, He did not
QUESTIONS
282
282
on earth
the seventieth
seventieth week.
week.
half of
earth during
the second
of the
second half
during the
But His
His message
message and mission
continued to
to be preached
mission continued
preached
for
little time
three and aa half
half years)
years) to
to the
a little
the
for a
time (possibly
(possibly three
Jews
in
Jerusalem
by
the
first
evangelists.
Israel's
the
first
Thus
Israel's
in
evangelists.
Jews
Jerusalem by
day of
of grace
for aa short
the seventy
short space,
continued for
seventy
space, and the
day
grace continued
ran their
their allotted
weeks ran
course.
allotted course.
weeks
6.
MESSIAH "CUT
DEATH.-The
The
"Cur OFF" BY VIOLENT DEATH.
6. MESSIAH
is
precision
of
the
closing
events
of
the
seventy
weeks
is
of
events
the
weeks
the
of
seventy
closing
precision
most
impressive.
The
confirming
of
the
covenant
charcharof
the
covenant
most impressive.
confirming
acterizes
the seventieth
the cutting
cutting off
of
off of
seventieth week,
with the
acterizes the
week, with
the Messiah
Messiah "in
the midst
midst of
the week."
week." And even the
the
"in the
of the
the
is
place, or
or city,
the atonement was
was to
to be made is
city, where the
place,
here
revealed. Messiah the
the Prince,
Prince, or
or the
the Anointed
here revealed.
Prince'*' (Dan.
9:25; compare
Acts 10:38)
Prince*
come,
compare Acts
(Dan. 9:25;
10:38) would come,
not
as aa glorious
glorious conqueror
and
emancipator,
but
would
but
not as
conqueror
emancipator,
be "cut
off" (karath)
t by
by aa violent,
violent, vicarious
vicarious death
death
"cut off"
be
(karath) f
(compare
Isa.
53:8).
This
is
the
word
commonly
is the
commonly used
(compare Isa. 53:8).
for
the death
death penalty.
was "not
for himself"
"not for
himself"
for the
penalty. This was
9:26)-it
was
a
substitutionary
death.
However,
(Dan.
a
death.
it
However,
substitutionary
(Dan. 9:26)
the
margin reads,
reads, "and shall
have nothing."
nothing." $t It
It would
shall have
the margin
this would
be by
by judicial
judicial decree,
violence. And this
or mob violence.
be
decree, or
in the
the "midst"
of
the
(verse
27).
be
of
the
week
"midst" (chasi)
be in
(verse 27).
(chasf)
*We agree
with Keil
Keil (C.
Ken and F.
Delitzsch. Bible
Bible Commentary
CommentaTY on the
F. Delitzsch,
the
F. Keil
agree with
(G. F.
Old Testament,
Daniel the
Prophet, pp.
pp. 354,
354, 355,
360), that
that there
there is
the Prophet^
is
355, 360),
Testament, The Book of
of Daniel
is at
priest and king,
king, after
after the
the order
order of
of Melchizedek
Melchizedek
only one who is
at the
time both
the same time
both priest
only
(Heb.
5:6-10;
6:19,
20).
(Heb. 5:
6-10; 6:
19, 20).
tThe Hebrew word karath
kaTath appears
appears fully
180 times
times in
the Old Testament.
Testament. In
most
In most
in the
fThe
fully 180
instances it
it is
is rendered
rendered "cut
as "evildoers
shall be
be cut
cut 011"
(Ps. 37:9),
37:9),
instances
such as
"cut 011/'
"evildoers shall
ojf>" such
off" (Ps.
the "seed
the
of the
the wicked
be cut
cut off"
off" (Ps.
37:28; see
see also
verses 9,
9, 34,
"seed of
shall be
also verses
also
wicked shall
(Ps. 37:28;
38); also
34, 38);
"destToy"
(Ex. 8:9;
Kings 15:/3)
and "perish"
(Gen. 41:36).
41:36).
1 Kings
8:9; 1
"destroy" (Ex.
15:13) and
"perish" (Gen.
:tOn
shall have
nothing" (Dan.
(Dan. 9:26,
9:26, margin),
margin), many
many Hebrew
the clause
clause "and shatt^
have nothing"
$On the
scholars agree
that the
the meaning
then possess
possess nothing
nothing-no
people, no
scholars
no people,
is: He shall
shall then
agree that
meaning is:
shall be
be deprIved
of everything.
everything. (Thus,
Calplace, no recognition,
recognition, no
no kingdom.
place,
kingdom. He shall
(Thus, Caldeprived of
vin, Ebrard, Kranichfeld, Kliefoth, Junius, Gaebelein, Morgan, Scofield.) Other
renderings are: (1) "not for Himself' -but for others (Vitringa, Rosenmiiller, Willett,
Havernick, :Bullinger);
lett, Havernick,
Bullinger); (2) "shall have no adherents" (Auberlen, Grotius,
margin);
(3) "there
"there shall
to help
help Him" (Vatablus)
(Vatablus); (4)
(4) "there
"there shall
shall be none to
shall not
not
margin); (3)
be to
him"-no
kingdom, or
people (Pusey);
(5) "it
is not
not to
be
to him,"
no city,
or people
**it is
to
city, sanctuary,
sanctuary, kingdom,
(Pusey)
(5)
Him"
Him"-His
place as
Messiah, which was
was not
this
as Messiah,
His place
not accorded
accorded Him (Keill.
well this
(Keil). How well
accords with
with the
the declaration
that
He
"came
unto
his
own,
and
his
Own
received
accords
declaration that
unto his own,
his own received
him not"
not" (John
11).
1:11).
(John 1:
,
THE 70
2300 DAYS
283
283
The Messiah
Messiah was cut
by man for
tor man. Such was
the
cut off
off by
was the
means whereby
whereby this
this prophecy
prophecy was
was to
to be
be fulfilled.
fulfilled.
And "midst,"
is punctiliar, designating
"midst," we believe,
believe, is
punctiliar, designating
a point
point at
at which something
is
to happen
happen-that
is
that someto
somesomething
the
thing
being
the
death
of
Jesus
Christ
the
Messiah,
of
the
Christ
Messiah,
thing being
Jesus
understand occurred
in the
the spring
spring of
A.D. 31,
which we understand
occurred in
of A.D.
31,
after
just
3Y2
years
after
His
anointing
the
beginning
His
and
the
of
years
just 3i/2
anointing
beginning of
His public
public ministry.
if
A.D.
30
be
taken
as
the
Even
if
the
A.D.
30
taken
be
as
ministry.
crucifixion date,
it is
crucifixion
is still
still in
in the
the middle of
of this
this last
last
date, it
of years.
week of
years. Jerome's
Vulgate reads
reads dimidio
dimidio
Jerome's Vulgate
hebdomadis ("in
the midst
midst of
of the
week"). That is
likethe week").
is like("in the
wise
wise the
the rendering
rendering of
the K.J.V.,
K.J.V., Ray,
Boothroyd,
of the
Ray, Boothroyd,
Sawyer,
Young, Rotherham,
Rotherham, Knox,
Knox, RheimsRheimsSawyer, Spurrell,
Spurrell, Young,
Douay,
well as
as Luther's
Luther's German and
as well
A.R.V., as
Douay, and A.R.V.,
of Martin and Osterwald.*
the French of
Osterwald. * Even the
the R.S.V.,
R.S.V.,
the
which here
here translates
translates the
the Hebrew word chasi
as
chasi, as
"for
of," in
places translates
the same word
half of,"
in other
other places
translates the
"for half
as
midst of"
10:
13;
Ps.
102:24;
"in the
as "in
the midst
of" (Joshua
Ps.
102:24; Jer.
10:13;
Jer.
(Joshua
17:
II).
17:11).
than that,
the moment of
of Christ's
Christ's death
as
at the
death as
More than
that, at
the Lamb of
typical sacrifices
their
the typical
of God,
all the
sacrifices met their
the
God, all
antitypical
fulfillment.
Their
death
knell
rung.
knell
was
death
fulfillment.
rung.
antitypical
The supernatural
rending of
the Temple
Temple veil
veil (Matt.
of the
(Matt.
supernatural rending
27:50, 51)
was Heaven's
Heaven's declaration
declaration that
that the
the typical
typical
27:50,
51) was
to
.Jewish
animal sacrifices
oblations had ceased
ceased to
sacrifices and oblations
Jewish animal
in
of
God.
forever
ended
in
the
plan
of
have efficacy,
the
forever
and
had
have
efficacy,
plan
The way
into the
presence of
of God was opened
of access
access into
the presence
opened
way of
through Christ
Christ (Heb.
19, 20).
10:19,
apthrough
20). Man could now ap(Heb. 10:
of
the
intervention
proach
God
directly,
without
the
intervention
of
a
directly,
proach
J
seventieth
*Those
hold that
that Christ
Christ was
was crucified
crucified in
the "midst" of
of the
the seventieth
in the
*Those who hold
week include
include Keil,
Keil, Pusey,
Kliefoth, Jamieson,
Faucett and Brown,
Brown, Auberlen,
Auberlen,
Pusey, Kliefoth,
Jamieson, Faucett
Strong,
Hlivernick,
Hengstenberg,
Hofmann,
Delitzsch,
Wright,
Boutflower,
Young.
Strong, Havernick, Hengstenberg, Hofmann, Delitzsch, Wright, Boutflower, Young,
and many
many others.
others.
284
QUESTIONS
priest, because
because Christ,
human priest,
Christ alone,
constiChrist, and Christ
alone, constituted the
the new and living
(John 14:6).
tuted
ful"way" (John
14:6). The fulliving "way"
met
the
specifications
of
the
prophfillment
of
the
the
fillment completely
specifications
prophcompletely
ecy that
said, "He shall
cause the
the sacrifice
the
sacrifice and the
shall cause
that said,
ecy
oblation to
to cease"
9:
27).
oblation
cease" (Dan
(Dan 9:27).
The terminus
terminus of
w~ek was not
not
seventieth week
the seventieth
of the
singled
out
as
important.
It
would
after
all
six
It
after
come
all
six
out
as
singled
important.
specifications
were
fulfilled.
scholars
have
Numerous
scholars
have
fulfilled.
were
specifications
held
that the
the rejection
rejection of
of the
the Jews,
Jews, as
as God's
God's covenant
held that
people, did
did not
not take
take place
place until
until the
the Jews
Jews stoned
people,
the
first
Christian
martyr
(Acts
Stephen,
the
first
Christian
martyr (Acts 7:57-60).
7:57-60).
Stephen,
General persecution
persecution broke
broke out
out upon
upon the
the church (Acts
General
(Acts
of years
8:
1) as
as the
to an end.
end. The
the seventy
seventy weeks of
years came to
8:1)
prophecy declared
covenant was to
to be
be conconthe covenant
that the
declared that
prophecy
firmed
during the
the "one week" (Dan.
9:27).
During
firmed during
(Dan. 9:27). During
the
half of
this prophesied
prophesied seventieth
the
of this
the latter
latter half
seventieth week,
week, the
apostles preached
preached the
resurrection,
the sacrificial
sacrificial death,
apostles
and ascension
ascension of
Christ
at
Jerusalem,
of Jesus
Christ
at
until the
the
Jesus
Jerusalem, until
climactic
the
Spirit
of
God,
of Stephen,
under
climactic sermon of
the
of
God,
Stephen,
Spirit
in his
message of
the
the message
of the
ended in
his martyrdom,
martyrdom, when the
the Jews
Messiah was finally
finally rejected
by the
Jews (Acts
(Acts 7).
Messiah
rejected by
7).
7. SCOPE OF SIXFOLD ACCOMPLISHMENT.
ACCOMPLISHMENT.-Mention
Mention
7.
has been made concerning
the prophesied
prophesied six
six events
events that
has
that
concerning the
occur in
of that
that fateful
fateful seventieth
were to
in the
the "midst"
"midst" of
seventieth
to occur
of years.
years. These results
all impinge
impinge upon
week of
results all
the
upon the
supreme
event
of
our
Lord's
death
(Dan.
9:25),
and
event
of
Lord's
death
(Dan. 9:25),
supreme
have to
not His second,
to do with His first,
advent.
first, and not
second, advent.
of
the
Messiah
is
The sacrificial
death
of
the
is
foundational,
sacrificial
foundational,
the climactic
of this
prophecy. And these
these
and is
is the
climactic event
event of
this prophecy.
six accomplishments
six
accomplishments grow
grow out of
of that
that accomplished
accomplished
them:
fact.
fact. Note them:
(1)
finish the
the transgression
(1) To finish
(verse 24).
transgression (verse
24). The
THE 70 WEEKS AND THE 2300

2300 DAYS
In
thought in
thought
phrase
is that
of bringing
bringing transgression
transgression
that of
phrase is
fulL The filling
up of
of the
the cup
cup of
iniquity by
by the
the
of iniquity
filling up
Jews
referred to
to by
by our Lord,
Lord, who said,
up
"Fill ye
said, "Fill
Jews was referred
ye up
then the
the measure of
your fathers"
23:32;
comthen
of your
fathers" (Matt.
23:32;
(Matt
pare Gen,
Gen. 15:
16). Their crowning
crowning sin
was, of
sin was,
of course,
course,
pare
15:16).
the rejection
the
rejection and the
the crucifixion
of the
the Messiah.
Messiah. Thus
crucifixion of
the
the nation
nation passed
of no return.
return. "Behold,
your
the line
line of
"Behold, your
passed the
is feft
left unto you
house is
you desolate,"
Jesus (Matt.
declared Jesus
desolate," declared
(Matt.
23:38).
the Master's
Master's prophecy,
prophecy, "The
fulfilled the
23:38). This fulfilled
of God shall
kingdom of
be taken
taken from you,
you, and given
to
shall be
kingdom
given to
a nation
nation bringing
bringing forth
the fruits
thereof" (Matt.
21:
fruits thereof"
forth the
21:
(Matt.
43).
43).
(2)
To make an end of
sins, or
sin offerings
or sin
of sins,
(2)
offerings
(chatta'th;
Lev. 4:3,
4:3, 21,
21, 24,
24, 32).
32). When the
the
(chatta'th; compare
compare Lev.
great
offering
on
Calvary,
and
the
Lamb
of
was
made
the
of
great offering
Calvary,
God,
the
true
Sacrifice,
was
slain
to
take
away
the
s.in
of
the
true
was
slain
to
the
sin
of
take
Sacrifice,
God,
away
the
29), that
that brought
brought to
to an end the
the
the world (John
1:29),
(John 1:
ceremonial sin
says, "He shall
sin offerings.
shall
9:27 says,
offerings. Daniel 9:27
cause the
to cease."
the sacrifice
sacrifice and oblation
cease/' The Temple
cause
oblation to
Temple
veil
rent when Jesus
died.
At
Calvary
the ceremoceremodied.
veil was rent
Calvary the
Jesus
nial sin
ceased to
any efficacy,
nial
sin offerings
to have any
efficacy, and soon
offerings ceased
they
ceased entirely.
entirely.
they ceased
(3) To make reconciliation
reconciliation for
for iniquity.
the
By the
(3)
iniquity. By
death
the Son of
full
sacrificial
atonement
full
was
sacrificial
of God,
death of
of the
God,
made for
redemption of
a lost
world. "God was
of a
lost world.
the redemption
for the
the
world
unto
himself"
Cor.
in Christ,
Christ, reconciling
the
himself" (2
in
(2 Cor.
reconciling
the
5:
19).
Peace
was
through
the
of
the
cross
the
blood
cross
made
of
Peace
through
5:19).
(Col.
:20). We were reconciled
reconciled to
to God by
by the death
(Col. I1:20).
"reof
His Son (Rom.
5: 10), and with
with the
the apostles
apostles we "reof His
(Rom. 5:10),
joice
in
God
through
our
Lord
Jesus
Christ,
through
in
Christ,
through
Jesus
through
joice
whom we have
have now received
reconciliation" (verse
received our reconciliation"
(verse
11,
R.S.V.).
11, R.S.V.).
the
to
to the
full.
this
this
285
285
288
288
QUESTIONS
complete unity
unity and harmony
of
harmony of
complete
aU component
subcomponent sub-
all
divisions.
divisions.
8.
8. SEVENTIETH "WEEK" CONFIRMS COVENANT.COVENANT. Two
different
renderings of
Daniel 9:27
current. One
are current.
of Daniel
different renderings
9:27 are
states
that "he
the covenant" (K.J.V.);
confirm the
states that
"he shall
shall confirm
(K.J.V.);
as the
the subject,
reads, "One
the other,
taking "week" as
the
other, taking
subject, reads,
week shaH
the covenant"
(LXX, Theodotion's
Theodotion's
covenant" (LXX,
establish the
shall establish
to
Greek version).
version). There appears
to
be
about equal
be
Greek
appears
equal
linguistic
support
for
each
rendering-one
Hebraist
one
each
for
Hebraist
rendering
linguistic support
referring
to it
division of
determinative
of determinative
it as
a fifty-fifty
as a
fifty-fifty division
referring to
historic Protestant
position applies
applies the
evidence. The historic
Protestant position
the
evidence.
"he"
Christ.
to Christ.
"he" to
other translation,
translation, "One week shall
shall establish
establish
The other
the
based on Theodotion's rendering.
rendering.
is
based
the covenant,"
covenant," is
has
definite
has
definite
scholarly
a rendering
And such
such a
rendering
scholarly support.
support.
Zockler
Commentary,
9:27) lists
on
Dan. 9:27)
lists
Zockler (Lange's
(Lange's Commentary,
Havernick,
Hengstenberg,
Auberlen,
Dereser,
LenVon
Havernick, Hengstenberg, Auberlen, Dereser,
as regarding
gerke, Hitzig,
Hitzig, Rosenmiiller,
Rosenmiiller, and Hofmann as
gerke,
regarding
Keil
states
"one week" as
the subject.
Keil
(oP
cit.,
p.
365)
as the
cit.,
subject.
(op
p. 365) states
that
hold
this
view,
lists
of
the
same
and
of
the
this
lists
some
that "many"
hold
view,
"many"
names. Young
Young names two who hold this
this view (The
(The
And
Prophecy
of
Daniel,
p.
208).
Biederwolf
(The
Biederwolf
Daniel,
of
p. 208).
(The
Prophecy
Bible, p.
223), while
while not
not accepting
accepting the
the view
Millennium Bible,
p. 223),
himself, admits,
take the
the word
authorities take
admits, "Many
himself,
"Many authorities
subject of
the sentence-"one
'week'
to be
be the
the subject
of the
sentence 'one week shall
shall
'week* to
the covenant to
to many/
many.' ""
confirm the
This last
week, we believe,
to be
be marked by
by the
last week,
the
believe, was to
of
the
supreme
event
of
the
ages-the
redemptive
death
of
the ages
of
supreme event
redemptive
Jesus Christ.
was accomplished
during that
that
Christ. That which was
Jesus
accomplished during
final
confirmed the
the new covefinal "week,"
or hebdomad,
cove"week," or
hebdomad, confirmed
nant,
the cessation
cessation of
the entire
entire system
caused the
of the
of
nant, and caused
system of
sacrifices
appointed for
times, by
by the
for Old Testament times,
sacrifices appointed
the
THE 70
70 WEEKS
WEEKS AND
THE
AND THE
THE 2300
2300 DAYS
DAYS
289
289
of Christ
Christ as
as the
offering
the once-for-aU
once-for-all and
and all-sufficient
all-sufficient
offering of
sacrifice for
for sins.
sins.
sacrifice
Christ is
is the
the one
one who
Christ
who confirms
confirms the
the new
new covenant
covenant by
by
His
death.
His death. So,
or
So, irrespective
of the
the subject-"he"
"he'
or
irrespective of
subject
"week" Christ is
is the
the central
"week"-Christ
in
that
seventieth
central figure
In
that
seventieth
figure
week. And
And whether
whether the
week.
the emphasis
is on
on Christ
Christ Himself,
Himself,
emphasis is
who confirms
confirms the
the covenant,
who
or whether
whether it
it is
is on
covenant, or
on the
the
week in
in which tremendous
week
centering
tremendous events
events occur,
in
occur, centering in
Christ and the transaction of
Christ
of Calvary
which confirms
confirms
Calvary which
the covenant,
Christ remains the
the
the central
covenant, Christ
central figure
of verse
verse
figure of
This
27.
27. This position
to the last
last week of
of the
the seventy
position gives
gives to
seventy
it should have,
the importance
the prophecy
have, and which the
importance it
prophecy
a whole demands, inasmuch as
as a
as
all the
as all
the predictions
of
predictions of
verse 24 depend
verse
on
the
concomitant
events
of
that
events
of
that
depend
last fateful week.
last
Another fundamental point
point in
in the
the text
text'is
is that
that the
the
duration of
this
of this covenant would not
not be
be merely
merely "for"
"/or"
one week,
week, but that
that the
the covenant
covenant would be,
be, and
and was,
was,
confirmed forever
forever at
at aa historic
historic point
point in
in this
this last
last hebhebdomad. And this
this covenant
covenant-Gad's
covenant
God's everlasting
was confirmed by
-was
by the
the blood of
of the
the divine
divine Son
Son of
of
God (Heb.
(Heb. 13:20),
13:20), when He gave
gave Himself for
for the
the sins
sins
of
of the
the world
world "in
"in the
the midst
midst of
of the
the week."
week."
9.
9. TERMINUS
TERMINUS OF
OF SEVENTIETH
SEVENTIETH HEBDOMAD.
HEBDOMAD.-ExposiExpositors
tors have
have long
long sought
sought for
for some
some incontrovertible
incontrovertible event
event
to
to mark
mark the
the close
close of
of the
the seventy
seventy weeks
weeks of
of years
years of
of verse
verse
27.
27. Not
Not aa few
few have
have suggested
suggested the
the stoning
stoning of
of Stephen
Stephen
(Acts 7).
7). But
But this
this isis variously
variously dated
dated as
as occurring
occurring in
in
(Acts
A.D.
A.D. 32,
32, 33,
33, or
or 34.
34. Others
Others have
have considered
considered the
the converconversion
sion of
of Saul
Saul (Acts
(Acts 9),
9), or
or the
the declaration,
declaration, "Lo,
"La, we
we turn
turn
to
to the
the Gentiles"
Gentiles" (Acts
(Acts 13:46).
13:46). The
The timing
timing of
of these
these
however, isis not
not at
at all
all certain.
certain. In
In this
this conconepisodes, however,
episodes,
7
10
10
290
QUESTIONS
nection
the question
Is it
it really
really necessary
necessary to
nection the
to
arises, Is
question arises,
as marking
pinpoint some event
the close
close of
the 70
70
event as
of the
marking the
pinpoint
weeks? No specific
event
is
predicted
in
the
prophecy,
event
is
in
weeks?
the
predicted
specific
prophecy,
and it
that no historic
historic event
is
it would therefore
therefore seem that
event is
actually
called
for
to
indicate
its
close.
indicate
its
to
close.
for
called
actually
Consider the
the form and emphasis
emphasis of
of this
this unique
unique
Consider
of
prophecy.
In
the
70
"weeks
of
years"-totaling
490
In
the
70
years"
totaling 490
prophecy.
the
conceded-the
stress
is
not
placed
years,
as
generally
conceded
stress
is not
as
years,
generally
placed
on the
individual component
as such,
such, but upon
the individual
years, as
component years,
upon
70
units of
seven years.
years. These units
units are
are commonly
70 units
of seven
commonly
called
the Greek hebdomas,
a group
called hebdomads (from
hebdomas, a
(from the
group
of
or
heptads
(with
the
same
meaning).
the
of 7),
or
heptads (with
meaning). There
7),
are, as
noted, 70
of these
these hebdomads in
in the
the prophecy,
prophecy,
as noted,
70 of
are,
three groups-7,
clustered into
62, and 1I-together
into three
clustered
groups 7, 62,
together
the
deals
constituting
the
70.
The
prophecy
deals
with
events
to
with
events
to
70.
prophecy
constituting
in each
these major
clusters,
or
divisions:
occur in
or
occur
each of
of these
The
divisions:
major clusters,
77 hebdomads (totaling
years) and the
the 62
62 (equaling
(totaling 49 years)
(equaling
434 years)
years) together
(483 years),
years),
434
69 hebdomads (483
together make 69
before coming
to
the
seventieth
hebdomad,
or
last
the
to
seventieth
or
last
before
hebdomad,
coming
has interestingly
unit
of 77 years.
years. Young
Young has
interestingly emphasized
unit of
emphasized
is "besevened"
that
the prophecy
into these
these 7-year
that the
into
7-year
prophecy is
units, with
with certain
things to
take place
place in
in each major
major
to take
certain things
units,
segment.
segment.
regarded, it
it will
will be
be seen
that all
seen that
so regarded,
all 70
When so
70
hebdomads are
the events
are fully
for when the
events of
of
fully accounted for
the "midst"
last hebdomad took
took
the seventieth
seventieth or
the
"midst" of
of the
or last
place historically.
historically. The fraction
of the
the seventieth
seventieth hebhebfraction of
place
domad remaining
remaining after
resurrection, and
after the
the death,
ascension of
was then no longer
longer aa matter
of
of our Lord was
ascension
matter of
material
consequence. The terms
the prophecy
prophecy
terms of
material consequence.
of the
called
(six in
in verse
verse 24
24 and
for a
a cluster
cluster of
of seven
seven events
events (six
called for
one in
in verse
verse 27),
to take
place in
in the
the "midst"
all to
take place
one
"midst" of
of
27), all
THE 70
2300 DAYS
the
the
291
291
last, or
or seventieth,
these all
ocall ocseventieth, hebdomad. And these
curred
at the
But} we repeat,
repeat, no
the scheduled
scheduled time.
time. But,
curred at
predicted
event
is
for
to
the
close
of the
the
event
is called
called
mark
the
close
to
of
for
predicted
last
unit. The first
reach to
to the
the manifesmanifesfirst 69
last unit.
69 hebdomads reach
tation of
the Messiah,
reof the
tation
the one rethe seventieth-the
seventieth
Messiah, and the
maining
hebdomad-is
as aa unit
unit by
by the
the
is accounted
accounted for
for as
maining hebdomad
events
about
Calvary,
occurring
in
its
"midst."
in
"midst."
events clustering
its
Calvary, occurring
clustering
If
event were to
to take
place at
midday on aa speciIf some event
take place
at midday
specified
that precise
precise day,
fied day,
it occurred at
at noon on that
day,
day, and it
would not
not the
the expectation
be
perfectly
fulfilled,
irreirrebe
fulfilled,
expectation
perfectly
spective
of what happened
or at
at the
the close
close of,
of,
happened during,
during, or
spective of
lhe remaining
half
of
the
day?
half
the
the
of
remaining
day?
it was,
was, we believe,
believe, with
with the
the seventieth
hebThus it
seventieth hebor unit
unit of
the series
of 70.
domad}
in the
of 7,
series of
exact dating,
70. The exact
7, in
domad, or
dating,
or
point, of
the first
of the
the entire
of the
first hebdomad of
entire
or starting
starting point,
series
of
70
has
been
-established
as
457
B.C.
That
is
has
-established as 457
is
series of
vital. And the
beginning year
year of
the last
last hebdomad
the beginning
of the
vital.
(A.D.
27)
is
likewise
Having
these
likewise
is
known.
known facthese
facHaving
(A.D. 27)
tors,
there
can
be
mistake
in
calculating
the
time
of
in
no
mistake
the
time
can
of
there
tors,
calculating
in the
the
events to
the seventieth
the "midst" of
of the
to occur
occur in
seventieth
the events
hebdomad} which is
is the
point of
of the
the entire
prophthe focal
focal point
entire prophhebdomad,
ecy.
ecy.
So,
although various
various expositors
(such as
as Hales,
Hales,
So, although
expositors (such
Tanner,
Taylor, et
the martyrdom
martyrdom of
et cetera)
of
Tanner, Taylor,
cetera) suggest
suggest the
the
Stephen
as
the
closing
event
seventieth
week
of
the
seventieth
weekas
the
of
closing
Stephen
reasonable no historical
and such
historical
such might
might be quite
quite reasonable-no
actually necessary,
necessary, and possibly
possibly none can be
be
is actually
mark is
with
We
therefore
pointed
out
with
certainty.
therefore
recognize
the
the
out
certainty.
recognize
pointed
seventieth
as having
its fundamental emseventieth hebdomad as
having its
phasis on the tr.anscendent event of Christ's death,
phasis on the transcendent event of Christ's death,
along with
with the
the six
all clustered
clustered in
six great
in the
the
corollaries, all
great corollaries,
along
"midst"
of the
the last
last hebdomad.
"midst" of
last,
292
292
QUESTIONS
10.
JEws.-Next
10. FURTHER 'WOES
WOES TO FALL UPON THE JEWS.
Next
Is
is foretold
foretold the
to follow,
follow, after
the appalling
after the
adversities to
the
appalling adversities
close of
of the
the 70
weeks. These came as
as aa consequence
close
70 weeks.
of
consequence of
the
rejection
of
the
Messiah,
involved
the
and
the Jewish
of
the
involved
the
Messiah,
Jewish rejection
destruction of
the razing
razing of
the city
of the
of the
destruction
the Temple,
of
city of
Temple, the
Jerusalem,
people, and aa
of the
the Jewish
the scattering
scattering of
Jerusalem, the
Jewish people,
succession
over
Jerusalem
a
over
like a
succession of
of calamities
calamities sweeping
sweeping
Jerusalem like
flood
of desolation
desolation (Dan.
9:26).
The
exact
time
was
time
exact
flood of
was
(Dan. 9:26).
not
predicted, but
but the
take place
place after
the events
events would take
not predicted,
after
the
weeks of
years had dosed,
by A.D. 34.
34. And it
it
of years
the 70
70 weeks
closed, by
should
be particularly
particularly noted
noted that
this tragic
tragic visitation
visitation
that this
should be
was
one of
the specified
acts that
to mark the
that were to
of the
the
was not one
specified acts
seventieth
week-finishing
the
transgression,
making
the
seventieth week
finishing
transgression, making
an end of
of sins,
reconciliation, bringing
bringing in
in evereversins, making
making reconciliation,
lasting
righteousness,
sealing
the
vision,
and
anointing
the
vision,
anointing
lasting righteousness, sealing
the
most holy.
holy. It
the fearful
fearful aftermath and ineviineviIt was the
the most
table
consequence
of
Israel's
rejection
of
their
Messiah.
table consequence of Israel's rejection of their Messiah.
dread "abomination of
of desolation,"
desolation," spoken
spoken of
of
The dread
by
Daniel
the
prophet,
was
referred
to
by
Christ
referred
to
the
Christ
HimDaniel
by
prophet,
by
self
in His
His own great
ye therefore
therefore
self in
great prophecy:
prophecy: "When ye
shall
the abomination of
of desolation,
of by
shall see
see the
desolation, spoken
by
spoken of
Daniel the
prophet, stand in
in the
the holy
holy place,
place, (whoso
the prophet,
Daniel
(whoso
readeth, let
understand)" (Matt.
24: 15-20; comlet him understand)"
readeth,
(Matt. 24:15-20;
is more fully
pare Mark 13:
14). This is
fully explained
explained by
the
by the
13:14).
pare
words,
ye shall
Jerusalem compassed
with
shall see
see Jerusalem
words, "When ye
compassed with
is nigh"
armies, then
then know that
that the
the desolation
desolation thereof
thereof is
armies,
nigh"
(Luke
20). Hundreds of
of thousands
thousands were slain,
slain,
(Luke 21:
21:20).
tens of
sold into
into slavery,
tens
followed
of thQusands
thousands sold
slavery, and war followed
upon
war.
upon war.
l1. FEARFUL PUNISHMENT COMES TO JERUSALEM.11.
JERUSALEM.
Christ
in foretelling
foretelling the
the utter
utter destruction
Christ Himself,
destruction
Himself, in
desolation to
to come upon
Jerusalem because
because of
and desolation
of her
upon Jerusalem

2300 DAYS
THE 70
293
293
mounting iniquities,
iniquities, declared,
declared, "Verily
"Verily II say
say unto you,
YOll,
mounting
All these
these things
things shall
shall come upon
upon tills
this generation"
generation"
All
(Matt.
2:1::)6).
prophesied
judgments
upon JeruJeruThese
(Matt. 23:36).
prophesied judgments upon
salem and the
the Temple
Temple fell
fell beyond
beyond the
the close
close of
of the
the 70
70
salem
weeks, but within
within the
the generation
generation specified.
specified. They
They were
weeks,
the inevitable
inevitable consequence
consequence of
of the
the supreme
supreme sin
sin of
of Israel
Israel
the
in their
their rejection
rejection of
of the
the Messiah.
Messiah.
in
their cup
cup of
of
Thus their
into
iniquity
filled
(verse
32).
looked
into
was
As
our
Lord
looked
filled
(verse 32).
iniquity
the immediate future,
future, He wept
wept over
over the
the city,
city, saying:
saying:
the
If
thou hadst
hadst known,
known, even
even thou,
thou, at
at least
least in
in this
this thy
thy day,
day, the
the
If thou
hid
things
belong
unto
thy
peace!
but
they
are
hid
are
from
which
now
unto
but
things
belong
they
thy peace!
thine eyes.
eyes. For
For the
the days
days shall
upon thee,
thee, that
that thine
thine enemies
shall come upon
thine
trench about thee,
thee, and compass
compass thee
thee round,
round, and
shall cast
cast aa trench
shall
keep thee
thee in
in on every
shall lay
lay thee
thee even with
with the
the
side, and shall
every side,
keep
ground, and thy
thy children
within thee;
thee; and they
they shall
shall not
not leave
leave
children within
ground,
in thee
thee one stone
upon another;
because thou knewest not
not the
the
in
stone upon
another; because
time
of thy
thy visitation
visitation (Luke
time of
(Luke 19:42-44).
19:42-44).
Beginning in
broke out
the
in A.D. 66,
wars broke
out between the
66, wars
Beginning
in
A.D.
Jews
the
Romans,
reaching
their
climax
in
70.
70.
their
and
the
climax
Romans, reaching
Jews
The Temple
Temple was
was no longer
place of
of God,
the dwelling
God,
dwelling place
longer the
and its
earthly sacrifices
lost their
their significance.
its earthly
sacrifices had lost
significance.
direct
the direct
The Zealots
by Josephus
as the
Zealots were denounced by
Josephus as
sicarii
cause
the destruction
iv.
3.
3).
These
sicarii
iv.
3.
of the
cause of
destruction (Wars
3).
(Wars
("assassins")
that was holy,
desecrated everything
holy, and
everything that
("assassins") desecrated
their
by atrocities,
characterized by
activities were characterized
their activities
atrocities, profanaprofanain utter
utter
tion,
violence. The consummation ended in
tion, and violence.
destruction.
destruction.
the Roman
A few days
the A.D. 70
before the
70 Passover,
Passover, the
days before
atto
destroyers,
under
Titus,
came
to
Jerusalem.
Titus,
They atJerusalem. They
destroyers,
tacked
the wall.
wall. The city
the city
tacked the
city
city and soon breached the
enwas
precincts
were
enthe Temple
was overwhelmed.
overwhelmed. As the
Temple precincts
tered,
the
daily
sacrifices
were
stopped.
The
Temple
was
the
sacrifices
tered,
Temple
daily
stopped.
fired
the Jews
fired and destroyed,
slaughruthlessly slaughJews ruthlessly
destroyed, and the
"UNTO 2300 DAYS; THEN SHAll THE SANCTUARY BE CLEANSED"

2300 YEARS
"70 WEEKS ME DETERMINED UPON THY PEOPLE"
490 YEARS
-s-
A.l>. A.O AD
<3-<<M
B.C.
457
B.C.
408
Z7 31
A.D.
1844
34
~l~
7weeks, or 3 score and2(62)meks,or Iwetk,or
434 years
ISloyears
7years
49years
'--
o
o
THE ZSOO DAYS

CM
294
THE 70
2300 DAYS
295
295
their blood,
tered-their
flowing in
tered
in
to Josephus,
blood, according
according to
Josephus, flowing
the steps.
streams
The
desolater
had
come.
The
streams down the
desolater
come.
steps.
city and Temple
Temple were
were in
the desolation
desolation accomin ruins;
accomruins; the
city
plished.
plished.
12.
TIE-IN OF 70
DAys.-Because
12. TIE-IN
70 WEEKS AND 2300
Because
2300 DAYS.
the
of
fact that
that the
of the fact
the crucifixion
of Christ
Christ in
the midst
midst of
crucifixion of
in the
of
the week definitely
the
proves the
correct beginning
beginning of
the
the correct
of the
definitely proves
70
weeks, and because
the 70
weeks were
were cut
cut off
70 weeks,
because the
off from
70 weeks
the
therefore
hold
that
the
two
periods
the 2300 days,
we
therefore
hold
two
that
the
days,
periods
began synchronously
the full
restoration of
at the
full restoration
of Jerubegan
synchronously at
Jerusalem and the
the sanctuary-temple,
of
the
Jewish
laws
and
of
the
sanctuary-temple,
Jewish laws
and government,
in
457
B.C.
other
expositors
in
457
Numerous
other
government,
expositors
have
taken 457
the determinative
determinative date.
date. The late
as the
have taken
457 B.C. as
late
Dr. James
Dr.
Theological Seminary,
Engof Drew Theological
Strong, of
James Strong,
Seminary, Engreviser of
Z<'kkler (Lange's
Comlish
translator and reviser
lish translator
of Zockler
(Lange's
rncntary, on Dan 9:24-27),
only 'command'
'command
says: "The only
mentary,
9:24-27), says:
that
of
verse
25
is
that
of
Artaxerxes
answering
to
that
to
of
is
Artaxerxes
verse 25
that of
answering
Longimanus, issued
year of
of his
his reign,
reign,
the seventh
issued in
in the
seventh year
Longimanus,
and recorded
recorded in
in the
of
Ezra,
as
Prithe seventh
as
seventh chapter
of
PriEzra,
chapter
has abundantly
shown,
as
many
critics
and
as
critics
deaux has
many
abundantly shown,
agree."*
agree."*
To this
this scores
scholars in
in various
various
scores of
of scholars
scores upon
upon scores
lands and of
many faiths,
time of
Johann
the time
of Johann
of many
lands
faiths, from the
full but
Petri,
Germany, in
onward, were in
in full
in 1768
of Germany,
1768 onward,
Petri, of
independent
prehistorical evidence pre(See historical
agreement. (See
independent agreement.
sented
in Question
27.)
sented in
Question 27.)
5
Horch. Ben*Funck,
Nigrinus, Bullinger,
Cocceius, Sir
Sir Isaac
Isaac Newton,
Newton, Cappel,
Cappel, Horch
Ben
*Funck, Nigrinus,
Bullinger, Cocceius,
gel. Petri
Petri were among
the sixteenth5ixte('nth~ and sc\entcenth-century
gel,
seventeenth-century Reformation and postpostamong the
Reformation leaders
took the
the seventh
of Artaxerxes
Artaxer"es date
date (457
seventh year
Reformation
leaders who took
B.C.).
year of
{457 B.C.).
Early nineteenth-century
nineteenth-century Old
World writers
wrilers include
Prideaux. Faber,
Faber, T.
T. Scott,
include Prideaux,
Old World
Early
Scott,
A.
Clarke, Cuninghame,
Brown, Fry,
Fry, White,
White, Cooper,
Cooper, Homan,
Homan, Keyworth,
Keyworth l
A. Clarke,
Mason, Brown,
Cuninghame, Mason.
Addis, Hoare,
Digby, Keith,
Keith, Habershon,
Habershon, Bicker.teth
Gaussen. And New World
Worla
Bickersteth, Gaussen.
Addis,
Hoare, Digby,
early-nineteenth-century expositors
Livermore, Wheeler,
Wheeler,
include Boudinot,
Scott, Livermore,
Boudinot, R, Scott,
carly-nineteenth-century
expositors include
Shannon,
Hinton.
Shannon, Tyng,
Tyng, Hinton.
Among
recent
scholars
may
be
listed
Jamieson,
Faucett
and
Brown,
Rule,
recent
Faucett
more
scholars
be
listed
Brown, Rule,
Among
may
Jamieson,
Boutflower_
Pusey,
Auberlen, Blackstone,
Blackstone, Leathes,
Pusey, Auberlen,
Tanner, and Boutflower.
Leathes, Tanner,
and
it
Cfhe
Seventieth Wee.k
The Seventieth
Week of
of
Daniel 9 and
and the
Daniel
the Gap 'Theory
Gap Theory
QUESTION
QUESTION
26
Why
that the
the seventiseventiWhy do Adventists
eth
years of
of Daniel 9 follows
follows immedieth week of
of years
ately
close of
sixty-ninth week of
the sixty-ninth
the close
of the
of
upon the
ately upon
years?
not
Hippolytus
and
Apollinaris,
back
Did
not
Apollinaris,
Hippolytus
years?
in the
fourth centuries,
centuries, introduce
introduce a
third and fourth
in
the third
break,
or gap?
gap? On what basis
basis do you
you differ
differ with
with
break, or
those present-day
present-day fundamentalists
fundamentalists who hold that
those
that
is separated
the seventieth
seventieth week is
separated by
vast gap
gap
the
by a vast
of over
over nineteen
centuries and will
will not"
not" be fulfulnineteen centuries
of
filled until
of the
that it
it perperthe age,
until the
the end of
filled
age, and that
tains
rather than to
to those
the acts
acts of
antichrist rather
those
tains to
to the
of antichrist
of
Christ? Are you
you not practically
practically alone in
your
in your
of Christ?
view?
Answering the
the last
first, we are
are by
by no
last question
Answering
question first,
Adventists differ
alone. While Seventh-day
differ on
means alone.
this
point with many
by no means all)
all) fundamenthis point
many (but
(but by
talists of
of today,
today, we are
with the
the outstanding
outstanding
are in
in accord
talists
accord with
scholars
of the
Caththe centuries-early
scholars of
medieval
centuries early church,
church,
and
olic
Protestant
Reformation,
post-Refolic and Jewish,
post-RefJewish, Protestant Reformation,
ormation.
the upsurge
dispensational ism
ormation. And until
until the
of dispensationalism
upsurge of
in
the past
past few decades,
conservative modern
in the
decades, most conservative
296
296
THE GAP THEORY
297
297
scholars*
held, as
to the
the seventy
weeks of
of
as we still
still hold,
scholars* held,
hold, to
seventy weeks
as
years
as
an
uninterrupted,
continuous
unit.
unit.
years
uninterrupted,
to return
But to
return to
to the
the first
three questions.
questions. A satisfirst three
satisfactory
these queries
require us
to these
us to
to go
factory answer to
go
queries would require
into many
into
many aspects
prophecy, and into
of Bible
into the
the
Bible prophecy,
aspects of
philosophy with
with which we approach
approach the
the predicpredicwhole philosophy
tive
of the
tive portions
portions of
the Scriptures.
It
require
It
us to
to
would
Scriptures.
require us
show what we believe
the weaknesses
weaknesses and fallacies
believe to
to be the
fallacies
of
of the gap
gap theory,
as
well
as
its
concomitant
basic
as
its
well
as
concomitant
basic
theory,
the
philosophy-the
futurist
interpretation
of
prophecy,
of
futurist
of
philosophy
interpretation
prophecy, of
it is
is aa part.
There
is
not
space
within
the
assigned
which it
is
within
the
part.
space
assigned
limits of
'limits
of this
this question
to deal
deal with all
these ramificaramificaall these
question to
tions.
tions.
We should explain
the hishisthat we have accepted
explain that
accepted the
torical school
prophecy, believing
believing it
to
school interpretation
torical
of prophecy,
it to
interpretation of
be the
of prophecy
set forth
the philosophy
philosophy of
prophecy set
in the
the Scriptures.
forth in
Scriptures.
Therefore we cannot accept
the theories
of aa separated
theories of
accept the
separated
week, aa long
long gap
gap during
prophecy does
not apply,
does not
week,
during which prophecy
apply,
future antichrist
the end of
the age.
age. These
and aa future
at the
antichrist at
of the
theories
based on principles
principles of
of interpretation
interpretation that
theories are
are based
that
*Those who accept
interpretation that
that connects
connects the
the seventieth
with
this interpretation
seventieth week with
accept this
the Messiah
Messiah include:
include:
the
Early
Athanasius, Cyril
of Jerusalem,
Fathers.
Early Church Fathers.-Tertullian,
Tertullian, Eusebius,
Cyril of
Eusebius, Athanasius,
Jerusalem,
Po1ychronius, and Augustine.
Augustine.
Polychronius,
Medieval
writers.-The
Venerable Bede,
Bede, Thomas Aquinas,
Aquinas, and Arnold
Medieval Christian
Christian writers.
The Venerable
Arnold
of Villanova.
Villanova.
of
Brute, together
together with
with such
Pre-Reformation leaders.-Wycliffe
leaders.
Pre-Reformation
such Reformers
Wycliffe and Brute,
as Luther,
Melanchthon, .Funck,
necker, Nigrinus,
Nigrinus, and Heinrich
Heinrich Bullinger.
as
Luther, Melanchthon,
Selnecker,
Bullinger.
Funck, Sci
Post-Reformation
Mede, Sir
Newton, William
William Whiston,
Whiston,
Sir Isaac
scholars.
Post-Reformation scholars.-Joseph
Isaac Newton,
Joseph Mede,
Johann Bengel,
Prideaux, John
James Ferguson.
Ferguson.
John Blair,
Blair, and James
Johann
Bengel, Humphrey
Humphrey Prideaux,
Nineteenth-century Old World exegetes.-Jean
de la
la Flechere,
Flt!chere, William
William Hales,
exegetes.
Jean de
Hales,
Nineteenth-century
Horne, Archibald
Archibald Mason,
George
Faber, Thomas Scott,
Clarke, Thomas Home,
John
Scott, Adam Clarke,
Mason, John
George Faber,
Alfred Addis.
Brown,
John Fry,
Fry, Thomas White,
White, Edward Cooper,
Keyworth. Alfred
Brown > John
Addis,
Cooper, Thomas Kcyworth.
Habershon, Edward BickerBickerWilliam
Pym, Daniel
Daniel Wilson,
Wilson, Alexander Keith,
William Pym,
Keith, Matthew Habershon,
steth. and Louis
Louis Gaussen,
as the
the later
Havernick, Hengstenberg,
Hengstt'nberg, and Pusey.
as well
well as
later Havernick,
steth,
Gaussen, as
Pusey.
Nineteenth-century American expositors.-Elias
Boudinot, William
William Davis,
Davis, ModElSas Boudinot,
expositors.
Nineteenth-century
erator Joshua Wilson, Samuel McCorkle, Robert Reid, Alexander Campbell, Jose
de Rozas (Mexico), Adam Burwell (Canada), Robert Scott, Stephen Tyng, Isaac
Hinton,
s.
cr Shimeall,
a, James Shannon, and John Robinson.
non, Richard
C. H. H. Wright,
Wright, R.
R. D. Wilson,
Wilson, BoutBouttimes we might
in more recent
recent times
And in
might add G.
and
others
too
numerous
to
mention.
Adventists
therefore have
have aa host
host of
flower,
to
too
mention.
others
Adventists
therefore
of
flower,
illustrious predecessors
predecessors for
their position.
for their
illustrious
position.
,
298
298
QUESTIONS
we reject
reject as
In the
interests of
the Interests
of brevity
as unscriptural.
brevity
unscriptural. In
to the
the first
two points
points menwe shall
shall confine
first two
confine our
our answer to
in the
the questions.
tioned
tioned in
questions.
1.
YEARS FOLLOWS THE
I. THE SEVENTIETH
SEVENTIETH WEEK OF YEARS
SIXTY-NINTH
believe, In
in common with
with the
SIXTY-NINTH WEEK.-We
WEEK. We believe,
the
great group
in the
the footscholars mentioned in
footof godly
great
godly scholars
group of
note, that
that the
the 70-weeks
prophecy climaxes
climaxes with
with the
the
70-weeks prophecy
note,
the true
true Messiah,
Messiah, and
manifestation
Jesus Christ
Christ as
as the
of Jesus
manifestation of
then
of the
outline with
with aa portrayal
portrayal
the outline
then seals
seals the
the inerrancy
inerrancy of
of
the atoning
All this
this was
was outlined
outlined by
by
of Christ.
Christ. All
death of
of the
atoning death
inspiration
five
hundred
years
prior
to
those
tremento
five
those
tremenyears prior
inspiration
dous
transactions that
the entire
entire course
course of
huthat changed
of hudous transactions
changed the
man history.
history. And this
this is
is most conclusive
conclusive in
in proving
proving
Jesus Christ
only Messiah,
Messiah) and in
true and only
to be
the true
be the
in
Christ to
Jesus
of
complete
resetting
forth
the
provisions
wondrous
rethe
provisions of complete
setting forth
demption
in and through
through Him.
demption in
The 70
70 "sevens"
years "determined,"
measof years
or meas"sevens" of
"determined," or
in the
ured out
out and set
of heaven,
heaven, for
the councils
councils of
for this
set apart
this
ured
apart in
prophecy,
a
specified
starting
point.
(See
Queshad
a
specified starting point. (See Quesprophecy,
tion 25,
25, p.
p. 278).
278). These 70
were divided
70 hebdomads were
divided
tion
into
three groups-of
490 years.
years.
1
into three
7, 62,
62, and I-totaling
totaling 490
groups of 7,
"Know therefore
9:25),
therefore and understand"
understand" (Dan.
(Dan. 9:25), was
the
admonition of
the prophecy,
prophecy, that
hebdomads)
of the
that 69
69 hebdomads,
the admonition
or
units of
years, were to
to pass
pass between the
the "comof 7
or units
7 years,
mandment" and the
the manifestation
manifestation of
of Messiah
Messiah the
the
that is,
of years,
Prince-that
plus 62
years, or
483 years.
years.
or 483
Prince
7 plus
62 weeks of
is, 7
constitute the
The 69
69 weeks
weeks therefore
therefore simply
the time
time that
that
simply constitute
the
must elapse
elapse from aa designated
point.
While
the
passing
designated point.
passing
are important,
important, it
years
of the
the 69
the
69 hebdomads are
it is
is the
years of
seventieth hebdomad that
is all-important.
all-important. The 69
that is
seventieth
69
the precise
weeks of
of years
years constitute
precise length
length of
of time
time to
to
constitute the
weeks
the
manifestation
of
Jesus
as
Messiah,
as
seen
in
Quesas
of
as
seen in Questhe manifestation
Messiah,
Jesus
THE GAP THEORY
299
299
is therefore
tion 25.
don
It is
the seventieth
therefore logical
25. It
that the
seventieth week
logical that
refers
refers to
to the
the 77 years
following
the
69th,
that is,
is, to
to the
the
the
69th, that
years following
period in
in which the
the Messiah's
took place.
place. The
Messiah's ministry
period
ministry took
wording
of
the
text
in
way
indicates
a
break
or
of
the
text
in
no
indicates
a
break
or gap.
wording
way
gap.
of the
Most of
the older
expositors, who make the
the baptism
baptism
older expositors,
the terminus
of Jesus
of
Jesus the
terminus of
the 69
of years,
years, recogof the
69 weeks of
recognize the
nize
the "one week" of
years as
following immediately,
immediately,
of years
as following
break the crucifixion
without aa break-the
place 3Y2
years
crucifixion taking
taking place
3i/ years
in
in
the
"midst"
of
the
seventieth
of
years.
later,
the
"midst"
of
the
week
seventieth
of
later,
years.
Such scholars
the remaining
3 Y22 years
scholars recognized
of
recognized the
years of
remaining 3i/
last week as
the
the last
pertaining to
to the
the founding
founding of
as pertaining
of ChrisChristianity through
of the
the disciples.
Since
the preaching
tianity
through the
preaching of
disciples. Since
neither
wording nor logic
logic indicates
a gap,
gap, the
the burden
burden
neither wording
indicates a
of proof
proof rests
rests on
those who would break
break the
the continuity
continuity
of
dn those
of the
period.
of
the period.
God's designated
measuring line
line for
this 70-weeks
for this
70-weeks
designated measuring
is of
prophecy
is
"determined"
or
allotted
length,
be
of
or
to be
allotted length, to
prophecy
measured from aa dearly
historical landlandestablished historical
clearly established
mark. And the
the obvious purpose
purpose of
the prophecy
prophecy is
is to
to
mark.
of the
the occurrence
foretell
the time of
matters of
foretell the
of the
occurrence of
of certain
certain matters
of
in the
supreme
moment-things
to occur
occur in
the last,
sevenor sevenlast, or
things to
supreme moment
tieth, hebdomad of
the series.
Hence, to
to postpone
postpone that
of the
that
series. Hence,
tieth,
final week of
years and project
project it
far into
the future
is
it far
final
of years
into the
future is
in reality
reality to
time element,
element. one of
the main
the time
in
to obscure
obscure the
of the
points of
of the
the entire
thus do violence
violence to
to
entire prophecy,
points
prophecy, and thus
its obvious
obvious intent.
intent.
its
insert into
4g0-year period
period aa "gap"
a 490-year
into a
of two
To insert
"gap" of
the
entire
than
thousand
years,
four
times
longer
th:an
the
entire
70
times
70
thousand years, four
longer
It
weeks
manipulation. It
weeks itself,
constitutes unwarranted manipulation.
itself, constitutes
line
into
elastic
changes
the
prophetic
measuring
line
into
an
elastic
the
changes
prophetic measuring
band. Those who follow
follow such aa procedure
procedure have
have abanband.
doned aa measuring
measuring line
of
"determined"
length
for one
line of
length for
300
QUESTIONS
of wholly
have made it
it aa
of
indeterminate length)
wholly indeterminate
length, and have
vast
nondescript period
period totally
foreign to
to this
this specific
vast nondescript
totally foreign
specific
prophecy.
prophecy.
Those holding
holding the
the gap
theory, who make the
the sepagap theory,
separated
the period
period of
at the
the end of
final crisis
crisis at
of final
of
rated last
last week the
the age,
a hiatus
hiatus of
of two thousand
the
perforce add a
age, must perforce
a
without
years.
This
is
a
form
of
exegesis
a precedent*
precedent*
of
is
a
exegesis
years.
in
prophetic exposition.
in aU
all prophetic
exposition.
to the
Since
plus 62
weeks lead
lead to
the Messiah,
Messiah, we
62 weeks
Since 7
7 plus
that
that
Christ's
public
ministry,
should
conclude
Christ's
should logically
public ministry,
logically
as
Messiah, lay
beyond
the
sixty-ninth
week-yet
week
the
as Messiah,
yet
sixty-ninth
lay beyond
within
the seventieth
week, as
consecutively.
as numbered consecutively.
within the
seventieth week,
Christian
This
has been
been the
predominant view of
of Christian
the predominant
This has
the
scholarship
through
the
centuries.
centuries.
scholarship through
have
With relatively
relatively few exceptions,
exceptions, expositors
expositors have
the
periods
of
the
77
taken
the two separately
mentioned
of
taken the
periods
separately
the 62
making
69
weeks
of
years,
weeks and the
of
69
weeks
weeks
62 (together
years,
(together making
or 483
483 years)
years) without
without inserting
inserting any
any gap
them.
or
gap between them.
But the
that the
the seventieth
seventieth week of
of
advocates say
But
the gap
say that
gap advocates
years,
from
the
starting
point,
not
the
the
was
not
the
numbered
starting point,
years,
seventieth
prophecy in
in sequence.
sequence. That is
is
of prophecy
seventieth week of
issue.
clearly
the
crux
of
the
issue.
the
of
clearly the
It
is not
not Seventh-day
who, in
in these
these latter
latter
Adventists who,
It is
view
of
times,
have
departed
from
the
historic
of
the
historic
the
the
have
times,
departed
centuries
the seventy
years. We continue
continue to
to
of years.
centuries on the
seventy weeks of
*The argument
is sometimes
to Luke 4:16-21,
4: 16-21, when
sometimes advanced that,
according to
that, according
argument is
Christ, at
at the
the outset
outset of
His ministry,
ministry, was
was reading
reading in
the synagogue
synagogue from the
the prophproph.
in the
of His
Christ,
ecy of
conceming His
His own designated
designated work,
work, He stopped
reading in
in the
the
of Isaiah
Isaiah concerning
stopped reading
ecy
to
midst of
of the
passag(', :lnd
not include
include the
of
vengeance"
to
in
of
midst
the passage,
and did
did not
the "day
come
in tht"
the
vengeance"
"day
future
the end
end of
the age.
age. That is
true; but
but the
the case
case is
totally different.
different. Isaiah
is totally
of the
is true;
future at
at the
Isaiah
forth
a
measure
of
time,
which
is
the
issue
in
the
prophecy
of
the
was not
in
of
is
the
issue
the
of
not setting
forth
the
setting
time,
prophecy
70
weeks. Jesus
Jesus simply
declared that
part of
of the
prophecy He had just
Just read
read was
70 weeks.
that part
that that
the prophecy
was
simply declared
even
even then being
fulfilled. He was dealing
dealing only
only with
with the
the present,
present, which
which was
was being
being
being fulfilled.
accomplished
before their
was all.
all. The rest
rest was
was indeed
future, for
their eyes_
indeed future,
for Isaiah
Isaiah
accomplished before
eyes. That was
had recorded
recorded aa sweeping
outline
of
events
that
covers
the
entire
age,
extending
of
events
outline
that
covers
the
entire
to
sweeping
age, extending to
the great
consummatIon.
great consummation.
THE GAP THEORY
301
301
hold the centuries-old,

of ProtestantProtestantcenturies-old, orthodox position
position of
but
we
do
not
ism,
base
base our belief
belief on historical
historical precism,
precWe recognize
edent. \Ve
theory,
which
applies
that the
the gap
recognize that
theory,
gap
applies
this prophecy
to a
a future
this
future antichrist,
is an unwitting
antichrist, is
prophecy to
unwitting
of the
outgrowth
the counter-Reformation of
the sixteenth
of the
sixteenth
outgrowth of
It
is our profound conviction
century.
that the
the system
century. It is
profound conviction that
system
based on the separated
week.
is
an
unwarranted
innovaweek,
is
innovaseparated
tion.
tion.
We believe
believe that
that it
\Ve
it is
is incumbent upon us
adhere
to adhere
upon us to
to sound,
undeviatingly
of
sound, unimpeachable
undeviatingly to
unimpeachable principles
principles of
prophetic
interpretation.
To
us
there
appears
to
be
no
us
there
be
to
appears
valid reason,
valid
defensible ground,
for separating
the
reason, or defensible
ground, for
separating the
seventieth week from the
seventieth
The
7
weeks
and
the
the 69.
the 62
69.
7
62
weeks run on continuously
a break.
break. And we
continuously without a
find no justifiable
find
justifiable basis,
or otherwise,
for
basis, exegetical
otherwise, for
exegetical or
the
separating
the
seventieth
week
the
sixty-ninth
seventieth
from
the
separating
sixty-ninth
and arbitrarily
arbitrarily placing
it down at
at the
the end of
the age.
of the
placing it
age.
There is
is assuredly
precedent for
in paralleling
paralleling
for it
it in
assuredly no precedent
Neither is
is there
there anything
in
prophetic
interpretation. Neither
anything in
the
the Hebrew text
text of
Daniel to
to warrant
warrant It,
it, or
or in
in the
the
of Daniel
Greek LXX.
It
It seems abundantly
abundantly clear
clear to
to us
us that
that the
the specifications
specifications
of
find exact
of the
the prophecy
prophecy find
complete fulfillment
fulfillment in
in
exact and complete
the
the life,
life, ministry,
ministry, and death of
of Christ,
Christ, and in
in the
the subsubsequent desolation
desolation of
of the
the Jewish
Jewish nation
nation as
as aa result
result of
of
sequent
their
their rejection
rejection of
of the
the promised
promised Messiah.
Messiah.
reckon from the
the decree
decree of
of Artaxerxes
Artaxerxes
When we reckon
Ezra
the
end
69
I,
given
to
Ezra
(457
B.C.),
to
the
of
69
weeks of
of
of
I, given to
(457 B.C.), to
years (A.D.
(A.D. 27),
27), with the
the ministry
ministry of
of Christ
Christ beginning
beginning
years
with His
His "anointing"
"anointing" at
at His
His baptism,
baptism, and His
His death
death
with
week
taking
place
in
the
midst
of
the
seventieth
(which
in
of
the
seventieth
the
midst
taking place
(which
ends the
the 490 years,
years, in
in A.D. 34),
34), there
there is
is perfect
perfect harmony
harmony
302
QUESTIONS
the prophetic
prophetic specifications
the historical
historical
between the
specifications and the
fulfillments.
fulfillments.
prophecy that
that were
were
The sixfold
the prophecy
of the
sixfold specifications
specifications of
be accomplished
accomplished within
the 70
70 weeks
weeks were
were completely
be
within the
completely
fult;illed
His sacrificial
in the
Christ and His
fulfilled in
of Christ
the work of
sacrificial
death on the
the cross.
all actually
actually took
took place
place in
in the
death
cross. These all
the
to
to
week of
years immediately
A.D. 27.
have
of years
27. They
following A.D.
They have
immediately following
been discussed
to
in
the
answer
to
Question
in
the
answer
discussed at
at length
25,
length
Question 25,
will not
not be
here.
and will
be repeated
repeated here.
desolation of
the Jewish
Jewish nation,
nation, though
though delayed
delayed
The desolation
of the
by
divine
mercy
for
some
years
after
the
dose
of
after
the
divine
for
close
of the
the
by
years
mercy
490-year period
period allotted
to the
Jews, exactly
allotted to
the Jews,
fulfilled
490-year
exactly fulfilled
the specifications
the prophecy
prophecy when the
the Roman
the
of the
specifications of
armies
armies destroyed
destroyed the
the Temple
the city
of Jerusalem
city of
Temple and the
Jerusalem
and dispersed
in
the
Jews
in
A.D.
70.
the
A.D.
70.
Jews
dispersed
The entire
prophecy finds
in
entire 70-weeks
70-weeks prophecy
finds fulfillment
fulfillment in
the ministry,
ministry, rejection,
rejection, and death
of the
the Messiah,
Messiah, in
in
the
death of
the ending
the
ending of
the period
period allotted
to the
the Jews,
Jews, in
in the
the
of the
allotted to
confirmation
the covenant
by the
the blood
blood of
confirmation of
of the
covenant by
of Christ,
Christ,
and in
in the
the inauguration
the heavenly
heavenly ministry
ministry for
of the
for
inauguration of
all
all believers,
believers, both
both Jew
Jew and Gentile,
Gentile, under the
the new
covenant. In
view of
perfect fulfillment
fulfillment of
the
covenant.
In view
of the
the perfect
of all
all the
the period
period of
of the
the 70
in the
con70 conprophetic
specifications in
secutive
weeks of
years, we find
find no reason
reason whatever
whatever for
secutive weeks
of years,
for
last
cutting
off
the
last
and
relating
it
to
the
end
of
off
the
week
it
to
of
the
cutting
relating
the
the age.
age.
2. BASIC FALLACY OF ApPEAL
2.
APPEAL TO EARLY CHURCH
PROGENITORS. The appeal
PROGENITORS.-The
by modern adherents
adherents of
the
of the
appeal by
gap
theory
to
such
writers
as
Hippolytus
of
Portus
writers
to
as
Portus
of
gap theory
Hippolytus
Romanus (third
of Laodicea
Laodicea
or Apollinaris
(third century)
century) or
Apollinaris of
(fourth
century)
necessitates
inquiry
into
the
basis
necessitates
an
the basis
into
(fourth century)
inquiry
of
of this
this contention.
contention.
THE GAP THEORY
303
In
first place, these
In the
the first
place, these two expositors
(whose
expositors (whose
views
were
not
views
not those
those of
the majority
in the
the early
of the
early church)
majority in
church)
had in
in their
interpretation obviously
their 70-weeks
70-weeks interpretation
diverobviously divergent
elements
that
are
admittedly
not
followed
by
are
that
not
followed
gent
by
admittedly
who look
as progenitors
progenitors of
of the
the present
present
look to
to them as
futurist views.
futurist
views. Take Hippolytus,
Hippolytus, for
for example:
example: In
proIn proa
jecting
a
gap
into
the
70
hebdomads)
he
construed
the
into
the
the
he
70
construed
hebdomads,
jecting
gap
first
units, or
as
reaching
from
the
first 69 units,
or weeks of
of years,
the
as
years,
reaching
first
of Cyrus
first year
year of
(or
of
Darius
the
Mede)
to
the
the
of
the
to
Cyrus (or
Mede)
incarnation of
impossibility
incarnation
of Christ-a
Christ a chronological
chronological impossibility
without elongating
elongating the
period. Of course
course those
those who
the period.
cite
for the
cite Hippolytus
Hippolytus for
interpretation
not folthe gap
foldo
gap interpretation
low the
the details
details of
his theory,
such
as
his
erroneous
low
of his
his
as
erroneous
theory,
the 69
elongation
weeks, any
than they
they accept
of the
69 weeks,
elongation of
any more than
accept
his
his expectation
of
the
Second
Advent
about
A.D.
500.
of
the
about
500.
expectation
But they
appeal
to
Hippolytus
others
in
support
to
and
in
of
others
they appeal
Hippolytus
support of
an early-church
early-church origin
of
their
futurist
theory
of
the
origin of their futurist theory of the
70 weeks.
futurism, as
as the
the word is
weeks. However,
70
to base
base futurism,
is
However, to
understood today,
on
the
views
of
the
early
church
is
to
the
the
understood
views
of
church
is
to
today,
early
use of
historical precedent;
precedent; to
make an unsound use
of historical
to employ
employ
is to
build it
it on shifting,
such
such "historical
"historical foundations"
foundations" is
to build
shifting,
sinking
view of
of eschatology
sands. The early
Christian view
sinking sands.
early Christian
eschatology
was
not truly
truly futurism.
hav,e the
better
the better
futurism. The historicists
historicists have
was not
claim
to
kinship
with
the
primitive
church.
the
church.
to
claim
primitive
kinship
The belief
belief of
the early
Christians that
that most of
the
of the
of the
early Christians
in
in
their
day
does
not
prophecies
were
yet
unfulfilled
unfulfilled
their
does
day
yet
prophecies
make them futurists
ordinarily understood
understood meanin the
the ordinarily
futurists in
of
ing of
of the
word. Futurism is
is the
the view,
view, not that
that most of
the word.
ing
the prophecies
prophecies were in
the future
the beginning
beginning of
of
in the
at the
future at
the
the Christian
they will
will still
in the
the
that they
still be in
the
Christian Era,
Era, but that
future
at the
the end of
Historicists bebeEra. Historicists
the Christian
of the
Christian Era.
future at
the bulk
lieve
there was necessarily
necessarily aa time
time when the
bulk
lieve that
that there
those
those
304
QUESTIONS
of the
of
the prophecies
prophecies were yet
yet unfulfilled,
unfulfilled, and that
that eventueventuthere will
be aa time
they will
will all
all be
be fulfilled.
ally
will be
time when they
fulfilled.
ally there
that the
the historicist
looks for
fulThe difference
historicist looks
difference is
is that
for the
the fulas progressively
unfolding
in
history
until
the
fillment
in
until
fillment as
the
history
progressively unfolding
end,
while
the
futurist
the
Christian
age
a
the
makes
Christian
end, while the futurist
age a
"parenthesis,"
in prophetic
prophetic fulfillment
fulfillment and
or a
a gap,
gap, in
"parenthesis," or
a
postpones
further
fulfillment
to
a
comparatively
brief
to
further
fulfillment
comparatively brief
postpones
time in
in the
the end,
beginning
with
the
coming
of
Christ
the
of
Christ
time
end, beginning
coming
many variations
among futurfor
His saints.
are many
variations among
futursaints. There are
for His
their
ists, but
but we may
summarize
their
characteristic
views.
characteristic
views.
ists,
may
the prophecies
a. That the
the greater
part of
of the
prophecies (includa.
greater part
(includfourth
kingdom
seventieth
week, and
ing
Daniel's
and
seventieth
fourth
Daniel's
week,
kingdom
ing
aU of
Revelation except
the letters
to the
the seven
letters
to
all
seven
of Revelation
except the
in
the
churches)
await
fulfillment
in
the
time
after
Christ's
fulfillment
time
after
Christ's
churches)
coming to
to resurrect
translate the
the saints.
saints.
resurrect and translate
coming
b.
That
the
entire
"church
age"
is aa gap
gap during
b.
the entire
age" is
during
which the
prophetic clock
has stopped
ticking.
clock has
the prophetic
stopped ticking.
c. That all
prophecies are
are in
in literal
time (the
literal time
c.
all time
time prophecies
(the
year-day
principle
is
denied).
is
year-day principle
denied).
d. That "Israel"
the Bible
always rered.
"Israel" throughout
Bible always
throughout the
fers
literal Jews.
fers to
to literal
Jews.
e.
prophecies and promprome. That the
ises
of the
the glorious
rule
of
God's
people
fulises of
rule
must
be
fulof
glorious
people
fined
unconditionally and literally
literally to
to the
the restored
restored Jews,
Jews,
filled unconditionally
who are
the
are expected
expected to
to reign
over
the
unconverted
and
over
unconverted
reign
un
transformed nations
nations during
the
millennium.
the
millennium.
untransformed
during
f./. That the
the antichrist
is aa future
future person,
person, aa Godantichrist is
will
who
the
opposing
tyrant,
will
oppress
the
Jews
bring
tyrant,
opposing
Jews and bring
oppress
the
upon
the
world
(the
returned
Jews,
the
Gentile
nareturned
world
the
Gentile
naupon
(the
Jews,
tions,
apostate
Christendom)
a
3
Y2-year
tribulaand
a
tribulations,
apostate Christendom)
3i/-year
tion
the latter
latter half
half of
of aa delayed
delayed seventieth
tion during
seventieth
during the
hebdomad,
the second advent.
after the
advent.
hebdomad, after
THE GAP THEORY
305
g.
this tribulation
tribulation the
resbefore this
or resthe "rapture,"
g. That before
"rapture/' or
urrection
urrection and translation
of
the
saints,
will
remove
the
the
translation o the saints, will
the earth
believe).
church from the
earth (secretly,
as most believe).
(secretly, as
h.
the Jews
be, even during
during the
the millenmillenh. That the
will be,
Jews will
nium,
completely
separate
from
the
Christian
church.
the
Christian
church.
nium, completely separate
That not
i.2. ,That
not only
the bulk of
of prophecy
prophecy but other
other
only the
considerable
portions of
including the
considerable portions
of the
the largthe Bible,
Bible, including
largest
part of
of the
the Gospels,
belong
to
other
ages
and
not
est part
not
to
other
Gospels, belong
ages
to
the church. (This
is
part
of
elaborate
system
of
to the
is
an
elaborate
of
system of
(This
part
"dispensations"
prominent in
in futurist
futurist writings.)
writings.)
"dispensations" prominent
Without examining
the correctness
correctness or
incorrectness
or incorrectness
examining the
these points,
of
points, let
us examine the
the early
church
views on
let us
of these
views
early
these subjects.
The
early
church
premillennialist,
these
was
early
subjects.
premillennialist,
but premillennialism
premillennialism is
is not necessarily
equivalent to
to
but
necessarily equivalent
futurism,
many-both
as so
futurists and their
so many
both futurists
their opfuturism, as
opponents-assume
today.
assume today.
ponents
a.
indeed place
place aa concona. The early
Christians did indeed
early Christians
siderable
the prophecies
prophecies in
in the
the future
future
of the
siderable proportion
proportion of
that
(for
the
obvious
reason
that
the
infant
church,
standing
the
infant
the
obvious
church,
standing
(for
the
at the
the threshold
the book of
of Revelation,
Revelation, lived
lived in
in the
threshold of
at
of the
most
very beginning
beginning of
they placed
placed
of fulfillment).
very
fulfillment). And they
of
the future
future fulfillments
in the
the last
days, because
because they
last days,
fulfillments in
of the
they
did
not
expected
the
last
days
very
soon.
they
put
soon.
But
the
last
they
put
days very
expected
antithe
the fourth
fourth kingdom,
the
beasts
of
Revelation,
the
antiof
the
beasts
the
Revelation,
kingdom,
of
christ, and the
tribulation after
after the
the return
return of
the great
christ,
great tribulation
first resurrection.
Christ and the
resurrection.
the first
Christ
as a
b.
They did
the "church age"
a parenthesee the
did not see
b. They
parentheage" as
a
of
sis
in
prophecy
or
as
an
interruption
of
a
Jewish age
or
as
sis in prophecy
age
Jewish
interruption
that was
was to
be resumed and completed
completed without the
the
to be
that
the
themselves
church
in the
the future.
found
themselves
in
the
future. They
church in
They
the
under
midst of
of prophetic
fulfillments-under
the
fourth
fulfillments
midst
prophetic
kingdom,
they expected
to be followed by
the
by the
expected to
kingdom, which they
306
QUESTIONS
breakup of
of the
Empire and the
the rise
rise of
the Roman Empire
of antiantibreakup
christ,
to the
the second
second advent
all of
lead to
of which would lead
advent
christ, all
and the
kingdom. They
continuity in
prophecy and
in prophecy
the kingdom.
They saw continuity
history
from
the
Old
Testament
times
the
times
down to
the
to the
history
end.
end.
. c.
took such
prophetic periods
periods
such prophetic
c. It
true that
that they
It is
is true
they took
as
et
cetera,
as
literal
time.
This
was
literal
as the
as
the 1260
et
time.
This
1260 days,
was
cetera,
days,
natural,
since
they
did
not
expect
the
world
to
last
the
world
since
to
last
natural,
they
expect
1260
years.
1260 years.
d.
literal Israel
Israel as
as no longer
longer end. They
considered literal
enThey considered
rejected
along
titled to
the kingdom
that
she
had
that
she
to the
titled
kingdom
rejected along
with her
her Messiah,
that the
the true
true Israel
believed that
with
Israel
Messiah, and believed
was henceforth
the church.
was
church.
henceforth spiritual
Israel, the
spiritual Israel,
e.
They pictured
rule over
over ,the
unregene. They
the unregenearthly rule
pictured an earthly
the
millennium
erate
nations during
the
millennium-this,
embellished
erate nations
embellished
this,
during
plenty and prosperity,
prosperity, they
they had inherited
inherited
with
details of
with details
of plenty
from the
the Jewish
Jewish apocalypticists-but
they differed
but they
differed from
apocalypticists
both the
the Jewish
Jewish apocalypticists
the
futurboth
and
the
modern
futurapocalypticists
ists in
in that
that the
kingdom was to
to be
be that
that of
of the
the Christian
ists
the kingdom
Christian
saints,
not of
the Jews.
Jews.
of the
saints, not
f./. They
with the
the Jewish
Jewish apocalyptic
apocalyptic (and
agreed with
They agreed
(and
also
futurist) view
view of
of antichrist
antichrist as
as an individual
also the
the futurist)
individual
tyrant in
power for
years. Some of
applied the
the
in power
for 3Y2
of them applied
tyrant
3l/ years.
time of
to the
half of
of aa delayed
time
of antichrist
antichrist to
the second half
delayed
seventieth
week, but this
this was not
not the
the majority
majority view;
view;
seventieth week,
the
many
expositors
ended
the
70
at
or
near
the
close
weeks
at
near
70
or
the
close
many expositors
of Christ's
be remembered that
life on earth.
earth. It
It should
of
Christ's life
should be
that
a "gap"
those
in the
weeks had quite
a
those who had a
the 70
70 weeks
"gap" in
quite a
different concept
from
the
present
futurists,
for
they
different
the
for
futurists,
present
they
concept
expected only
only aa short
short interval
until the
the end;
they never
interval until
never
end; they
expected
a 490-year
490-year period
period with
with aa
dreamed of
of such
as a
such an anomaly
anomaly as
2,OOO-year break
break in
in it.
it.
2,000-year
THE GAP THEORY
307
307
g.
They placed
placed the
the great
great tribulation
tribulation (under
the
g. They
(under the
antichrist-beast-little-horn)
before
the
first
resurrection,
antichrist-beast-little-horn) before the first resurrection,
and consequently
consequently they
the church
to be
church to
be
they expected
expected the
earth during
on earth
that
period.
They
saw
it
as
the
next
next
that
the
saw
it
as
during
period. They
development
in history
history following
the expected
development in
expected breakup
breakup
following the
of the
of
then-present Roman Empire,
thus preceding
preceding
the then-present
Empire, and thus
the
the coming
of Christ.
Christ.
coming of
h.
h. They
They believed
believed that
Christ was
was to
to rule
rule the
the earth
earth
that Christ
the
during
the
through
the
church-the
remillennium
the
rethe
church
during
through
deemed saints
both Jews
Jews and Gentiles
Gentilessaints from among
among both
not through
through the
as
a
separate
chosen
people
outnot
the Jews
a
as
chosen
Jews
people outseparate
side
the church.
church.
side the
i. They
They did not
into dispennot separate
the Scriptures
dispenScriptures into
separate the
sational
the epistles
epistles to
to the
the
sational compartments
that assigned
compartments that
assigned the
et
church, the
the bulk of
to
the
Jewish
age,
of the
the Gospels
to
the
church,
Gospels
Jewish age, et
cetera.
They claimed the
the Gospels
Gospels as
as foundational
cetera. They
foundational and
saw their
their own tribulations
tribulations in
in the
the book of
Revelation.
of Revelation.
then, were those
those early-church
views
To what extent,
extent, then,
early-church views
inherited
by the
futurists? Out of
of nine
nine points
points there
there is
is
inherited by
the futurists?
complete
agreement
only
c)
incomplete
on
f./.
and
on
c,
complete agreement only
incomplete
We may
two more: on
include partial
may include
agreement on two
partial agreement
a in
far as
as the
the early
placed more prophecies
prophecies
in so
a
so far
early church placed
the end
near the
they expected
the end of
since they
near
of time,
time, since
expected the
a
shortly,
on
e
in
so
far
as
they
expected
a
literal,
far
in
so
as
and
e
literal,
shortly,
they expected
listed
e must be
be listed
earthly
millennia1 kingdom.
a and e
kingdom. But a
earthly millennial
is a
a
also as
points of
major difference)
since there
there is
of major
as points
also
difference, since
a
mere
fulfillments
future
fulfillments
and
a
great
cleavage
between
future
between
great cleavage
of Jesus
after the
cessation of
of fulfillment
the coming
coming of
fulfillment until
until after
cessation
Jesus
and the
the resurrection;
resurrection; also
between aa reign
reign of
the rereof the
also between
and
addigenerate
saints
and
that
of
the
Jewish
nation.
In
addithe
nation.
that
of
saints
Jewish
generate
tion
find clear
b) d,
d) g)
clear disagreement
tion we find
h, and i.
g, h)
disagreement on b,
the early
These
findings
are
decidedly
against
calling
These findings are decidedly against calling the
early
i.
i.
308
QUESTIONS
church futurist
regarding the
the futurist
futurist views
views as
deor regarding
futurist or
as derived from
rived
from early
premillenniahsm.
early premillenniahsm.
view of
of the
the early
How,
then,
shall
the view
How, then, shall we classify
classify the
early
Christians?
was the
Christians? It
so-called "continuous-historical,"
It was
the so-called
''continuous-historical/'
or
or historicist.
already
applied
some of
historlcist. Having
of Daniel's
Daniel's
already
applied
Having
the
prophecies
historically,
the
believers
naturally
believers
continprophecies historically,
naturally continued to
in
events
way.
to apply
further
prophetic
events
in
the
same
further
the
prophetic
apply
way.
Living
under the
the fourth
awaited Rome's
Rome's
fourth empire,
they awaited
empire, they
Living under
division;
already
they
saw
the
working
of
the
approachthe
of
the
division; already they
working
approachthat
lead
was
to
lead
to
antichrist.
Thus
ing
falling
away
that
to
to
antichrist.
ing falling away
in history
they saw
prophecy developing
by step
step in
saw prophecy
they
developing step
step by
history
-though
not
in
long-term
historical
development,
in
not
historical
though
long-term
development,
since
they did
not expect
a
long
history
of
the world.
a
since they
did not
the
of
world.
expect
long history
But aside
aside from
the
the
the
length
of
the
process,
their
method
from
length of
process, their
was exactly
exactly that
that of
interpretation-the
was
the historicist
of the
historicist interpretation
the
that finds
interpretation that
prophecy an
an outline
finds in
in prophecy
outline of
of
interpretation
history,
in
the
Testament
the
continuation
and
in
the
New
the
continuation
history,
fulfillment
the Old Testament,
and in
the Christian
fulfillment of
of the
in the
Christian
Testament, and
church
the heir
heir of
promises and prophecies
prophecies of
both
of the
church the
the promises
of both
Testaments.
Testaments.
We believe
believe that
that the,
the early
had the
the right
right
church had
early church
method;
their errors
Jay in
the chiliastic
misconception
in the
errors lay
chiliastic misconception
method; their
of the
of
the kingdom
kingdom and their
their tyrant-antichrist
tyrant-antichrist notions,
notions, both
both
inherited
inherited from Jewish
in their
their
Jewish apocalypticism,
apocalypticism, and in
of
the
element.
short-range
view
of
the
time
element.
These
were
errors
time
errors
short-range view
of the
the age,
age, and their
correction, as
time went on,
of
their correction,
reas time
on, reearly church
quired
approach. The early
shift in
in approach.
basic shift
church
quired no basic
laid down the
laid
the principles
principles of
historicist premillennialism.
premillennialism.
of historicist
Scholarly Precedents for 1844

844
Ending of
of 2300
23 00
Ending
Scholarly Precedents for 1
QUESTION
Year~Days
Year-Days
27
What scholarly
scholarly support
support can Seventh-day
Seventh-day
Adventists
Adventists cite
cite for
for holding,
holding, not
not only
only that
that the
the
2300 days
days of
of Daniel
Daniel 8:14
8:14 are
are symbolic
symbolic and theretherefore stand
stand for
for 2300 actual
actual years
years in
in fulfillment,
fulfillment,
fore
but especially
especially that
that they
they end in
in 1844?
1844"1 Does not
not
your position
position differ
differ from
from both fundamentalists
fundamentalists
your
modernists, as
as well
well as
as from
from Jews
Jews and Roman
and modernists,
Catholics? Was not
not your
your variant
variant concept
concept an ininCatholics?
novation
novation
first devised
devised by
by a layman,
layman, William
first
What reputable
reputable scholars,
scholars, if
if any,
any, have
ever
supported such a conclusion?
conclusion?
ever supported
Miller?
Miller?
We believe
believe our view to
the logical
to be the
conclusion
logical conclusion
of
and climax
a
thousand
years
of
progressive
a
of nearly
climax of
years
nearly
progressive apapto
plication
of
the
year-day
principle
to
the
symbolic
symbolic time
plication of the year-day principle
Its progenitors
periods
progenitors and chamBible prophecy.
of Bible
prophecy. Its
periods of
of illustrious
pions
have
embraced
literally
hundreds
of
illustrious
have
literally
pions
intent of
of
Jewish,
Catholic,
and
Protestant
scholars.
scholars. The intent
Protestant
Catholic,
Jewish,
for
8:14
the
of
Daniel
8:
14
has
intrigued
men
for
of
the 2300
2300 days
intrigued
days
more than
than aa thousand years.
years.
There are
are seven
seven progressive
principal adsteps, or principal
progressive steps,
of our presvances,
historical antecedents of
the historical
that form the
vances, that
presinent
These
compass
two
millenniums
and
inent position.
compass
position.
as
clude
scholars
of
the
centuries,
as
of
scholars
the greatest
of the
centuries,
clude some of
greatest
309
310
QUESTIONS
well as
as involving
major faiths.
folall major
faiths. (The
well
that fol(The digest
digest that
involving all
lows is
based upon
upon complete
evidence aplows
is based
documentary evidence
complete documentary
appearing
in
the
four-volume
set
The
Prophetic
Faith
of
set
Faith
in
the
four-volume
of
Prophetic
pearing
Our Fathers,
Fathers, by
E. Froom.)
L. E.
Froom.)
by L.
1.
CHURCH STRESSED
STRESSED SEVENTY 'VEEKS
WEEKS OF
1. EARLY
YEARs.-Early
the 70
70 weeks of
YEARS.
of
expounded the
Early churchmen expounded
Daniel
weeks of
or
490
years.
These
included
of years,
or
490
included
Daniel 9
as weeks
9 as
years,
years.
of Alexandria,
Tertullian,
Alexandria, Julius
Julius Africanus,
Africanus,
Tertullian, Clement of
of
Eusebius
Pamphili,
Athanasius,
Cyril
of
Jerusalem,
Eusebius Pamphili, Athanasius, Cyril
Jerusalem,
of Pelusium,
Theodoret, Polychronius,
Isidore of
Peiusium, TheodoTheodoret,
Polychronius, Isidore
sius,
Andronicus, and Prosper
Aquitaine.
of Aquitaine.
Miletenus, Andronicus,
sius, Miletenus,
Prosper of
And this
this position
position has
has long
long been
been the
the general
view
among
view
general
among
both Catholics
Catholics and Protestants.
Protestants.
both
2. YEAR-DAY PRINCIPLE ApPLIED
APPLIED BY MEDIEVAL
2.
TIME
JEWS
TO
SYMBOLIC
PERIODs.-Medieval
PERIODS.
ALL
Medieval
JEWS
Jewish
scholars
were
the
first
to
apply
the
year-day
the
the
first to
scholars
apply
year-day
Jewish
principle to
to the
the day
of Daniel
Daniel-the
the 1290,
1290, 1335,
1335,
day periods
periods of
principle
and 2300-as
leading
to
the
"far-off
days,"
the
"far-off
to
and
2300 as year-days,
year-days, leading
days/'
at
the "time
Beginning with
with ninth-century
ninth-century
end." Beginning
of the
the end."
"time of
at the
Nahawendi, and then tenth-century
Jeroham,
Saadia, Jeroham,
Nahawendi,
tenth-century Saadia,
and Hakohen,
to eleventh-century
Rashi, who
Hakohen, we come to
eleventh-century Rashi,
full
Then
we
find four
regarded
the
2300
as
full
years.
find
as
the
four
2300
years.
regarded
two
twelfth-century
and
thirteenth-century
scholars,
thirteenth-century scholars,
twelfth-century
including Nahmanides,
N ahmanides, teaching
teaching the
same. And three
three
the same.
including
fourteenth-century
the fifteenth
in the
fifteenth
rabbis, Abravanel in
fourteenth-century rabbis,
in
the
sixteenth
century,
and
others
in
the
sixteenth
century,
others
century, parallelcentury,
parallelthe
Protestant
Reformation,
provide
a total
total of
of
ing
Protestant
the
Reformation, provide a
ing
twenty-one
Jewish
expositors,
spread
over
Palestine,
twenty-one Jewish expositors, spread over Palestine,
Persia,
France, Spain,
Algeria, Portugal,
Portugal,
Persia, Syria,
Babylon, France,
Syria, Babylon,
Spain, Algeria,
Italy,
Turkey,
Poland,
and
Germany.
Poland,
Germany.
Italy, Turkey,
3. MEDIEVAL CATHOLIC SCHOLARS PARALLEL JEWISH
JEWISH
3.
YEAR-DAY RECKONING.-Beginning
in 1190,
RECKONING. Beginning in
the
1190, with the
SCHOLARLY PRECEDENTS FOR 1844

1844
311
311
renowned Joachim
Floris, of
of Floris,
of Calabria,
the
Calabria, Italy,
Joachim of
Italy, the
year-day principle
principle was first
first applied
applied to
to the
the 1260 days
days as
as
year-day
the years
years of
woman,
or
church
in
the
the symbolic
in
the
or
church
of the
woman,
symbolic
wilderness.
wilderness. And in
thirteenth century
Joachimite
in the
the thirteenth
century Joachimite
in Italy,
Spain,
France,
Germany
scholars
scholars in
and
Italy, Spain, France,
similarly
Germany similarly
applied the
the year-day
the 1260,
to the
1260, 1290,
1290, 1335,
1335,
applied
year-day principle
principle to
and 2300 days.
about
1292
Arnold
of
of
Arnold
1292
days. For example,
example,
Villanova
Villanova said
that the
2300 days
stand
for
2300
years,
said that
the 2300
stand
2300
for
days
years,
the period
counting the
the time
Daniel to
to the
the
time of
of Daniel
counting
period from the
Second Advent.
Advent. Here is
is his
statement: "When
his express
express statement:
he says,
'two
thousand
three
hundred
days'
'two
three
it must be
be
says,
days' it
he
said
that by
by days
understands
years
....
In
that
vision
said that
understands
...
that
vision
In
days
years.
by days
days are
are understood years."
by
years."
Better
to most church historians
historians is
is the
the illusillusBetter known to
trious Nicholas
Nicholas Krebs of
Catholic carditrious
of Cusa,
cardiCusa, Roman Catholic
nal, scholar,
philosopher, and theologian,
theologian, who in
in 1452
1452
nal,
scholar, philosopher,
declared
that the
the 2300
2300 year-days
year-days began
began in
in the
the time of
of
declared that
Persia. His Conjecture
Concerning
the
Last
Days
the
Last
Persia.
Conjecture Concerning
Days
(1452)
that the
the 2300
2300 year-days
year-days extend from
declares that
(1452) declares
Persia
to the
the consuming
at the
the Second Advent,
sin at
of sin
Persia to
Advent,
consuming of
possibly between
between 1700
1750.
1700 and 1750.
possibly
4. CORRECT TERMINI OF SEVENTY WEEKS ESTABEsTAB4.
LlsHED.-In
the German Reformation Johann
Johann Funck
In the
LISHED.
(1564)
first correctly
placed the
the seventy
seventy weeks (490
(490
correctly placed
(1564) first
years)
as
reckoned
from
the
seventh
year
of
Artaxerxes,
the
seventh
reckoned
as
Artaxerxes,
of
from
year
years)
from 457
B.C. to
this he was soon followed
followed
to A.D. 34.
34. In this
457 B.C.
from
in
by
other
Protestant
scholars
in
various
lands,
such
various
scholars
Protestant
other
lands,
by
in Switzerland.
Switzerland.
as Cappel
Cappel in
Bullinger in
in France,
as
France, and Bullinger
the
held
ArtaxerxesScores
of interpreters
have
since
held
the
Artaxerxeshave
since
Scores of
interpreters
the
the
of
decree
date (457
B.C.)
as
the
beginning
of
the
seventy
as
decree date
seventy
beginning
(457 B.C.)
list
weeks
of
years.
The
list
soon
included
Colonial
weeks of years.
American
large group
held the
the
as well.
well. (A
scholars as
American scholars
group held
(A large
QUESTIONS
312
312
view in
in the
the early
early nineteenth
nineteenth
same view
on the
the Continent,
Continent, and in
in North
in Britain,
century-in
Britain,
century
America. And since
since
then, such
such expositors
expositors as
as Doderlein,
Doderlein, Franc,
Franc, Geier,
Geier, Pusey,
Pusey,
then,
Auberlen, Blackstone,
Blackstone, Taylor,
Taylor, and Boutflower
Boutflower have
have
Auberlen,
such
as
concurred,
as
wen
as
Catholics
such
as
LempRoman
Catholics
as
as
well
concurred,
Lerapkin.)
kin.)
.
5. TlLLINGHAST
TILLINGHAST INCLUDES SEVENTY WEEKS
'VEEKS WlTHIN
WITHIN
2300.-1n
the century
century after
after the
the Protestant
Protestant ReformaIn the
2300.
many Protestant
Protestant expounders
expounders from English
English theolotheolotion, many
tion,
gian George
George Downham (died
(died 1634)
1634) to
to British
British barrister
barrister
gian
King in
in 1798,
declared the
the number 2300
2300 ininEdward King
1798, declared
volved the
the same number of
of years.
years. John
John Tillinghast
Tillinghast
volved
(died 1655)
at the
the second advent and the
the
1655) ended them at
(died
the first
IOOO-year reign
reign of
the saints.
Tillinghast was the
first
saints. Tillinghast
of the
1000-year
to assert
assert the
the 70
of years
years to
to be
be aa lesser
lesser epoch
epoch
70 weeks of
to
within
period of
of the
the 2300 years.
years. He did
not
did not
the larger
within the
larger period
declared
the
weeks
begin
them
together.
But
he
declared
the
70
to
to
70
together.
begin
belong within
within the
the 2300
2300 years.
years.
belong
6. 2300
2300 YEARS EMBRACES ALL LESSER PERIODS.
PERIODS.6.
Heinrich
declared
that
the
that
the 2300
declared
of Germany
Heinrich Horch of
Germany
years
is
the
master)
over-all
period)
and
includes
includes all
all
years is the master, over-all period,
lesser
periods. Thomas Beverley,
of Britain,
Britain, bebetime periods.
lesser time
Beverley, of
of the
lieved
the world,
the second advent,
the end of
to the
led to
it led
lieved it
advent, the
world,
the
breaking
of
antichrist,
and
the
the
of
the
the
the resurrection,
antichrist,
resurrection,
breaking
in Britain
Britain and Germany
millennium. Brilliant
scholars in
Brilliant scholars
Germany
-such
as Lowth,
such as
Newton, Fletcher,
Fletcher,
Lowth, Whiston,
Whiston, Bishop
Bishop Newton,
for
church's
deliverHorch,
and
Giblehr-looked
for
the
church's
deliverlooked
Giblehr
Horch,
of
ance,
the
destruction
of
antichrist,
the
establishment
destruction
antichrist,
ance, the
the close
of
follow upon
close of
of this
this
to follow
of Christ's
Christ's kingdom
upon the
kingdom to
period.
period.
Some Colonial
writers
national American writers
Colonial and early
early national
-such
as
Congregational
theologian
Cotton
Mather,
such as Congregational theologian
Mather,
5.

1844
313
313
Governor William Burnet,

Burnet, Episcopalian
Episcopalian rector
rector RichRichard Clarke,
Clarke, Postmaster General Samuel Osgood,
Osgood, and
Harvard librarian
librarian James
James Winthrop
Winthrop-believed
the
believed that
that the
period
end
with
the
fall
of
spiritual
Babylon,
would
the
fall
of
period
spiritual Babylon,
the
that remains,"
remains," the
kingdom of
of God,
the
the "rest
"rest that
the kingdom
God, the
the smiting
of the
the nations,
nations, the
the
world's
world's "midnight,"
"midnight," the
smiting of
millennium, or
the end of
the world.
or the
of the
world.
millennium,
7. PETRI
PETRI-2300
7.
2300 YEARS BEGIN JOINTLY
SEVJOINTLY WITH SEVWEEKS. Johann P.
ENTY WEEKs.-Johann
P. Petri
(died 1792),
Reformed
Petri (died
1792),
pastor of
of Seckbach,
introduced the
the
in 1768
1768 introduced
Seckbach, Germany,
pastor
Germany, in
in
final step
the
final
in
the
progressive
and
logical
series
of
seven
series
of
seven
step
progressive
logical
principles leading
to the
the inevitable
conclusion and
inevitable conclusion
principles
leading to
that
the
climax-that
the 490
490 years
years (70
weeks of
years) are
climax
of years)
are the
the
(70 weeks
the 2300 years.
first part
part of
years. He began
began them synchroof the
first
synchrobirth of
Christ-terminatnously,
453 years
years before
before the
the birth
of Christ
terminatnously, 453
in A.D.
ing
the 490
490 years
the 2300
2300 years
years in
A.I>. 37,
in 1847.
1847.
37, and the
years in
ing the
Hans Wood,
Wood, of
Ireland, likewise
the 70
of Ireland,
likewise made the
70 weeks
part of
2300 years.
Soon
both
sides
the first
first part
the 2300
on
sides
the
of the
men
both
years.
Atlantic, in
in Africa,
Africa, even
even in
of the
in India
the Atlantic,
other
of
India and other
countries,
their convictions
to set
set forth
in similar
similar
forth their
convictions in
countries, began
began to
vem.
vein.
Scores
Early Nineteenth
Nineteenth Century
Fix on 1843,
or '47
in Early
'47
Scores in
1843, '44,
'44, or
Century Fix
In
the first
first third
century aa tretrethird of
the nineteenth century
In the
of the
the
mendous revival
place concerning
concerning the
revival of
of study
study took place
the
of
pertaining
to
the
approaching
end
of
the
prophecies
the
to
approaching
prophecies pertaining
the
in
of
European
scholars
in
Britain,
on
the
age.
scholars
of
A
number
Britain,
European
age.
from John
Continent, and even in
in India
India-from
Continent,
John A. Brown
in 1810,
to Birks
their convictions
convictions
in 1843-published
1843 published their
Birks in
in
1810, to
or '47.
'47.
that the
would
end
about
1843,
'44, or
that
the 2300
2300 years
1843,
'44,
years
same
the
These
essentially
the
reckondates represent
three dates
These three
represent essentially
at the
ing, with
with the
the death
in the
the midst,
midst, or
or at
the end,
Christ in
death of
of Christ
end,
ing,
314
QUESTIONS
the seventieth
of the
of years,
years, with
with the
the 2300
2300 counted
seventieth week of
counted
from the
point as
as the
the 70
70 weeks.
weeks. The
the same starting
starting point
differences are
of computation
computation or
matters of
differences
are mere matters
or of
of placplacing
Christ's
birth
in
1
4
B.C.
4
1 or
B.C.
in
Christ's
or
birth
ing
In
paralleling group
of scholars
a paralleling
In North America a
scholars
group of
holding high
high posts
posts in
denominations-all
prior
in various
various denominations
all prior
holding
to
C. Davis
Davis (1810)
on,
to William Miller-from
Miller from William C.
(1810) on,
as destined
destined to
likewise
looked to
to 1843,
or '47
likewise looked
'47 as
to introintro1843, '44,
'44, or
the advent,
or period
duce some great
period-the
the judgjudgevent or
advent, the
great event
ment scene,
the millennial
millennial reign
reign of
of the
the saints,
or
or the
saints, or
scene, or
the effusion
effusion Qf
the Spirit
preceding
Christ's
coming.
Christ's
the
of the
Spirit preceding
coming.
L. Wilson,
These included
moderator of
of
Dr. Joshua
included Dr.
Wilson, moderator
Joshua L.
the
Presbyterian General
Assembly; Protestant
EpiscoGeneral Assembly;
Protestant Episcothe Presbyterian
pal Bishop
Bishop John
P. K.
K. Henshaw;
Henshaw; Alexander Campbell,
Campbell,
John P.
pal
several college
founder of
of the
the Disciples
Disciples Church;
college presiChurch; several
presidents and professors,
professors, judges,
judges, congressmen,
congressmen, physicians,
physicians,
dents
pastors of
anq editors
editors of
of outstanding
of several
several
churches, and
outstanding churches,
pastors
religious journals.
journals.
religious
It
both interesting
that more than
It is
is both
than
interesting and significant
significant that
in
sixty
in
the
early
nineteenth
century,
scattered
men
the
scattered
early
century,
sixty
in twelve
twelve different
over four
four continents,
located in
over
different
continents, and located
countries-including
Catholic supreme
countries
a Roman Catholic
including even a
supreme
court
justice, Jose
Jose de Rozas
Rozas of
of Mexico City
City-looked
to
court justice,
looked to
1843,
'44,
or
'47
as
the
terminus
of
this
epochal
period.
this
as
the
terminus
of
or
'47
1843, '44,
epochal period.
And nearly
nearly all
published their
their expectations
all of
of them published
expectations
before William
Miller's first
first book appeared
appeared in
in Troy,
William Miller's
before
Troy,
in
1836.
New York,
in
1836.
York,
Such is
is the
historical background,
background, and
the impressive
impressive historical
scholarly
non-Seventh-day Adventist
Adventist precedent,
precedent, rerescholarly non-Seventh-day
vealed
in the
the record.
record. We consequently
consequently feel
feel that
that our
vealed in
position-that
2300 year-days
year-days of
Daniel 8:
14 exthat the
the 2300
8:14
exof Daniel
position
tend from 457
to A.D. I844-has
precedent.
1844 has ample
457 B.C. to
ample precedent.
315
So,
in common with many
many before
before us,
us, we,
we, as
as Adventists,
Adventists,
So, In
that the
hold that
the dosing
to announce important
hold
date was to
closing date
important
events
around
the
great
judgment
events clustering
the
clustering
day and
great judgment day
the
the closing
closing events
the age.
(The
basis
of
our
fixing
events of
of the
of
our
basis
fixing
age. (The
the
upon
the
2300
years
as
extending
from
457
to
A.D.
to
as
B.C.
457
upon
years
extending
1844
lR44 appears
24 and 25.)
appears under Questions
25.)
Questions 24
Ours Not a Discovery,
Discovery, but
but aa Continuation
Continuation
Our reason
reason for
as rational,
rational, logical,
logical, and
for accepting
accepting as
exegetically
sound
the
interpretation
that
places the
the
the
that
exegetically
places
interpretation
terminus of
of the
the 2300
2300 years
years in
not based
based on the
the
in 1844
1844 is
is not
imposing
scholarly expositors
expositors cited,
cited, but
but the
the
of scholarly
imposing array
array of
fact remains
exfact
remains that
that we have
have this
this supporting
host
of
exhost
of
supporting
positors,
without
a
parallel
in
the
annals
of
prophetic
a
without
in
the
annals
of
positors,
parallel
prophetic
exposition.
exposition.
why we feel
that if
to be
be 'censured,
That is
is why
feel that
if we are
are to
'censured,
then,
in
simple
fairness
and
justice,
similar
charges
of
in
similar
then,
charges of
simple fairness
justice,
illusunreasonableness
placed against
that illusunreasonableness should
should be placed
against that
trious company
company of
Biblical
scholars
who
scholars
trious
of accomplished
Biblical
accomplished
and
have held
held essentially
the
same
view,
held
who
held
the
view,
essentially
honored posts
posts in
Protestant communions.
in the
the leading
leading Protestant
They are
are recognized,
scholars.
Christian scholars.
They
outstanding Christian
recognized, outstanding
we, as
Adventists, continue
to take
take our
our place
in
And we,
continue to
as Adventists,
place in
that great
great line
prophetic expositors
serious-minded prophetic
that
of serious-minded
line of
expositors
the brilliant,
brilliant, godly
of
of the
the centuries,
centuries, clasping
godly
clasping hands with the
company
are
our
of
exegetes
before
us.
They
are
spiritual
us.
of
before
They
spiritual
exegetes
company
sucancestors
in this
their logical
logical sucancestors in
this exposition,
exposition, and we their
differfind
ourselves
cessors
and
continuators.
If
we
find
ourselves
differIf
cessors
continuators.
ing
with most
most fundamentalists
all modernists,
modernists, that
that
fundamentalists and all
ing with
is because
because they
they have
have abandoned the
the historicist
historicist position
position
is
for pret-the
the other
pretother for
for futurism,
the one group
futurism, and the
group for
once
held
represents the
the position
position
held by
by
erism.
view represents
erism. Our view
316
QUESTIONS
We
their
their spiritual
spiritual ancestors.
ancestors. We do not base
base our doctrine
doctrine
find
we
our
the authority
authority of
of our predecessors;
predecessors;
find
on the
own
basis in
in aa study
study of
of Scripture
Scripture and aa comparison
comparison of
of fulfillfulfillbasis
in history.
history. But we are
are here
here answering
answering the
the quesquesment in
tion about our precedents
precedents in
in exposition,
exposition, and we feel
feel
tion
to stand
stand in
in this
this distinguished
distinguished line.
line.
honored to
conclude: From facts
facts here adduced,
adduced, it
it becomes
To conclude:
evident that
that our position
position on the
the reckoning
reckoning of
of the
the 2300
evident
It
in
is
year-days
is
not
innovation.
It
is
in
harmony
an
innovation.
is
not
harmony with
year-days
which
but
others
have let
positions
long
since
held,
others
let
since
held,
positions long
an
slip.
It
rightly
called
invention,
a
discalled
a
be
discannot
It
invention,
rightly
slip.
it is,
reality, aa continuation and restoration
restoration
covery; it
in reality,
is, in
covery;
of
prophetic
truths
and
principles
progressively
adopted
truths
of prophetic
principles progressively adopted
over the
the centuries.
centuries. We are
are therefore
therefore not introducers
introducers
over
of old
of new positions,
positions, but are
are sincere
sincere champions
champions of
old
of
historic positions
positions developed
Christian church
historic
by the Christian
developed by
of the
the ages.
of
ages.
Antiochus Epiphal1e5 and the

Prophetic Specifications of Daniel
Prophetic Specifications of Daniel
Antiochus E-piphanes and the
QUESTION
QUESTION
28
Why
Adventists reject
reject the
position, so
the position,
so
Why do Adventists
that
Antiochus
Epiphanes
fulfills
widely
held,
that
Antiochus
held,
widely
Epiphanes fulfills
the
the prophecy
prophecy of
Daniel 7
the "little
7 or
"little horn" of
or
of the
of Daniel
both with his
8,
his suppression
suppression of
of the
the Jewish
Jewish
8) or both,
B.C., as
as the
fulfillsacrifices between 167
167 and 164 B.C.,
the fulfillsacrifices
ment of
predicted exploits
and
time
period
time
of the predicted
exploits
period
of the
the "little
horn"?
"little horn"?
of
y
The issue
issue here raised
raised is
is more complex, and far
far
complex,
more fundamental,
than
might
at
first
appear.
Some
than
at
first appear.
fundamental,
might
apply to
to Antiochus Epiphanes
the "little
horn" symbol
"little horn"
apply
symbol
Epiphanes the
Daniel 7,
than any
of Daniel
of
stout" than
other
7, which became "more stout"
any other
of the
the ten
ten horns
horns (verse
20),
while
others
apply
to
him
of
others
to
while
(verse 20),
apply
the
horn" of
"little horn"
the "little
of Daniel 8,
8, which became "exceeding
"exceeding
great"
(Dan. 8:9,
others seek
seek to
to apply
to
Still others
8:9, 10).
apply to
great" (Dan.
10). Still
Antiochus the
the little
chapters. But these
these
little horns in
in both chapters.
horns, as
as will
separate symbols.
are two separate
will be shown,
horns,
shown, are
symbols.
They are
are not
not identical,
parallel each other
in
other only
identical, and parallel
only in
They
part.
part.
Bible scholars
as Faussett,
Faussett, AuberNumerous Bible
scholars (such
(such as
len,
Zundel,
Eberhardt,
Hiivernick,
Hengstenberg,
Havernick, Hengstenberg,
len,
Ziindel, Eberhardt,
warn
Scofield,
Gaebelein,
and
Ironside)
against
conScofield, Gaebelein,
against conIronside)
fusing the
horn" of
of Daniel 77 with the
the "little
"little
the "little
"little horn"
fusing
conhorn" of
Daniel 8.
Nevertheless, many
many continue
continue to
to con8. Nevertheless,
of Daniel
horn"
317
318
QUESTIONS
fuse them,
fuse
them,
and thus
thus become involved
irreconcilable
involved in
in irreconcilable
difficulties.
difficulties.
Those who place
in Daniel
Daniel 8
8 do not
not
place Antiochus in
necessarily
also
hold
the
so-called
"Porphyry
theory"
the
so-called
also
hold
of
"Porphyry theory" of
necessarily
which
makes
Antiochus
the
little
horn
of
a
Daniel
Antiochus
the
little
horn
Daniel 7,
a
of
7,
are also
"Greek"
fourth kingdom.
also those
those who,
"Greek" fourth
who, on
kingdom. There are
the
basis of
or
preliminary
fulfillment
of
or
fulfillment
of some
of a
a partial
the basis
preliminary
partial
aspects
of
the
prophecy,
have
regarded
Antiochus
as
the
Antiochus
a
of
as a
regarded
prophecy,
aspects
type,
or
forerunner,
of
the
great
persecuting
Antichrist
the
of
Antichrist
great persecuting
type, or forerunner,
was to
to realize
who was
the actual
fulfillment centuries
actual fulfillment
centuries later.
realize the
later.
There has
has been,
been, besides,
almost universal
universal opinion
There
besides, an almost
opinion
that
Antiochus has
place among
the series
a legitimate
has a
series
that Antiochus
legitimate place
among the
of
kings-Ptolemies
and
Seleucids-referred
to
in
chapSeleucids
referred
to
in
of kings Ptolemies
chapter II,
prophecy that
that covers
covers the
the period
in
literal prophecy
a literal
ter
II, a
period in
which he
he attempted
attempted to
the
true
worship
of
God.
the
true
to suppress
of
worship
suppress
find him in
that chapter,
with relatively
relatively unin that
unTo find
along with
chapter, along
as
at
all
the
important
rulers,
is
not
at
all
the
same
as
giving
him
giving
important rulers, is
the
disproportionate importance
that attaches
attaches to
to the
the
the disproportionate
importance that
Antiochus interpretation
of
the
little
horn
of
Daniel
7.
of
the
little
horn
of
Daniel
Antiochus
7.
interpretation
These
variations in
be
kept
distinct
must
in interpretation
be
distinct
These variations
interpretation
kept
so
as to
to avoid
confusion.
avoid confusion.
so as
1.
ROMAl'1 VIEWS OF THE FOURTH KING1. GREEK AND ROMAN
DOM.-It
be noted
identification of
of
noted that
that any
DOM. It should
should be
any identification
of
is
Antiochus
as
the
little
horn
of
chapter
7
is
dependent
little
as
the
7
Antiochus
chapter
dependent
on the
the identification
identification of
Daniel's four
world
the fourth
fourth of
of the
of Daniel's
four world
on
powers
with
rather
the
(Grecian)
period,
rather
with
the
Macedonian
(Grecian) period,
powers
than
views must be
be
the Roman. The Greek and Roman views
than the
explained.
The
majority
interpretation
through
the
majority interpretation through the
explained.
centuries has
has been that
that the
world power
power of
the fourth
fourth world
of
centuries
Daniel 22 and 77 is
Rome, and that
the prophetic
prophetic outoutthat the
is Rome,
Daniel
line"S portrayed
portrayed in
these chapters
well as
in chapters
as in
in these
lines
chapters (as
(as well
chapters
of
time.
88 and 9)
9) reach
reach to
the end of time.
to the
ANTIOCH US EPIPHANES
ANTIOCHUS
319
319
This was early

taught by
by Josephus
other Jewish
Jewish
early taught
Josephus and other
and
later
later by
such early
church expositors
expositors as
writers,
writers,
as
by such
early church
Hippolytus,
pseudo-Barnabas, Irenaeus,
Irenaeus, Tertullian,
Tertullian, Hippolytus,
pseudo-Barnabas,
Eusebius,
Aphrahat, Cyril,
SulEusebius, Aphrahat,
Isidore, SulCyril, Chrysostom,
Chrysostom, Isidore,
picius
Severus,
Jerome,
Theodoret.
It
was
the
and
the
Theodoret.
It
was
picius Severus, Jerome,
virtually universal
universal ,view
of pre-Reformation,
pre-Reformation, ReformaReforma,view of
virtually
tion, and post-Reformation
times. Beginning
in the
the
tion,
post-Reformation times.
Beginning in
thirteenth
thirteenth century
and
from
Reformation
times
onfrom
times
onReformation
century
it
had
a
ward,
it
as
a
major
corollary
that
the
little
horn
as
that
little
ward,
the
horn
major corollary
of Daniel 7,
of
of the
divisions of
ten divisions
the ten
of Rome,
7, springing
Rome,
springing out of
was the
the Papacy.
Papacy. Rome, in
pagan and/or
papal
in its
its pagan
and/or papal
has
"little"
and
phases,
has
likewise
been
said
to
be
the
likewise
been
said
to
be
the
"little"
phases,
later "exceeding
later
great"
horn
of
Daniel
8,
though
this
of
Daniel
8, though this
"exceeding great"
is
is not
not necessarily
necessarily aa concomitant
the Roman view
view of
concomitant of
of the
of
the fourth kingdom.
kingdom. (Antiochus
and,
later,
Mohamand,
later,
(Antiochus
chapter 88 by
by holders
holders of
medanism have
have been seen
seen in
in chapter
the
of the
view.)
Roman view.)
The Greek view was originally
held only
by PorPoronly by
originally held
a
phyry
and
a
few
others,
but
is
championed
today
by
but
is
others,
phyry
championed today by aa
large
of
exegetes,
principally
the modernist
modernist
number
of
of the
large
exegetes, principally of
school.
fourth kingdom
kingdom of
school. This scheme assigns
the fourth
of
assigns the
Daniel 22 and 77 to
to the
Hellenistic, period
periodDaniel
the Greek,
or Hellenistic,
Greek, or
that is,
is, either
either to
Alexander and his
his successors
to the
the
that
to Alexander
successors or
or to
successors
to the
the time
of the
the Roman Emsuccessors alone
alone down to
time of
pire, with Antiochus
the persecuting
persecuting SeleuSeleuAntiochus Epiphanes,
Epiphanes, the
pire,
cid
*
as
the
"little
that
came
up
among
that
as
the
"little
horn"
cid king,
among
up
king,*
of chapter
the ten
horns of
beast of
the
ten horns
of the
the fourth
fourth beast
7. And
chapter 7.
fourth
the
many,
even
including
some
who
make
the
fourth
Rome
even
many,
including
empire, hold
hold that
the "exceeding
constitutes the
that Antiochus
Antiochus constitutes
"exceeding
empire,
divisions of
of Alexander's
Seleucid Empire
easternmost of
of the
the four
four divisions
Alexander'.
the easternmost
*The Seleucid
Empire was the
empire. From the
the fact
that its
was Antipch
Antioch in
in Syria,
that in
in later
later times
times
its capital
fact that
Syria, and that
capital was
empire.
it
was
also
referred
to as
it
lost its
its eastern
eastern territory
territory and shrank
Syria proper,
it
also
referred
to
as
into Syria
shrank into
it lost
proper,
the
Syrian Empire,
Empire, or
or merely
the Syrian
merely Syria.
Syria.
.~20
320
QUESTIONS
great" horn
horn springing
springing out
out of
of one of
of the
the four
four horns
horns of
of
the Grecian
Grecian goat
goat of
of chapter
chapter 8,
8, or
or is
is at
at least
least the
the type
type or
or
the
forerunner of
of that
that horn.
horn.
forerunner
great*'
This Grecian
Grecian view,
view, according
according to
to S.
S. R.
R. Driver,
Driver, rereThis
stricts the
the latter
latter days
days "within
"within the
the range
range of
of the
the writer"
writer"
(of the prophecy of Daniel), and puts
puts forth
forth Antiochus
Antiochus
(of the prophecy of Daniel),
Epiphanes as
as the
the "limiting
horizon of
of the
the book."
book." That
"limiting horizon
Epiphanes
is, everything
everything in
in the
the book of
of Daniel
Daniel (including
(including chapters
chapters
is,
occurred
to
have
2,
7,
8,
9,
II)
is
understood
to
occurred
prior to
to
understood
is
2, 7, 8, 9, 11)
prior
the Christian
Christian Era.
Era. On the
the contrary,
contrary, under the
the Roman
the
view, with
with Rome,
Rome, pagan
pagan and papal,
papal, as
as the
the fourth
fourth world
world
view,
"little
power,
the
deeds
of
the
"little
horn,"
whatever
it
may
the
whatever
it
of
deeds
the
horn,"
may
power,
be, come entirely
the beginning
beginning of
of the
the Christian
Christian
be,
after the
entirely after
other.
excludes
the
view
clearly
excludes
the
other.
dispensation.
view
One
clearly
dispensation.
2.
ORIGIN OF THE GRECIAN
2, NON-CHRISTIAN
THEORY.-The
the Greek fourth
fourth kingdom
kingdom is
of the
is
THEORY.
The origin
origin of
a
generally
credited,
not
to
a
Christian
exegete,
but
to
a
not
to
a
Christian
to
exegete,
generally credited,
It was depagan, Porphyry,
Porphyry, who died about A.D.
A.D. 304.
304. It
depagan,
vised,
not to
to expound,
but
to
discredit
and
deny
the
the
discredit
but
to
vised, not
deny
expound,
prophetic element of
to conthe book of
of Daniel-not
Daniel not to
conof the
prophetic
as
veracity. In short,
firm
its veracity.
to deny
firm the
the Bible,
short, as
Bible, but to
deny its
Antioch
many
scholars
(such
as
Jerome
of
and
Bishop
as
of
scholars
Bishop
many
Jerome
(such
it was a
a pagan's
Thomas Newton)
out, it
pointed out,
pagan's
Newton) have pointed
the inroads
of Christian
counterattack
inroads of
Christian teachings
counterattack upon
teachings
upon the
fabriworld an avowedly
defensive
in
pagan world-an
defensive
and
fabriin the
the pagan
avowedly
the book of
of Daniel was not written
written by
cated
cated claim
that the
claim that
by
in
sixth
the
Daniel
in
the
sixth
century
B.C.,
but
by
aa
the
Daniel
the prophet
B.C.,
century
by
prophet
the
in
in
the
second
century
B.C.,
in
the
time
pseudo-Daniel
in
second
the
B.C.,
century
pseudo-Daniel
that the
of
of
'*' So he maintained that
the book of
of the
Maccabees.*
the Maccabees.
stricts
*Dr.
*Dr. Edward J.
Westminster Theological
of Westminster
of
Seminary (The
(The Prophecy
J. Young,
Prophecy of
Young, of
Daniel,
of the
claims that
that the
of Daniel
Daniel is
is a product
the book of
observes: "One who claims
Daniel, p.
product of
5) observes:
p. 5)
ANTIOCHUS EPIPHANES
321
321
Daniel was not a prophecy

at all,
all, as
as it
it claimed
claimed to
to be,
be, but
but
prophecy at
only a history
history written
the events.
Th~s he
he chal
written after
after the
events. Thus
chalonly
lenged
lenged
its right
to Christian
Christian, acceptance
right to
acceptance and propagapropagawas the accuracy
of
the
historical fulfillment
o
the
historical
fulfillment
accuracy
that
that made him say
written after
the
it must have been written
say it
after the
events.
events.
3. THE Two FORMS OF THE GREEK VIEW.
3.
VIEw.-There
There
of the
are two forms of
of Daniel's
Daniel's fourth
the Greek view of
fourth
kingdom, agreeing
agreeing only
kingdom as
as Babylon
Babylon
the first
first kingdom
kingdom,
only on the
and on the
the horns of
as Hellenistic
Hellenistic kings,
kings, with
with
of the
the fourth
fourth as
as Antiochus Epiphanes.
the little
little horn as
The
series
two
series
Epiphanes.
run:
run:
its
tion.
It
tion. It
L
1. Babylon
Babylon
1.
1. Babylon
Babylon
2.
Persia (Medes
2. Persia
(Medes and
2.
Persians)
Persians)
3. Alexander's
Alexander's empire
3.
empire
(during
his
lifetime)
his
(during
lifetime)
Alexander's successors
4. Alexander's
4.
successors
2. Media
3. Persia
Persia
3.
4.
4. Alexander and his
his
successors
successors
The first
first form,
traced to
to Porphyry,
Porphyry, was
form, generally
generally traced
revived about 1600 and has
revived
has had adherents
adherents down into
into
the present
present century.
taught by
by Ephraim
the
second, taught
century. The second,
Ephraim
the
and
a
few
others,
was
resurrected
until
not
a
until
the Syrian
resurrected
others,
Syrian
the eighteenth
it is
is quite widely
the
today it
century, but today
quite widely
eighteenth century,
held. (See
(See H. H. Rowley,
Rowley, Darius the
the Mede and the
the
held.
as it
it is
Maccabean age
is a work of true
predictive prophecy
prophecy ~s
it purpurdenies that
true predictive
that it
thereby denies
age thereby
ports to
be. Furthermore,
Furthermore, if
if the
book of
Daniel comes from the
the age
age of
of the
the Maccabees,
of Daniel
to be.
the book
ports
Maccabees,
also a forgery,
II do not see
it is
is possible
possible to
to escape
the book is
is also
forgery)
see how it
escape the conclusion that the
for it
it claims
claims to
to be
be a revelation
to the
the Daniel
Daniel who lived
lived in
in Babylon
for
revelation from God to
Babylon during
during
the exile.))
the
exile."
witness
Porphyry challenged
challenged and disparaged
the
veracity
competency
of
the
witness
of
the
and
the
Porphyry
competency
veracity
disparaged
of Jesus
Jesus Christ
Himself, who cited
as the
the author
author of
of the
the prophetic
of
Christ Himself,
Daniel as
cited Daniel
prophetic book
bearing
name, and recognized
the treatise
inspired prophecy
prophecy (Matt.
(Matt.
his name,
treatise to
to be an inspired
bearing his
recognized the
24:15).
24:15).
11
11
322
322
QUESTIONS
Empires in
Daniel, for
the
the Book of
Four World Empires
in the
or the
of Daniel,
differing
views and their
their numerous variations.)
variations.)
differing views
The first
of this
this view
view ignores
the unity
unity of
of the
first form of
the
ignores the
Hellenistic period.
period. From'
From Alexander to
to the
the dominance
Hellenistic
of Rome the
was aa single
single Grecoof
Hellenistic world was
Grecothe Hellenistic
Macedonian-Oriental civilization
by Greek
civilization molded by
Macedonian-Oriental
Greek
language, thought,
political institutions,
institutions, ruled
by
ruled by
language,
thought, and political
Macedonians, and thought
of
as
a
single
empire
long
of
as
a
Macedonians,
thought
single empire long
its political diviafter Alexander's
Alexander's death,
in spite
of its
after
death, in
spite of
political divisions.
One
historian
says:
sions.
historian says:
We may
may pause
to note
note that
that the
the name of
of king
king [as
to
pause to
[as applied
applied to
kings [Alexander's
Seleucus]
had no
no territorial
reference. These kings
territorial reference.
[Alexander's
Seleucus] had
successors]
never officially
styled kings of Egypt or kings of
are never
successors] are
officially styled kings of Egypt or kings of
it is
Asia. If
they are
merely for
for the
the purso by
called so
is merely
Asia.
If they
are called
historians, it
by historians,
purconvenient distinction.
connoted rather
rather aa personal
personal rerepose
It connoted
distinction. It
of convenient
pose of
Ideally there
there was
was one
one Macedolation
the Macedonian people.
to the
lation to
people. Ideally
the Middle Ages
there was
was one Roman Empire.
Empire.
nian Empire
Empire as
in the
nian
as in
Ages there
or
But the
the dignity
was borne
borne conjointly
conjointly or
of Macedonian King
King was
dignity of
concurrently
by several
chieftains, just
just as
the dignity
dignity of
as the
several chieftains,
of Roman
concurrently by
was borne
by the
the Western
Western and the
the ByzanEmperor was
borne concurrently
concurrently by
ByzanEmperor
In practice
practice, of
each of
the rivals
rivals had to
to acactine prince.
prince. In
of course,
tine
of the
course, each
quiesce
in the
within aa certain
territorial
the others
certain territorial
others being
being kings
kings within
quiesce in
was never
never as
as close
close
sphere.
But their
their connexion with
with that
that sphere
sphere. But
sphere was
and essential
essential as
king of
or the
the king
king of
as that
that of
the king
of England
France
of the
of France
England or
Macewith his
his territory.
territory. Ptolemy
Ptolemy and Seleucid
were to
to the
the end MaceSeleucid were
with
in Egypt
in Asia.
Asia.donian kings
kings who happened
happened to
to reign
reign in
donian
Egypt and in
EnWYN
of Seleucus
Seleucus (1902),
(1902), vol.
vol. I,
pp.
EDWYN ROBERT BEVAN, The House of
1, pp.
57,
58. (Italics
in the
the original.)
57, 58.
original.)
(Italics in
,
Daniel indicates
indicates
Daniel
this unity
by representing
representing "Grecia"
"Grecia"
unity by
its first
first
as
animal-aa goat
with horns,
representing its
as one animal
horns, representing
goat with
king
and
his
four
successors.
Just
so,
Alexander's
suchis
successors.
Alexander's
sucso,
four
king
Just
cessors
not constitute
distinct kingdom
kingdom that
that reredid not
a distinct
cessors did
constitute a
placed its
its predecessors
by conquest,
as did
did the
the others;
others;
placed
predecessors by
conquest, as
it was
was merely
merely aa continuation
development out
it
continuation and development
out of
of
A1exander's rule.
in Daniel
Daniel 22 and 77 the
the fourth
Alexander's
rule. But in
fourth
this
ANTIOCH
US EPIPHANES
ANTIOCHUS
323
323
is not
not aa later
phase of
the third;
third; it
kingdom is
later phase
of the
it is
is as
as
kingdom
distinct
as the
distinct as
the other
three. Not only
is the
the fourth
beast
other three.
fourth beast
only is
but it
its predecessors.
predecessors.
separate,
it is
is even
even "diverse"
"diverse" from
from its
separate, but
A Hellenistic
Hellenistic fourth
kingdom does
not fit
fit the
the specificafourth kingdom
does not
specificathe four-headed
four-headed leopard
leopard is
is Alexander's
Alexander's emtions.
If the
tions. If
emare the
pire, who are
the four
heads if
his four
successors,
four heads
if not
not his
four successors,
pire,
paralleling
the
goat's
four
horns
in
chapter
the
four
horns
in
8? This
This
goat's
paralleling
chapter 8?
first form of
first
the Greek view
does violence
violence both
both to
hisof the
view does
to hisand
to
Daniel's
symbols.
tory
to
Daniel's
tory
symbols.
second series
better solution.
solution. True,
The second
series offers
offers no better
True,
there was a Median empire
there
preceding
the
Persian,
but
the
Persian,
empire preceding
it had been conquered
by
Cyrus
some
years
before
his
it
his
before
years
conquered by Cyrus
of
conquest
of
Babylon.
it
is
historically
impossible
Hence
it
is
Babylon.
historically impossible
conquest
for
the four
four kingdoms,
kingdoms, following
it to
the second of
for it
to be the
of the
following
Neither
does
the
of
Daniel
separate
Babylon.
Neither
does
the
of
Daniel
book
Babylon.
separate
from Persian
rule. The Babylonian
Babylonian kingdom
kingdom is
is
Median from
Persian rule.
replaced
by
that
of
"the
Medes
and
Persians"
(Dan.
that
of
"the
Persians" (Dan.
replaced by
5:28);
the Mede enforces
the laws
laws of
"the Medes
Darius the
enforces the
of "the
5:28); Darius
and Persians"
Persians" (Dan.
6:
12);
the
combined
rule
of "Media
the
rule
of
6:
(Dan.
12);
ram
Persia"-symbolized
by
the
single
(Dan.
the
and Persia"
symbolized by
single
(Dan. 8:20)
8:20)
-is
destroyed and replaced
by the
the Grecian
Grecian goat.
is destroyed
goat.
replaced by
proponents of
this second
of interinterof this
second form of
The older
older proponents
the
rule
in
after
pretation
could
place
the
rule
of
Cyrus
in
Babylon
of
could
Cyrus
Babylon after
place
pretation
the Median kingdom
kingdom of
Darius the
because they
they
the Mede because
of Darius
the
did not
not know,
know, as
now, that
the conqueror
that the
as we do now,
did
Cyrus
conqueror Cyrus
immerecords
as
was recognized
in
Babylonian
records
as
ruling
in
was
Babylonian
ruling
recognized
fall of
diately after
after the
the fall
the city.
city. Modern proponents
proponents
of the
diately
written
was
hold
that
Daniel's
prophecy
written
by a late
late
Daniel's
that
hold
by
prophecy
pseudo-Daniel who ignorantly
regarded Darius
Darius the
the
ignorantly regarded
pseudo-Daniel
the
Mede's reign
reign as
kingdom
preceding
a separate
as a
Mede's
separate kingdom preceding the
a
as
Persian.
We, who accept
Daniel
as
a
contemporary
Persian. We,
contemporary
accept
with
Cyrus, can
neither distort
that
distort history
can neither
with Cyrus,
history nor assume that
324
324
QUESTIONS
Daniel was
was ignorant.
Darius the
the Mede is
is no more
Ignorant. But Darius
unhistorical than
before his
his status,
status, long
long
Belshazzar before
unhistorical
than was Belshazzar
was corroborated
archeological finds
doubted, was
in
corroborated from archeological
finds in
doubted,
1923.
nothing to
rule out
out the
the reign
reign of
to rule
is nothing
of Darius
Darius
1923. There is
concurrent for
year or
(only his
his "first
year" is
is
or two (only
a year
"first year"
concurrent
for a
mentioned)
of Cyrus.
the regnal
with the
regnal years
years of
Cyrus. This would
mentioned) with
be possible
possible regardless
regardless of
Darius is
of whether Darius
Is to
to be
be rebe
regarded
as
a
subordinate
king
over
Babylonia
or
as
a
over
a
subordinate
or
a
as
as
Babylonia
king
garded
"shadow king"
king" over
the
empire,
holding
a
courtesy
the
a
over
courtesy
empire, holding
title
by sufferance
the actual
head of
the
actual head
of Cyrus,
sufferance of
of the
title by
Cyrus, the
empire.
only
is
empire
is an intermediate
intermediate
Median
Not
only
empire
empire.
both unhistorical
unhistorical and unnecessary,
unnecessary, but
but it
it does
does not
not fit
fit
both
the prophetic
prophetic specifications.
about three
three ribs
In
the
ribs in
specifications. What about
a Median bear's
bear's mouth? Or the
the four
heads of
Persian
a Persian
four heads
of a
a
leopard?
leopard?
kingdomis the
the Greek fourth
difficult is
Even more difficult
fourth kingdom
and the
the fifth.
fifth. The interpretation
Antiochus as
of Antiochus
as the
the
and
interpretation of
a
little horn,
horn, plausible
up
to
a
point,
breaks
in
the
to
breaks
in
little
the
down
plausible up
point,
end.
Its inadequacy
inadequacy as
his time
time period,
to his
his deeds,
as to
end. Its
deeds, his
period,
his relation
relation to
the ten
the three,
three, is
is
to the
ten horns and the
and his
the
another topic.
Where
are
the
judgment
the
fiery
deare
and
the
another
defiery
judgment
topic.
his blasphemy?
struction
resulting from his
blasphemy? How was the
struction resulting
the
Grecian kingdom
kingdom succeeded by
by the
kingdom of
the kingdom
of God
sweeping
of the
the world?
world? Indeed,
Indeed,
the kingdoms
away the
kingdoms of
sweeping away
of
the
present
advocates
of
the
view
point
to
these
advocates
Greek
view
to
these
present
point
things
of
the
as
proof
of
the
supposed
Daniel's
late
date
and
as
Daniel's
late
date
things
proof
supposed
of the
his
miscalculation of
the future.
the other
future. On the
his miscalculation
other hand,
the
hand, the
view can be
be harmonized with
with both
both the
proRoman view
the prothe history
phetic specifications
history of
of the
the Roman
specifications and the
phetic
its continuation
in
Empire
its
in
the
religio-political
and
continuation
the
Empire
religio-political
the Papacy
p. 335
note).
empire
335 and note).
of the
(see p.
empire of
Papacy (see
4.
4. SPECIFICATIONS OF DANIEL 77 NOT MET.
MET.-SevSev-
ANTIOCHUS EPIPHANES
325
325
little
enth-day Adventists
Adventists reject
the application
the little
of the
enth-day
reject the
application of
horn of
of Daniel 77 to
to Antiochus
Antiochus for
for aa number of
of reasons:
reasons:
a. Antiochus
a.
Antiochus belonged
belonged to
to the
the third
third empire
in actual
actual
empire in
sequence
from
Daniel's
time
(see
p.
333).
Daniel's
time
sequence
(see p. 333).
6.
b. The fourth
beast had ten
horns (verses
(verses 7,
fourth beast
ten horns
7, 19,
19,
20),
the G'reco-Macedonian
beast, to
to which
which AntioGreco-Macedonian beast,
Antio20), but the
chus belonged,
belonged, had four
are pictured
divisions, which are
-four divisions,
pictured
in
in chapter
chapter 88 as
horns.
True,
the
symbols
as four
horns.
the
two
True,
four
symbols need
not necessarily
necessarily agree,
discrepancy is
the discrepancy
is between
agree, but the
the
actual number of
the actual
divisions that
that succeeded
the
of divisions
succeeded the
original
empire.
original empire.
c.
c. Antiochus did not
rise after
after ten
ten kings
kings (verse
24).
not rise
(verse 24).
He was only
eighth
in
the
Seleucid
(Syrian)
line.
Bein
the
line.
BeSeleucid
only eighth
(Syrian)
sides,
the prophecy
calls for
for contemporaneous,
not sue
sucsides, the
prophecy calls
contemporaneous, not
cessive,
horns.
cessive, horns.
d. He was
d.
was not
not "diverse"
his predecessors
predecessors
''diverse" from his
(verse
24).
(verse 24).
e.
out of
ten kings
kings who
e. It
It is
is impossible to
find three
three out
of ten
impossible to find
were "plucked
up"
or
subdued
before
(verses
him
or
before
8,
"plucked up"
(verses 8,
24);
those
who
claim
to
do
so,
aspirants
those
to
name
mere
so,
24);
aspirants
*
who were never actual
actual kings.
kings.*
f./. He was not stouter
than the
the rest
rest (verse
(verse 20);
20); he
stouter than
historical
historical
*Note the
the inadequacy
the ten
ten horns.
horns. In
In order
order to
to make Antiochus
Antiochus Epiphanes
Epiphane,
of the
inadequacy of
the
in Daniel 7,
7, champions
of the
Grecian view attempt
to show
the eleventh
eleventh horn in
the Grecian
champions of
attempt to
of
ten successive
successille individual
indizlidual kings
three of
of whom were to
to be plucked
plucked up
up from
ten
Syria, three
kings of Syria,
ten bona fide
cannot be
be found.
Advocates of
of the
the
actual kingship.
kingship. But ten
actual
fide Syrian
found. Advocates
Syrian kings
kings cannot
varying lists
lists often
often admit uncertainty
uncertainty and speak
speak of
of historical
obscurity, round
historical obscurity,
varying
numbers,
symbolical interpretations
interpretations (Delitzsch,
(Delitzsch, Hitzig,
Hitzig, Hertzfeld,
Hertzfeld, Zockler).
Zockler).
numbers, and symbolical
Keil well
well remarks
remarks (The
the Prophet
Prophet Daniel,
Daniel, p.
p. 255)
255) that
that the
suggested
of the
the suggested
Keil
(The Book of
interpretation is
is "shattered"
that these
these horns
horns must be found
foun<\
the simple
fact that
"shattered" by
by the
simple fact
interpretation
of the
beast, not
after another.
simultaneously on the
the head of
the beast,
not one after
another. And Biederwolf
Biederwolf
simultaneously
(The
Millennium Bible,
Bible, "Daniel,"
pp. 207,
207, 208)
bluntly declares:
declares: "Those who make
(The Millennium
"Daniel," pp.
208) bluntly
the 'little
the eleventh
eleventh king,
king, cannot
cannot find
first
Antiochus
horn' and the
the first
Antiochus Epiphanes
'little horn'
find the
Epiphanes the
tcn/'
ten."
Zockler (Lange's
Daniel, p.
p. 165)
frankly admits
admits of
of the
the three
Zockler
three
Commentary, on Daniel,
165) frankly
horns: "Every
"Every attempt
to designate
designate the
the three
three missing
missing monarchs,
monarchs, who should fill
fill the
the
horns:
attempt to
brief interregnum
interregnum and state
of restless
restless anarchy
anarchy which preceded
preceded the
the accession
accession of
of
brief
state of
Antiochus Epiphanes,
Epiphanes, results
in failure."
failure/' Noting
Noting the
customarily listed
listed-Demethree customarily
results in
Demethe three
trius,
Ptolemy IV-he
point of
of fact,
fact, however,
however, none of
IV he adds:
adds: "In point
of
trius, Heliodorus,
Helioaorus, and Ptolemy
as the king
these
rivals of
of Epiphanes
regarded as
liing of
of Syria,
for Heliodorus
Heliodorus was
these rivals
could be regarded
Syria, for
Epiphanes could
a mere usurper,
usurper, who was dethroned after
after a brief
there is
is no record
record to
brief reign,
to
reign, and there
QUESTIONS
326
326
was not
not the
the greatest
line; his
not he,
he, was
was
his line;
his father,
was
of his
father, not
greatest of
called
Antiochus
the
Great.
called Antiochus the Great.
g.
It is
that he blasphemed
blasphemed God,
changed laws
laws
is true
true that
God, changed
g. It
of worship,
worship, and persecuted
persecuted God's
God's chosen people,
people, but
of
but
his
persecution
did
not,
as
claimed,
last
three
and
onehis persecution did not, as claimed, last three
oneSec.
half
times (verse
25;
see
p.
330,
Sec.
6).
half times
see
330,
25;
p.
6).
(verse
until the
the judgment
h. He did
did not
not prevail
judgment before
before the
the
h.
prevail until
was
Ancient
which
to be
be followed
followed by
by the
the givgivto
Ancient of
of Days,
Days, which
to
the
saints
ing
of
the
everlasting
kingdom
to
the
saints
(verses
99of
the
(verses
kingdom
everlasting
ing
14,26,27).
14, 26, 27).
i. His
words were not
the destrucnot the
the cause
cause of
of the
His great
destrucgreat words
or empire
beast, or
empire (verse
tion
the Greco-Macedonian beast,
tion of
of the
(verse
i.
11
).
ii).
j. The kingdom
Macedonian'was
the
the Macedonian
'was the
following the
kingdom following
/.
Roman, not
not the
of the
the saints
saints
the everlasting
Roman,
everlasting kingdom
kingdom of
(verse
(verse 27).
27).
k. Some assign
of the
the saints
saints to
to the
k.
this kingdom
the
kingdom of
assign this
first
advent of
in the
the next
next (i.e.,
the
Roman)
of Christ
the
first advent
Christ in
(i.e.,
Roman)
period. But the
the
the kingdom
kingdom and dominion "under the
period.
whole heaven"
heaven" was
was not
not set
then,
and
the
kingdom
set up
the
whole
up then,
kingdom
hearts of
does not
not fit
fit the
the picture.
picture.
of
in the
the hearts
of men does
of grace
grace in
l. In
a prophecy
that sweeps
in panorama
panorama from the
the
In a
sweeps in
prophecy that
the
Babylon
of
Daniel's
day
to
the
judgment
and
the
kingof
the
Daniel's day
kingjudgment
Babylon
dom of
of the
brief and unsuccessful
unsuccessful attempt
the saints,
of
the brief
saints, the
attempt of
Antiochus to
to dominate the
the Jews
Jews would be
be magnified
magnified
this little
of this
ont
all proportion
proportion by
the application
little
out of
of all
by the
application of
in
the
horn symbol.
vain for
for the tremendous
look in vain
symbol. We look
events of
the judgment
judgment and the
the setting
up of
of the
the evereverof the
events
setting up
/.
that either
Demetrius or
pretended to
to the
the throne
throne with
or Ptolemy
show that
either Demetrius
Ptolemy Philometer pretended
any degree
degree of
of earnestness."
earnestness."
any
Furthermore, the
the kings,
or kingdom,
of Syria
Syria (embracing
one of
of four
four parts
part,
only one
Furthermore,
kings, or
kingdom, of
(embracing only
ol
the original
empire) could
could not
not qualify
as horns
horns of
beast representing
of the
of a beast
representing
original Greek empire)
qualify as
the
Grecian power,
power, as
as the
the alleged
alleged fourth
the full
full Grecian
fourth empire.
empire.
ANTIOCHUS EPIPHANES
EP1PHANES
of
lasting kingdom
kingdom of
lasting
tiochus.
tiochus.
327
327
God following
the kingdom
kingdom of
of Anfollowing the
The conclusion
conclusion is
obvious that
that Antiochus
Antiochus does
not
is obvious
does not
fill
the little-horn
little-horn specifications,
even
the
earlier
ones,
fill the
the
earlier
even
ones,
specifications,
to
nothing of
This makes all
the closing
to say
of the
all
say nothing
closing depiction.
depiction. This
the
the bankruptcy
of the
the prevalent
prevalent
the more evident
evident the
bankruptcy of
modernist interpretation
based
the
supposed
the
based
on
interpretation
ignosupposed ignorance of
of a
rance
a second-century
pseudo-Daniel
writing
second-century pseudo-Daniel writing pseudopseudoor after
prophecy in
in or
the time of
Antiochus. And since
after the
since
of Antiochus.
prophecy
is no possible candidate
there is
there
of the
the Macedonian period
period
possible candidate of
other
Antiochus, we must therefore
therefore conclude
conclude that
that
other than Antiochus,
the
the little
little horn of
be Grecian,
Grecian, and the
the
of Daniel
Daniel 7
7 cannot be
is
a
alternative
only
(see p.
p. 337).
only alternative is a Roman horn (see
337).
5.
OF DANIEL 88 NOT MET.
MET.-The
5. SPECIFICATIONS
The
SPECIFICATIONS OF
view that
Antiochus the
the little
little horn
horn of
Daniel 8,
that makes Antiochus
of Daniel
8,
which becomes
becomes "exceeding
great,"
also
be
exmust
also
be
ex"exceeding great,"
amined. There is
a tempting
plausibility in
in the
the fact
fact
is a
tempting plausibility
that
Antiochus did
of one of"
did actually
the
that Antiochus
of" the
actually come "out of
four
horn-kingdoms on the
the head of
of the
the Greco-MaceGreco-Macefour horn-kingdoms
danian
even aside
aside from the
fact
the fact
donian goat.
Nevertheless, even
goat. Nevertheless,
that
there is
opinion as
to whether
whether "out
that there
is a
a difference
difference of
of opinion
as to
"out
of one of
of them" means out
of one of
the horn-kingdoms
horn-kingdoms
out of
of
of the
or
four winds"
winds" (verses
(verses 8,
8, 9)
g)-i.e.,
of one of
"the four
out of
of "the
or out
i.e.,
are
one of
the four
are
the compass-there
there
four directions
directions of
of the
of the
compass
obstacles
to considering
adequate fulfillfulfillobstacles to
considering Antiochus an adequate
ment of
the prophetic
prophetic specifications.
of the
specifications.
a. In
In the
the first
place, Antiochus
Antiochus was not
not a "horn."
a.
first place,
The four
horns
of
the
goat
were
"four
kingdoms"
horns
the
of
four
(verse
kingdoms" (verse
goat
22), the
the Seleucid
Seleucid (or
the largest
of which was the
Syrian)
largest of
(or Syrian)
22),
kingdom.
Antiochus was
was not
not aa separate
horn, or
or kingkingseparate horn,
kingdom. Antiochus
the
dom,
but
one
of
the
kings
of
the
Seleucid
horn,
and
of
Seleucid
the
of
but
horn,
dom,
kings
horns.
hence aa part
part of
the horns.
of one of
of the
hence
328
328
QUESTIONS
b.
Antiochus did
not wax "exceeding
b. Antiochus
did not
"exceeding great"
great" (verse
(verse
9) in
with the
in comparison
the Greco-Macedonian empire
9)
comparison with
empire
Antiochus was
was not
not even
the
of Alexander (verse
even the
of
8).
(verse 8).
most powerful
powerful king
of
the
Seleucid
division
of
Alexdivision
of
the
Seleucid
Alexmost
of
king
ander's
empire.
ander's empire.
c. Antiochus
Antiochus hardly
hardly grew
great through
through
c.
exceeding great
grew exceeding
conquest
(verse
9).
His
push
to
"the
south"
into
to
"the
south"
into
push
conquest (verse 9).
word
Egypt
was
stopped
by
the
mere
of
a
Roman
the
a
of
was
Egypt
stopped by
officer;
his expedition
east" resulted
resulted in
to "the
"the east"
in his
his
officer; his
expedition to
death; and his
pleasant land"
land" of
of
"the pleasant
of "the
his dominion of
death;
his persecution
Palestine
for his
persecution of
of the
the Jews
did not
Palestine did
not last,
last, for
Jews
later resulted
resulted in
drove
that later
in their
resistance that
their
to resistance
drove them to
independence.
independence.
d.
host of
of heaven"
heaven"
"the host
d. The horn's
horn's fury
fury against
against "the
(verse
10),
are
evidently
equated
with
"the
mighty
with
are
who
evidently equated
mighty
(verse 10),
is
a
and the
holy people"
(verse
24),
is
plausibly
a
referreferand
the holy
plausibly
people" (verse 24),
ence
to
Antiochus'
persecution
of
the
Jews.
However,
if
ence to Antiochus' persecution of the Jews. However, if
the
rather to
to another power
power that
that
the specifications
point rather
specifications point
also persecuted
persecuted the
the people
of
God,
this
verse
cannot
be
of
this
verse
also
God,
people
decisive.
decisive.
e. Against
Against what "prince
of the
host" (verse
(verse II)
the host"
e.
or
11) or
"prince of
"Prince
of princes"
(verse
25)
did
Antiochus
stand?
did
Antiochus
stand?
"Prince of
princes" (verse 25)
A mere Jewish
priest is
hardly such aa figure;
figure; "Prince
is hardly
"Prince of
of
Jewish priest
princes"
could
be
only
an
unusual
designation
for
unusual
for
could
only
designation
princes"
or Christ,
Christ, whose worship
worship he
he attacked.
God or
attacked.
to
t./. Antiochus
Antiochus did take
take away
the "daily
sacrifice" to
away the
"daily sacrifice"
he
did
abolish
the
though
did
not
abolish
the
Temple
not
the
the true
true God,
God, though
Temple
in honor of
sacrifices;
others in
substituted others
of heathen
sacrifices; he substituted
gods. However,
However, he
he only
desecrated "the
place of
his
"the place
of his
only desecrated
gods.
sanctuary";
it
was
not
"cast
until
the
until
it
not
Romans
was
"cast
down"
the
sanctuary";
destroyed it
it in
in A.D. 70.
70.
destroyed
g.
His attempts
to "cast
the truth"
truth" (verse
"cast down the
(verse 12)
g. His
12)
attempts to
ANTIOCHUS EPIPHANES
329
329
were unsuccessful.
unsuccessful. The net
net result
his persecution
persecution
result of
of his
to
was to strengthen
the truth
by uniting
uniting the
the Jews
Jews against
truth by
strengthen the
against
the
Hellenization of
the Hellenization
of Judaism.
Judaism.
A.
h. Though
Though Antiochus
Antiochus was not
not aa weak king,
king, his
his
ambitious
ambitious policy
policy can scarcely
be
said
to
have
"practised,
said
have
be
to
scarcely
"practised,
prospered" (verses
verse 24),
24), nor did
did
and prospered"
12; compare
(verses 12;
compare verse
his
prosper in
in his
his hand" (verse
25)
in
attainhis "craft
"craft ... prosper
in
attain(verse 25)
ing
ends.
his ends.
ing his
i.i. The attempts
2300 days
days (verse
the 2300
to reckon
reckon the
attempts to
14)
(verse 14)
as the
the
as
the literal
literal period
of Antiochus'
Antiochus' desecration
of the
desecration of
period of
in making
Temple fail
fail in
the chronology
chronology fit
fit any
the
of the
Temple
making the
any of
sources
p.
330,
Sec.
6).
sources (see
Sec.
330,
(see p.
6).
j. Antiochus
Antiochus did
did not
not reign
the latter
time of"
"in the
latter time
of"
reign "in
y.
the
of Alexander's empire
empire (verse
Hellenistic kingdoms
the Hellenistic
kingdoms of
(verse
but
nearly
in
the
middle
of
the
period.
23),
in
the
but
of
the
nearly
period.
23),
k.
Antiochus was "fierce"
toward the
the Jews,
but was
"fierce" toward
k. Antiochus
Jews, but
not
noted
for
"understanding
dark
sentences"
(verse
dark
sentences"
not noted for "understanding
(verse
23).
23).
t. His
not outstandingly
outstandingly "mighty,"
His "power"
"mighty,"
"power" was not
nor can
be said
that it
it was "not by
by his
his own power"
power"
it be
said that
can it
nor
no
(verse
24).
phrases give
particular
least such phrases
give
particular
(verse 24). At least
confirmation
to the
the identification
Antiochus.
of Antiochus.
identification of
confirmation to
m.
Antiochus was
was not "broken without hand"
ra. Antiochus
of anything
(verse
25);
there
is
anything miracuthere
is no suggestion
suggestion of
(verse 25);
or mysterious
mysterious about either
his failure
failure with the
the
lous or
either his
lous
death.
.JJews
ews or
or his
his death.
as the little
n. To find,
find, as
do, the
the Papacy
Papacy as
little
as some do,
n.
in
the
little
as
horn
in
chapter
7,
and
Antiochus
as
the
little
horn
in
horn in chapter 7,
balance
chapter 8,
to throw
throw the
the two prophecies
prophecies out of
of balance
is to
8, is
chapter
-to
interfere with
obvious parallel
parallel between the
the
the obvious
with the
to interfere
two
world powers
powers presented
presented (see
p.
335).
of world
series of
two series
(see p. 335).
If
chapter 77 follows
Babylonthe sequence
follows the
If chapter
sequence from Babylon
.
/.
330
QUESTIONS
through
Alexander's empire,
his divided
divided
Persia, Alexander's
through Persia,
empire, and his
successors,
the Roman Empire
the
successors, on through
through the
Empire and the
Papacy--down
then
chapter
8,
which
the judgment,
to the
which
8,
Papacy down to
judgment,
chapter
begins
cover the
the
later, should cover
Persia, one step
begins with Persia,
step later,
same sequence-Persia,
Alexander,
the
four
horn-kingfour
sequence Persia, Alexander,
horn-kingdoms that
his empire,
out of
of his
then another
that grew
another
empire, and then
grew out
horn,
the obobhorn, obviously
kingdom. To preserve
obviously another kingdom.
preserve the
vious
this
horn
should
logically
be
the
next
this
vious parallel,
the
next
logically
parallel,
world power
the Hellenistic
Hellenistic monarchies,
after the
monarchies, namely
power after
namely
the scope
of the
Rome;
the prophecy
Rome; and we should expect
scope of
expect the
prophecy
to
that of
of chapter
that is,
to be similar
similar to
to that
to
7, that
is, extending
chapter 7,
extending to
the horn would be broken without
the end,
the
without
end, when the
that the
hand. (This
the two little
does not mean that
little horns
horns are
are
(This does
in all
see p.
in
respects identical;
p. 337).
all respects
identical; see
337).
Although
details of
this prophecy
certain details
of this
of Daniel
Daniel
Although certain
prophecy of
88 might
might be
be considered
to
the
activities
of
considered applicable
to
the
activities
of
applicable
of
the
Antiochus,
yet
the
figure
of
that
ruler,
with
his
modthat
with
his
ruler,
Antiochus, yet
figure
failures, is
is entirely
erate
erate successes
successes and outstanding
too
outstanding failures,
entirely too
small
to fill
fill the
the picture.
picture.
small to
6.
6. TIME SPECIFICATIONS FAIL FOR BOTH DANIEL 7
7
AND 8.-The
8.
The sources
sources cited
cited for
for the
the time
time specifications
specifications
of
of both little
little horns
horns are
are themselves
themselves in
in hopeless
hopeless conflict.
conflict.
Thus, as
as to
to Daniel
Daniel 7,
the activities
of Antiochus
Antiochus do
do not
not
activities of
Thus,
7, the
meet the
the time
time demands of
of the
the prophecy.
prophecy. Despite
Despite the
the
claims of
of proponents
proponents to
to the
the contrary,
contrary, according
according to
to 1I
claims
Maccabees 1
4:52, Antiochus
Antiochus suppressed
suppressed
:54, 59
59 and 4:52,
1:54,
the
the Jewish
Jewish sacrifices
sacrifices exactly
exactly three
three literal
literal years.
years. But this
this
does
does not
not comport
comport with the
the demand of
of Daniel
Daniel 7:25
7:25 for
for
three
three and one-half
one-half "times,"
"times," which are
are generally
generally recogrecognized
nized as
as involving
involving 1260
prophetic days.*
days.* Furthermore,
Furthermore,
1260 prophetic
*The
*The Protestant
Protestant Reformation emphasis,
emphasis, and particularly
I?articularly that
that of
of post-Reformapost-Reforma.
tion
tion times
times
and later,
later, was that
that these
these 1260
1260 prophetic
prophetic or
or symbolic
symbolic days
days called
called for
for the
the
ANTIOCHUS EPIPHANES
331
331
Josephus, two centuries

conflict with
with the
the MacMaccenturies later-in
in conflict
later
Josephus,
cabean record
record-says
(Wars
i.
1.
1)
that
the
episode
lasted
says (Wars L 1. 1) that the episode lasted
three and one-half
one-half years,
three
elsewhere (Antiquiyears, though
though elsewhere
(Antiquixii. 7.
ties
7. 6)
6) he contradicts
himself by
by saying
ties xii.
contradicts himself
it was
saying it
three
years to
But
more
than
that,
he
neutralthree years
to the
the day!
But
than
he
neutralthat,
day!
of these
izes both
both of
these statements
in his
his Preface
Preface to
to Wars
izes
statements in
when he imperturbably
imperturbably states
it was
was actually
actually three
three
that it
states that
three
years
and
three
months.
So
one
cancels
out
the
others.
So
cancels
out
the
others.
years
There is
is thus
in
thus hopeless
conflict and contradiction
contradiction in
hopeless conflict
the
sources
themselves.
the sources themselves.
Furthermore,
equate the
the 1260
all attempts
to equate
1260 days
Furthermore, all
days
attempts to
of
the little
Dan.
7:24,
25)
with
the
2300
days,
little horn (of
with
the
of the
2300
7:24,
days,
(of
25)
or "evenings-mornings,"
Daniel 8:
14-or
with 1150
of Daniel
8:14
or with
1150
or
"evenings-mornings," of
days, if
2300 be
be divided
by two,
two, as
if 2300
divided by
are
as some insist-are
insist
days,
plainly
forced.
They
constitute
only
an
approximation,
forced.
constitute
They
only
approximation,
plainly
not equal
equal 1260.
for
2300 days
assuredly do not
for 2300
1260.
days (or
1150) assuredly
(or 1150)
conversely, the
the 1260
of
Daniel
7
certainly
of
Daniel
7
And conversely,
1260 days
days
certainly do
the 2300
"half days,"
not
equate with the
or 1150
"full
1150 "full
2300 "half
not equate
days," or
days,"
of
Daniel
8.
One
number
cannot
be
accommo8.
be
Daniel
of
days/'
dated to
to meet the
of the
the others.
others. That is
is too
too
the demands of
dated
great
a
stretch-for
the
figures
are
not
elastic.
Quite
not
the
are
elastic.
a
for
stretch
figures
Quite
great
one
apart
from
the
year-day
principle,
fixing
upon
the
from
fixing
year-day
upon
principle,
apart
all
are
others.
number clearly
rules
out
the
others.
So
all
are
out,
under
the
rules
out,
clearly
such
a scheme.
such a
We concur
with Bishop
Bishop Thomas Newton (Disserconcur with
(Disserthe
tations
on the
Prophecies, 1796,
p. 217),
217), who in
in the
the Prophecies,
tations on
1796, p.
wrote:
eighteenth
century
wisely
wrote:
eighteenth century wisely
three hundred days,

These two
two thousand
thousand and three
days, can by
These
by no comAntiochus Epiphanes,
of
putation
be
accommodated
to
the
times
of
to the
be
Epiphanes,
putation
for natural
even though
though the
be taken for
natural days.
the days
even
days.
days be
same number
number of
of literal
literal years
in fulfillment.
fulfillment. And the
the Reformers sought
for
sought earnestly
earnestly for
same
years in
at the
the close
the time
of fulfillment
fulfillment-which,
close of
of the eighteenth
eighteenth century,
century, was widely
time of
the
widely
which,, at
recognized
as being
being from the
to the
the French Revolution.
Revolution.
of Justinian
the time of
Justinian to
recognized as
332
332
QUESTIONS
Farrar, though
personally holding
holding
And Dean F.
F. W. Farrar,
though personally
the
Antiochus theory,
theory, admits
that "no minute certainty
admits that
the Antiochus
certainty
about
the exact
is attainable"
attainable" (The
dates is
about the
exact dates
of
(The Book of
Daniel,
1895,
p.
266).
he
freely
confesses,
"By
no
And
confesses,
1895,
Daniel,
freely
"By
p. 266).
reasonable supposition
arrive at
at close
close accuracy."
reasonable
accuracy."
supposition can we arrive
-Ibid.,
p. 264.*
264.*
Ibid., p.
And aa half
half century
century ago
ago Dr.
Dr. Charles
Charles H. H. Wright,
Wright,
of
and
o Trinity
(Daniel and
Trinity College,
College, Dublin and Oxford (Daniel
His Prophecies,
Prophecies, 1906,
p. 186),
declared,
the
2300on
the
His
23001906, p.
declared,
186),
8:
day
of Daniel
Daniel 8:
calculations of
day calculations
All efforts,
efforts, however,
however, to
harmonise
to harmonise
All
the period,
period, whether
whether exthe
ex-
1150 days,
pounded as
with any
any precise
precise historical
historical
or as
as 1150
as 2300
2300 days
days, with
days or
pounded
the Maccabees or in
epoch
mentioned in
the Books of
of the
in Josephus
in the
Josephus
epoch mentioned
have proved
proved futile.
futile.
have
Indeed, Dr.
goes so
far as
as to
to say;
say:
Dr. Wright
so far
Indeed,
Wright goes
No satisfactory
satisfactory interpretation
has
given
of
the 2300
days
has
been
2300 days
given of the
interpretation
regarded
as
referring
to
Maccabean
times.
It
is
quite
possible
that
to
It
times.
is
as
referring
regarded
quite possible that
those 2300
may be aa period
period of
prophetic days
of prophetic
or [literal]
those
2300 days
days or
days may
[literal]
years which
which have
have still
to run their
their course.-Ibid.,
p. 190.t
course.
still to
Ibid., p.
190.Jyears
But quite
quite apart
inconsistent and conthese inconsistent
But
conapart from these
as
to
the
exact
timing,
the
interpretatrasting
features
to
the
exact
as
the
features
timing,
trasting
interpretation
of the
the three
three and one-half
one-half times
times (1260
tion of
or
(1260 days),
days), or
the
2300 days,
days
that number of
literal days
as simply
of literal
the 2300
days, as
simply that
*Zockler
Daniel, pp.
declares that
these pe*Z6ckler (Lange's
that these
Commentary, on Daniel,
164-166) declares
pp. 164-166)
periods, based
based on the
the Maccabean records,
periods covering
"vacillate between
between periods
from
records, Uvacillate
riods,
covering from
in any
three
to six
six years,
years, without
being able,
able, in
case, to
to demonstrate
an aera
aera of
of exactly
without being
three to
demonstrate an
any case,
exactly
to the
the conclusion
three and aa half
half years."
conclusion that
that the
the 33Y.
years are
three
are to
to be
be
/a years
years." So he comes to
taken
number." And he,
taken "as a somewhat round number."
(p. 184)
adds (p.
that there
there is
is
he, too,
too, adds
184) that
"no exact
correspondence" with
with the
they must
be rereexact correspondence"
1150 days-hence
the 2300
2300 or 1150
must be
days hence they
as
symbolic.
garded
as
garded
symbolic.
And Dr. H. C.
G. Leupold
Leupold (Exfosition
of Daniel,
Daniel, p.
p. 355)
355) pointedly
pointedly remarks:
remarks:
(Exposition of
"Reckon as
as you
will, there
there will
wi! be no clear-cut
clear-cut period
perIod of
either the
the one
one or
or the
of eitner
the
you will,
other
length. Then the
juggling of
of facts
figures begins."
begins."
other length.
the juggling
facts and figures
He adds:
"There is
basically
wrong
with
such
computations."-Page
is something
adds: "There
with
such computations." Page
something basically wrong
:
356.
tZockler, with
with the
the thesis
is forced
"It must
must remain
remain an
thesis he holds,
forced to
to admit:
admit: "It
an open
fZockler,
holds, is
open
are intended,
question whether ordinary
years are
is scarcely
less probcalendar years
question
ordinary calendar
intended, or,
or, what is
scarcely less
probreferred to,
to, which
which are
are measured
measured by
a
able
in itself,
are referred
able in
itself, whether mystical
mystical periods
periods are
by a
standard not
to men,
to God."-Lange's
standard
not known to
men, but only
Daniel,
God," Lange's Commentar,JI,
on Daniel,
only to
Commentary, on
p. 161.
161.
p.
ANTIOCHUS EPIPHANES
violates
violates the
the
333
333
fundamental law
of symbolism-which
is
law of
symbolism which is
all symbols
that all
that
symbols stand
for
something
other
than
the
the
stand for something other
object
or item used
used as
the "beasts"
of
as the
"beasts" of
the symbol.
object or
symbol. Thus the
not
literal
beasts
but
speciDaniel 77 and 88 symbolize
literal
but
not
beasts
symbolize
specified
the attendant
time features
features must
fied nations.
nations. Similarly,
attendant time
Similarly, the
for some time
stand
other than
than the
the actual
stand for
time measurement other
actual
in the
unit used
unit
used in
portrayal.
Thus
in
symbolic
the prophetic
in
symbolic
prophetic portrayal.
time
time prophecy
prophecy aa prophetic
prophetic day
day stands
year
actual year
stands for
for an actual
in
literal fulfillment.
14:34
Eze.
4:6.)
in literal
fulfillment. (See
Num.
and
Eze.
14:34
4:6.)
(See
Therefore the
the 2300
not stand
for the
the same
2300 days
could not
stand for
days could
number of
of literal
but for
that number of
years.
literal days,
of years.
for that
days, but
is
that
Antiochus
is
Consequently,
anyone
insists
that
Antiochus
who
insists
Consequently, anyone
symbolized
by
the
little
violates
the
basic
principle
the
horn
little
violates
the
basic principle
symbolized by
the inseparable
inseparable time
time factor.
of symbolism,
by literalizing
of
factor.
symbolism, by
literalizing the
25
and
26.)
(See
Questions
25
(See Questions
26.)
7. ADVENTIST POSITION
POSITION ON THE
TBE FOUR EMPIRES OF
7.
DANIEL 22 AND 7.-Seventh-day
Adventists hold the
the
7.
Daniel's fourth
empire and reject
the
Roman view of
of Daniel's
fourth empire
reject the
Greek view.
view. The Babylonian
Empire of
of Daniel's
Daniel's day
day
Babylonian Empire
simwas overthrown by
the
Medo-Persian
Empire,
the
Medo-Persian
by
Empire, not simthe Persians
Persians alone
(Dan. 7:
5, 17;
ply by
by the
the Medes or
or the
alone (Dan.
17;
7:5,
ply
8:20).
the
Medo-Persian
kingdom
was,
in
turn,
in
And
the
Medo-Persian
turn,
was,
kingdom
8:20).
the
superseded
"Grecia" (Dan.
Therefore, the
by "Grecia"
8:21). Therefore,
superseded by
(Dan. 8:21).
the
empire
of
Alexander,
who
conquered
Persia,
was
the
of
Alexander,
conquered Persia,
empire
third,
not the
the series.
series. And the
the empire
of
the fourth
fourth of
of the
third, not
empire of
divisions constituted
constituted one
Alexander and its
its fourfold
fourfold divisions
Grecian empire,
explained. Therefore the
has been explained.
as has
Grecian
empire, as
next
world
power,
the
one
that
took
the domain
that
took over
over the
next
power, the
of
Alexander's Macedonian empire,
empire, namely
namely Rome,
of Alexander's
adbe the
the fourth
fourth in
is adin actual
actual sequence.
must be
sequence. This is
mitted by
by most present-day
present-day advocates
of the
the Greek view,
view,
advocates of
mitted
but they
adduce that
fact as
that the
the prophecy
as evidence that
that fact
but
prophecy
they adduce
334
QUESTIONS
was not
not written
written by
by Daniel,
but by
by aa
was
Daniel, but
later
later writer,
of
writer, of
times, who did
did not
his history!
history! Sevnot know his
SevMaccabean times,
enth-day
Adventists
believe
that
Daniel's
series
of
kingthat
series
of
Daniel's
believe
Adventists
kingenth-day
was not
not incorrect.
therefore hold
hold that
that since
since
doms was
incorrect. We therefore
was actually
the
fourth
in
historic
sequence,
it
in
historic
the
fourth
Rome was
sequence, it
actually
was the
fourth in
Daniel's series.
series,
was
in Daniel's
the fourth
is, we believe,
believe, the
the PaDaniel 7
Paof Daniel
7 is,
The little
little horn of
pacy-as
the
majority
of
pre-Reformation,
Reformaof
the
as
pacy
majority
pre-Reformation,
tion, post-Reformation,
post-Reformation, and later
later historicist
historicist Bible
Bible
tion,
scholars,
the early
nineteenth-century preprescholars, including
early nineteenth-century
including the
millennialists, have
before
us.
This
power
rose
us.
before
rose
have taught
millennialists,
taught
power
at
the time
time specified,
that is,
is, following
following the
the breakup
breakup
at the
specified, that
of
the
Roman
fourth
empire;
it
rose
in
the
situation
in
rose
the
situation
of the
fourth empire; it
specified,
that
is,
the divided kingdoms
kingdoms that
that
that
is, among
among the
specified,
took
over the
territory; it
it was "diverse"
''diverse" from
the Roman territory;
took over
the rest,
for it
was aa religio-political
power, the
the like
like of
of
the
it was
rest, for
religio-political power,
which has
has never
been
seen
before
or
since;
its
rise
was
seen before or since; its rise
never
connected
with the
the subduing
Arian kingconnected with
of certain
certain Arian
kingsubduing of
doms;
it became "more stout"
than any
any of
the others,
stout" than
of the
others,
doms; it
for
it fell
heir to
to Roman centralized
that
for it
centralized authority
fell heir
authority that
eventually
strong kingdoms
kingdoms
the weak and strong
eventually dominated the
by the
the authority
of aa
around it;
characterized by
it was characterized
it; it
authority of
man-the
spoke
great
things,
claiming
to
man
the pope-who
who
spoke great things, claiming to
pope
to speak
for,
the
Most
High
earth;
it
stand
for, and to
on
stand for,
the
earth; it
High
speak for,
warred on the
prevailed against
against them in
warred
saints and prevailed
in
the saints
greater
prolonged
persecutions
than
pagan
and
more
than
greater
prolonged persecutions
pagan
Rome had ever
done; it
it thinks
thinks itself
itself qualified
ever done;
to
qualified to
change
times
and
laws
of
the
Most
High,
putting
its
laws of the
change times
High, putting its
traditions and absolute
ahead of
the Bible;
traditions
absolute authority
of the
Bible;
authority ahead
its history
history can be
be harmonized perfectly
perfectly with
with aa symbolic
its
symbolic
period of
three and one-half
prophetic or
or symbolic
of three
one-half prophetic
symbolic
period
years-1260
year-days; it
continues until
until the
the latter
latter
it continues
1260 year-days;
years
ANTIOCHUS EPIPHANES
335
when it
it is
is called
words
called to
to account
account for
for its
its great
great words
and deeds
deeds against
the truth
the people
people of
of God. Its
Its
truth and the
against the
character and history
history also
tally with
with other
other prophetic
prophetic
character
also tally
symbols
power, and the
the cumulative
cumulative
symbols of a great
great apostate
apostate power,
is overwhelming that
that
the
successor
and conevidence is
the
successor
conoverwhelming
days,
days,
tinuation
of the
tinuation of
the fourth
empire,
fourth empire,
of the
power of
Papacy.'*'
the Papacy.*
power
Rome,
is the
the religioRome, is
religioTo set
the evieviset forth
forth the
Biblical and historical,
historical, to
to show how it
dence,
fills the
the
it fills
dence, Biblical
of
the
specification
of
the
prophecies
in
detail,
require
in
would
detail,
specification
prophecies
require
full section,
another full
this is
not the
the place
place to
to do so.
is not
so.
section, and this
8. ADVENTIST VIEW ON THE PARALLEL PROPHECY
8.
8.
OF DANIEL 8.-Seventh-day
Adventists hold
hold that
that the
the
four prophecies
four
prophecies of
of Daniel
Daniel 2,
1 1 largely paral2, 7,
7, 8,
8, 9,
9, and 11
largely parallel
lel one another.
another. That is,
ones go
go back
back and rerelater ones
the later
is, the
peat,
covering
the
same
ground,
but
emphasizing
_
varythe
peat, covering
ground, but emphasizing. varyin the
ing aspects
aspects in
the coverage
coverage of
of the
the centuries
centuries and the
the
ing
course
of empires-just
as
the
four
Gospels
bring
out
course of
the
as
four
out
empires just
Gospels bring
the different
the matchless
matchless life
life of
the
different facets
facets of
of the
of Christ
Christ our
our
Lord.
to get
full picture,
picture, each
should be
be read
Lord. But to
the full
read
each should
get the
understood in
of the
the others.
others.
and understood
in the
the light
light of
The sequence
the world
world empires
Daniel 2,
2, 7,
7,
of the
of Daniel
sequence of
empires of
8,
II must,
must, in
very nature
nature of
the case,
case, be
the
in the
the very
of the
be the
8, and 11
in chapters
11 Babylonia,
same-except
Babylonia, the
the
same except that
that in
8 and 11
chapters 8
first
is
Daniel
7
8
are
conseis omitted.
and
8
are
consefirst empire,
omitted.
7
empire,
quently
paralleling counterparts,
the same
covering the
quently paralleling
counterparts, covering
of
later
ground,
except
for
the
later
starting
point
of
Daniel 8,
for
the
8,
starting point
ground, except
which begins
begins with
with "Media and Persia"
Persia" (verse
(verse 20)
20) and
political
political
are
*This
does not
not justify
justify the
the charge
that its
its holders
holders are
*This prophetic
charge that
interpretation does
anti-Catholic.
not deny
credit for
for any
any good
good that
that has
has been
been done by
by Catholics,
anti-Catholic. We do not
Catholics,
deny credit
or
the sincerity
Catholics because
because we find
the system
system
find the
earnest individual
of earnest
individual Catholics
or discount
discount the
sincerity of
the Scripture.
to worship
condemned in
of every
Catholic to
in the
the freedom of
condemned
every Catholic
worship
respect the
Scripture. We respect
as
God as
as he
he thinks
thinks right;
hold the
to point
point out what we see
see as
the freedom to
right; and we hold
and
to
seek
to
persuade
men
to
accept
believe
is
truth,
without
error
is
what
believe
to
we
seek
to
to
error and
truth, without
accept
persuade
prejudice or
bigotry.
or bigotry.
prejudice
QUESTIONS
336
is followed
is
followed by
"Grecia" (verse
its fourfold
fourfold
by "Greda"
21), with its
(verse 21),
divisions
in turn,
divisions (verse
followed by
turn, were followed
These, in
22). These,
by
(verse 22).
the little
the
great
(verse
9),
that became exceeding
little horn that
exceeding great (verse 9),
evidently
the next
next great
next empire
power. That next
evidently the
great world power.
empire
was Rome,
which
stood
up
against
the
Prince
of
the
stood
of the
the
Rome,
up against
host,
the sacrifices,
took away
the Prince
Prince of
of princes,
host, the
sacrifices,
away the
princes, took
and cast
(verses
II,
12,
25).
cast down the
In its
the sanctuary
its
11,
12,
sanctuary (verses
25). In
and
then
papal-Rome
dual
dual form-first
form first imperial
Rome
imperial
papal
waxed exceeding
the "holy
"holy people"
exceeding great,
great, persecuted
persecuted the
people"
(verse
set up
false sacrifice
the saints-set
sacrifice for
saints
for the
the
(verse 24)-the
24)
up false
true,
and
prospered.
the truth,
cast down the
true, cast
truth, practiced,
practiced,
prospered.
will continue
until the
the end,
It will
it will
It
will be "broken
continue until
end, when it
without
fulfillment of
the speciwithout hand" (verse
of the
(verse 25).
25). The fulfillment
specithe papal
fications
papal phase
phase of
fications by
the pagan
of Rome
by both the
pagan and the
8 parallel
the horn of
makes the
parallel the
the fourth
of Daniel 8
fourth beast
beast
of Daniel 77 and its
its little
horn-the
Empire
little horn
of
the Roman Empire
with its
its ten
ten horn-divisions,
horn-divisions, and its
in the
its continuation
continuation in
the
"diverse" kingdom
Papacy, the
the "diverse"
kingdom that
that rose
Roman Papacy,
rose
among
blasphemed God and His
His
divisions, blasphemed
among Rome's divisions,
laws,
persecuted the
the saints,
saints, and will
will be
be recompensed
recompensed
laws, persecuted
therefor
therefor in
in the
the judgment.
judgment.
History bears
bears testimony
testimony to
to the
the continuity
continuity of
of Rome
History
with the
the Papacy:
Papacy:
with
Out of
of the
the ruins
ruins of
political Rome,
Rome, arose
arose the
the great
great moral
moral
of political
in the
the "giant
"giant form"
form" of
of the
the Roman Church.
Church.-A.
C. FLICK,
FLICK,
Empire in
A. C.
Empire
The Rise
Rise of
of the
the Mediaeval Church (1909),
(1909), p.
p. 150.
150.
Whatever Roman elements
elements the
the barbarians
barbarians and Arians
Arians left
left
standing in
in the
the provinces
provinces ... were
were ... put
put under
under the
the protection
protection
standing
of
was the
the chief
chief person
person there
there after
after the
the
of the
the Bishop
Bishop of
of Rome,
Rome, who was
Emperor's disappearance.
disappearance . . . . The Roman Church in
in this
this way
way
Emperor's
privily pushed
pushed itself
itself into
into the
the place
place of
of the
the Roman World-Empire,
World-Empire,
primly
.
of which
of
it is
is the
the actual
actual continuation;
continuation; the
the empire
empire has
has not
not perper-
it
but has
has only
only undergone
undergone aa transformation.
transformation. If
If we assert
assert ...
ished, but
.
ished,
that
that the
the Roman Church is
is the
the old
old Roman Empire consecrated
consecrated by
.
Empire
by
ANTIOCH
US EPIPHANES
ANTIOCHUS
337
337
is no mere "clever
the
Gospel, that is
remark," but
but the
the recognition
recognition
the Gospel,
"clever remark,"
true state
state of
o the
of the
the true
the matter
matter historically,
historically, and the
the most
most appropriof
approprifruitful way
of describing
ate and fruitful
way of
describing the
character of
this Church.
ate
the character
of this
It still
governs the
the nations
It is
a political
political creation,
It
still governs
nations.....
... It
is a
as
creation, and as
imposing as
as a World-Empire,
World-Empire, because
because the
the continuation
of the
the
continuation of
imposing
Roman Empire.
Empire. The Pope,
himself "King"
"Ponticalls himself
Pope, who calls
"King" and "Pontiis Caesar's
fex
Maximus," is
Is
Caesar's successor.-AnOLF
fex Maximus,"
successor.
ADOLF HARNACK, What Is
pp. 269,
270.
Christianity?
269, 270.
Christianity? (1903),
(1903), pp.
Thus the
the "little
horn" of
"little horn"
of Daniel
Daniel 77 is,
believe,
is, we believe,
the "exceeding
horn of
Daniel
the Papacy;
Papacy; but the
the
of Daniel
"exceeding great"
great" horn
8,
understand, embraces
both pagan
pagan and
and papal
papal
embraces both
8, we understand,
in
both
Rome)
existing
in
B.C.
periods.
The
only
and
A.D.
Rome, existing
only
periods.
power
that
follows
"Grecia"
and
lasts
until
it
that
follows
"Grecia"
is
lasts until it is
power
"broken without hand" is
in its
its pagan
pagan and papal
papal
is Rome in
phases.
phases.
The Basis
of Our Rejection
Basis of
Rejection
reject the
the Antiochus
Antiochus Epiphanes
Epiphanes
To summarize,
summarize, we reject
interpretation because:
because:
interpretation
fit the
1.
It does
does not
not fit
the specifications
the prophecy.
1. It
of the
specifications of
prophecy.
2.
propagated as
a pagan's
pagan's attempt
It was propagated
as a
disto dis2. It
attempt to
prove
prophecy,
and
thereby
discredit
the
Christian
rethe
Christian
rediscredit
thereby
prove prophecy,
by
showing
that
the
of
Daniel
written
ligion,
that
of
was
written
the
book
ligion, by showing
it was supposed
to predict.
after
the events
events it
predict.
after the
supposed to
the great
3.
of
prophecy
points
rather to
to the
great
of
3. The finger
finger
prophecy points rather
Roman apostasy,
apostasy, the
the Papacy,
as the
vice-Christthe great
great vice-Christ
Papacy, as
the
Antichrist-who
the truth
truth and wears
wears
casts down the
who casts
the Antichrist
to the
out
the Most High,
High, and continues
continues to
the
of the
the saints
saints of
out the
the
end.
time
of
end.
the
time of
fulAntiochus as
as an inadequate
inadequate fultherefore reject
We therefore
reject Antiochus
accept the
the classic
classic ProtesProtesfillment
of Daniel
Daniel 7
7 and 8,
fillment of
8, and accept
tant interpretation
interpretation that
adequate fulfillment
fulfillment
that offers
offers an adequate
tant
in history.
in
history.
VII.
and His
His
VII, Questions
on Christ
Christ and
Questions on
in the
Ministry
the Sanctuary
Sanctuary
Ministry in
A Wider Concept
of the Atonement
Concept of the Atonement
QUESTION
QUESTION
29
Seventh-day
Adventists have frequently
frequently
been charged
with
teaching
that
the
atonement
with
the
that
charged
teaching
was not completed
cross. Is
Is this
this charge
the cross.
completed on the
charge
true'!
true?
this question
depends upon
upon the
the defdefThe answer to
to this
question depends
inition
given to
the term "atonement."
inition given
to the
'atonement." The word
occurs
in the
only once
once (Rom.
(Rom. 5:11),
the New Testament only
occurs in
5:11),
it is
the translation
a
meaning
is the
a
where it
translation of
of katallage)
word
meaning
katallage,
"reconciliation,"
is elsewhere
elsewhere so
or a
a "reconciling,"
so
"reconciliation/' or
"reconciling/' and is
translated
2 Cor.
related
translated (Rom.
Cor. 5:18,
11:15; 2
5:18, 19).
(Rom. 11:15;
19). The related
verb
times, and in
in each
each case
is
six times,
case is
verb katallasso
occurs six
katallassd occurs
translated "to
reconcile" (Rom.
5:10;
1
Cor.
7:11;
1
Cor.
translated
"to reconcile"
5:10;
7:11;
(Rom.
22 Cor.
5: 18-20). Katallage
Katallage should be rendered "recon"reconCor. 5:18-20).
ciliation" in
II also.
also.
in Romans 5:
5:11
ciliation"
is much more frequent
frequent in
in
The word "atonement" is
in the
the Old Testament.
Testament. It
frequently in
It occurs most frequently
the
the
verbal expression
expression "to
:4; see
see
"to make atonement" (Lev.
verbal
1:4;
(Lev. 1
also
in
the
noun
Ex.
36),
but
occasionally
also
in
the
form
but
Ex. 29:
occasionally
29:36),
is the
et cetera).
the
"atonement" (Lev.
verb is
23:27; et
cetera). The verb
(Lev. 23:27;
translation of
the Hebrew kaphar,
kaphar,
intensive form of the
of an intensive
translation
a word that
that basically
cover." The simple
a
simple
basically means "to cover."
form is
14, and although
translated
in Genesis
Genesis 6:
is found
found in
6:14,
although translated
is thus
"to
pitch," really
It is
thus thought
thought
"to cover."
cover/' It
"to pitch,"
really means "to
*
341
341
342
342
QUESTIONS
that the
that
the basic
basic meaning
meaning of
of "atonement" as
as the
the term is
is
used
in the
the Old Testament is
to cover
this
used in
sin. From this
is to
cover sin.
come the
the derived
"to
amends,"
"to
"to
derived meanings
make
"to
amends,"
meanings
make matters
matters right,"
"to
expiate,"
"to
atonemake
"to
atone"to
right,"
expiate,"
ment,"
ment."
In theological
the term
term "atonement" has
has
In
circles the
theological circles
is generally
assumed aa technical
meaning and is
generally used
used to
to
technical meaning
assumed
describe
the redeeming
redeeming effect
of Christ's
Christ's incarnation,
incarnation,
effect of
describe the
all agreed
are not
sufferings,
not all
as
death. Christians
Christians are
agreed as
sufferings, and death.
the life
in the
life of
to
what was
was accomplished
events in
of
these events
to what
by these
accomplished by
and consequently
hold various
various theories
theories of
the
Christ, and
of the
Christ,
consequently hold
atonement.
atonement.
It is
therefore necessary
to make clear
clear what aspect
It
is therefore
necessary to
aspect
in any
of
the atonement
atonement is
consideration in
stateis under consideration
of the
any statement concerning
concerning the
the transaction.
transaction.
Quite generally
teach that
that aa completed
those who teach
completed
Quite
generally those
-atonement
was made on the
the cross
cross view
view the
the term
term in
in
atonement was
is meant
its popular
popular theological
theological sense,
but really
really what is
its
sense, but
by them is
is that
Calvary, the
all-sufficient atoning
the all-sufficient
that on Calvary,
atoning
by
sacrifice
of
Christ
was
offered
for
our salvation.
was
for
our
salvation. With
sacrifice of Christ
offered
this concept
concept all
readily and heartily
heartily
all true
true Christians
this
Christians readily
agree.
"We
are
sanctified
through
the
offering
the
are
the
of the
sanctified
offering of
through
agree.
body
of
Jesus
Christ
once
for
all"
(Heb.
10:
10).
all"
of
Christ
Those
for
(Heb. 10:10).
body
Jesus
who view
as a
a comview thi"s
the work of
of Christ
this aspect
Christ as
of the
aspect of
pleted
atonement,
apply
this
term
only
to
Christ
to
what
Christ
this
atonement,
pleted
apply
only
accomplished
on
the
cross.
They
not
include
in
the
do
not
include
cross.
in
accomplished
They
their
their definition
definition the
application
of
the
benefits
of
the
the application of the benefits of the atonement made on the
to the
individual sinner.
sinner.
the cross,
the individual
cross, to
There are
are those
those however,
however, who believe
believe the
the atoneatonement has
has aa much wider connotation.
They fully
connotation. They
fully agree
agree
with
with those
those who stress
the
stress a
a completed
completed atonement on the
cross in
cross
in the
the sense
once-for-all, atonsense of
atonof an all-sufficient,
all-sufficient, once-for-all,
CONCEPT OF THE ATONEMENT

for sin.
ing sacrifice
that nothing
nothing
sacrifice for
sin. They
believe that
ing
They believe
took place
place on the
the cross
of
Calvary.
took
cross of Calvary.
343
343
less
than
less than
this
this
They
believe, however,
however, that
that in
in the
the ancient
ancient typical
They believe,
typical
sanctuary
service
other
aspects
of
the
atonement
service
other
of
are
the
atonement are
sanctuary
aspects
to
brought
to
light.
In
the
morning
evening
sacrifice
the
and
sacrifice
light.
brought
evening
morning
see sacrificial
they see
sacrificial atonement provided
provided for
for all
all men
they
(Ex.
29:38-42). In
In the
the sinner's
personal offering
sinner's own personal
(Ex. 29:38-42).
offering
see sacrificial
they
sacrificial atonement appropriated
appropriated by
the ininthey see
by the
dividual
(Lev. 4:31).
Then
the
grand
climax
on
dividual (Lev.
came
the
climax
4:31).
grand
the Day
the
of judgment
judgment-when
Atonement day of
sin
when sin
Day of Atonement--d.ay
was definitely
dealt with.
with. These ancient
ancient
definitely and finally
finally dealt
services,
they believe,
typical of
the work of
all typical
of the
of
services, they
believe, were all
Christ. The morning
and
evening
sacrifices
and
the
Christ.
the
sacrifices
morning
evening
individual
pointed forward
forward to
to the
the
individual offerings
for sin
sin pointed
offerings for
Saviour's
cross.
The
ministry
sacrifice on Calvary's
Saviour's sacrifice
cross.
of
Calvary's
ministry of
the priest
priest in
these services
pointed forward
forward to
to the
in these
the
services pointed
the high
high
priestly ministry
ministry of
heavenly sanctuary,
the heavenly
of Christ
Christ in
in the
sanctuary,
priestly
where He applies
benefits of
of the
the atoning
the benefits
sacriapplies the
atoning sacrifice
the individual
the Day
Day of
Atoneto the
individual sinner.
of Atonefice to
sinner. Then the
they believe,
believe, pointed
pointed forward
forward to
to the
the
ment services,
services, they
in
work to
accomplished
in
they
call
the
Investiwhat
call
the
Investibe
to
they
accomplished
gative
culminates in
in the
the
eventually culminates
gative Judgment
Judgment which eventually
final
obliteration of
at
the
close
of
the
millenmillenat
the
of
the
close
final obliteration
of iniquity
iniquity
nial period.
period.
nial
A study
experiences, not
of certain
certain Old Testament experiences,
study of
illustrate
connected with
with the
the sanctuary,
will help
help to
to illustrate
connected
sanctuary, will
the
some of
of the
the meanings
meanings properly
derived
the Hefrom
properly
"atonement'':
is rendered "atonement":
kaphar, which is
brew word kaphar,
1.
Notice the
the incident
incident concerning
1. Notice
concerning Moses and Aaron
is recorded
and the
the making
making of
recorded in
in
calf. This is
the golden
of the
and
golden calf.
of the unfaithfulness
Exodus 32.
learn of
unfaithfulness of
of
32. There we learn
in
the
mount
with
was
God,
the
people
while
Moses
in
the
God.
while
the people
344
QUESTIONS
Under direction
direction of
they made aa golden
of Aaron they
calf,
golden calf,
reminiscent of
their stay
years in
in the
the land
reminiscent
of their
for so
so many
stay for
many years
of
descended from the
the mount,
mount, he
of Egypt.
Egypt. When Moses descended
greatly disturbed
apostasy of
the people,
was greatly
of the
disturbed over
over the
the apostasy
people,
and it
it was
was in
the tribe
stood by
by his
his
in this
Levi stood
tribe of
of Levi
crisis that
that the
this crisis
side.
he declared
to Israel,
Israel, "Ye have
have sinned aa
side. Then he
declared to
great
I will
go up
up unto the
the Lord;
Lord; perperwill go
sin: and now I
great sin:
adventure
an atonement for
for your
your sin"
ad venture II shall
shall make an
sin"
(Ex.
32:30).
(Ex. 32:30).
Here is
is atonement,
atonement, an atonement made evidently
evidently
without aa blood
blood sacrifice,
without any
any blood being
being
sacrifice, without
sprinkled
upon
an
altar.
was
this
accomplished?
How
this accomplished?
altar.
sprinkled upon
Moses did not bring
bring aa sacrificial
to the
the Lord;
Lord;
sacrificial offering
offering to
no,
in the
that he offered
fact that
the fact
no, he made an atonement in
offered
to
take the
place oj
people. In
In this
this he was aa fitting
to take
the people.
the place
of the
fitting
figure
of the
of mankind. In
the Saviour
Saviour of
the Lord Jesus,
figure of
Jesus, the
his earnest
his
that the
people might
might be saved,
earnest desire
desire that
the people
saved, he
was willing
willing to
out from God's
God's book of
blotted out
to be blotted
of life.
life.
"Yet now,
now, if
thou wilt
their
sin-;
if
not,
if thou
wilt forgive
and
if
their
sin
not,
forgive
blot me,
of thy
thou hast
hast
blot
me, II pray
thee, out of
pray thee,
thy book which thou
written"
(verse 32).
written" (verse
32).
2. Another instance
case of
of David in
in his
is the
the case
instance is
his
2.
contact
with the
the Gibeonites.
is
recorded
in
contact with
Gibeonites. The story
is
recorded
in
story
22 Samuel 21.
many of
of the
the Gibeonites,
Gibeonites,
slain many
Saul had slain
21. Saul
to preserve.
preserve. David,
David, in
in
whom Israel
Israel had solemnly
solemnly sworn to
seeking
to
make
amends
for
the
wrong
done,
called
for
the
to
called
done,
wrong
seeking
of the
representatives
the Gibeonites together
together and said
to
said to
representatives of
them,
"What
shall
I
do
for
you?
and
wherewith
shall
shall I
for you?
wherewit*h shall
them,
the atonement?"
3). Then follows
follows the
1I make the
atonementf" (verse
the
(verse 3).
story
of
was
done.
When
seven
of
the
sons
of
Saul
of
what
seven
of
done.
the
sons
of
Saul
story
were hanged,
hanged, the
the atonement was made. Here atoneatoneadequate compensation
comjJensation for
for the
ment means making
the
making adequate
;
345
that had been done.

wrong that
done. This aspect
is also
also emwrong
aspect is
bodied in
in the
the great
of Christ's
atoning work.
work.
bodied
Christ's atoning
great sweep
sweep of
This is
is emphasized
in
the
following
words:
in
the
words:
emphasized
following
He [Christ]
to the
the heavenly
heavenly courts,
courts, and from God
ascended to
[Christ] ascended
Himself heard
heard the
the assurance
His atonement
for the
sins of
the sins
assurance that
atonement for
that His
of
men had been
been ample,
that through
blood all
all might
might gain
ample, that
gain
through His blood
life. The Father
eternal life.
Father ratified
ratified the
covenant made with
with Christ,
eternal
the covenant
Christ,
that He would receive
receive repentant
obedient men,
men, and would
that
repentant and obedient
love them even
even as
His Son.
was to
to complete
love
as He loves
loves His
Christ was
Son. Christ
complete His
work, and fulfill
fulfill His
His pledge
a man more precious
to "make a
work,
precious
pledge to
than fine
wedge of
of Ophir."fine gold;
a man than
than the
the golden
gold; even a
golden wedge
Ophir."
ELLEN G.
G. WHITE, The Desire
Desire of
of Ages
Ages (1940),
p. 790.
790. (Italics
(Italics
(1940), p.
supplied.)
supplied.)
When upon
upon the
the cross
out, "It
finished," He
is finished,"
"It is
cross He cried
cried out,
addressed the
the Father.
Father. The compact
compact had been fully
carried out.
out.
fully carried
Father, it
it is
is finished.
finished. II have done Thy
Thy will,
will, O
0
Now He declares:
declares: Father,
If
the
work
of
redemption.
If
Thy
My
I
have
completed
God.
I
have
the
of
Thy
My
completed
redemption.
justice is
"I will
that they
also, whom Thou hast
given
hast given
is satisfied,
will that
satisfied, "I
they also,
justice
Me,
be with
with Me where
where II am."
am." ... The voice
voice of
of God is
is heard
heard proproMe, be
that justice
justice is
p. 834.
claiming that
is satisfied.-Ibid.,
satisfied.
834.
Ibid., p.
claiming
.
3.
recorded in
16
in Numbers 16
Still another
another incident
incident recorded
3. Still
well illustrates
Israel
a further
further aspect
the atonement. Israel
well
illustrates a
of the
aspect of
had grievously
provoked
the
Lord.
people
had
Lord.
The
the
grievously provoked
people had
remurmured against
of the
princes, men of
of rethe princes,
250 of
God; 250
against God;
nown,
rebelled against
against the
the Most High.
High. Resulting
Resulting
nown, had rebelled
in
of
the
from this
this apostasy
a
plague
broke
out
in
the
camp
a
broke
out
camp of
plague
apostasy
Israel.
In connection
with this
this we have the
the divine
Israel. In
connection with
declaration:
declaration:
And Moses said

the conconsaid unto Aaron,
Aaron, . . . Go quickly
quickly unto the
them
and
an
atonement
for
(verse
46).
gregation,
make
for
46).
(verse
gregation,
the midst
took as
Moses commanded.
ran into
into the
And Aaron took
as Moses
commanded, and ran
the plague
of the
congregation; and.
plague was begun
begun among
among
the congregation;
of
behold, the
and, behold,
the people:
people: and he
he put
put on incense,
incense, and made an atonement for
for
the
he stood
the dead and the
the living;
the people.
people. And he
stood between the
the
living; and
the plague
plague was
was stayed
47, 48).
48).
the
stayed (verses
(verses 47,
.
Here we see
as aa mediator,
mediator, aa fitting
fitting type
of
see Aaron as
type of
346
QUESTIONS
Christ
Christ Jesus,
Lord. In
thus stepping
stepping in
in
blessed Lord.
In thus
Jesus, our blessed
by his
his sacrificial
between man and God,
sacrificial abnegaGod, and by
abnegation and devotion,
standing between
the living
living and the
tion
the
between the
devotion, standing
he
dead,
covering
the
people
from
the
wrath
of
God,
he
wrath
of
the
the
God,
dead, covering
people
thereby
made
an
atonement
for
them.
an atonement for them.
thereby
4.,
of the
the question,
however,
4. There is
is another
another aspect
question, however,
aspect of
out
the narthat
narthat should
of the
should be considered.
considered. This grows
grows out of
rative recorded
recorded in
25. Israel
Israel had fallen
fallen capin Numbers 25.
rative
captive
to the
seducing wiles
of the
the heathen
heathen around them.
them.
tive to
wiles of
the seducing
in
of
They
sinned
grievously
in
the
sight
of
God
in
in
the
had
sinned
sight
grievously
They
committing
of the
the Canaanites.
Canaanites. One
abominations of
the abominations
committing the
brought aa heathen
heathen woman into
into the
the camp.
man brought
camp. God
showed His displeasure
by
sending
a
plague
a
plague among
among
displeasure by sending
the
people.
Then
Phinehas,
the
grandson
the
of Aaron,
the people.
Aaron,
Phinehas,
grandson of
the gravity
offense, went out
out in
in the
the
realizing
the offense,
of the
gravity of
realizing the
name of
of God and slew
the offenders.
offenders. When this
was
this was
slew the
done,
was stayed.
Because of
this man's
the plague
of this
done, the
stayed. Because
plague was
jealousy
for
the
work
of
God,
the
said:
the
of
the
Lord
said:
God,
jealousy for
Behold,
peace: and he
he shall
shall
of peace:
Behold^ II give
give unto him my
my covenant of
his seed
even the
have it,
of an everlasteverlastseed after
after him,
the covenant of
it, and his
him, even
ing priesthood;
priesthood; because
because he
he was zealous
his God,
for his
zealous for
God, and made
ing
the children
Israel (verses
12,
an atonement
atonement for
an
of Israel
for the
children of
(verses 12, 13).
13).
In this
this instance
loyal priest
priest made an
that this
this loyal
In
instance we see
see that
removing
the
incorrigible
atonement by
the
offenders. The
incorrigible offenders.
by removing
people of
taught this
this aspect
aspect of
of God's
God's plan
plan
of Israel
Israel were taught
people
in the
Atonement
in
the sanctuary
service
as
the
Day
of
came
service
as
the
of
sanctuary
Day
final act
around each year.
act on that
that great
great day
year. The final
day was
the
the removal of
the
goat
for
Azazel,
representing
the
of the goat for Azazel, representing the
instigator
goat was taken
taken from
from the
the camp
of evil.
evil. This goat
instigator of
camp
of
Israel and banished
banished forever.
it will
will be
be in
in the
the
of Israel
forever. So it
closing
of
God.
Then
the
last
act
in
God's
great
last
in
of
act
work
the
God's
closing
great
plan of
the universe
will be
be to
of cleansing
sin will
reuniverse from sin
to replan
cleansing the
347
347
the greatest
all, he
he who was
was aa liar
liar
move the
offender of
of all,
greatest offender
the beginning,
from the
beginning, that
the devil
devil and Satan.
that old
old enemy,
Satan.
enemy, the
four experiences
These four
teach
us
vital
and
imporus
vital
teach
imporexperiences
tant
lessons concerning
of the
the atonement.
atonement. In
tant lessons
In
the work of
concerning the
God's eternal
eternal purpose,
purpose, He who makes the
the atonement is
God's
is
the
Everything in
the typical
typical service
service-the
the Mediator. Everything
the
in the
sacrifices
the work of
of the
priesthood-pointed
sacrifices and the
forthe priesthood
pointed forward to
to Christ
Jesus, our
took our
our place
and
Christ Jesus,
our Lord.
Lord. He took
place
died in
in our stead.
this, He became our subIn doing
substead. In
doing this,
stitute. In
stitute.
In dying
dying on the
yielding His
His life
the cross,
in yielding
life an
cross, in
atonement for
adequate compensation
for sin,
sin, He made adequate
compensation
for
for the
the wrong
wrong done;
the penalty
penalty of
in full
the
full the
of the
done; He met in
broken law
law of
broken
of God.
Christ's
sacrifice in
behalf of
of man was
was full
full and complete.
complete. The
Christ's sacrifice
in behalf
condition of
of the
been fulfilled.
fulfilled. The work for
which
condition
the atonement had been
for which
He had come to
this world
world had been
been accomplished.
accomplished.-ELLEN
ELLEN G.
G.
to this
Acts of
Apostles, p.
p. 29.
the Apostles,
29.
WHITE, The Acts
of the
involves also
also
But the
the work accomplished
Calvary involves
accomplished on Calvary
the atoning
of Christ
to the
the application
the
the
of the
Christ to
sacrifice of
application of
atoning sacrifice
minisseeking
in the
the priestly
priestly minissoul. This is
is provided for
seeking soul.
provided for in
try of
of our
our blessed
High Priest
Priest in
the
in the
blessed Lord,
Lord, our great
great High
try
sanctuary
above.
above.
sanctuary
sin by
only are
the
are His people
cleansed from sin
Not only
by the
people cleansed
sacrifice
for time
time and
saved for
of the
of God and saved
sacrifice of
the Son of
eternity,
but the
the entire
be purified
purified from
is to
entire universe
universe is
to be
eternity, but
sin utterly
the author
the very
very taint
taint of
author of
of sin
utterly
of iniquity
the
iniquity with the
a
destroyed.
Then
will
follow
a
heaven
and
aa new
will
new
heaven
follow
destroyed.
will
the
eternal
earth
(2 Peter
Peter 3:
13)
will
be
the
eternal
home
which
be
earth (2
3:13)
rebeen
of the
the ransomed
ransomed of
those
have
rewho
have
of all
all ages,
those
of
ages,
deemed by
by the
precious blood
blood of
of the
the Lamb.
the precious
Adventist writers,
writers,
Some of
of our
earlier Seventh-day
our earlier
wider
believing
that
the
word
"atonement"
a
widr
had
believing that the
348
348
ON DOCTRINE
QUESTIONS
DOCTRINE
QUESTIONS ON
than many
meaning
of their
their fellow
fellow Christians
Christians attached
attached
meaning than
many of
to it,
to
themselves
as
indicating
that
the
atoneit, expressed
themselves
as
that
the
atoneexpressed
indicating
ment was
was not
not made
ment
the
cross
of
Calvary,
but
made on
on the cross of Calvary, but was
was
made rather
rather by
made
His
Christ after
after He
He entered
entered upon
by Christ
upon His
in
priestly
ministry
in
heaven.
They
believed
fully
heaven.
believed
in the
the
priestly ministry
They
fully in
of
the sacrifice
sacrifice of
efficacy
of Christ
Christ for
for the
the sahation
salvation of
of
efficacy of the
men,
believed
most
assuredly
that
this
sacribelieved
men, and they
most
that
this
sacrithey
assuredly
fice was made once
once for
fice
for all
all and forever,
but they
forever, but
they prepreto use
use the
the word "atonement"
ferred not to
"atonement" as
as relating
relating
to the sacrificial
sacrificial work of
only
of Christ
Christ at
at Calvary.
only to
Calvary. We
believed as
as fully
repeat,
as we do that
that the
the sacrisacrirepeat, they
they believed
fully as
ficial work of
of our blessed
blessed Lord on Golgotha's
ficial
hill
was
hill
was
Golgotha's
full and complete,
full
never
again
to
be
offered,
and
that
to
be
and
that
offered,
complete,
again
it was done once and for
it
for all.
all. Their concept was
that
concept was that
the
sacrifice of
of Jesus
the sacrifice
provided
the
means
of
the
atonethe
means
of
the
atoneJesus provided
that the
the atonement
atonement itself
itself was
was made
made only
only
ment, and that
ment,
when the
ministered the
the sacrificial
offering on
on
the priests
priests ministered
behalf
behalf of
of the
the sinner.
sinner. Viewed in
in this
this light,
light, it
it will
will be
be
seen
is aa matter
matter of
of definition
definition
seen that
that the
the question
question after
after all
all is
of
not meeting
meeting the
the same
same issues
issues that
that
of terms.
terms. Today,
Today, not
our
our earlier
earlier writers
writers had to
to meet,
meet, we believe
believe that
that the
the
sacrificial
atonement
was
sacrificial atonement was made
made on
on the
the cross
cross and
and was
was
provided for
for all
all men,
men, but
but that
that in
in the
the heavenly
heavenly priestly
priestly
provided
ministry of
of Christ
Christ our
our Lord,
Lord, this
this sacrificial
sacrificial atonement
atonement
ministry
is
to
the
is applied
applied to the seeking
seeking soul.
soul.
Stressing this
this wider
wider concept,
concept, however,
however, in
in no
no way
way
Stressing
detracts
efficacy of
of the
the death
death of
of the
the Son
Son
detracts from
from the
the full
full efficacy
of
of God,
God, once
once for
for all
all for
for the
the sins
sins of
of men.
men. It
It isis unforunfortunate
so often
often leads
leads
tunate that
that aa lack
lack of
of definition
definition of
of terms
terms so
to
to misunderstanding
misunderstanding on
on the
the greatest
greatest theme
theme of
of the
the ChrisChristian
tian message.
message.
Sacrificial
Atonement Provided;
Provided;
Atonement
Sacrificial
Sacrificial Atonement
Atonement Applied
Applied
Sacrificial
QUESTION
QUESTION
30
30-
Seventh-day
Adventists are
are frequently
frequently
with
charged
minimizing
the
atoning
sacrifice
the
charged
minimizing
atoning sacrifice
completed
on
the
cross,
reducing
it
to
incomthe
it
to
an
cross,
completed
reducing
plete or partial
partial atonement that
be supplesupplethat must be
plete
mented by
priestly ministry;
perhaps it
Chrises priestly
it
by Christ's
ministry; perhaps
might be called
atonement. Is
Is this
this charge
called a dual atonement.
might
charge
true?
not Mrs.
Mrs. White state
state that
that Christ
true? Does not
Christ is
is
making atonement for
for us
us in
in the
heavenly
now making
the heavenly
sanctuary? Please
Please explain
your position,
position, and
sanctuary?
explain your
state wherein you
you differ
differ from
from others
atonestate
others on the
the atonement.
May
earnestly and exexat the outset
outset state
state most earnestly
May we at
plicitly
that
Seventh-day
Adventists
do
not
believe
that
that
Adventists
not
believe
that
Seventh-day
plicitly
Christ
or incomplete
sacrificial
a partial
Christ made but a
partial or
incomplete sacrificial
the cross.
in the
cross. The word "atonement,"
the
atonement on the
''atonement/' in
Scripture,
has
a
wide
connotation.
it
involves
a
connotation.
has
it
While
involves
Scripture,
sacrifice of
of our Lord Jesus
basically the
the atoning
Jesus Christ
Christ
basically
atoning sacrifice
the cross,
cross, it
other important
important aspects
it also
also embraces other
on the
aspects
of the
of saving
the work of
of
saving grace.
grace.
The
itself is
is like
like some other
other
The word "atonement" itself
words used
used in
the Bible,
Bible, such as
as "salvation"
"rein the
"salvation" and "rewords
is past,
demption."
Salvation
involves
something
that
is
involves
that
Salvation
something
past,
demption."
so
have been
been saved."
It also
refers
"I have
saved." It
also refers
can say,
that one can
so that
say, "I
in* progress,
to an experience
experience inprogress, so
that he can say,
say, "I
so that
"I am
to
349
350
QUESTIONS
being
2:47, R.S.V).
also refers
refers to
the
saved" (see
It also
Acts 2:47,
to the
being saved"
(see Acts
R*S.V). It
futurej for
for there
there is
in which he
he can
can also
sense In
is a
a sense
also say,
future;
say,
"I
shall be
"I shall
be saved."
saved."
Much the
the same
the word "reis true
true concerning
"resame is
concerning the
demption."
While
the
purchase
price-the
ransomthe
the
ransom
demption."
purchase price
was paid
paid at
because of
this we can
can say,
of this
at Calvary,
Calvary, and because
say,
"I
redeemed," yet
there are
are also
also certain
as"I have
have been redeemed/*
certain asyet there
pects
of
redemption
that
are
yet
future.
In
Scripture
we
future.
In
of
that
are
yet
Scripture
pects
redemption
read
of "the
redemption of
body" (Rom.
(Rom. 8:23),
read of
of our body"
''the redemption
8:23),
and our Saviour,
referring to
His second
advent, bade
bade
to His
second advent,
Saviour, referring
up ... for
your redemption
redemption drawHis followers
followers "look
His
"look up
for your
draweth
nigh" (Luke
eth nigh"
21:28).
(Luke 21:28).
with reference
reference to
to the
The same principle
obtains with
the
principle obtains
word "atonement."
the all-sufficient
"atonement," Most decidedly
all-sufficient
decidedly the
of Jesus
our Lord was
was offered
atoning sacrifice
sacrifice of
offered and
atoning
Jesus our
completed
on
the
~ross
of
Calvary.
This
done for
of
was
the
cross
This
for
Calvary.
completed
"he
is
the
propitiation
.
.
.
for
the
all
mankind,
for
all mankind, for "he is the propitiation
for the
sins
2:2).
the whole world" (1
sins of
of the
(1 John
John 2:2).
But this
this sacrificial
will actually
benefit huhusacrificial work will
actually benefit
as
we
surrender
our
lives
to
God
as
surrender
lives
man hearts
hearts only
to
only
the miracle
miracle of
birth. In
In this
this
and experience
of the
the new birth.
experience the
experience
Jesus,
our
High
Priest,
applies
to
us
the
to
us
the
Priest,
High
applies
experience Jesus,
benefits
of
His
atoning
sacrifice.
sins
are
forgiven,
Our
of
His
sacrifice.
sins
are
benefits
atoning
forgiven,
by faith
faith in
Christ Jesus,
Jesus,
we become the
in Christ
the children
of God by
children of
and the
the peace
peace of
hearts.
of God dwells
in our hearts.
dwells in
of
when
In the
the
In
the tabernacle
of
old,
the mysteries
mysteries of
tabernacle days
of
old,
days
were
redemption
foreshadowed
by
many
typical
sacrisacriby many typical
redemption
fices
the priest,
priest, after
after the
the death of
fices and ordinances,
of the
the
ordinances, the
the blood
the horns
horns of
sacrificial
victim, would place
place the
blood on the
sacrificial victim,
of
the
the record
this act
the altar.
altar. And the
that in
in this
record states
states that
act "the
"the
priest shall
atonement for
shall make an atonement
for him [the
priest
[the sinner]
sinner]
as concerning
concerning his
his sin,
be forgiven
forgiven him"
it shall
shall be
as
sin, and it
.
ATONEMENT PROVIDED
351
351
(Lev. 4:26).
4:26). Here the
the atoning
provided is
is folfolsacrifice provided
(Lev.
atoning sacrifice
lowed by
by the
the benefits
the same atoning
sacrifice apbenefits of
of the
atoning sacrifice
apboth were
were recognized
recognizeq. as
plied. In Old Testament days
as
plied.
days both
of
aspects
of
the
one
great
over-all
work
of
atonement.
the
The
over-all
of
atonement.
aspects
great
provided the
the atoning
the other,
the
one aspect
other, the
sacrifice; the
aspect provided
atoning sacrifice;
application of
benefits.
of its
its benefits.
application
Hence,
redemption involves
the divine
divine plan
of redemption
involves more
Hence, the
plan of
than the
the vicarious
vicarious atoning
death
of
Christ
though this
this
than
of
death
Christ
atoning
though
its very
is its
very core;
also includes
the ministry
ministry of
it also
of our
includes the
core; it
as our
Lord as
our heavenly
heavenly High
Priest.
Having
completed
Priest.
High
Having completed
His sacrifice,
the dead
dead "for
justificarose from the
"for our justificasacrifice, He rose
tion"
(Rom. 4:25)
4:25) and then
then entered
into the
the sanction" (Rom.
entered into
sanctuary above,
above, there
perform His priestly
priestly service
service for
there to
for
to perform
tuary
needy
"Having
obtained
eternal
redemption
for
eternal
man.
obtained
needy
"Having
redemption for
us" (Heb.
9:
12)
on
the
cross,
He
ministers the
us"
now
ministers
the
the
cross,
(Heb. 9:12)
of that
that atonement for
those who accept
accept of
benefits of
of His
for those
benefits
mighty
provision
of
grace.
Thus
the
atoning
sacrifice,
the
of
sacrifice,
atoning
grace.
mighty provision
having
been completed
Calvary, must now be
be apapcompleted on Calvary,
having been
plied
and
appropriated
to
those
are
heirs
of
salvasalvaare
of
those
who
heirs
to
appropriated
plied
tion. Our Lord's
involved in
in the
the great
is thus
thus involved
Lord's ministry
tion.
great
ministry is
of atonement. So as
think of
of the
the mighty
mighty sweep
sweep
as we think
work of
it is
of
the atonement,
its efficacy,
is
in its
its provisions and its
of the
atonement, in
efficacy, it
provisions
have
than
seen
to
be
vastly
comprehensive
than
many
more
seen to
many
vastly
comprehensive
thought.
thought.
not automatiautomatithat men are
are not
We should
should remember that
or
cally,
involuntarily,
impersonally.
or
universally
universally saved
cally, involuntarily, impersonally,
en
They must individually
individually accept
accept of
of grace,
masse. They
en masse.
grace, and
Christ died
it is
understanding that
that while Christ
died proviproviis our
our understanding
it
and
sionally
potentially
for
all
men,
nothing
all men,
for
and
nothing more
potentially
sionally
and
can
be
added,
yet
His
death
is
actually
ultimately
is
death
can be added, yet His
ultimately
actually
those only
accept and
efficacious for
for those
individually accept
efficacious
only who individually
avail themselves
themselves of
its benefits.
benefits.
of its
avail
is
QUESTIONS
352
352
In order
order to
to be
be saved,
saved, there
there must be
be Individual
individual
In
repentance and turning
turning to
to God. The sinner
sinner must lay
lay
repentance
hold of
of the
the provisions
provisions of
of the
the fully
fully completed
completed atoning
atoning
hold
by Christ
Christ on Calvary.
Calvary. And application
application
made by
of the
the atoning
atoning provision
provision of
of the
the cross,
cross, to
to repentant
repentant
of
sinners and supplicating
supplicating saints,
saints, becomes effective
effective only
only
sinners
sacrifice
sacrifice
through Christ's
Christ's priestly
priestly ministry
ministry-and
this whether aa
and this
through
fully understands
understands it
it theologically
theologically or
or not.
not.
man fully
It
is this
this latter
latter provision
provision of
of priestly
priestly ministry
ministry that
that
It is
and
continuous
accomplishes
the
actual,
experiential,
continuous
the
actual,
experiential,
accomplishes
heart cleansing
cleansing in
in the
the individual,
individual, not
not only
only from the
the
heart
of sin.
It
guilt but
but also
also from the
the pollution
pollution and power
power of
sin. It
guilt
is this
this that
that makes it
it efficacious
efficacious to
to men. Christ's
Christ's heavenly
heavenly
is
in our
our behalf
behalf brings
brings about
about the
the realization
realization of
of
ministry in
ministry
the
peace
the
joy
of
redemption
through
the
gift
of
and
the
of
gift of
redemption through
joy
peace
Priest
the Holy
Holy Spirit,
which our ministering
High Priest
the
ministering High
Spirit, which
hearts. The atonement therefore
therefore
sends
into our hearts.
sends forth
forth into
involves
not only
transcendent act
act of
of the
the cross,
but
the transcendent
involves not
cross, but
only the
are
conalso
the
benefits
of
Christ's
sacrifice
are
conChrist's
sacrifice
which
the
benefits of
also
will
to needy
this will
tinually
needy man. And this
applied to
tinually being
being applied
continue
of human probation.
the close
continue on to
to the
close of
probation.
For
see Appenthe atonement,
extracts concerning
For extracts
atonement, see
concerning the
Appendix
dix 661.
661.
I.
the Atonement
of the
I. The Vast
Vast Sweep
Sweep of
In
conservative Christians,
Adventists
In common with conservative
Christians, Adventists
necessitated the
that necessitated
the incarnation
teach
incarnation of
of
teach an atonement that
the
God
in
of
the
eternal
Word-the
Son
of
God-in
order
that
He
that
the eternal Word
the Son of
might
of man;
His life
life
man; and living
living His
might become the
in
among
men
as
our
kinsman
in
the
flesh,
might
die
in
as
die
in
flesh,
might
among
us. We believe
believe that
that the
our stead
to redeem us.
the atonestead to
atonement provides
all-sufficient, perfect,
provides an all-sufficient,
perfect, substitutionary
substitutionary
ATONEMENT PROVIDED
353
sacrifice
for sin,
completely satisfies
satisfies the
the justice
justice
sacrifice for
sin, which completely
of
requirement,
so
that
mercy,
of God and fulfills
fulfills every
so
that
every requirement,
mercy,
be freely
freely extended to
grace, and forgiveness
rethe reto the
grace,
forgiveness can be
pentant
sinner,
compromising
the
holiness
of
without
of
the
holiness
pentant sinner,
compromising
or jeopardizing
jeopardizing the
the equity
of
His
rule.
"To
declare,
God or
of
His
rule.
declare,
equity
at this
II say,
this time his
righteousness: that
that he might
his righteousness:
say, at
might be
just, and the
the justifier
justifier of
believeth in
Jesus"
of him which believeth
in Jesus"
just,
(Rom.
3:26).
(Rom. 3:26).
In this
this way
justifies the
the repentant
repentant
In
way God completely
completely justifies
sinner,
vile, and imputes
the perfect
perfect rightrightsinner, however vile,
imputes the
to cover
his unrighteousness;
unrighteousness; and
eousness
of Christ
eousness of
Christ to
cover his
then imparts,
righteoussanctification, His own righteousimparts, through
through sanctification,
the sinner,
that he is
is transformed
ness
to the
the
ness to
so that
into the
transformed into
sinner, so
very
likeness
of
Christ.
likeness
Christ.
of
very
the wondrous ultimate
ultimate of
of it
will come
And the
it all
all will
through the
the glorification
of our bodies
bodies at
the second
at the
through
glorification of
advent of
of our Lord,
Lord, which will
will bring
bring full
full and final
final
deliverance from the
very presence
presence of
of sin
sin forevermore.
the very
forevermore.
deliverance
Christ,
the sacrificial
is in
in Himself the
sacrificial offering,
the
then, is
Christ, then,
offering, the
ministering
priest,
and
the
coming
king.
covers
the
That
covers
coming king.
ministering priest,
this, we believe,
believe, will
will
past, present,
present, and future.
future. And this,
past,
eventuate
the final
the universe
universe
final eradication
in the
eradication from the
eventuate in
of all
its effects
as well
well as
its malign
malign
forever
all sin
sin and its
effects as
as its
forever of
Is the
ultimate
effect
originator.
This,
we
understand,
is
the
ultimate
effect
This,
understand,
originator.
of
Calvary.
of the
the atonement made on Calvary.
II.
II.
Sacrifice and Ministering

Atoning Sacrifice
Priest
Ministering Priest
Atoning
We feel
feel it
to be most important
important that
that Christians
Christians
it to
of Christ
the
act
Christ
sense
the
difference
between
the
atoning
act
of
difference
sense the
atoning
on the
the cross
as
a
forever
completed
sacrifice,
and
His
cross as a forever completed sacrifice,
miniswork in
the sanctuary
high priest,
priest, m.inisas officiating
in the
work
officiating high
sanctuary as
sacrifice. What He did on
tering
the
benefits
of
that
sacrifice.
of
that
the
benefits
tering
12
12
354
QUESTIONS
the cross
the
cross was for
all
for all
(l John
does
men (1
2:2). What He does
John 2:2).
in the
in
those only
only who accept
accept His great
the sanctuary
is for
for those
great
sanctuary is
salvation.
salvation.
inseparable phases
phases of
of
Both aspects
are integral
integral and inseparable
aspects are
God's
infinite
work
of
redemption.
provides
one
The
God's infinite
of redemption.
provides
the sacrificial
the other
other provides
provides the
the applicathe
sacrificial offering;
applicaoffering; the
soul. The one
tion of
of the
the sacrifice
to the
the repentant
repentant soul.
tion
sacrifice to
was made by
by Christ
victim; the
the other,
other, by
by Christ
as
Christ as
was
as victim;
Christ as
priest. Both
Both are
redemptive plan
plan
of God's
God's great
are aspects
great redemptive
priest.
aspects of
for
for man.
are not
not alone
alone in
in this
this
Adventists are
That Seventh-day
extracts
concept
is
evident
from
the
following
extracts
from
a
the
evident
is
following
concept
recent
book:
recent book:
for man's
is the
in Christ
man's
Christ for
of God in
The Atonement is
the work of
salvation
Cross of
Christ
salvation and renewal.-VINcENT
renewal. VINCENT TAYLOR,
TAYLOR, The Cross
of Christ
(Macmillan, 1956),
87.
(Macmillan,
1956), p.
p. 87.
In
nature and scope,
is both
both deliverance
deliverance
the Atonement is
In its
its nature
scope, the
attainment. It
sin and his
his blessedness;
blessedness; and
and attainment.
It concerns
concerns man's
man's sin
it
cannot be
be the
the one without
being at
at the
the same time
time the
the other.other.
it cannot
without being
Ibid., pp.
pp. 87,
88.
87, 88.
Ibid.,
It is
is important
to distinguish
of
It
the outset
at the
outset to
distinguish two aspects
aspects of
important at
the
doctrine which can be separated
in thought,
thought, but
but not
not withthe doctrine
withseparated in
out grave
grave loss
practice. These are
. . (a)
the sa.ving
are ....
loss in
in practice.
out
saving deed
(a) the
of Christ,
Christ, and (b)
of His
His work by
by faith,
faith, both
the appropriation
of
(b) the
appropriation of
individual
together constitute
the
constitute the
individual and communal. These two together
Atonement.-Ibid.,
Atonement.
88.
Ibid., p.
p. 88.
In consequence.
is both
both accomplished
accomplished for
for us
us and
consequence, atonement is
wrought
p. 89.
in us.-Ibid.,
its.
89.
Ibid., p.
wrought in
if we would rise
Perhaps our
<lur greatest
to-day. if
rise above
greatest need to-day,
Perhaps
the
of much of
the poverty
poverty of
is to
to experience
experience once more
of our worship.
worship, is
the wonder and reliance
ministry.
the
reliance upon
Christ's ceaseless
ceaseless saving
saving ministry,
upon Christ's
the true
true centre
devotion and the
the abiding
which is
is the
which
of Christian
Christian devotion
centre of
abiding
p. 104.
source
source of
of Christian
104.
Christian living.-Ibid.,
Ibid., p.
living.
When, therefore,
therefore, one hears
hears an Adventist
Adventist say,
or
When,
say, or
reads in
in Adventist
Adventist literature-even
in the
the writings
writings of
of
literature
even in
reads
is
Ellen
White-that
making atonement now,
now,
Ellen G. White
that Christ
Christ is making
ATONEMENT PROVIDED
355
it should
that we mean simply
simply that
that
should be understood
understood that
Christ
is now making
application
of
the
benefits
of
the
the
Christ is
benefits of the
making application of
sacrificial
atonement
He
made
on
the
cross;
that
He
is
the cross; that
is
sacrificial
making it
individually, according
according to
it efficacious
efficacious for
for us
to
us individually,
making
our needs
needs and requests.
requests. Mrs.
Mrs. White herself,
herself, as
back
as far
far back
our
as
clearly explained
she
as 1857,
she means when she
1857, clearly
explained what she
making
atonement
for
us
in
His
writes
of
Christ's
writes of Christ's making
for us in
ministry:
ministry:
it
The great
great Sacrifice
offered and had been accepted,
Sacrifice had been offered
accepted,
the Holy
Holy Spirit
the day
day of
of Pentecost
Pentecost
and the
Spirit which descended on the
the minds of
of the
the disciples
the earthly
sanctuary to
to
carried
carried the
earthly sanctuary
disciples from the
the heavenly,
heavenly, where Jesus
by His own blood,
blood, to
to
entered by
the
Jesus had entered
upon His disciples
benefits of
His atonement.
atonement.-Early
shed
the benefits
of His
shed upon
Early
disciples the
Writings,
p. 260.
260. (Italics
Writings, p.
(Italics supplied.)
supplied.)
in the
Salvation
the Sanctuary Service
Salvation Prefigured m
Sanctuary Service
Prejiûred
QUESTION
QUESTION
31
Does your
your teaching
of the
sanctuary servservthe sanctuary
Does
teaching of
oj Christ
mean that
Christ on Calvary
the work of
that the
Calvary was
not
complete,
once-jor-all
sacrinot an all-sufficient,
all-sufficient, complete, once-for-all sacrirefice-a sacrifice
sacrifice that
for us eternal
eternal rethat obtained
obtained for
ficea
demption? Or was something
something subsequently
subsequently necnecdemption!
essary to
sacrificial work of
of Christ
to make the
Christ efthe sacrificial
efessary
the
salvation
of
man?
fective
for
the
salvation
of
fective for
ice
ice
Is an unTo the
question our answer
answer is
unthe question
the first
first part
of the
part of
equivocal
No.
The
death
of
Christ
on
Calvary's
cross
cross
death
of
Christ
Calvary's
equivocal
saved.
provides the
the only
by which man can be saved.
sacrifice by
only sacrifice
provides
that the
the sanctuary
the Tem\Ve believe,
believe, however,
however, that
We
sanctuary and the
ple services
certain vital
vital truths
truths
services of
of long
long ago
ago emphasized
emphasized certain
ple
work
of
in
with the
of
Jesus
our
Lord.
in connection
the atoning
Lord.
connection with
atoning
Jesus
the
In
ritual
during
the
days
of
Israel's
ritual
of
Israel's
In the
the sanctuary
days
during
sanctuary
in the
the time
time of
wanderings in
later in
in the
the wilderness,
of
wilderness, and later
wanderings
the Temple,
sacrifices were offered.
offered. But whatthe
many sacrifices
Temple, many
ever their
their variety,
variety, every
ever
their number,
number, and whatever their
every
sacrifice
without exception
pointed
forward
to
the
to
the
one
sacrifice without
exception pointed
the
of
great
sacrifice-to
the
death
of
Jesus
Christ
our
Lord
to
Christ
great sacrifice
Jesus
all these
of all
these sacrificial
the antitype
sacrificial
and Saviour;
Saviour; He was the
antitype of
offerings.
offerings.
This
12), or
sacrifice" (Heb.
or "one offering"
This "one sacrifice"
(Heb. 10:
10:12),
offering"
(verse
14),
of
Christ
was
"for
ever"
(verse
12),
ever"
of
Christ
"for
(verse
14),
(verse
12),
356
SALVATION PREFIGURED
357
357
and wrought
wrought "eternal
redemption" (Heb.
12) for
"eternal redemption"
for
(Heb. 9:
9:12)
man. This sacrifice
completely efficacious.
proIt prosacrifice was completely
efficacious. It
vided complete
complete atonement for
mankind, and will
vided
will
for all
all mankind,
never be
be repeated,
repeated, for
for it
it was
was all-sufficient
never
all-sufficient and covered
covered
the
needs of
of every
the needs
soul.
every soul.
These sacrificial
teach certain
certain important
sacrificial offerings
offerings teach
important
lessons;
wonderful revelation
revelation of
a wonderful
God's
constitute a
of God's
lessons; they
they constitute
redeeming
grace,
repeatedly
emphasized
to
ancient
to
ancient
redeeming grace, repeatedly emphasized
Israel. The book of
Israel.
that the
many
of Hebrews mentions that
the many
sacrifices offered
sacrifices
Israel were divided
into
offered in
in the
the days
divided into
of Israel
days of
"daily"
offerings
(Heb.
7:27;
10:
11)
and
yearly
sacrisacri7:27;
"daily" offerings (Heb.
10:11)
yearly
fices (Heb.
fices
(Heb. 9:7;
offered every
sacrifices were offered
9:7; 10:3).
10:3). The sacrifices
every
day
as well
well as
the yearly
yearly Day
of Atonement. An
as on the
day as
Day of
analysis of
will reveal
reveal God's
God's plan
of these
these sacrifices
of
sacrifices will
analysis
plan of
salvation
as made known to
to His people
people of
salvation as
old.
of old.
As in
the New Testament it
took four
four gospel
in the
it took
gospel
to portray
the life
of Christ
in the
writers
writers to
so in
the
life of
Christ on earth,
earth, so
portray the
took various
various sacrifices,
it took
or phases
Old Testament it
sacrifices, or
phases
the sacrificial
to represent
the all-inclusive
all-inclusive
of
of the
sacrificial work,
work, to
represent the
the
for the
work of
of Jesus
antitypical
sacrifice for
as the
the great
typical sacrifice
Jesus as
great anti
redemption of
a lost
lost race.
race.
of a
redemption
1.
I. THE
SACRIFICES. The
MORNING AND EVENING SACRIFICES.-The
morning
and
evening
sacrifices
offered
offered every
were
sacrifices
every
morning
evening
morning
and
every
evening,
every
day
of the
year,
the year,
every evening, every day of
morning
Passthe Passirrespective of
the day
day-even
the Feast
of the
even on the
Feast of
of the
irrespective
Day of
of Atonement,
or any
other
over,
the Day
Atonement, or
Pentecost, the
over, Pentecost,
any
called
special
festival. These offerings
consequently called
offerings were consequently
special festival.
the
"continual"
sacrifices
(Ex.
29:38,
42)
and
prethe "continual" sacrifices (Ex. 29:38, 42)
prefigured
in aa unique
unique sense
the sacrifice
of Christ
sacrifice of
Christ our
sense the
figured in
ever
as always
available
ever
efficacious
(Heb.
and
available
Lord as
efficacious
(Heb.
always
that
observed
10:
12).
It
is
to
be
particularly
observed
that
7:3,
24;
It
to
is
7:3, 24; 10:12).
particularly
It
individual.
this
offering
was
not
provided
by
any
individual.
It
not provided by any
this offering
358
358
QUESTIONS
was offered
offered for
for the
people as
as aa whole.
It was not
not the
the
whole. It
was
the people
the
sinner's
to God;
it was,
was, on the
the contrary,
sinner's offering
God; it
contrary, the
offering to
It was offered
Lord's offering
offering for
for His
His people.
people. It
offered irrespecLord's
irrespective of
whether the
the individual
took advantage
Israelite took
individual Israelite
tive
of whether
advantage
of
of
its provision
provision or
not.
or not.
eveAs to
to the
the vital
vital significance
of the
the morning
morning and evesignificance of
remarks
of
ning
sacrifices,
let
us
observe
the
remarks
of
three
the
three
let
observe
us
ning sacrifices,
authors, one Jewish
two Christian.
Christian.
authors,
Jewish and two
its
offering was in
in later
times
later times
The daily
continual (Heb.
tamid) offering
(Heb. tamid)
daily continual
called "the
throughout the
the year,
year, it
it was "the
"the
Offered throughout
"the Tamid."
Tamid/' Offered
called
centre
public worship
(Kennedy).in Judaism"
centre and core
core of
of public
Judaism" (Kennedy).
worship in
J.
H. Hertz,
Pentateuch and Hajtorahs,
Haltorahs, on Num. 28:2-8,
H.
28:2-8,
Hertz, The Pentateuch
p.694.
daily offering
xxix:38-42, and
at Exodus xxix:38-42,
The daily
offering prescribed
prescribed at
which had
had presumably
presumably never
never been
been intermitted
intermitted since,
is specified
which
since, is
specified
of the
the whole sacriagain
here because
because it
the foundation of
it formed the
sacriagain here
ficial
Whatever else
offered was in
in addition
addition to
to it,
ficial system.
else was offered
it,
system. Whatever
not in
in lieu
lieu of
of it.-R_
Pulpit Commentary,
Commentary,
in The Pulpit
it.
R. WINTERBOTTOM, in
not
vo!'
5, p.
p_ 380.
vol. 5,
380.
whole system
upon the
sacrifice, which
which was
The whole
the daily
rested upon
daily sacrifice,
system rested
never omitted,
other sacrifices
were superadded.
never
all other
sacrifices were
to which all
omitted, to
superadded. Not
even the
the triumph
triumph of
the passover
the affliction
of the
day of
of
or the
even
of the
affliction of
the day
passover or
atonement affected
affected the
the daily
daily sacrifice.-Ibid.,
p. 383.
383.
sacrifice.
atonement
Ibid., p.
The institution
institution [of
morning and evening
sacrifice] was so
the morning
so
evening sacrifice]
[of the
imperative,
that in
this daily
daily oblation
to
in no circumstances
circumstances was this
oblation to
imperative, that
be dispensed
the due observance
observance of
the
be
of it
it would secure
secure the
with; and the
dispensed with;
oft-promised
blessing of
of their
their heavenly
heavenly King.
King.-JJAMIEAMIEgrace and blessing
oft-promised grace
SON,
ExposiCritical and ExposiSON, FAUSSET and BROWN, Commentary,
Commentary, Critical
Ex. 29:38.
tory, on Ex.
29:38.
tory,
J.
p. 694.
This taught
taught Israel
Israel vital
vital lessons
truth--of
lessons of
of truth
of "their
"their
constant
constant dependence
dependence upon
upon the
the atoning
blood of
of Christ";
Christ";
atoning blood
that "faith
hold upon
the merits
merits of
of the
the promised
that
"faith laid
laid hold
upon the
promised
sacrifice."-Patriarchs
Saviour
prefigured by
by the
Saviour prefigured
the atoning
Patriarchs
atoning sacrifice."
and Prophets,
Prophets, pp.
353.
352, 353.
pp. 352,
In a
a special
sense
the
morning
evening sacrifices
sense
the
sacrifices
special
morning and evening
prefigured
the
sacrifice
of
Christ
for
all
men.
These
prothe
sacrifice
of
Christ
for
all
men.
prefigured
pro-
359
359
for Israel
in type,
type, for
just what the
the an
antitypical
vided in
Israel of
ti typical
of old,
old, just
of Christ
sacrifice
provided later
for the
the actual
actual forgivesacrifice of
Christ provided
later for
forgiveness of
the salvation
of all
yielded themness
of sin
sin and the
themall who yielded
salvation of
selves to
selves
represented
the
sacrifice
of
Jesus
to God. They
the
of
sacrifice
They represented
Jesus
tasted death
death "for
every man" (Heb.
Christ when He tasted
Christ
"for every
(Heb.
2:9)
sins: and
"the propitiation
for our sins:
2:9) and became "the
propitiation for
not
ours only,
not for
for ours
of the
the whole
for the
sins of
also for
the sins
only, but also
world" (1
John
2:2).
The
morning
evening
and
sacri(1 John 2:2).
evening sacrimorning
ficial offerings brought home to
to
the
hearts
ficial
and
minds
hearts
the
offerings brought
of
of the people
people God's provision
their salvation
salvation-the
the
for their
provision for
of deliverance
way of
revealed the
the way
deliverance from sin.
to
sin. It
It revealed
way
way to
from
liberty
the
bondage
of
iniquity.
the
the
the
of
Wherever
liberty
bondage
iniquity.
Israelites
Israelites lived
lived they
the
turn toward Jerusalem
at the
could turn
they could
Jerusalem at
time of
of the
the morning
morning and evening
confess their
their
time
sacrifices, confess
evening sacrifices,
sins,
their God would graciously
forgive
that their
sins, and know that
graciously forgive
(1
30, 46-50).
8:29, 30,
Kings 8:29,
(I Kings
46-50).
2.
were
SINNER'S DAILY SACRIFICES.-There
2. THE SINNER'S
SACRIFICES.
There were
certain
that the
the individual
sinner and the
the concertain offerings
individual sinner
conofferings that
gregation
were
instructed
to
bring-burnt
offerings,
instructed
to
burnt
gregation
bring
offerings,
peace offerings,
offerings, meal offerings,
tressin offerings,
peace
offerings, sin
offerings, and tresbe called
the sinner's
pass offerings.
sinner's
called the
pass
offerings. These might
might be
responsive
offerings.
This
did
not,
of
course,
that
mean
that
did
of
course,
not,
responsive offerings.
every
individual
in
Israel
brought
his
offering
every
individual
in
Israel
his
every
offering every
brought
day to
the sanctuary.
sanctuary. In
of the
the Temple,
these
to the
In the
the time of
day
Temple, these
at Jerusalem
offerings
be presented
only at
Jerusalem (Deut.
(Deut.
offerings could be
presented only
far
lived far
of the
26). And as
the people
people lived
12:5,
as most of
12:5, 6,
14, 26).
6, 13,
13, 14,
was
away,
it
impossible
for
to
their
offerit
them
make
their
offerfor
to
away,
impossible
ings
at Jerusalem
day. They
They could,
however,
could, however,
every day.
ings at
Jerusalem every
comply with
with the
the directions
of the
the Lord \^hen
When they
they
directions of
comply
But
means
a
to the
the Holy
City
three
times
a
year.
by
times
three
came to
by
year.
Holy City
of
the daily
they could
of the
sacrifices, they
morning and evening
evening sacrifices,
daily morning
their sins
each day.
They could in
in
know their
sins were
were forgiven
day. They
forgiven each
360
QUESTIONS
this way
this
way avail
of God's
avail themselves
themselves of
God's gracious
gracious provlSlon,
provision,
though
frontier~ of
the Holy
Holy Land,
Land, or
or
the frontier^
lived on the
of the
though they
they lived
even in
a foreign
clime.
even
in a
clime.
foreign
These personal
personal sacrifices
referred to
to in
in the
the early
are referred
These
sacrifices are
early
chapters
were to
to be
be offered
offered for
the
for the
of Leviticus.
Leviticus. Some were
chapters of
entire
congregation, others
the priests
priests and leaders
entire congregation,
for the
leaders
others for
as stated
of
people, still
or, as
of the
the people,
the individual,
stated
for the
still others
others for
individual, or,
in the
the text,
for
the
"common
people"
(Lev.
4:27).
in
the
for
text,
people" (Lev. 4:27).
It
is to
to be
borne in
that these
these individually
It is
be borne
in mind that
individually and
congregationally
provided
offerings
differed
markedly
differed
markedly
congregationally provided offerings
from the
the morning
morning and evening
sacrifices.
the
prosacrifices.
With
the proevening
vision
of
the
morning
and
evening
sacrifices
the
individthe
individvision of the morning
evening sacrifices
ual
to do.
do. They
ual sinner
sinner had absolutely
absolutely nothing
nothing to
They were
offered
on
his
behalf,
whether
he
sought
their
benefits
their
his
behalf,,
benefits
offered
sought
or not.
not. But the
provided
offerings
or
the individually
individually provided offerings were
different. The sinner
himself provided
provided them;
them; he
he
sinner himself
different.
brought
his
own
offering
to
the
tabernacle.
Recognizing
to
the
his
tabernacle.
offering
brought
Recognizing
its head,
it as
as his
his substitute,
placed his
his hands
hands upon
upon its
head,
it
substitute, he placed
and confessed
his sins
it. Then the
the sacrifice
was
sins over
over it.
sacrifice was
confessed his
slain.
slain.
us today,
today, this
procedure may
may have
have the
the appearTo us
this procedure
appearance of
of human works,
works, for
act
thus
far
for every
act
thus
far
ance
mentioned
every
was performed
performed by
person presenting
presenting the
the sacrifice.
was
the person
sacrifice.
by the
But this
this provision
provision also
in the
plan of
of God. These
the plan
also was in
of the
the offerer
works on the
the part
part of
offerer were not
not as
as aa means of
works
of
salvation,
but
were
an
evidence
of
faith.
indievidence of faith. These indisalvation,
vidual offerings,
offerings, therefore,
therefore, were
were not
not primary;
primary; they
they
vidual
were secondary.
secondary. In
words, the
morning and eveIn other
other words,
the morning
evening
sacrifice
was
fundamental;
it
was
first
and
foresacrifice
it
was
first
forefundamental;
ning
most.
most. In
In aa special
the type
type of
of what was
was
sense this
this was the
special sense
accomplished
on
Calvary's
cross
in
antitype
for
all
in
cross
all
for
accomplished
Calvary's
antitype
mankind.
361
361
The individual who accepted

benefits provided
provided
the benefits
accepted the
morning and evening
was given
sacrifice was
morning
evening sacrifice
given opporopporto express
tunity to
to reveal
reveal his
his acceptance
acceptance
his faith
faith and to
tunity
express his
of the
the divine provision
his salvation.
did at
of
for his
he 'did
at
salvation. This he'
provision for
the cQmmand
the
visiting Jerusalem
Jerusalem he
command of
of God. When visiting
brought his
his own offering
himself and for
his family.
family.
for himself
for his
brought
offering for
In
In the
the morning
morning and evening
sacrifice
see
provided
we
see
sacrifice
provided
evening
in the
atonement; in
the individual
see approindividual sacrifice
sacrifice we see
atonement;
appropriated atonement.
atonement.
priated
These two groups
offerings-the
of sacrificial
the one
groups of
representing
God's
provision
for
man,
the
other
repother
the
man,
for
representing
provision
repof
these
provisions-were
resenting
man's
acceptance
were
these
resenting
acceptance of
provisions
offered every
every day
year. These,
These, in
in aa specific
specific way,
way,
offered
the year.
of the
day of
were the
offerings for
sin. These were
were the
the vital
vital sacrifices
the offerings
for sin.
sacrifices
that
longing soul.
soul. They
for the
that meant deliverance
deliverance for
the longing
They were
God's
provision for
pardon,
victory,
for the
the one seeking
God's provision
seeking pardon, victory, and
peace
with
God.
peace with
This experience
experience on the
part of
of the
individual is
is what
This
the part
the individual
in
we commonly
call
conversion,
or
in
or
New
Testament
call
conversion,
commonly
language, being
or passing
passing from death
death
being "born again,"
again," or
language,
unto
life.
In
this
surrender
of
heart
and
life,
not
only
unto life. In this surrender of heart
life,
only
individual know pardon
pardon for
he has
has
does the
for sin,
the individual
does
sin, but he
in
peace
with
God
and
experiences
the
joy
of
the
in
Lord
the
of
the
with
joy
experiences
peace
his
his soul.
soul.
3. THE DAY OF ATONEMENT RITUAL.
RITUAL.-Several
sacSeveral sac3.
rifices
were offered
the Day
of Atonement. This day
day
offered on the
rifices were
Day of
was the
the climactic
the ceremonial
ceremonial year,
year, bringing
bringing
of the
was
climactic day
day of
that
had
sacrifices
to
a
consummation
all
the
sacrifices
that
been
all
the
to a
there
offered daily
daily throughout
throughout the
the year.
year. On that
that day
offered
day there
offered
for
that the
high
priest
offered
for
were
the earthly
sacrifices that
were sacrifices
earthly high priest
et
himself and his
his family
(Lev.
16:3,
6,
et
cetera).
These
himself
6,
16:3,
cetera).
family (Lev.
were
for his
his own personal
preparation for
for the
the solemn
were for
personal preparation
the
by the
by
362
QUESTIONS
services
the Day
Day of
of Atonement. Before
Before he could
services of
of the
could
take part
take
part in
work, he
he himself
himself must be
be purified,
in God's
God's work,
purified,
responsible office
sanctified
sanctified for
for his
his high,
office and
holy, and responsible
high, holy,
work.
work.
the service
the bringing
bringing of
of the
of two
Another part
service was the
part of
"Then
he
[the
goats,
concerning
which
we
read:
he
read:
goats, concerning
high
[the high
priest] shall
take the
goats, and set
set them before
shall take
the two goats,
before
priest]
the
the door
the tent
tent of
meeting; and Aaron
at the
of the
of meeting;
the Lord at
door of
shaH
upon the
the two goats,
goats, one lot
for the
the Lord
shall cast
lot for
cast lots
lots upon
and the
lot
for
Azazel"
(Lev.
16:7,
8,
R.S.V.).
lot
for
Azazel"
the other
other
(Lev. 16:7, 8, R.S.V.).
at
the
entire
N
ow
let
us
look
sacrificial
let
look
at
the
entire
round of
of sacrificial
us
Now
ritual
this great
be
sin can
sacrifices for
for sin
can be
ritual on this
day. The sacrifices
great day.
listed
as follows:
follows:
listed as
a. The regular
regular morning
(Ex. 29:38,
29:38, 39;
a.
sacrifice (Ex.
39;
morning sacrifice
Num.28:4).
Num.
28:4).
b.
for the
the high
high priest
priest and his
his
6. The special
sacrifices for
special sacrifices
house-aa bullock
a
for
a
a sin
house
for a
sin offering
and
a
for
bullock for
ram
a
offering
burnt offering
(Lev.
16:3,6).
burnt
offering (Lev. 16:3, 6).
c.
the people
people (verse
for the
c. The specified goat
15).
(verse 15).
specified goat for
d.
regular evening
sacrifice
(Ex.
29:38, 39;
d. The regular
sacrifice
39;
evening
(Ex. 29:38,
Num.28:4).
Num.
28:4).
4. THE LAST ACT IN GOD'S GREAT WORK FOR MAN.
4.
-The
day was aa type,
type, or
of this
this special
or illustraillustraThe work of
special day
last aspect
tion, of
of the
the great
great work of
of God for
the last
of the
for man.
tion,
aspect of
In ancient
ancient Israel,
was aa day
of
judgment.
This is
it was
In
is
Israel, it
of
judgment.
day
seen
in the
the instruction
seen in
instruction given:
given:
that shall
soul it
it be that
afflicted in
in that
shall not
not be afflicted
Whatsoever soul
that same
shall be
be cut
among his
his people.
people. And whatsoever
whatsoever
he shall
cut off
off from among
it be that
that doeth
in that
that same day,
the same soul
it
doeth any
soul
any work in
day, the
his people
23:29, 30).
will
destroy from among
will II destroy
among his
(Lev. 23:29,
30).
people (Lev.
day,
day,
soul
soul
Still
Jewish people
people through
through the
the centuries
the Jewish
Still further,
centuries
further, the
363
363
have
so regarded
have so
regarded the
Day of
Note the
the
the Day
of Atonement. Note
fol-
fol-
lowing:
lowing:
Even the
the angels,
told in
in the
the Ritual,
with
are told
are seized
seized with
Ritual, are
angels, we are
fear and trembling;
trembling; they
they hurry
hurry to
say, "Behold
fear
to and fro
the
fro and say,
"Behold the
of Judgment
Judgment has
of Atonement
Atonement is
Day
has come."
come/' The Day
is the
the Day
Day of
Day of
Day
of
Judgment.-PAuL
of the
of Judgment.
PAUL ISAAC HERSHON, Treasures
the Talmud
Treasures of
(1882),
97.
p. 97.
(1882), p.
seated on His throne
God, seated
to judge
judge the
the world,
world, at
the same
throne to
at the
God,
time
openeth the
the Book of
of
time Judge,
Expert, and Witness,
Pleader, Expert,
Witness, openeth
Judge, Pleader,
trumpet is
a still,
small
Records.
Records, . . . The great
is sounded;
small
sounded; a
still,
great trumpet
voice
is heard,
heard, ... saying,
This is
the day
of judgment.
judgment.... On
voice is
is the
saying, This
day of
Year's Day
is written;
the Day
Day of
of Atonement
Atonement
New Year's
the decree
decree is
written; on the
Day the
it
is sealed
sealed who shall
shall live
it is
live and
and who are
to die.
die.-The
Jewish Enare to
The Jewish
cyclopedia, vol.
vol. 2,
2, p.
286.
cyclopedia,
p. 286.
.
5. THE GOAT FOR THE SIN

5.
SIN OFFERING.-The
OFFERING. The goat
goat
sin offering
for the
on
for
the sin
the
Day of
of Atonement was aa
the Day
offering
unique
was nothing
nothing like
like it
it
sacrificial offering.
unique sacrificial
offering. There was
in the
the whole
whole round of
It differed
differed from all
all
in
of sacrifices.
sacrifices. It
the other
in that
that it
dual significance.
In
the
it had a
other offerings
a dual
offerings in
significance. In
it provided
the first
place, it
for the
the people
peoplethe
first place,
provided atonement for
all
"to
the children
children of
of Israel
Israel for
"to make an atonement for
for aU
for the
their
16:34).
In
the
second
place,
it
was
it
their sins"
sins" (Lev.
In
the
second
(Lev. 16:34).
place,
used
by the
the Lord in
the very
very sanctuary
that
used by
in cleansing
sanctuary that
cleansing the
was the
the center
worship throughout
throughout the
the year
year
of their
center of
their worship
(verses
16,
20).
16,
(verses
20).
cleansing work of
Observe how complete
of the
the
the cleansing
complete the
atoning
blood
was
represented
to
be.
The
precious
be.
was
to
blood
precious
atoning
represented
blood provided
provided cleansing
cleansing- (a)
for the
the high
high priest
priest and
blood
(a) for
for the
his
house; (b)
the people;
people; (c)
the sanctuary,
all the
for all
his house;
sanctuary,
(c) for
(&) for
its altar,
et cetera.
cetera.
its
altar, et
6. THE GRAND CLIMAx.-Now
the climactic
climactic
CLIMAX. Now comes the
6.
act
of this
After full
full and complete
this great
act of
day. After
complete atonement*
great day.
into the
*Several
Azazel came into
the picture
picture on the
the
before Azazel
that before
authorities recognize
^Several authorities
recognize that
Day of
of Atonement,
Atonement, full
full "nd
h"d been
be.n made for
fOT the people.
people. We
and complete
atonement had
complete "tonement
Day
from
but two
two writers-one
Christian, one Jewish:
Jewish:
writers one Christian,
from but
give quotations
give
quotations
QUESTIONS
364
has been
been provided
provided for
for the
people, and they
they are
are safe
has
the people,
safe and
secure from
from the
of the
great deceiver,
deceiver, God gives
gives
secure
the wiles
wiles of
the great
He
which
is
people aa preview
of
the
way
in
is
going
His people
of
the
way
going
preview
to
banish iniquity
great universe.
universe. Here,
in
to banish
Here, in
iniquity from His great
is
type, the
the author
author of
is taken and is judged. He who
of sin
sin is
type,
judged.
introduced iniquity
the government
of God receives
receives
into the
government of
iniquity into
his just
just deserts.
deserts. The responsibility
responsibility for
for conceiving,
conceiving, for
for
his
introducing,
for inducing
to rereinducing men and women to
introducing, and for
bellion against
God
is
rolled
upon
his
head.
As
rolled
his
is
back
head.
bellion
upon
against
the
goat is
to
the
wilderness
of
death,
so,
near
the
wilderness
of
to
the goat
is consigned
death,
so,
consigned
the
things, God will
will consign
consign Satan to
the
the end of
all things,
to the
of aU
"bottomless pit"
pit" (Rev.
20:
1),
later
to
the
lake
of
and
later
lake
to
the
of
(Rev. 20:1),
fire,
down
in
utter
and
irrevocable
dein
utter
irrevocable
defire, where he goes
goes
struction.
struction. (See
also Question
(See also
35.)
Question 35.)
These,
we
believe,
are
the lessons
lessons of
the great
great
of the
are some of
of the
believe,
These,
Day
of
in
the
long
ago.
in
of
the
Atonement
Day
long ago.
HThe
slain goat
goat had symbolized
wrought full
full atonement or
"The slain
or
symbolized and ceremonially
ceremonially wrought
covering
sins."-Pulpit
p. 242.
242.
of sins."
Leviticus, p.
covering of
Pulpit Commentarl,
Commentary, on Leviticus.
"One [the
a victim
victIm intended
intended to
to atone
atone for
for sins."-M.
Lord's goat1
sins."
M. M.
[the Lord's
goat] was a
KALISCH, The Old Testament,
Leviticus, vol.
2, !?
vol. 2,
327.
KAL.ISGH,
Testament, Leviticus,
p. 327.
"The atonement of the
the_people
solely by
by the
the blood
the
effected solely
blood of
of the
people . . . was effected
goat
sin-offering."-lbid.,
293, 294.
294.
killed as
as a sin-offering."
goat killed
pp. 293,
Ibid., pp.
.
o.
Cfhe
Heavenly Sanctuary
SanctuaryTfie Heavenly
Figurative or
Literal Concepts
or Literal
Concepts
Figurative
QUESTION
QUESTION
32
Relevant to
doctrine of
of the
Relevant
to the
the doctrine
the atonement,
atonement,
do Seventh-day
Adventists believe
that the
the sancsancbelieve that
in heaven is
tuary in
or figurative?
figurative?
is literal,
literal, or
tuary
it seems
Before attempting
to answer this
this question,
attempting to
question, it
that
be some understanding
understanding as
the
that there
to the
there should be
as to
meaning
of
the
"literal"
and
"figurative."
If
by
If
the
of
words
"literal"
by
meaning
"figurative."
a
the
is thought
thought that
that we conceive
conceiye of
the word "literal"
'literal" it
it is
of a
all
heavenly
sanctuary
made
of
brick
mortar,
all
with
and
of brick
mortar,
heavenly sanctuary
that
in our everyday
that we associate
associate with such literalness
literalness in
everyday
is, We do not.
the other
other hand,
life, the
the answer is,
not. If,
hand,
life,
If, on the
in the
the use
use of
the word "figurative"
the
thought
conin
of the
the
thought con"figurative"
that
of
something
unreal,
mythical,
imaginary,
veyed
is
that
of
is
unreal,
mythical, imaginary,
veyed
something
or visionary,
visionary, the
be, We do not conor
the answer would again
again be,
of the
the sanctuary
in
this
sense.
ceive
in
this
sense.
ceive of
sanctuary
believe the
the following
Holy
We believe
following statements from Holy
set on the
Writ:
have such an high
high priest,
priest, who is
is set
the
Writ: "We have
right
of
the
throne
of
the
Majesty
in
the
heavens;
in
the
the
the
hand
of
throne
of
heavens;
Majesty
right
true tabernacle,
minister of
of the
sanctuary, and of
the true
aa minister
of the
the sanctuary,
tabernacle,
man"
which the
the Lord pitched,
and
not
(Reb.
1, 2).
2).
8:1,
(Heb. 8:
pitched,
the
that
as
We understand
understand from these
that
as
the
these scriptures
scriptures
is real,
throne of
real, and Jesus
there is
real,
sits there
is real,
of God is
throne
Jesus who sits
as
the
in heaven would be just
just as
tabernacle in
the sanctuary
or tabernacle
sanctuary or
in
is revealed
to its
revealed in
real. As to
its form,
real.
form, we know only
only what is
365
366
366
QUESTIONS
the
of what entered
entered into
the Scriptures.
into
nothing of
Scriptures. We know nothing
its construction.
construction. This does
not seem to
to be
be revealed,
revealed, and
its
does not
we just
just let
without seeking
to probe
probe furfurlet it
it rest
rest there,
there, without
seeking to
ther
into the
the question.
ther into
question.
help
that should be of
of help
are two considerations
considerations that
There are
in understanding
understanding this
this question.
is the
the fact
fact that
that the
the
in
question. One is
tabernacle in
the wilderness
wilderness was
was built
built "according
to the
the
in the
tabernacle
"according to
in the
in several
the Bible.
pattern." This is
is stressed
places in
Bible.
several places
stressed in
pattern."
all things
Moses was
was counseled
by the
to make all
things
the Lord to
counseled by
Moses
"after
25:9). He was reminded also
also
"after the
the pattern"
(Ex. 25:9).
pattern" (Ex.
him
while
he
that
had
shown
to
while
was
to
been
that this
this "pattern"
"pattern"
in the
the mount with God: "And thou shalt
rear up
shalt rear
the
in
up the
to
thereof
which
tabernacle
according
to
the
fashion
thereof
the
fashion
was
tabernacle according
shewed thee
thee in
the mount" (Ex.
in the
(Ex. 26:30).
26:30).
plan this
this building.
building. The ininMoses himself
himself did not plan
struction
from
God.
Moses
counseled
was
God.
counseled
struction came directly
directly
the tabernacle
tabernacle "according
the fashion
fashion that
that he
to make the
to the
to
"according to
had seen"
for "fashion"
"fashion"
had
seen" (Acts
(Acts 7:44).
7:44). The Greek word for
this
is
rendered
variously
by
such
words
is tupos}
and
this
is rendered
such
is
words
variously by
tupos,
as
"form,"
"figure,"
et
cetera.
Some
translaet
as "pattern,"
cetera.
transla"pattern," "form," "figure,"
Weymouth, render
render the
the thought
thought "in
tors, such
"in imitasuch as
as Weymouth,
imitators,
tion
of the
the model which he
he had seen."
In rendering
tion of
seen." In
rendering
Hebrews 9:24,
mentions that
that the
the earthly
9:24, Weymouth
Weymouth mentions
earthly
the reality."
reality." This "reality"
was
was "a
"a mere copy
of the
"reality" was
copy of
"the
true tabernacle,
tabernacle, which the
the Lord pitched,
pitched, and not
not
"the true
man" (Heb.
(Heb. 8:2).
The
reality
of
the
sanctuary
in
the
the
in
of
the
reality
sanctuary
8:2).
heavens is
than
implied.
heavens
is certainly much more than
certainly
implied.
One can hardly
expressions as
as the
read such
such expressions
the above
hardly read
without coming
coming to
to the
that the
the sanctuary
sanctuary in
the conclusion
conclusion that
in
the
the heavens,
heavens, where Christ
great High
High Priest
is,
Christ our great
Priest is,
is
as He Himself is
as real
is just
just as
real as
is real.
language used,
used,
real. The language
it
it seems to
to us,
us, very
conveys that
that meaning.
meaning.
very definitely
definitely conveys
THE HEAVENLY SANCTUARY
367
367
by the
the prophet
prophet John
Furthermore,
the description
Furthermore, the
description by
John
in
in the Apocalypse
Apocalypse is
this point.
point. He is
writing
is clear
clear on this
is writing
in
in language
language his
his hearers
hearers could
quite well
well understand,
understand,
could quite
for
for they
they were acquainted
the tabernacle
tabernacle ritual
with the
ritual and
acquainted with
all that
all
that was
was involved
ministration on earth.
involved in
in its
its ministration
earth. He
mentions the
the seven-branched
the "seven
seven-branched candlestick,
'seven
candlestick, the
of fire"
lamps
fire" (Rev.
4:5);
the
"golden
altar"
the
the
altar"
and
the
lamps of
(Rev. 4:5);
"golden
"golden
censer"
(Rev.
8:3);
the
"tabernacle
of
the
censer"
the
the
"tabernacle
of
"golden
(Rev. 8:3);
in heaven" (Rev.
testimony
"the ark
ark
even "the
testimony in
(Rev. 15:5);
15:5); and even
of
his testament"
testament" (Rev.
19).
of his
(Rev. 11:
11:19).
Hence, not only
or sanctuary
taberis the
the temple
or taberHence,
only is
sanctuary or
temple or
but also
which was
was evidently
necnacle
mentioned, but
nacle mentioned,
also that
that which
evidently necin
its
service
of
ministration-the
candlestick,
essary
in
its
service
of
ministration
the
candlestick,
essary
the golden
golden altar,
of His
His testatestathe
the censer,
the ark
ark of
altar, the
censer, and the
ment. Therefore,
we
believe
there
is
a
real
sanctuary
ment.
believe there is a real sanctuary in
in
Therefore,
heaven,
blessed Lord ministers
our behalf.
behalf.
ministers on our
heaven, where our blessed
And of
of still
is the
the use
use of
the
still further
further consideration
consideration is
of the
in connection
with the
the tabernacle,
tabernacle,
word "shadow" in
connection with
and later
later with
with the
the Temple,
figured so
in
so largely
largely in
Temple, which figured
the ceremonial
ceremonial services
old. The word
the
of old.
services of
of Israel
Israel of
"shadow" as
used in
the New Testament
Testament is
in
in the
is found in
as used
1. It
It is
is from the
skia, and in
in
10:1.
the Greek skia,
Hebrews 8:5;
8:5; 10:
referring
to
this
word,
E.
Vine,
in
Expository
Dicin
W.
E.
Dieto
this
Vine,
word,
Expository
referring
of New Testament Words,
remarks:
tionary
Words, remarks:
tionary of
*
of cereimage or
by an object,
object, Col.
Col. 2:17,
2:17, of
cerecast by
The image
outline cast
or outline
of the
its appurtenances
appurtenances
monies under the
the Tabernacle and its
the Law;
monies
Law; of
the Law,
and offerings,
offerings, Reb.
these as
as appointed
appointed under the
Law,
Heb. 8:5;
of these
8:5; of
Reb. 10:1.
10:1.
Heb.
Geerhardus Vos,
Geerhardus
Vos,
late
Professor of
of Biblical
Biblical Theology
late Professor
Theology
in Princeton
Princeton Theological
his book,
book, The
in his
in
Seminary, in
Teaching
of
the
Epistle
to
the
(Eerdmans,
the
Hebrews
to
the
(Eerdmans,
Epistle
Teaching of
1956),
the word "shadow":
1956), comments on the
368
368
QUESTIONS
In [Heb.]
that the
priests serve
In
the Jewish
serve that
are told
that
8:5 we are
told that
Jewish priests
[Heb.] 8:5
which is
a copy
skia). The
which
is a
a shadow (hupodeigma
(hupodeigma and skia).
copy and a
author
that it
copy and shadow of
the heavenly
heavenly things.
author adds
it is
is a
a copy
adds that
of the
things.
or thrown
it is
a shadow projected
thrown forward
Thus it
forward (into
is not
not a
projected or
(into
from heaven
heaven to
to earth.
earth. Morethe
the future),
cast down from
but a
a shadow
shadow cast
Morefuture), but
over,
over,
the particular
particular use
use made by
by the
the author
author of
the adjective
the
of the
adjective
true
to be
noted. Alethinos
Alethinos is
a much stronger
is a
true (alethinos)
be noted.
stronger
(alethinos) ought
ought to
is the
which is
word than
than alethes
alethes which
the more common word for
for true.
true.
the real,
but the
real, the
the genuine,
genuine,
Alethinos means
means not
not simply
the true,
Alethinos
true, but
simply the
the veritable.-Page
the
veritable.
58.
Page 58.
Hence we may
may regard
regard the
earthly tabernacle
tabernacle as
but
the earthly
as but
the
the reality;
reality; the
the real
was
in
real sanctuary
the shadow of
of the
in
sanctuary
heaven, but
but it
the earth.
earth. The earthly
It cast
cast its
Its shadow on the
heaven,
earthly
but not
the heavenly.
heavenly. We do,
could be
be seen
by men,
men, but
could
seen by
not the
do,
however,
in
this
word
"shadow"
catch
glimpses
of
what
in
this
catch
of
what
"shadow"
however,
glimpses
the heavenly
heavenly sanctuary
is like
like by
by looking
looking at
at its
its shadow
the
sanctuary is
on the
the earth.
earth. It
believe there
there is
on
It is
is in
in this
this sense
that we believe
is a
a
sense that
in
heaven.
real
sanctuary
real sanctuary in heaven.
Certain
question are
Certain aspects
this question
are made plain
for
of this
aspects of
plain for
is
Word of
Jesus
is
our
great
High
of God: (1)
our
great High
(1) Jesus
4: 14); (2)
priest for
for ever
Priest
(Heb. 4:14);
"a priest
Priest (Heb.
is "a
Christ is
ever after
after
(2) Christ
(3)
Jesus
is aa
the order
order of
5:6);
the
Melchisedec" (Heb.
of Melchisedec"
(Heb. 5:6); (3) Jesus is
(4)
Jesus
is
"minister
of
the
sanctuary"
(Heb.
8:2);
"minister of the sanctuary'* (Heb. 8:2); (4) Jesus Is our
our
High
Priest,
bids
us
boldly
unto
the
throne
bids
us
who
"come
unto
the
throne
Priest,
boldly
High
may obtain
of grace,
grace, that
that we may
of
find grace
obtain mercy,
to
mercy, and find
grace to
help in
in time
time of
4: 16); (5)
(5) because
because He is
is
of need" (Heb.
help
(Heb. 4:16);
an all-sufficient
all-sufficient Saviour,
has an
an unchangeable
unchangeable
Saviour, He has
priesthood, and "he is
to save
save them to
to the
is able
able also
also to
the
priesthood,
uttermost that
unto God by
by him,
him, seeing
seeing he
he ever
that come unto
uttermost
ever
liveth
liveth to
Intercession for
for them" (Heb.
(Heb. 7:25);
7:25);
as our High
High Priest,
Priest, it
and (6)
it was necessary that
(6) as
necessary that He
should
to offer"
offer" (Heb.
"have somewhat also
should "have
also to
(Heb. 8:3).
8:3).
In the
us
us in
the
The
'The
of
High~-Priestly
Priestly Ministry
Ministry of Christ
Christ
High
QUESTION
QUESTION
33
Since Adventists
that complete
complete sacsacSince
the
cross,
rificial
atonement
was
made
on
the
what
rificial
cross,
do you
you teach
teach concerning
concerning the
the ministry
ministry of
of our
our
Lord as
as High
High Priest
Priest in
in heaven?
heavenJ When did
did Christ
Christ
responsibilities as
as priest?
priest? What do
assume His responsibilities
you
understand
by
the
expression
ever liveth
liveth
understand
the
you
by
expression "he ever
to make intercession"?
intercession"? How can
can Christ
Christ officiate
officiate
to
as
as priest
priest in
in a sanctuary,
sanctuary, and at
at the
the same time
occupy
Father's
throne?
His
Father's
throne?
occupy
is a
priesthood of
a cardinal
cardinal doctrine
doctrine in
in
Christ is
The priesthood
of Christ
teaching. The atoning

atoning death
death of
of Christ,
New Testament teaching.
Christ,
is
and His all-sufficient
for man's redemption,
sacrifice for
all-sufficient sacrifice
redemption, is
truth
central
for
Christians,
the
central
truth
as for
all evangelical
for all
for us,
Christians,
us, as
evangelical
resurrection and
of
Lord's resurrection
of Christianity.
Christianity. Yet without our Lord's
sacrifice would
ascension,
the
provisions
of
His
atoning
ascension, the provisions of
atoning sacrifice
not
be available
to man (1
17).
available to
not be
15:17).
(I Cor. 15:
decisive
The victory
of
our
Lord
at
Calvary
was decisive
at
of
Calvary
victory
and eternal.
did
He
conquer
sin,
but
He
eternal. Not only
sin,
conquer
only
truths
conquered
death.
And
these
tremendous
truths
bethese
death.
conquered
came the
focal
point
of
the
apostolic
ministry.
"With
the
of
the focal point
apostolic ministry.
resurthe resurof the
witness of
great
the apostles
apostles witness
gave the
power gave
great power
rection
the Lord Jesus:
of the
rection of
upon
grace was upon
great grace
Jesus: and great
them all"
4:33).
all" (Acts
(Acts 4:33).
369
370
370
QUESTIONS
Having
burst the
bands of
of death,
as
the bands
death, Jesus
Jesus ascended as
Having burst
in the
the
24), to
to appear
the presence
the "King
of glory"
(Psalm 24),
presence
appear in
"King of
glory" (Psalm
of God for
us. And there,
there, amid the
the adoration
adoration of
of angels,
of
for us.
angels,
He was
the Creator,
as
as the
enthroned. Addressing
was enthroned.
Creator, as
Addressing Him as
the One who had "laid
the foundation
of the
the earth"
"laid the
foundation of
earth"
the
(Heb.
10), the
the omnipotent
reaffirms His
omnipotent Father reaffirms
1:10),
(Heb. 1:
position
as
God,
saying:
"Thy
throne,
0
God, is
is for
O
for
as
throne,
God,
God,
saying: "Thy
position
ever
of
righteousness
is
the
sceptre
is
the
a sceptre
of
ever: a
ever and ever:
righteousness
sceptre
sceptre
of thy
thy kingdom.
kingdom. Thou hast
righteousness, and
hast loved
loved righteousness,
of
hated
God, even
even thy
thy God,
hath
therefore God,
hated iniquity;
God, hath
iniquity; therefore
anointed
the oil
above
thy
oil of
of gladness
above
thee with
with the
anointed thee
thy
gladness
fellows"
(Heb. I:
8,
9).
fellows" (Heb.
1:8, 9).
Priest coincided
with His
His
His consecration
consecration as
coincided with
as High
His
High Priest
enthronement.
the throne
the Majesty
of the
at the
throne of
enthronement. And there,
there, at
Majesty
on high,
high, immediately
after His
His ascension
ascension He entered
immediately after
upon His
His priestly
priestly ministry
ministry in
in the
the "greater
"greater and more
upon
perfect tabernacle"
tabernacle" (Heb.
9: 11) then
then "to
appear in
in
"to appear
(Heb. 9:11)
perfect
Him
the
presence of
24).
was
us" (verse
To
was
the presence
for us"
of God for
(verse 24).
in heaven
given all
all power
power and authority
both in
heaven and on
authority both
given
earth.
earth.
I.
Christ's Priesthood
Vital Theme for
for Study
Study
I. Christ's
Priesthood Vital
a
The high-priestly
high-priestly ministry
of our Lord occupies
ministry of
occupies a
prominent
place
in
Adventist
theology.
In
fact,
we
bein
Adventist
In
befact,
prominent place
theology.
lieve
that much study
be given
given to
to Christ's
lieve that
Christ's
study should be
the sanctuary
especiaJIy to
to the
the
ministry in
in the
above, and especially
ministry
sanctuary above,
of
we
concluding
phase
of
that
ministry,
underthat
which
underministry,
concluding phase
stand to
stand
to be
be a work of
judgment. And to
to understand
understand
of judgment.
the
the judgment,
judgment, we must of
understand what is
of necessity
is
necessity understand
involved
in His priestly
ministry.
involved in
priestly ministry.
On the
the day
the apostle
apostle Peter
Peter declared
of Pentecost
Pentecost the
declared
day of
that Jesus,
that
having
been
raised
up
from
the
dead,
is now
raised up
the dead, is
Jesus, having
PRIESTLY MINISTRY OF CHRIST
371
371
"by
the right
right hand of
of God exalted/'
exalted," and has
thus
has thus
"by the
been made "both Lord and Christ"
Christ" (Acts
2:33, 36).
36).
(Acts 2:33,
This concept
became
the
keystone
in
the
arch
ef
the
the
arch
the
in
of
the
concept
keystone
apostolic
message.
apostolic message.
While the
the apostles
referred many
many times
times in
their
in their
apostles referred
sermons and epistles
exaltation, yet
yet the
the
to our
our Lord's
Lord's exaltation,
epistles to
real nature
of His work as
real
nature of
High Priest
Priest is
is set
set forth
in
forth in
as High
the
the Epistle
Epistle to
to the
virtually
an
the Hebrews.
Hebrews. The book is
is virtually
of this
exposition of
this great
theme. By
of proposiproposiseries of
exposition
great theme.
By aa series
tions,
chapters
I
to
10,
the
sacrifice
of
Christ,
1
to
of
sacrifice
the
tions, covering
Christ,
10,
covering chapters
and His priestly
priestly ministry
ministry in
heaven, are
are set
set forth
forth in
in heaven,
in concontrast with the
trast
the earthly
earthly sacrifices
and
priesthood
of
Aaron.
sacrifices
priesthood of Aaron.
of these
The purpose
purpose of
these comparisons
is to
to emphasize
emphasize the
the
comparisons is
and
advantages
of
the
new
order.
here
prereality
of
the
order.
We
here
reality
advantages
present
a brief
brief summary
sent a
of these.
these.
summary of
II.
Position as
as Our High
High Priest
Priest
II. Summary
of Christ's
Christ's Position
Summary of
CHAPTER 11 presents
the Creator
Creator
the Son of
of God as
as the
presents the
and Upholder
Upholder of
::\,11 things
(verses
2,
10);
as
"the
exof ^11
as
"the
ex2,
things (verses
10);
all
press
image"
of
God
and
the
appointed
of
all
of
Heir
of
the
press image"
appointed
things
(verses
2,
3);
as
the
One
who
by
Himself
by
things (verses 2, 3); as the
purged our sins
then was seated
sins and then
seated at
at God's right
right
purged
hand (verse
(verse 3);
as
greater
than
all
the
angels
(verse
as
all
the
than
angels (verse
3);
greafer
as God
4); as
as the
begotten Son of
of God (verse
(verse 5);
5); as
the begotten
4);
enthroned and anointed
anointed (verses
8, 9).
9).
(verses 8,
upon the
CHAPTER 2
touches upon
the incarnation,
2 touches
incarnation, showing
showing
man, made lower
lower than angels,
tasting
as man,
Him as
angels, and tasting
Deliverer
as
death
for every
(verses
6-9);
as
our
Deliverer
and
man
death for
every
(verses 6-9);
the Captain
Captain of
as being
of our salvation
the
salvation (verses
being
14-16); as
(verses 14-16);
like unto
unto His
His brethren
brethren that
might become aa
that He might
made like
able to
merciful
High Priest
Priest (verse
(verse 17),
to
faithful High
merciful and faithful
17), able
"succour
them
that are
tempted" (verse
that
are tempted"
"succour
(verse 18).
18).
372
QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 3
reveals Him as
both Apostle
Apostle and High
3 reveals
as both
High
Priest, greater
greater than
Moses, and faithful
faithful to
to His appointthan Moses,
Priest,
appointment (verses
(verses 1-3);
and
as
the
Builder
of
a
spiritual
a
of
Builder
as
the
spiritual
1-3);
house, whose
whose house
6, 14).
are we (verses
house are
house,
14).
(verses 6,
CHAPTER 44 designates
designates Him our
our "great
high priest"
priest"
"great high
IS passed
passed into
the heavens
as the
the Word
who is
heavens (verse
into the
(verse 14);
14); as
of God;
Judge, before
eyes all
all things
things are
of
are
as our Judge,
before whose eyes
God; as
to
able
naked and open
(verses
12,
13);
yet
able
to
sympathize
12,
sympathize
open (verses
13); yet
with. the
the tempted
tempted and infirm
infirm because
because He had been in
in
with,
all
points "tempted
like as
are" (verse
all points
as we are"
(verse 15).
15).
"tempted like
as aa "priest
for
ever
5 introduces
for
ever after
introduces Him as
after
CHAPTER 5
"priest
order of
of Melchisedec"
6,
10),
not
after
the
the order
not
after
the
Melchisedec" (verses
the
6,
(verses
10),
Levitical order;
as
One
compassed
with
infirmity
and
as
with
Levitical
order;
compassed
infirmity
learning obedience
obedience through
suffering (verses
7,
through His suffering
(verses 7,
learning
8);
then
as
the
Author
of
eternal
salvation
(verse
9).
then
the
eternal
salvation
as
of
8);
(verse 9).
that God,
by an
an oath,
6 declares
declares that
CHAPTER 6
confirmed
God, by
oath, confirmed
in Christ
that Christ
His purpose
purpose in
Christ (verses
His
Christ has
has
16, 17);
(verses 16,
17); that
entered within
within the
the veil;
veil; that
that He is
our hope
hope and the
the
entered
is our
anchor of
the soul
19).
of the
anchor
soul (verse
(verse 19).
the features
of the
the Melchizedek
Melchizedek
CHAPTER 7
features of
7 contrasts
contrasts the
and the
the Levitical
Levitical priesthoods:
called "King
priesthoods: Melchizedek called
"King
of righteousness"
of peace*'
peace" (verse
2); Melof
righteousness'* and "King
"King of
(verse 2);
being greater
Abraham, Christ's
chizedek
chizedek being
Christ's priestgreater than Abraham,
priesthood is
is therefore
than
the
Levitical
(verses 4-7);
4-7);
the
Levitical
therefore greater
than
greater
(verses
Christ's priesthood
priesthood was
was not
not of
the
that Christ's
emphasizes
of the
emphasizes that
order
of Aaron (that
is,
inherited
one's
parents),
order of
from
one's
inherited
is,
(that
parents),
Judah and not
not Levi,
since
Christ sprang
since Christ
after
Levi, but after
sprang from Judah
the order
the
order of
Melchizedek, who was
was appointed
priest
of Melchizedek,
appointed priest
not receive
it from his
his parents
parents (verse
by God and did
did not
receive it
by
(verse
14);
made
not
by
a
carnal
commandment,
but
after
a
carnal
but
after
commandment,
14);
by
the power
the
power of
16);
as
"surety"
of an endless
endless life
as
life (verse
our
"surety"
(verse 16);
of
redemption (verse
22), "holy,
harmless, undefiled,
undefiled,
of redemption
"holy, harmless,
(verse 22),
373
373
26), He "ever
separate
sinners" (verse
"ever liveth
liveth to
to
separate from sinners"
(verse 26),
make intercession"
intercession" for
us (verse
25).
for us
(verse 25).
CHAPTER 88 leads
the
chief
point of
the epistle,
leads into
into the chief point
of the
epistle,
i.e., Jesus
Jesus as
minister of
true tabernacle
tabernacle (verses
as minister
of the
the true
i.e.,
(verses
I,
2);
as
having
"a
excellent
ministry"
than
as
"a
more
excellent
1,
2);
having
ministry" than
Aaron (verse
(verse 6);
as
establishing
the
covenant
the
new
as
covenant
establishing
6);
upon
promises" (verses
6-8); as
writing His
His
"better promises"
as writing
upon "better
(verses 6-8);
our hearts
hearts and minds
minds (verse
10).
law on our
(verse 10).
CHAPTER 99 contrasts
with the
heavcontrasts the
the Mosaic
Mosaic with
the heavenly
sanctuary
(verses
2-11).
Christ
our
High
Priest
Priest
Christ
enly sanctuary (verses 2-11).
High
officiates in
in aa greater
perfect tabernacle
tabernacle (verse
officiates
greater and more perfect
(verse
11),
as the
has already
eternal rerethe One who has
already obtained eternal
11), as
demption for
as the
the spotless
for us
us (verse
Sacridemption
(verse 12),
spotless Sacri12), and as
fice
14).
Heavenly
things
for lost
offered for
lost man (verse
fice offered
(verse 14). Heavenly things
are
not purified
purified with the
blood of
beasts, but with
the blood
of beasts,
are not
"better
sacrifices" . (verse
In heaven
heaven Christ
Christ ap"better sacrifices"
ap(verse 23).
23). In
us
conpeared
in
the
presence
of
God
for
us
(verse
24),
conthe
of
in
for
(verse 24),
presence
peared
cludes
Priest (verse
(verse 26),
26), and then
then
His work as
as High
cludes His
High Priest
returns
to
earth
for
His
people
(verses
27,
28).
for
His
returns to earth
people (verses 27, 28).
fulpresents Christ
Christ as
as the
the complete
complete ful10 presents
CHAPTER 10
fillment
of the
Levitical law
law of
of types
types and shadows
the Levitical
fillment of
sins
(verses
1-9); earthly sacrifices could not
not take
take away
away sins
(verses 1-9); earthly sacrifices
all
for
(verses
4, ll); Christ was offered
once for all (verses
offered once
(verses
(verses 4, 11); Christ was
"a
new
10,
becomes
"a
and
living
way"
(verse
He
10, 12);
way"
living
(verse
12);
God's
into
enter
20)
through
which
can
enter
into
presence
we
presence
20) through
with holy
holy boldness
boldness (verses
with
19, 21).
21).
(verses 19,
III. Priesthood
Priesthood of
of
III.
Aaron and Christ

Christ Contrasted
Aaron
are made bebeIn this

contrasts are
this epistle
In
significant contrasts
epistle significant
and
the
tween the
the priesthood
priesthood of
of
of Aaron
the priesthood
tween
priesthood of
Christ.
Christ.
374
374
ON DOCTRINE
QUESTIONS
DOCTRINE
QUESTIONS ON
Aaron was
was but
but aa man.
man.
Aaron
Christ
Christ was
was "the
"the Son
Son of
of God."
God."
and his
Aaron and
his successors
were
successors were
Aaron
nature sinners.
sinners.
by
by nature
Christ
Christ Was
was "holy,
unharmless, un"holy, harmless,
defiled,
from sinners."
defiled, separate
sinners."
separate from
Aaron belonged
the tribe
tribe of
to the
of
Aaron
belonged to
Levi.
Levi.
Christ
Christ was
was of
of Judah,
the royal
Judah, the
royal
tribe.
tribe.
Aaron was
was made
"after
made priest
Aaron
priest "after
the law
law of
of aa carnal
carnal commandcommandthe
merit."
ment."
Christ
by the
Christ was
was made
made aa priest
priest by the
word
word of
of an
an oath.
oath.
service "made
"made nothing
Aaron's service
nothing
perfect."
perfect."
Christ
Christ "perfected
for ever
ever them
them
"perfected for
that
that are
are sanctified."
sanctified/
officiated in
in .the
.the "copy"
Aaron officiated
"copy"
of heavenly
of
things.
heavenly things.
Christ
Christ officiates
officiates in
in the
the true
true tabtabernacle
ernacle in
in heaven
heaven itself.
itself,
Aaron's tabernacle was made

with hands.
with
Christ's
Christ's tabernacle
tabernacle is
is not
not made
made
with
with hands.
hands.
calves.
Aaron offered goats
goats and calyes.
up himself."
Christ
Christ "offered
"offered up
himself."
Christ is
is priest
priest "after
the power
power
Christ
"after the
of an endless
endless life."
life."
of
Aaron's priesthood
priesthood was
passed with
with "infirmity."
passed
"infirmity."
com-
Aaron's
Aaron's priesthood
priesthood was changed.
changed.
"hath an
an unchangeable
unchangeable
Christ "hath
Christ
priesthood."
priesthood."
Aaron was
was the
the priest
priest in
in aa tabtabon
on earth.
earth.
in "heaven
"heaven itself"
itself"
Christ serves
serves in
Christ
"in the
the presence
presence of
of
appearing "in
appearing
ernacle
ernacle
for us."
us."
God for
Aaron
not "continue
"continue by
by
Aaron could
could not
reason
reason of
of death."
death."
Christ "ever
"ever liveth
liveth to
to
Christ
Aaron
Aaron offered
offered earthly
earthly sacrifices
sacrifices
Christ offered
offered Himself
Himself "once
"once
Christ
"daily."
"daily."
for all."
all."
for
Aaron's
Aaron's sacrifice
sacrifice
"take
"take away
away sins."
sins."
could
could
not
not
make ininmake
tercession."
tercession."
says, "Their
"Their sins
sins
Christ says,
Christ
their iniquities
iniquities will
will II
their
and
and
rememremem-
ber no
no more."
more."
ber
The
The book
book of
of Hebrews
Hebrews climaxes
climaxes with
with the
the claim
claim that
that
suffered
on
Jesus,
having
suffered
on
the
cross
that
He
might
sancthe
cross
that
He
Jesus, having
might sanctify us,
us, and
and then
then having
having been
been raised
raised from
from the
the dead,
dead, isis
tify
375
375
as the
now able,
the great
Shepherd of
the sheep,
of the
to make
able, as
great Shepherd
sheep, to
us perfect
perfect in every
us that
that
in us
work, accomplishing
every good
good work,
accomplishing in
is well-pleasing in
which is
(Heb.
13:
10,
12,
13:10,
12,
well-pleasing in His sight
sight (Heb.
20,21).
20, 21).
IV. Christ-Man's
IV.
Only Mediator
Mediator
Christ Man's Only
As the perfect
perfect High
High Priest,
Priest, who has
has made aa perperfect propitiation
fect
propitiation for
for the
the sins
of His people,
people, Christ
sins of
is
Christ is
at God's right
now at
right hand,
hand, applying
applying to
to our lives
lives the
the
of His perfect
benefits of
well
benefits
sacrifice. As was well
perfect atoning
atoning sacrifice.
stated
page 355:
stated on page
355:
The great
offered and had been
been accepted,
Sacrifice had been offered
great Sacrifice
accepted,
which descended
descended on the
the day
of Pentecost
Pentecost
day of
the disciples
disciples from the
the earthly
sanctuary to
to
the
earthly sanctuary
Jesus had entered
by His
His own blood,
blood, to
entered by
to
Jesus
shed upon
upon His disciples
the benefits
of His
His atonement.
atonement.-Early
benefits of
Early
disciples the
Writings,
p. 260.
260.
Writings, p.
the Holy
and the
Holy Spirit
Spirit
carried the
the minds of
carried
of
the heavenly,
heavenly, where
the
as our Mediator,
He does
this as
for there
there is
is only
does this
Mediator, for
only "one
mediator
the
Christ
the
man
mediator between God and men.
Christ
men,
Jesus" (1
2:5). Through
can we have
have
alone can
Through Him alone
Jesus"
(1 Tim. 2:5).
access
He, as
is Mediator from Deity
as God,
to God. He,
access to
God, is
Deity
downward to
to lost
as man,
is also
also Medialost man;
man; and as
man, He is
tor
to
His
priesthood
to
God.
constitor from man upward
priesthood constiupward
tutes the
of living
relationship between
the only
tutes
living relationship
only channel of
God and man.
Only as
deal with sin;
that is
is why
as a
a priest
sin; that
why
priest could He deal
Only
officiate as
as
priest. As God,
He became aa priest.
God, He could not officiate
taken
his
must
priest,
for
a
priest
be
taken
from
among
his
a
from
among
priest
priest, for
like
"it behoved him to
brethren. Therefore "it
to be made like
brethren.
merciful
he
be
unto
his
brethren)
that
might
a
merciful
and
unto his brethren, that
might
faithful
high priest"
priest" (Heb.
17). Thus we read that
that
faithful high
2:17).
(Heb. 2:
men"
"every
high
priest"
is
taken
"from
among
(Heb.
is taken
among
(Heb.
"every high priest"
is therefore bound up
5:1).
His priesthood is
up with His
5:1). His priesthood
QUESTIONS
376
376
incarnation.
Incarnation.
read also
also that
that He "through
"through the
the eternal
eternal
We read
Spirit offered
offered himself
himself without
without spot
spot to
to God" (Heb.
(Heb. 9:
9:
Spirit
only
did
Christ
offer
Himself
the
cross,
but
14).
the
but
Himself
on
Not
offer
did
Christ
cross,
only
14).
was God's
God's gift
gift before
before that,
that, even
even from the
the "founda"foundaHe was
tion of
of the
the world"
tion
(Eph. 1:4).
1:4).
(Eph.
In the
the upper
upper room,
room, just
just before
before entering
entering the
the Garden,
Garden,
In
His
He,
as
the
Eternal
Word,
offered
high-priestly
as
the
offered
Eternal
Word,
He,
high-priestly
the Father.
Father. He who had shared
shared with
with His
prayer to
to the
prayer
Father the
the effulgent
effulgent glory
glory of
of the
the Eternal
Eternal Godhead,
Godhead,
Father
presented His
His disciples
disciples to
to
presented
Him; and not

not them only,
only,
Him;
led to
all who,
who, through
through their
their ministry,
ministry, would be led
to aa
Ellen
salvation. Commenting
Commenting on this,
this, Ellen
knowledge of
of salvation.
knowledge
G. White impressively
impressively portrays
portrays the
the scene:
scene:
G.
but
but
all
"And now II am no
no more in
in the
the world,
world, but
but these
these are
in the
the
are in
II come to
to Thee.
Thee. Holy
Holy Father,
Father, keep
keep through
through Thine
those whom Thou hast
hast given
given Me,
Me, that
that 'they
may be
be
own name those
'they may
but
for
them
also
one, as
as We are."
are." "Neither
I
for
these
alone,
but
for
also
I for
these
"Neither pray
alone,
one,
pray
which
shall believe
believe on Me through
through their
their word;
word; that
that they
they all
all may
may
which shall
be one;
one; ... that
that the
the world
world may
may know that
that Thou hast
hast sent
sent Me,
be
Me,
and hast
hast loved
loved them,
them, as
hast loved
loved Me."
as Thou hast
and
in the
the language
one who has
has divine
divine authority,
Christ
of one
Thus in
authority, Christ
language of
Father's arms.
arms. As a
a consecrated
gives
the Father's
consecrated
elect church into
into the
gives His elect
faithful shepherd
people. As aa faithful
high priest
intercedes for
for His people.
shepherd
high
priest He intercedes
in the
He gathers
the Almighty,
Almighty, in
the
of the
His flock
flock under the
the shadow of
gathers His
last
strong
and
sure
refuge.
For
Him
there
waits
the
last
battle
with
there
waits
the
battle
sure
refuge.
strong
Satan,
Desire of
Ages (1940),
it.^The Desire
forth to
to meet it.-The
Satan, and He goes
of Ages
goes forth
(1940),
p.680.
p. 680.
world, and
world,
In the
V.
Conflict in
the Garden
V. The Conflict
From that
forth to
to
that place
of communion He went forth
place of
It
is our
meet the
It
is
the devil
devil in
In a
a life-and-death
life-and-death struggle.
struggle.
belief
in the
the Garden of
of Gethsemane He really
belief that
that in
really
accepted
in a
conscious in
a
deeply conscious
place, and became deeply
accepted our place,
the
burden
of
the
world's
sin.
special
sense
of
of
sin.
sense
the
world's
the
of
special
In
In that
soul is
is exceeding
that dark hour He cried,
cried, "My
"My soul
exceeding
377
377
unto death"
death" (Matt.
26:38). In
In the
the
sorrowful,
sorrowful, even unto
(Matt. 26:38).
Garden He prayed
prayed not
not for
disciples but
but for
for His disciples
for Himself.
says
that
He
"offered
up
self. The Scripture
that
"offered
Scripture says
up prayers
prayers
and supplications
with
strong
crying
and
tears unto
with
tears
unto
supplications
strong crying
to
save
him
from
death"
(Heb.
him that
that was able
to
able
save
death" (Heb. 5:7).
5:7).
These descriptive
descriptive lines
the reality
reality of
lines emphasize
of that
that
emphasize the
CriSiS:
crisis:
He felt
felt that
that by
being separated
from His
His Father.
sin He was
was being
Father.
by sin
separated from
The gulf
gulf was
was so
broad, so
black, so
deep, that
that His
His spirit
shuddered
so broad,
so black,
so deep,
spirit shuddered
it. This agony He must not
before
not exert
His divine
divine power
to
before it.
exert His
agony
power to
must suffer
man's sin.
escape.
suffer the
sin. As
the consequences
of man's
escape. As man He must
consequences of
man He must endure
against transgression.
transgression.
endure the
the wrath
wrath of
of God against
a different
attitude from
from that
Christ
Christ was now standing
in a
that in
in
different attitude
standing in
which He had ever
can best
ever stood
destood before.
before. His
His suffering
best be
be desuffering can
in the
the words
words of
the prophet,
wake, 0O sword,
against
scribed
scribed in
of the
sword, against
"Awake,
prophet, "A
that is
is My
My fellow,
fellow, saith
My
the man that
saith the
the
My shepherd,
against the
shepherd, and against
Lord of
of Hosts."
Zech. 13:7.
Hosts." Zech.
sinful
the substitute
substitute and surety
for sinful
13:7. As the
surety for
was suffering
divine justice.
justice. He saw what
man, Christ
Christ was
man,
suffering under divine
meant.-Ibid.,
p.
686.
justice
meant.
Ibid.
686.
justice
p.
f
VI. Christ
Priest and Sacrifice
VI.
Sacrifice
Christ Both Priest
the cross,
cross, He was
Here in
in the
the Garden,
later on the
Garden, and later
both offerer
both
priest
victim.
victim.
offerer and offering;
both
and
both
offering;
priest
As in
the typical
typical service
the high
high priest
priest laid
laid aside
his pontifipontifiin the
aside his
service the
the white
linen dress
dress of
of an ordinary
cal robes,
robes, and officiated
white linen
in the
officiated in
cal
ordinary
garbed Himself
Himself
priest; so Christ laid aside His royal robes, and garbed
priest; so Christ laid aside His royal robes,
Himself
with humanity,
humanity, and offered
Himself the
the priest,
priest, Himself
with
offered sacrifice,
sacrifice, Himself
the Apostles,
Acts of
Apostles, p.
p. 33.
33.
the victim.-ELLEN
ELLEN G.
victim.
G. WHITE, The Acts
the
of the
Levitical priests,
priests, in
typical service,
were
in the
the typical
The Levitical
service, wefe
consecrated
the
blood
of
bullocks
(Leviticus
8),
but
the
of
bullocks
consecrated by
by
(Leviticus 8), but
conHis
Christ,
in
the
perfection
of
priesthood,
was
conof
the
Christ, in
priesthood,
perfection
"offered
secrated
by His
blood (Heb.
12). He "offered
His own blood
secrated by
9:12).
(Heb. 9:
and
as our
up
himself"
is
the
scriptural
statement,
as
himself"
is the
statement,
scriptural
up
this
priest
He
was
"consecrated
for
evermore,"
and
this
for
was
"consecrated
evermore/'
priest
"not
7:27, 28,
oath" (Heb.
without an oath"
"not without
28, 20).
20).
(Heb. 7:27,
378
QUESTIONS
His priesthood
priesthood therefore
therefore includes
His offering
offering of
of
His
includes His
Himself to
to God,
priest could
could offer
offer sacrifices.
a priest
sacrifices.
Himself
for only
God, for
only a
was the
the shedding
of
His
blood
that ratiratiown
that
And it
His
blood
of
it was
shedding
fied
the everlasting
covenant,
God
for
which
made
fied the
for
covenant,
everlasting
man in
the beginning.
beginning. The effects
of that
that sacrifice,
effects of
in the
sacrifice,
however,
never have
have become available
to man
available to
however, would never
had Christ
Christ not
not risen
risen from the
the dead and taken
taken His
His
had
place
at
the
Father's
right
hand.
This
the
apostle
Paul
hand.
This
the
Paul
Father's
at
the
apostle
right
place
clearly states:
be not risen,
risen, then
then is
is our
our preachpreach"If Christ
Christ be
states: "If
clearly
"If
ing
vain,
your
faith
is
also
vain."
"If
Christ
be not
not
also
vain."
faith
is
Christ
and
vain,
your
ing
raised, ...
ye are
yet in
in your
your sins"
(1 Cor.
Cor. 15:14,17).
sins" (1
are yet
... ye
15:14, 17).
raised,
When our
into the
the heavens
heavens He apascended into
our Lord ascended
appeared
before
the
Father,
in
the
presence
of
the
angels,
in
the
the
the
of
before
Father,
presence
angels,
peared
at
which time
was installed
as our High
High Priest.
installed as
Priest.
at which
time He was
Like
Melchizedek,
He,
too,
is
"King
of
righteousness"
is
of
Like Melchizedek, He, too,
"King
righteousness"
and "King
of peace"
the King
King of
of
Although the
"King of
7:2). Although
peace" (Heb.
(Heb. 7:2).
He
is
the
King-Priest
of
the
Melchizedek
glory,
the
also
the
of
Melchizedek
is also
King-Priest
glory,
order,
upon His
His Father's
Father's throne,
the one
one Mediator
Mediator
throne, the
order, upon
between
God
and
His
people.
"For
there
is
one
God,
is
His people.
there
between
God,
the man
and one
between God and men,
men, the
one mediator between
Christ
Jesus" (1
the divine
divine Son of
of God,
Christ Jesus"
God,
(I Tim. 2:5).
2:5). As the
He became
became aa priest
after
the
order
of
Melchisedec
of
after
the
order
Melchisedec
priest
(Heb.
the- unique
ministry is
is
feature of
of whose ministry
(Heb. 6:20).
6:20), the
unique feature
that it
it abideth
abideth "continually"
(Heb. 7:
3). So Christ
that
Christ
"continually" (Heb.
7:3).
"continueth
24). "He ever
ever liveth"
ever" (verse
liveth" (verse
"continueth ever"
(verse 24).
(verse
25).
25).
VII. Ancient
Ancient Sanctuary
Lesson
VII.
Service an Object
Sanctuary Service
Object Lesson
Adventists believe
the Mosaic
Mosaic tabertaberWhile Adventists
believe that
that the
nacle,
with
its
sacrificial
services,
as
a
with
its
sacrificial
as a
or sanctuary,
services,
nacle, or
sanctuary,
type,
was
to
its
fulfillment
in
the
perfect
offering
in
was
meet
the
to
its
fulfillment
perfect offering
type,
and priestly
priestly ministry
yet we also
also recogrecogof our Lord,
Lord, yet
ministry of
379
379
nize
that important
be learned
learned from the
nize that
lessons can be
the
important lessons
study
of the
the tabernacle
while the
its services.
tabernacle and its
the
services. But while
study of
types
the Levitical
ritual do have
of the
a
have a
Levitical ritual
types and shadows of
it
should
not
be
expected
that
spiritual
significance,
it
should
that
not
be
spiritual significance,
expected
detail in
in the
every detail
the sanctuary
a typical
typical meanof old
old had a
every
sanctuary of
ing.
ing.
For instance,
instance, the
pins, the
bolts, and the
the sockets
the pins,
the bolts,
sockets
that
that held
held the
the tabernacle
together were
were matters
matters of
of
tabernacle together
utili~y,
having
special
significance.
It
is
better
to
no
It
to
is
better
utility, having
special significance.
see and study
see
the sacrifice
sacrifice and
the great
realities of
of the
study the
great realities
priestly
ministry
of
Christ
than
to
dwell
too much
of
Christ
than
to
dwell
too
priestly ministry
the
upon
the
details
of
the
typical
service,
gave
details
of
the
which
upon
gave
typical service,
but an inadequate
portrayal
of
the
sacrifice
and
minisbut
minisof
sacrifice
the
inadequate portrayal
Christ. Far better
to interpret
interpret the
the earthly
try
of Christ.
better to
tabertry of
earthly tabernacle
in the
the light
light of
the heavenly,
heavenly, rather
rather than
than to
to cirnacle in
of the
circumscribe the
the antitypical
realities
by
the
limitations
of
the
limitations
of
realities
antitypical
by
an
application
of
the
type.
too
close
too close
application of the type.
The building,
building, the
the ritual,
the sacrifices,
sacrifices, taken
taken
ritual, and the
together,
were
intended
to
show
us
the
way
to
God.
the
were
intended
to
us
to
way
together,
priests of
the example
Those priests
of old
served "unto the
old served
example and
shadow of
of heavenly
heavenly things"
while only
only
things" (Heb.
(Heb. 8:5).
8:5). And while
"a
not the
very
the very
"a shadow of
of good
to come,
come, and not
good things
things to
were
a
vivid
the
things"
(Heb.
10:
1),
yet
they
a
vivid
image
of
of
the
things" (Heb. 10:1), yet they
image
institution of
object lesson
reality, aa prophetic
prophetic institution
of
of the
the reality,
lesson of
object
acdeep
re;tson aa very
very detailed
that reason
detailed acdeep significance.
significance. For that
its service
count of
of the
the building
building and its
service was given.
count
given. Much
instrucLeviticus, contains
that instrucof Exodus,
Exodus, and all
all of
contains that
of Leviticus,
of
is
antiits
of
detail
the
essence
of
this
detail
is
seen
in
its
antition;
and
this
the
essence
tion;
typical significance
in the
the Hebrew epistle.
significance in
epistle.
typical
see
Regrettably,
there
are
Christians
who seem to
to see
are
Christians
there
Regrettably,
little of
value in
the study
of
the
ancient
sanctuary
and
the
ancient
in the
of
little
of value
sanctuary
study
to these
these
its services.
a deep
attaches to
its
Yet a
services. Yet
significance attaches
deep significance
QUESTIONS
380
380
symbols.
nothing perfect"
perfect" (Heb.
law made nothing
"the law
symbols. While "the
(Heb.
7: 19), and could
with those
those sacrifices
sacrifices which
which
could "never
"never with
7:19),
they offered
year by
by year
continually make the
the comers
offered year
they
year continually
thereunto perfect"
(Heb.
10:
I),
yet
the
fact
that in
the
that
the
fact
in the
thereunto
perfect" (Heb. 10:1), yet
Scriptures
such
emphasis
is
given
to
the
ancient
sancthe
is
to
ancient
sancsuch
given
Scriptures
emphasis
tuary and its
reveals its
its importance,
importance, not only
only
its services
services reveals
tuary
the Israelites
also to
the Christians
Christians of
of
to the
to
to the
Israelites of
of old,
old, but also
today.
today.
It was
was "not
that the
the blood
blood of
bulls and
of
o bulls
a'nd of
It
"not possible
possible that
take away
(Heb. 10:4).
the
goats
But
sins" (Heb.
the
should take
away sins"
goats should
10:4).
sacrifice
the cross
provide for
the
does provide
for the
sacrifice of
of our Lord on the
cross does
the
taking
away
of
sin.
"Now
once
in
the
end
of
the
world
in
the
of
sin.
once
of
taking away
hath he
he appeared
put away
by the
the sacrifice
sacrifice of
hath
to put
sin by
of
away sin
appeared to
himself"
9:26).
"Christ
once
offered
to
bear
was
once
offered
"Christ
to
bear
himself" (Heb.
(Heb. 9:26).
the sins
expression "once,"
the
of many"
sins of
"once,"
many" (verse
(verse 28).
28). The expression
or
in
connection
with
the
sacrifice
of
or "once
for all,"
In
"once for
connection
with
the
sacrifice
of
all,"
is deeply
deeply significant.
Christ,
is hapax:
Christ, is
significant. The Greek word is
hapax:
"Christ
for sins"
(1 Peter
Peter 3:
18);
hath once
once suffered
suffered for
sins" (1
"Christ ... hath
3:18);
"Christ
was once
to bear
bear the
the sins
sins of
"Christ was
once offered
offered to
of many"
many"
once in
in the
of the
the world"
world"
(Heb.
9:28); and "now once
the end of
(Heb. 9:28);
(verse
(verse 26).
26).
In I1 Peter
18 and Hebrews 9:26,
9:26, the
the R.S.V.
R.S.V.
Peter 3:
3:18
translates
"once
for
all."
This
comes
from
for
all."
translates hapax
"once
This
hapax
ephapax, aa strengthened
of hapax.
ephapax,
strengthened form of
hapax. And ephapax,
ephapax,
in
the following
texts, the
E.R.V. and the
the R.S.V.
R.S.V.
in the
four texts,
the E.R.V.
following four
is translated
is
translated "once
all." He did
this once
once tor
all
did this
for all."
"once for
for all
when "he offered
himself"
(Heb.
7:27);
"He
enhimself"
offered up
enup
(Heb. 7:27);
all into
tered once for
into the
tered
for all
the holy
place" (Heb.
(Heb. 9:12);
9: 12);
holy place"
"He died to
(Rom. 6:
10);
"offerall" (Rom.
to sin,
"offersin, once tor
for all"
6:10);
ing
of the
the body
body of
Jesus Christ
once for
tor all"
all" (Heb.
of Jesus
Christ once
ing of
(Heb.
10:
10).
did
this
not
by
"the
blood
of
goats
did
He
this
not
"the
blood
of
by
10:10).
goats and
calves," but
but by
by "his
blood" he
he entered
entered once tor
"his own blood"
calves,"
for
.
381
381
Into the
all into
the holy
holy place
place (or,
holies), * "thus
"thus securing
(or, holies),*
securing an
eternal
eternal redemption"
redemption" for
us (Heb.
9: 12, R.S.V.).
R.S.V.).
for us
(Heb. 9:12,
all
VIII.
VIII. Redemption
Redemption Absolute
Absolute by
by the
Victory of
of Christ
the Victory
Christ
When He ascended to
heaven, He "sat
the
to heaven,
"sat down on the
of the
the Majesty
high" (Heb.
right
1:3; comright hand of
Majesty on high"
(Heb. 1:3;
1:20;
Col.
3:
1).
The
significance
pare
Rom.
8:34;
Eph.
Col.
8:34;
1:20;
pare
Eph.
3:1).
significance
is lost
of
if we interpret it
of this
this is
lost if
as aa posture.
posture. It
It
interpret it merely
merely as
really
expresses
honor
as
represented
by
authority.
as
really expresses
represented by authority.
Stephen
pictured Him not
but "standing
the
not sitting
Stephen pictured
"standing on the
sitting but
hand
right
of
God"
(Acts
7:
56).
While
is
our
of
He
is
right
(Acts 7:56).
High
Priest ministering
ministering on our
our behalf,
behalf, He is
is also
coalso coHigh Priest
the Father
executive with
with the
Father in
the government
government of
executive
in the
of the
the
universe. How glorious
universe.
thought that
that the
King,
is the
the thought
the King,
glorious is
who occupies
at
is also
also our
our representative
representative at
occupies the
the throne,
throne, is
the court
of heavenl
becomes all
all the
the more meanthe
heaven! This
court of
This becomes
ingful when we realize
realize that
that Jesus
entered
surety entered
ingful
Jesus our surety
the "holy
places,"
and
appeared
in
the
presence
of
the
the
in
"holy places,"
presence of
appeared
not with
with the
the hope
of
obtainGod for
us. But it
it was not
obtainfor us.
of
hope
that time,
time, or
ing
for us
future
us at
at that
or at
at some future
something for
ing something
time. No!
Nol He had already
obtained it
for us
us on the
it for
time.
already obtained
the
cross. And now as
High Priest
Priest He ministers
ministers the
as our High
cross.
Dr.
virtues of
of His atoning
sacrifice
to
us.
Dr.
Thomas
us.
sacrifice
to
virtues
atoning
Charles
remarked:
well remarked:
has well
Charles Edwards has
as the
The sacrifice
sacrifice was
was made and completed
the Cross,
Cross, as
the
completed on the
the
the outer
outer court.
it was through
through the
victims
were slain
slain in
in the
court. But it
victims were
to
had
blood of
those victims
authority
to
enter
victims the
the high-priest
blood
of those
authority
high-priest
the holiest
holiest place;
entered, he must sprinkle
the
sprinkle
place; and when he had entered,
Greek word here

here translated
translated "holy
place" is
is in
in the
the plural
is hagia,
*The Greek
plural
hagia, and is
"holy place"
as in
form.
would be
be "the
holies," or
places," as
in Hebrews
or Hholy
"the holies,"
correct translation
translation would
form. A correct
"holy places,"
9:24. This
entrance) Scripture
teaches, occurred
occurred at
His ascension
ascension to
to glory
glory (Acts
at His
This entrance,
(Acts 1),
1),
9:24.
Scripture teaches,
having already finis ned His sacrificial work on the cross. The word translated "obtained," in the Greek is from heurisko, and is rendered "found," "procured,"
"~ained," or, in R.S.V., "secured," being nominative, masculine, singular, aorist,
"gained,,
mIddle
participle.
middle participle.
QUESTIONS
382
382
the
blood, and so
to God. Similarly
the sacrifice
sacrifice to
the warm blood,
so present
present the
Similarly
in order
to present
present the
the sacrifice
Christ must enter
Christ
enter a
a sanctuary
order to
sacrifice
sanctuary in
Epistle to
to the
Hebrews, p.
p. 135,
in The
slain
the Hebrews,
slain on Calvary.-The
The Epistle
135, in
Calvary.
Expositor's Bible.
Bible.
Expositor's
Also Dr.
H. B.
Professor of
of Divinity,
Divinity, UniUniDr. H.
B. Swete,
Also
Swete, Professor
versity
declared:
of Cambridge,
truly declared:
Cambridge, truly
versity of
-with
which
ended
with
the
story
the Cross
Cross would have
the
of the
A gospel
story of
gospel
had all
the elevating
power of
pathos and love.
love. But the
the
of infinite
infinite pathos
all the
elevating power
It is
power of
of an
life would have
have been wanting.
wanting. It
endless life
is the
an endless
the
power
abiding life
High Priest
His atoning
Priest which makes His
of our
Sacrilife of
our High
atoning Sacriabiding
fice operative,
operative, and is
the unfailing
of the
the life
life of
justificaof justificais the
fice
unfailing spring
spring of
tion
His true
true members upon
upon earth.
earth.-The
AsThe Asin all
all His
tion and grace
grace in
cended Christ,
p. 51.
Christ p.
51.
cended
j
While we cannot
understand the
the nature
nature of
cannot fully
of
fully understand
we know that
that He is
is our
mediator,
the only
mediator between God and
mediator, and the
only mediator
man (1
2:5).
That
ministry
is aa work of
of interTim.
interministry is
2:5).
(1
He
confesses
us
becession
(Rom. 8:34;
confesses
us
becession (Rom.
8:34; Heb. 7:25).
7:25).
fore
us as
as His own (Rev.
3:5).
the Father
Father and claims
claims us
fore the
(Rev. 3:5).
help from the
the throne
throne of
of grace
He dispenses
mercy and help
grace
dispenses mercy
as
(Heb.
4:
16).
And
in
His
capacity
as
High
Priest,
He
in
Priest,
High
capacity
(Heb. 4:16).
to
gives
His
people
power
to
overcome
sin
(1
Cor.
15:57;
sin
Cor.
His
15:57;
(1
gives
people power
Rev.
Rev, 3:21).
3:21).
One of
of the
the key
words in
in the
the priesthood
priesthood
the study
of the
key words
study of
of Jesus
Jesus is
is the
the word "better."
brought in
"better." He brought
a better
of
in a
"better
hope"
(Heb.
7:
19),
and
is
the
mediator
of
a
"better
a
the
is
"better
mediator
of
hope" (Heb. 7:19),
covenant,"
which
was
established
upon
"better
promestablished
was
"better
covenant,"
upon
promthat He became the
ises"
in that
the surety
ises" (Heb.
of
(Heb. 8:6),
8:6), and in
surety of
"better testament"
a "better
testament" (Heb.
7:22).
a
(Heb. 7:22).
Christ's priestly
priestly ministry,
yet
Christ's
ministry, yet
IX. Jesus
"Surety"
Jesus Becomes Our "Surety"
Christ became our surety

(Heb. 7:22),
7:22), and He
Christ
surety (Heb.
fulfilled
covenant rereall that
that the
the everlasting
fulfilled all
Himself
Himself
"last Adam" (1
quired.
Cor. 15:45),
has
the "last
(1 Cor.
quired. As the
15:45), He has
383
383
become one of
of Adam's race.
race. And as
our surety,
surety, He not
not
as our
our
only
bore
sins
sins and carried
carried our sorrows
sorrows on Calvary,
only bore
Calvary,
but from the
the throne
throne of
dispenses
His
blessings
of grace
His
grace dispenses
blessings
and intercedes
our behalf.
behalf.
intercedes on our
He could
could rightly
out of
the people"
people" be"chosen out
of the
berightly be "chosen
was "holy,
undefiled, separate
cause
cause He was
from
harmless, undefiled,
"holy, harmless,
separate from
sinners'' (Heb.
sinners"
7:26).
into
humanity,
not
by
He
came
into
not
(Heb. 7:26).
by
humanity,
natural
natural generation,
generation, but
but by
a
miracle.
His
birth
was
a
His
miracle.
birth
was
by
.supernatural;
was His Father.
Although born
born in
Father. Although
in
.supernatural; God was
the
the flesh,
was exempt
nevertheless God,
flesh, He was nevertheless
God, and was
exempt
the inherited
from the
passions and pollutions
pollutions that
that corrupt
inherited passions
corrupt
the natural
natural descendants
of Adam. He was
was "without
the
descendants of
"without
sin,"
not only
only in
conduct, but
but in
in His outward conduct,
in His
His very
sin/' not
very
nature.
truly say,
prince of
this world
world
nature. He could truly
"the prince
of this
say, "the
cometh, and hath
hath nothing
response"]
"findeth no response"]
cometh,
nothing [or
[or "findeth
in me" (John
in
14:30).
There
was
nothing
in
Him that
that
in
(John 14:30).
nothing
responded
to
the
evil
one.
And
just
such
a
priest
responded to the evil one.
just such a priest we
needed. Had He been
been defiled
by even
the taint
taint of
needed.
defiled by
even the
of sin,
sin,
He would have been
been disqualified
being
either
our
either
from
being
disqualified
sacrifice
in His
Priest. But though
His
or our High
sinless in
sacrifice or
High Priest.
though sinless
His nature,
nature, He was
was nevertheless
nevertheless "in
life and in
"in all
in His
all
life
points
tempted
like
as
are,
yet
without
sin"
(Heb.
sin"
without
like
as
we
are,
yet
(Heb.
points tempted
able to
4:
15). And because
because of
to sympathize
is able
of that,
that, He is
sympathize
4:15).
or trial.
with
us in
in every
trial.
with us
every sorrow or
In order
to discharge
priestly office,
office, howIn
order fully
discharge His priestly
fully to
of necessity
ever,
priest, must of
Israel's priest,
ancient Israel's
like ancient
ever, He,
He, like
necessity
have
offer" (Heb.
(Heb. 8:3).
to offer"
... to
have "somewhat ...
8:3). When Aaron
servthe Lord in
presented himself
before the
in the
the typical
typical servhimself before
presented
ice,
had to
to have
have the
blood of
of aa sacrifice.
Likewise,
sacrifice. Likewise,
the blood
he had
ice, he
before
the
Father
presented
Himself
before
the
Father
on
when Jesus
Jesus presented
He
too
our
behalf in
the sanctuary
in
heaven,
too
must
in
in the
our behalf
heaven,
sanctuary
have blood;
blood; but
but it
was "by
his own blood he entered
it was
have
"by his
QUESTIONS
384
(Heb. 9:
12). It
was by
by "the
precious blood
blood of
"the precious
It was
of
(Heb.
9:12).
Christ, as
as of
blemish and without
without spot"
of a
without blemish
a lamb without
Christ,
spot"
(1
19) that
were redeemed.
redeemed.
Peter 1:
that we were
(1 Peter
1:19)
in"
in"
it was
We have
have already
that it
was in
in the
the Garden of
of
noted that
already noted
that the
the burden
burden of
of the
the world's
world's sin
was
Gethsemane that
sin- was
Gethsemane
Him
upon
our
Saviour.
Of
the
apostle
Peter
says,
the
Peter
Saviour.
our
apostle
upon
says,
"Who
his own self
our sins
. . on the
the tree"
tree"
sins ....
'Who his
bare our
self bare
(1 Peter 2:24).
were our
our sins
imputed to
to Him.
sins imputed
(I Peter 2:24). Thus
us, who knew no sin;
that we
He became "sin
"sin for
for us,
sin; that
might
be
the
righteousness
of
God
in
(2
made
the
of
in
him"
be
righteousness
might
(2
Cor. 5:21).
He
accepted
our
sin
and
bore
it
bore
it vicariously,
sin
Cor.
accepted
5:21).
vicariously,
being both
both offering
priest. But in
in order
to
order fully
being
offering and priest.
fully to
for
our
carry
out
His
purpose
for
redemption,
to
out
He
had
to
carry
redemption,
purpose
ascend into
the heavenlies
heaven lies as
as our mediator.
mediator. We are
into the
ascend
are in
in
full
agreement
with
Arthur
W.
who
says:
with
Pink
full agreement
says:
rolled
rolled
4
remained on earth
after His
resurrection, only
earth after
Had Christ
Christ remained
His resurrection,
only
priestly work had been performed.
performed. His
His ascension
half of
half
of His
His priestly
ascension was
was
rights, for
necessary for
for the
the maintenance of
of God's governmental
for
governmental rights,
necessary
the Redeemer Himself,
Himself, and for
the well-being
well-being
the vindication
vindication of
of the
for the
the
that what He had begun
begun on earth
might be
be conof His
people; that
of
His people;
earth might
continued,
fully accomplished
accomplished in
heaven. The
in heaven.
tinued, consummated and fully
expiatory
once for
for all,
sacrifice of
Christ had been offered
of Christ
offered once
but He
all, but
expiatory sacrifice
must take
take His
His place
place as
Intercessor at
at God's
right hand,
as an Intercessor
must
God's right
if
hand, if
His
His Church should enjoy
the benefits
benefits of
of it.
it....
Christ stayed
... Had Christ
enjoy the
stayed
on earth,
His office
that His
office imperfect,
left His
His people
earth, He had left
imperfect, seeing
seeing that
people
the presence
to "appear
in the
presence of
(9:24) for
them.
needed One to
of God" (9:24)
for them.
"appear in
If
at the
the brazen
brazen altar,
altar, and had
had
If Aaron had only
offered sacrifice
sacrifice at
only offered
not carried
the blood within
not
carried the
within the
the veil,
veil, he
he had left
left his
his work only
only
An Exposition
done.-An
Exposition of
of Hebrews,
Hebrews, vol.
vol. 1,
pp. 433,
433, 434.
half done.
half
434.
1, pp.
X. The Place
Place of
of Christ's
Ministry
Christ's Ministry
does our Lord officiate?

Now where and how does
officiate? The
for
no
Scripture
leaves
room
for
speculation.
leaves
ministers
speculation. He ministers
Scripture
in the
the heavenly
heavenly sanctuary
(Heb.
8:
1,
2).
So
long
in
as the
the
sanctuary (Heb. 8:1, 2).
long as
ancient ritual
ritual continued,
way into
into the
the holiest
holiest of
"the way
ancient
of
continued, "the
385
385
all [holy
all
places] was not
not . . . made manifest"
manifest" (Heb.
[holy places]
(Heb.
9:8).
'
*
'
9:8).*
Various translations
this thought:
thought:
Various
translations reflect
reflect this
.
And by
by this
the Holy
Holy Spirit
that the
the way
way to
to the
this the
the
indicated, that
Spirit indicated,
holy [places]
not yet
manifested, so
so long
as the
the first
first tabertaberholy
[places] was not
yet manifested,
long as
nacle was standing.-Murdoch's
nacle
standing. Murdoch's Syriac.
Syriac.
The Holy
us to
to see
way of
access to
the
see that
that no way
of access
to the
Holy Spirit
Spirit meant us
true
true sanctuary
us, as
long as
as the
the former
tabernacle
to us,
as long
former tabernacle
sanctu'ary lay
lay open
open to
maintained its
its standing.-KNoX.
KNOX.
standing.
Thus doth the
the Holy
that the
the way
way into
into the
the
forth that
Holy Spirit
Spirit show forth
is not yet disclosed,
sanctuary
long as
as the
the first
first tabernacle
tabernacle is
is
so long
sanctuary is
yet disclosed, so
latter is
is aa type
in view
view of
the present
present time.
time.yet standing:
standing: which latter
of the
yet
type in
LATTEY.
The Holy
the way
way of
of the
the holy
holy places
places
that the
this, that
Holy Spirit
Spirit signifying
signifying this,
was not
not yet
yet laid
while the
the first
still standeth.laid open,
first tabernacle
tabernacle still
standeth.
open, while
CAMPBELL, DODDRIDGE, and MACKNIGHT.
When our Lord expired

the veil
veil of
the cross,
the
of the
cross, the
expired on the
earthly
Temple was "rent
in twain from the
the top
top to
t8 the
the
"rent in
earthly Temple
bottom" (Matt.
51), revealing
to all
succeeding
all succeeding
(Matt. 27:
revealing to
27:51),
that
generations
that
the
the
substance;
the
shadow
had
met
the
substance; type
generations
type
fulfilled in
For
the
first
time the
most
in antitype.
was fulfilled
the
first
time
the most
antitype.
holy place
place in
in the
veiled
the earthly
holy
earthly sanctuary
sanctuary was no longer
longer veiled
from human gaze,
was no longer
longer sacred.
All that
that
sacred. All
gaze, and was
had been aa barrier
barrier had now been broken down. We can
throne of
of grace"
grace" (Heb.
the throne
now "come boldly
boldly unto the
(Heb.
4:
16),
not
with
fear
and
dread,
confidence
and
with
fear
but
with
not
confidence
dread,
4:16),
joy.
"Let
us
draw
near
with
a
true
heart
in
full
a
with
true
heart
in
full
us
joy.
assurance of
way, which he
of faith,"
a new and living
assurance
faith/' "by
"by a
living way,
the veil,
to say,
hath consecrated
consecrated for
us, through
veil, that
that is
is to
for us,
through the
say,
our
Lord
his flesh"
10:22,
20).
When
gave
flesh" (Heb.
his
10:22,
gave His
(Heb.
20).
flesh
the life
the world" (John
(John 6:51),
6:51), the
the way
way
life of
of the
flesh "for
"for the
*The term
term "holiest
all," in
K.J.V., is
translation. The Greek
is an incorrect
incorrect translation.
"holiest of
of all/*
in the
the K.J.V.,
form is
is plural-ton
or ""holy
is correctly
correctly rendered
and is
rendered
ton hagiiJn,
form
places'*
"holies," or
"holy places"-and
plural
hagidn, "holies,"
"holy
places" in
9: 24. The contrast
here is
is not between the
the holy
contrast here
in Hebrews 9:24.
holy place
place
"holy places"
sancand
most holy
holy place
of the
earthly tabernacle,
tabernacle, but between the
the eaT/My
the earthly
and the
the most
earthly sancplace of
tuary and the
heavenly sanctuary.
the heavenly
sanctuary.
tuary
13
13
386
QUESTIONS
into heaven was opened.

unto the
the
opened. "No man cometh unto
Father,
Father, but by
by me" (John
14:6).
(John 14:6).
XI. The Perfecting
of Our Characters
Characters
Perfecting of
As our exalted
exalted Lord,
Christ shares
shares the
the throne
throne of
of
Lord, Christ
Deity.
Nevertheless
He
is
our
"advocate"
(parakletos
is
Nevertheless
"advocate"
Deity.
(parakletos,
us before
1I John
1), representing
before the
the Father.
Father. The
John 2:
2:1),
representing us
in John
same word is
translated "Comforter" in
is translated
14:26.
John 14:26.
the
to
the
Jesus
was
speaking
to
the
disciples
about
the
Holy
Jesus
speaking
Holy
disciples
to
was
to
come
to
them
as
the
paraclete,
Spirit,
who
to
as
the
or
Spirit,
paraclete, or
"helper"
aid of,
or stands
to the
the aid
stands by
of, or
by
"helper" (one
(one who comes to
the side
side of,
the
the Holy
Holy Spirit
of, another).
Jesus and the
another). Both Jesus
Spirit
minister
of advocate-our
minister in
in the
the capacity
is an
advocate our Saviour
Saviour is
capacity of
us
at
advocate
representing
us
at
the
advocate with
with the
the Father,
the
Father, representing
Father's throne,
Father's
throne, while the
the Holy
is our advocate,
advocate,
Holy Spirit
Spirit is
our helper
helper here
here on earth,
representing to
to lost
lost manearth, representing
the Son.
kind the
the Father
In the
the Gospel
Father and the
Son. In
of John,
John,
Gospel of
is rendered
in
parakletos
is
rendered
"comforter."
in
his
epistle
it
"comforter."
But
his
parakletos
epistle it
is translated
is
translated "advocate."
"advocate/ As our
our advocate
advocate and mediamediator, Jesus
Jesus sends
His Spirit
into
our
hearts
as
both
sends forth
into
hearts
as
forth His
tor,
Spirit
comforter
comforter and guide.
guide.
is God's
Perfection is
God's aim for
for His
His people.
people. Jesus
Jesus said,
Perfection
said,
ye therefore
therefore perfect,
perfect, even as
as your
your Father
Father which is
is
"Be ye
in
in heaven is
(Matt.
5:48).
the
offering
"of
is perfect" (Matt.
But
the
"of
offering
perfect"
5:48).
bulls
bulls and of
of goats'*
goats" (Heb.
(Heb. 10:4),
10:4), as
as such,
such, could
could never
never
make man perfect.
perfect. Christ
Christ has
has done something
something for
for lost
lost
mankind that
that those
those sacrifices
sacrifices of
of old
old could
could never
never do.
do.
When he
he bore
bore "our sins
sins in
in his
his own body
body on the
the tree"
tree"
(1 Peter
Peter 2:24),
2:24), He blotted
blotted out
out "the
"the handwriting
handwriting of
of
(1
ordinances
ordinances that
that was against
against us,
us, which was
was contrary
contrary to
to
us, and took
took it
it out
out of
of the
the way,
way, nailing
nailing it
it to
to his
his cross"
cross"
us,
(Col. 2:14).
2:14).
(Col.
J
387
387
Christ's
sacrifice in
behalf of
was full
full and complete.
Christ's sacrifice
in behalf
of man was
complete. The
condition
of the
the atonement had been
been fulfilled.
for
condition of
fulfilled. The work for
which He had come to this
this world had been accomplished.
accomplished. He
had won the
the kingdom.
kingdom. He had
had wrested
wrested it
from Satan,
Satan, and had
it from
become heir
heir of
Acts of
of the
the Apostles,
Apostles, p.
p. 29.
29.
of all
all things.-The
The Acts
things.
us wisdom,
wisdom, and rightWhile Christ
Christ is
is "made unto
unto us
rightand sanctification,
and
redemption"
Cor.
sanctification,
(1 Cor.
redemption" (1
eousness,
eousness,
the only
1:
30), yet
yet the
are perfected
perfected or
or sanctified
ones who are
sanctified
only ones
1:30),
are those
of
His
grace.
True,
"he
is
those who fully
are
His
of
"he is
True,
fully accept
accept
grace.
able
also to
to save
uttermost that
that come unto
unto
save them to
able also
the uttermost
to the
by him,
him, seeing
intercession
God by
ever liveth
liveth to
seeing he ever
for
those who would be
be saved
for them" (Heb.
saved
(Heb. 7:25),
7:25), yet
yet those
hold on eternal
must come unto God. They
eternal
They must "lay
"lay hold
life" (1
19). When we accept
life"
are
(1 Tim. 6:
6:19).
accept Him we are
justified.
is,
His
righteousness
is
imputed
to
us,
That
is
to
is,
us,
righteousness
imputed
justified.
and we stand
before
God
just
as
though
we
had
never
stand before
never
just as though
sinned.
experience
those who follow
follow on and experience
sinned. But only
only those
as an indwelling
power,
continually
and
who
Him as
continually apindwelling power,
appropriate
His
grace
for
victory
over
their
sinful
for
their
His
sinful natures,
over
natures,
victory
grace
propriate
perfected. We agree
with Arthur W.
are
or perfected.
are sanctified
sanctified or
agree with
Pink,
Pink, who says:
says:
Justification
are never
never separated:
sanctification are
separated: where
Justification and sanctification
the righteousness
righteousness of
of Christ,
Christ, He also
also imparts
imparts aa
God imputes
imputes the
principle of
of holiness,
holiness, the
the latter
latter being
being the
the fruit
fruit or
consequence of
of
or consequence
principle
the former;
former; both
both being
before we can be
be admitted into
into
the
necessary before
being necessary
heaven.
Because the
the blood
blood of
has fully
fully met every
every claim
of
claim of
of Christ
Christ has
heaven. Because
God upon
upon and against
people, its
its virtues
virtues and purifying
purifying effects
effects
against His people,
is
of Christ
are
applied to
to them by
by the
the Spirit
the blood
blood of
Christ is
are applied
Spirit..... For the
the key
of holies
not merely,
merely, so
to speak,
unlocking the
the holy
holy of
holies to
to
so to
not
key unlocking
speak, the
it is
is not
as our
High Priest
not merely
merely our
our
Priest and Redeemer,
our High
Him as
Redeemer, it
freed from
delivered out of
ransom
by which
which we are
of bondage,
bondage, and,
are delivered
and, freed
ransom by
the
curse, are
are brought
brought nigh
unto God;
separates us
it also
us
also separates
God; but it
the curse,
nigh unto
from death
is incorruptible,
sin. It
It is
and sin.
death and
from
always cleansing
cleansing and
incorruptible, always
-this evil
vivifying;
through this blood we are
are separated
evil
separated from -this
vivifying; through this blood
world, and
and overcome;
by this
blood we keep
keep our garments
white
this blood
overcome; by
world,
garments white
495.
(John 6:53;
Rev. 7:14).-ARTHuR
op. cit.
cit., pp.
pp. 494,
494, 495.
ARTHUR W. PINK,
PINK, op.
6:53; Rev.
7:14).
(John
.
388
QUESTIONS
Hence, while
justification Is
is imputed
righteousness,
while justification
Hence,
imputed righteousness,
sanctification
is
imparted
righteousness.
sanctification is imparted righteousness.
Lord's perfection
perfection-His
life of
surrender and
His life
of surrender
Our Lord's
obedience-is
these qualities
qualities of
of
faith. And these
ours by
Is all
all ours
obedience
by faith.
perfection
He
dispenses
to
His
people
the
place
of
from
His
the
to
of
people
place
perfection
dispenses
His
prayers, in
mysterious way
way asin some mysterious
asHis sanctuary.
sanctuary. Our prayers,
incense (Rev.
sociated
with the
8:3,
4;
compare
of incense
altar of
the altar
sociated with
(Rev. 8:3, 4; compare
Rev. 5:8)
heavenly sanctuary,
up before
before
in the
the heavenly
Rev.
sanctuary, come up
5:8) in
with the
the virtues
virtues of
the Lord
of His
are intermingled
the
Lord and are
intermingled with
Ellen G.
clearly expresses
the
G. White clearly
life. Ellen
own spotless
expresses the
spotless life.
Adventist
position in
words:
in these
words:
these impressive
Adventist position
impressive
Christ has
has pledged
substitute and surety,
to be our substitute
Christ
surety,
pledged Himself to
and He neglects
neglects no
no one.
not see
beings
see human beings
one. He who could
could not
soul unto death
exposed to
to eternal
eternal ruin
ruin without
without pouring
pouring out
out His
His soul
death
exposed
in their
behalf, will
will look
pity and compassion
compassion upon
upon every
every
look with pity
in
their behalf,
save himself.
that he cannot save
himself.
soul
realizes that
soul who realizes
He will
will look
trembling suppliant
without raising
look upon
raising
upon no trembling
suppliant without
through His own atonement provided
provided for
him up.
up. He who through
for man
will not
an infinite
not fail
to employ
employ this
fail to
this
infinite fund of
of moral power,
power, will
sins
in
our
behalf.
We
may
take
our
sins
and
sorrows
to
His
power
take
behalf.
sorrows
to
in
our
may
power
feet; for
us. His
our coninvites our
look and word invites
conHis every
for He loves
loves us.
feet;
every look
fidence. He will
will shape
our characters
characters according
to His
His
fidence.
according to
shape and mold our
own will.-Ghrist's
Lessons, p.
p. 157.
157.
will.
Christ's Object
Object Lessons,
Christ
has pledged
pledged Himself
Himself to
to be our substitute
Christ has
surety,
and He neglects
neglects no one.
is an inexhaustible
inexhaustible fund of
perone. There is
of perheaven His
fect obedience
obedience accruing
obedience. In heaven
fect
accruing from His obedience.
merits, His
treasured as
incense
are treasured
as incense
His self-denial
self-denial and self-sacrifice,
self-sacrifice, are
merits,
up witt
the prayers
prayers of
of His people.
people. As the
the sinner's
to
be offered
sinner's sinwith the
sinto be
offered up
prayers ascend
the throne of
of God,
mingles
cere, humble prayers
ascend to
to the
Christ mingles
God, Christ
cere,
the merits
merits of
His own life
life of
of perfect
perfect obedience.
obedience. Our
with
of His
with them the
this
incense.
prayers
are
made
fragrant
by
this
incense.
Christ
has pledged
Christ
has
are
fragrant
by
prayers
pledged
in our behalf,
Himself to
to intercede
behalf, and the
the Father
Father always
always hears
hears
intercede in
Himself
the
Son.-Sons
Daughters of
of God,
p. 22.
22'and Daughters
Sons and
the Son.
God, p.
Christ
High Priest
Priest represents
people in
in the
the
His people
our High
Christ our
represents His
has
capacity
of
one
who
has
authority.
Having
the
of
won
the
authority. Having
capacity
battle against
against the
the kingdom
kingdom of
of darkness,
darkness, He stands
stands now
battle
389
as the
the head of
of a
as
kingdom of
light
a new kingdom-the
of light
kingdom the kingdom
peace. Ellen
emphasizes this
this
and peace.
Ellen C.
G. White likewise
likewise emphasizes
truth,
declaring:
truth, declaring:
Captain of
for His
His people,
The Captain
of our
our salvation
is interceding
salvation is
interceding for
people,
not as
as aa petitioner
petitioner to
the Father
to compassion,
compassion, but as
as a
a
to move the
Father to
His victory.-Gospel
conqueror,
claims the
the trophies
of His
conqueror, who claims
Gospel
victory.
trophies of
Workers,
p. 154.
154.
Workers, p.
By His spotless
spotless life,
His obedience,
obedience, His death
cross of
of
the cross
death on the
life, His
By
Calvary,
the lost
lost race.
race. And now,
now, not
as aa
Christ interceded
interceded for
not as
for the
Calvary, Christ
mere petitioner
petitioner does
the Captain
salvation intercede
intercede for
for
does the
of our
our salvation
Captain of
as a Conqueror
His victory.
His offering
offering is
is comus,
us, but as
Conqueror claiming
victory. His
claiming His
executes His
His self-appointed
plete, and as
as our Intercessor
Intercessor He executes
plete,
self-appointed
holding before
the censer
censer containing
containing His
His own spotless
work,
before God the
work, holding
spotless
the prayers,
prayers, confessions,
thanksgiving of
peomerits
merits and the
of His peoconfessions, and thanksgiving
ple. Perfumed with
with the
the fragrance
His righteousness,
righteousness, these
these ascend
of His
fragrance of
ple.
a sweet
offering is
wholly acceptable,
to God as
to
as a
sweet savor.
savor. The offering
is wholly
acceptable, and
pardon
covers
all
transgression.-Christ's
Object
Lessons,
p. 156.
156.
all
covers
Christ's
Lessons,
p.
pardon
transgression.
Object
XII. Judgment
Christ's Ministry
Ministry
Judgment Climaxes Christ's
priestly ministry
ministry of
of our
our Lord,
Lord, we believe,
believe,
This priestly
in aa work of
judgment. And this
this takes
takes place
climaxes
climaxes in
of judgment.
place
just before
before He returns
returns in
in glory.
glory. While He does not
just
minister
in "places
with hands" (Heb.
minister in
9:24),
(Heb. 9:24),
"places made with
of
seeing
is sovereign
Lord, yet
yet the
the two types
types of
seeing He is
sovereign Lord,
carried
out
in
the
ancient
sanctuary-first,
that
ministry
in
the
carried
out
ancient
first,
sanctuary
ministry
of reconciliation
in the
the holy
place, and second,
that of
of
of
reconciliation in
second, that
holy place,
judgment
in
the
holy-illustrate
very
graphically
in
the
most
illustrate
very graphically
holy
judgment
the
phases of
Lord's ministry
ministry as
High Priest.
Priest.
as High
of our Lord's
the two phases
in
that ministry
finished,
He
in
glory,
comes
And then,
then, that
finished,
glory,
ministry
bringing
His
rewards
with
Him.
His
bringing
XIII. Ultimate
Ultimate Destruction
Destruction of
of Sin
Sin
XIII.
When our
returns, not
not only
only will
will He take
take the
the
Saviour returns,
our Saviour
sin
ransomed home,
but
He
will
also
finally
destroy
sin
and
will
also
home,
finally destroy
itself will
eradicate every
trace of
universe itself
will
evil. The universe
of evil.
eradicate
every trace
390
QUESTIONS
ultimately
of even the
record of
rethe dark record
cleansed of
of reultimately be cleansed
bellion and sin,
day
will be no more. "The day
bellion
sinners will
sin, and sinners
that
that
up, saith
the Lord of
hosts,
saith the
shall burn them up,
of hosts,
cometh shall
that
it shall
neither root
root nor branch" (Mal.
that It
shall leave
leave them neither
(Mai.
4:
1).
4:1).
Adventists
not hold
hold any
dual atoneenlists do not
Adv
atoneof a dual
theory of
any theory
ment. "Christ
3:13)
"Christ hath redeemed us" (Gal.
(Gal. 3:13) "once
we
for
10:
10).
But
believe
that the
believe
that
the full
all" (Heb.
for all"
full
(Heb. 10:10).
picture
of
our
Lord's
atonement
ministry
is
not
and
Lord's
Is
of
ministry
picture
always
comprehended,
even
by
those
surely
who
most
by
always comprehended,
surely
love
love Him and honor His Word. A cleansed creation,
creation,
the author of sin
all his
his evil
hosts completely
evil hosts
sin and all
with the
completely
destroyed,
reveals,
believe,
the
greatness
glory
we
reveals,
believe,
destroyed,
greatness and glory
and power
power of
risen Lord. We look forof our crucified
crucified and risen
forward to
that day
when,
with
sin
abolished,
every
voice
sin
to that
voice
when,
abolished,
day
every
in the
universe will
will join
join the song
of redemption,
redemption,
in
the universe
song of
"Worthy
is the Lamb that
that was slain."
slain."
"Worthy is
Our ears
ears strain
the sound of that
that paean
paean of
strain to
to catch the
of
praise,
which,
as
the
prophet
John
declares,
begins
as
at
declares,
which,
prophet John
begins at
praise,
the throne of God,
into
the
far-fiung
out
the
the
into
God, then sweeps
sweeps
far-flung
universe,
until "every
is in
heaven, and
In heaven,
universe, until
"every creature which is
earth, and under the
the earth,
earth, and such as
as are in the
the
on the
the earth,
sea,
that are in them,
.
.
.
saying,
all that
heard
sea, and all
them, [are]
saying,
[are]
Blessing, and honour,
honour, and glory,
power, be unto
glory, and power,
Blessing,
him that
that sitteth
sitteth upon
upon the
the throne,
throne, and unto the
the Lamb
for ever
ever and ever" (Rev.
5:
13).
for
(Rev. 5:13).
.
The Meaning
'[he
Meaning of
Azazel
of Azazel
QUESTION
QUESTION
34
Adventists alone
alone in
in
Are not Seventh-day
teaching
that
the
scapegoat,
or
Azazel,
represents
that
the
or
Azazel, represents
teaching
scapegoaty
Satan?
Satanf
N 0, Seventh-day
Adventists are
are not alone
alone in
in believbelievNo,
ing
that Azazel
Azazel represents
Let us
us take
take aa look
at
Satan. Let
look at
ing that
represents Satan.
the
the word and its
its origin.
origin.
In the K.J.V.
the word used
used to
to designate
the second
K.J.V. the
designate the
in the
the ritual
goat
the Day
Day of
of Atonement (Lev.
(Lev. 16:
ritual of
of the
16: 10)
goat in
10)
is called
the "scapegoat";
in
the
R.V.
the
A.R.V.,
is
called the
and
in
the
the
R.V.
A.R.V.,
"scapegoat";
in most other
translations, the
the word is
rendered
other translations,
is rendered
and in
"Azazel,"
the transliteration
transliteration of
the Hebrew
is the
of the
"Azazel/' which is
word.
word.
CLEAR. The word
ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD NOT CLEAR.-The
"Azazel"
has been
been the
subject of
con"Azazel" has
the subject
of much dispute
dispute and conjecture
through
the
centuries.
Many
scholars
agree
that
the
centuries.
scholars
Many
agree that
jecture through
it is
is "a
difficulty" (SMITH
"a phrase
of unusual difficulty"
it
(SMITH AND
phrase of
PELOUBET, A Dictionary
Dictionary of
of the
Bible, p.
p. 65);
the Bible,
PELOUBET,
65); "the
origin
and
meaning
of
the
goat
'for
Azazel'
are
indeed
AzazeF
are
indeed
the
'for
of
goat
origin
meaning
obscure" (GEORGE
B.
STEVENS,
The
Christian
Doctrine
Christian
Doctrine
B.
obscure"
STEVENS,
(GEORGE
clear"
of Salvation,
etymology is
its etymology
is not clear"
"that its
Salvation, p.
of
p. 11);
11); "that
(T.
W.
CHAMBERS,
"Satan
in
the
Old
Testament,"
the
in
"Satan
Testament,"
CHAMBERS,
(T.
Presbyterian and Reformed
Reformed Review,
Revi~w, vol.
vol. 3,
p. 26).
26).
3, p.
Presbyterian
following:
the following:
Note the
391
392
392
QUESTIONS
Etymology, origin
still matters
matters of
conjecare still
of conjecEtymology,
significance are
origin and significance
The A.V.
A.V. [K.J.V.]
(i.e. the
the goat
that
goat that
designation scapegoat
scapegoat (i.e.
[K.J.V.] designation
allowed to
to escape,
escape, which
which goes
back to
the
emissarius of
to caper
of the
allowed
caper emissarius
goes back
ture.
ture.
is
is
Vulgate) obscures
obscures the
the word Azazel
Azazel is
a proper
proper name
is a
that the
the fact
fact that
Vulgate)
in the
the original,
the name of
of aa powerful
powerful spirit
in
in particular
spirit
original, and in
particular the
or
Hastings Dictionary
Dictionary of
of the
Bible
the Bible
or demon.-A.
demon. A. R.
R. S.
S, KENNEDY, Hastings
(one
volume), p.
77(one volume),
p. 77.
K.J.V.-The
The
How "SCAPEGOAT" CAME INTO THE K.J.V.
Version
is
translation
of the
James
Version
is
the King
In the
the text
text of
translation in
King James
of this
"scapegoat."
meaning of
this word is
is
dictionary meaning
"scapegoat." The dictionary
"scape,"
coming
from
the
Old
English-scapen.
Chaucer
the
English scapen.
"scape," coming
used it
it in
the expression
expression "help
us to
to scape."
scape." (Cenused
in the
(Cen"help us
tury
Dictionary
Encyclopedia.)
"Scapegoat.
tury Dictionary Encyclopedia.) 'Scapegoat. . .. From
Scape
a mutilated
escape." (W.
of escape."
mutilated form of
... a
SKEAT,
(W. W. SKEAT,
Scape ...
in
Etymological
Dictionary
in
the
English
Language.)
the
English Language.)
Etymological Dictionary
This gives
goat that
that escaped,
the concept
a goat
us the
of a
concept of
escaped,
gives us
that the
sent away
away into
the
idea being
being that
the goat
into the
the
the idea
goat was sent
wilderness, and allowed
go free.
free. Later,
Later, "scapegoat"
to go
allowed to
wilderness,
"scapegoat"
came to
or thing
bearing blame for
"a person
for
to mean "a
thing bearing
person or
others" (Webster's
Dictionary).
others"
(Webster's Dictionary).
Tyndale was
was evidently
to use
use the
the word
first to
the first
evidently the
Tyndale
"scapegoat"
in
any
English
translation:
translation:
in
any English
"scapegoat"
'
Apparently invented
by Tyndale
Tyndale (1530)
(1530) to
to express
invented by
express what he
Apparently
Hebrew
.
.
. Azazel,
Azazel, occuroccurbelieved to
to be
be the
the literal
of
literal meaning
of
believed
meaning
in Lev.
VS. 10
renders: "The goote
ring only
only in
10 (in
Lev. 16:8,
10 he renders:
16:8, 10
goote on
(in vs.
ring
.
which the
the
which
lotte fell
to scape.").
exis exlotte
fell to
scape."). The same interpretation
interpretation is
pressed by
by the
the Vulgate
caper emissarius
(whence the
the Fr.,
emissarius (whence
Fr., bouc
Vulgate caper
pressed
by Coverdale's
rendering "the
"the fregoate,"
emissaire), and by
Coverdale's (1535)
fregoate,"
(1535) rendering
emissaire),
as untenable.
but is
is now regarded
regarded as
untenable. The word does
does not
not appear
in
but
appear in
"Azazel" (as
has "Azazel"
(as aa proper
proper
the Revised
Revised Version of
the
of 1884,
1884, which has
"dismissal" in
in the
name),
in the
the text,
the margin,
margin, as
as an alternaalternatext, and "dismissal"
name), in
rendering.-Oxford
English Dictionary,
Dictionary, vol.
vol. 9,
p. 180.
tive rendering.
180.
tive
9, p.
Oxford English
Tyndale, however,
however, so
this chapter
in Leviticus
so far
far as
as this
Leviticus
Tyndale,
chapter in
is
concerned, was evidently
influenced
by
the
is concerned,
influenced
more
evidently
by the
Vulgate, the
the basis
basis of
translations of
of
of Roman Catholic
Catholic translations
Vulgate,
THE MEANING OF AZAZEL
393
393
the
the Scriptures,
by the
the original
original Hebrew
rather than
than by
Scriptures, rather
Scriptures,
been used
used by
by Protestants
Protestants and
Scriptures, which have been
others.
Vulgate, which,
after all,
is aa
others. The Latin
Latin Vulgate,
is
which, after
all,
secondary
source-being
itself
but
a
translation-rensource
itself
a
translation
renbut
secondary
being
ders the
ders
the term "Azazel"
by caper
emissarius
which
is
"Azazel" by
is
caper emissarius>
used for
for "scapegoat,"
or "Azazel,"
in Leviticus
Leviticus 16:8,
16:8,
"Azazel," in
"scapegoat," or
the emissary
and means the
goat or
the goat
that escaped.
or the
emissary goat
goat that
escaped.
"SCAPEGOAT" OBSCURES
OBSCURES THE THOUGHT.
THOUGHT.-Many
Many
that the
scholars
feel that
the word "scapegoat"
does
not
propscholars feel
not
does
'scapegoat"
propthe
erly
convey
the
thought
of
the
text;
even
some
of
the
Hebrew
text;
erly convey
thought
is misleading. The critical
it is
critical scholar
scholar Dr.
Dr. S.
feel
feel it
S. R.
misleading.
Driver
Driver comments:
J
'
in the
the wilderness.
wilderness. The word
evil spirit,
An evil
dwell in
to dwell
spirit, supposed
supposed to
rendering scape-goat,
scape-goat,
occurs only
only here
here in
in the
the O.T
O.T.. . . . The rendering
occurs
derived through
through Jerome
Jerome from Symmachus,
is certainly
derived
incorrect;
Symmachus, is
certainly incorrect;
the
it
not suit
v. 26,
26, and implies
implies aa derivation
derivation opposed
opposed to
suit v.
to the
it does
does not
.
genius of
of the
the Hebrew language,
language, as
though Azazel
Azazel were
were aa comas though
genius
pound
word
.
.
.
.
Moreover,
the
marked
antithesis
between for
for
between
word.
the
antithesis
Moreover,
pound
for ]HVH,
JHVH, does
not leave
that the
the
Azazel and for
it open to
does not
leave it
Azazel
open to doubt that
former is
is conceived
being.-Book
Leviticus,
a personal
Book of
conceived as
as a
former
of Leviticus.,
personal being.
81.
p. 8l.
p.
.
in the
the
school declares,
of the
the evangelical
A scholar
scholar of
declares, in
evangelical school
Sunday
School
Times,
that
to
render
"Azazel"
by
"Azazel"
the
that
render
to
by the
Sunday School Times,
is misleading:
misleading:
word "scapegoat"
"scapegoat" is
it is
The goat
goat for
the Scapegoat,
as it
is sometimes
sometimes misleadmisleadfor Azazel,
Azazel, the
Scapegoat, as
Satan. (John
:8;
ingly
typifies God's
to Satan.
God's challenge
1:8;
translated, typifies
challenge to
(John 1
ingly translated,
Eph.
in Sunday
Sunday School
School Times,
RUSSELL HOWDEN, in
Times, Jan.
Jan.
3:10.)
J.
Eph. 3:10.)-].
15,
1927.
15, 1927.
of many
testimony of
"AZAZEL." The testimony
THE NAME "AZAZEL."-The
many
as well
scholars of
of the
both Jewish
Christian, as
well
the past,
scholars
Jewish and Christian,
past, both
effect:
is to
to this
as
many of
of the
present, is
this effect:
the present,
as many
a.
a.
to a
That
Azazel Refers
Refers to
a Person.
Person.
That Azazel
There can be no
The Jewish
Jewish authority
Dr. M. M. Kalisch.
Kalisch.-There
The
authority Dr.
doubt whatever
whatever that
is aa personal,
personal, aa superhuman,
superhuman, and an
that Azazel
Azazel is
doubt
QUESTIONS
394
evil being
evil
being-in
wicked demon. ....
. . It
approved of
of by
by
It was approved
in fact
a wicked
fact a
(Origen.
(Origen.
Epiphan.
Epiphan.
Haeres XXXIV. 11),
and by
many later
later and modern scholars.scholars.
by many
11),
Historical and Critical
the Old Testament,
A Historical
Critical Commentary
Testament,
Commentary on the
vol.
2, pp.
pp. 328,
328, 329.
vol. 2,
329.
"International
Standard Bible
Bible Encyclopedia."
Encyclopedia."-By
use of
of
the use
"International Standard
By the
in connection
the
preposition .
. . in
connection with
with Jehovah
Jehovah and
the same preposition
...
Azazel, it
. . to
of some personal
personal being.
being.to think
think of
natural ....
it seems
seems natural
Azazel,
"Azazel,"
vol. 1,
343.
"Azazel/' vol.
1, p.
p. 343.
Smith
and Peloubet's
Peloubet's "A Dictionary
Dictionary of
of the
the Bible/'
Bible."-The
best
The best
Smith and
modern scholars
scholars agree
that it
designates the
the personal
personal being
being to
to
it designates
agree that
the goat
goat was
was sent,
probably Satan.-Page
65.
whom the
Satan.
sent, probably
Page 65.
early Christian
writers who identified
Azazel with
with Satan
identified Azazel
Christian writers
early
Adv. Haer.
C.
VI. 43,
p. 305
!reno
Haer. I.
I. 12;
12;
Iren.
C. Cels.
ed. Spencer;
Gels. VI.
305 ed.
43, p.
Spencer;
b.
Azazel Refers
Refers to
Satan.
to Satan.
b. That Azazel
The goat
J.
Russell Howden (Church
of England).
England).-The
goat for
for
J. Russell
(Church of
as it
it is
misleadingly translated
translated typifies
typifies God's
Azazel,
is sometimes misleadingly
God's
Azazel, as
challenge
to Satan.
Satan.
challenge to
Of the
the two
two goats,
Jehovah, signifying
signifying God's
for Jehovah,
goats, one was for
acceptance
of
the
sin-offering;
the
other
for
AzazeI. This is
is
the
was
Azazel.
the
other
for
of
sin-offering;
acceptance
probably to
to be understood as
as aa person,
person, being
being parallel
parallel with
probably
Jehovah in
the preceding
preceding clause.
clause. So Azazel
is probably
probably a synonym
Azazel is
in the
synonym
Jehovah
School Times,
Jan. 15,
for
for Satan.-Sunday
Satan. Sunday School
1927.
15, 1927.
Times, Jan.
Samuel M. Zwemer (Presbyterian).-The
The devil
devil (Sheitan,
or
Samuel
(Sheitan, or
(Presbyterian).
IbIis) has a proper name-Azazil.
expelled from Eden.
Azazil. He was expelled
Iblis) has a proper name
to Faith,
-Islam,
a Challenge
Faith, p.
p. 89.
89.
Islam, a
Challenge to
E. W. Hengstenberg
Hengstenberg (Lutheran).-The
in which
which the
the
(Lutheran). The manner in
phrase "for
is contrasted
with "for
"for Jehovah,"
Azazel" is
contrasted with
"for Azazel"
Jehovah," necessarily
necessarily
phrase
requires
that Azazel
Azazel should designate
designate aa personal
personal existence
existence and if
if
requires that
so,
only Satan
by Azazel,
Azazel, Satan
is not
not meant,
meant,
If by
intended. If
Satan is
Satan can
can be intended.
so, only
there is
reason for
for the
the lots
then see
lots that
that were cast.
cast. We can then
is no reason
see
there
no reason
reason why
why the
the decision
referred to
to God,
God, why
why the
the high
high
decision was referred
no
sin offering,
priest did
did not
not simply
goat for
for aa sin
offering, and the
the
assign one goat
simply assign
priest
other for
sending away
the desert.-Egypt
Books of
into the
desert.
the Books
for sending
other
away into
of
Egypt and the
171.
Moses, pp.
pp. 170,
170, 171.
Moses,
].
B. Rotherham (Disciples
of Christ?).-"And
lot for
"And one lot
for
/. B.
(Disciples of
Christ?).
impossible to
to dissent
dissent from
Azazel" (Lev.
(Lev. xvi.
xvi. 8).-It
It seems impossible
Azazel"
from the
the
8).
instead of
opinion
that "Azazel,"
of being
being aa name for
for the
the (e)scape
"Azazel," instead
opinion that
(e)scape
evil Being,
goat, is
the name or
title of
opposed to
Yahweh,
of an evil
or title
to Yahweh,
is the
Being, opposed
goat,
the live
the great
great Day
Day of
Propitiation was
was sent.
to whom the
live goat
of Propitiation
to
sent.
goat on the
it still
Admitting
so much,
inquire into
the meaning
meaning
still remains to
to inquire
into the
much, it
Admitting so
.
THE MEANING OF AZAZEL
395
395
this very
of
of this
very peculiar
of sending
sending the
the livlivpeculiar but impressive
ceremony of
impressive ceremony
ing
goat to
to AzazeL
Azazel. Assuming
that Satan is
is represented
represented by
by Azazel
Azazel
ing goat
Assuming that
and there
-and
there does not appear
anything else
else which
whkh biblically
biblically we
appear anything
can assume-it
can
assume it
is
observe that
that there
there is
is most important to
here
is here
important to observe
evil spirit.
spirit.-The
Emphasized Bible,
Bible,
no sacrifice
sacrifice offered
offered to
to the
The Emphasized
the evil
vol.
p. 918.
918.
vol. 3,
3, p.
William Jenks
Jenks (Congregationalist).-Scapegoat.
See different
different
(Congregationalist).
Scapegoat. See
opinion in
Bochart. Spencer,
after the
the oldest
oldest opinions
opinions of
of the
in Bochart.
the
opinion
Spencer, after
Hebrews and Christian,
thinks Azazel
Azazel is
is the
the name of
of the
devil,
the devil,
Christian, thinks
and so
so Rosenmuller,
Rosenmuller, whom see.
has Azzail,
Azzail, the
the "angel
see. The Syriac
Syriac has
"angel
Jevolted."-The
(strong
The Comprehensive
(strong one)
one) who revolted."
Commentary
Comprehensive Commentary
of
the Holy
Holy Bible,
Bible, p.
410.
of the
p. 410.
"A
bingdon Bible
Bible Commentary"
(Methodist).-On
the goats
On the
Abingdon
Commentary" (Methodist).
goats
are to
lots are
to be cast,
for Jehovah,
Jehovah, and the
the other
for Azazel.
Azazel.
lots
other for
cast, one for
The translation
dismissal in
R.V. mg.
mg. here
here (cf.
(d. removal
removal in
in
translation dismissal
in the
the R.V.
A.S.V. mg.)
mg.) is
is inadmissible,
being based on aa false
false etymology.
A.S.V.
inadmissible, being
etymology.
What the
is unknown,
should be retained
as
the word meant is
it should
retained as
unknown, but it
the proper
proper name of
demon.-Page
289.
the
a wilderness
of a
wilderness demon.
Page 289.
{<
might be
be made also
of William Milligan,
Milligan,
Mention might
also of
James
Hastings,
and
Smith,
of
the
PresbyteWilliam
of
the
Smith,
PresbyteJames Hastings,
rian Church;
Church; Elmer Flack
Flack and H. C.
C. Alleman,
Alleman, of
the
rian
of the
Lutheran Church;
Charles
Beecher
and
F.
Peloubet,
F.
N.
Charles
Peloubet,
Church;
of
the Congregational
Congregational Church;
George A.
A. Barton,
Barton, of
of
of the
Church; George
and
the
Society
of
Friends;
John
James
of
M'Clintock
the Society
Friends; John
James
of
Strong,
the Methodist Church;
Church; James
James M. Gray,
of the
Gray, of
Strong, of
the Reformed Episcopal
Episcopal Church;
host of
of others
others
the
Church; and a host
who have
have ("xpressed
the same way.
way. Adin the
themselves in
expressed themselves
during the
have
in
full
accord
ventists)
in
full
the years,
been
ventists, during
years,
with the
the expressions
of
such
theologians
of
eminent
with
theologians and
expressions
scholars
this matter.
scholars on this
'[he
the Scapegoat
The 'Transaction
Transaction With the
Scapegoat
QUESTION
QUESTION
35
What is
of SeventhSeventhactual teaching
is the
the actual
teaching of
day
Adventists
regarding
the
"scapegoat"
the
in the
Adventists
the
"scapegoat" in
regarding
day
that
sanctuary
service?
you
hold
that
the
sins
of
Do
the
sins
service?
of
you
sanctuary
on
rolled
back
the righteous
are
rolled
Satan,
so
that
so
that
the
Satan,
righteous
in the
the end he
he becomes
becomes your
your sin
sin bearer?
bearer?
in
We take
take our stand
qualification on the
the
stand without qualification
the
death
of
gospel
platform
that
the
death
of
Jesus
Christ
prothat
Christ
Jesus
gospel platform
provides the
propitiation for
for our sins
sins (1
John 2:2;
2:2;
sole propitiation
vides
the sole
(1 John
4:
10);
that
there
is
through
other
means
is salvation
other
there
salvation
no
that
through
4:10);
or medium,
medium, and no other
by which we may
other name by
or
may be
that the
of Jesus
saved
the shed blood of
saved (Acts
Jesus
(Acts 4:12);
4:12); and that
Christ
remission
for
our
sins
(Matt.
26:
for
sins
remission
our
alone brings
Christ alone
brings
(Matt. 26:
28).
That
is
is foundational.
foundational.
28).
Further, we hold to
principle that
that
the recognized
to the
Further,
recognized principle
no cardinal
cardinal doctrine
belief should be based
based prior belief
doctrine or
primarily upon
upon aa parable
parable or
but upon
upon the
the clear
or type,
clear
type, but
marily
unfigurative
of Scripture,
understood
statements of
Scripture, and understood
unfigurative statements
defined in
the light
of
explicit
declarations
of
gospel
in the
of
declarations
of gospel
and defined
light
explicit
realities.
the type
type should be underunderother words,
realities. In other
words, the
of the
stood
the light
the anti
type, and not
not the
the reverse.
in the
reverse.
stood in
light of
antitype,
or
Moreover,
parable
or
type
can
be
applied
all
be
no
in all
Moreover,
type
parable
applied in
truth that
details.
It is
is to
to be
be sought
central truth
that is
is the
the central
details. It
out
sought out
and applied.
might be added that
that we do not
not
it might
applied. And it
396
396
THE SCAPEGOAT
397
397
the scapegoat
place
the emphasis
that some of
of
place upon
upon the
scapegoat the
emphasis that
our critics
critics would indicate.
indicate.
transaction with
The transaction
with the
the scapegoat,
or Azazel
Azazel (Lev.
scapegoat, or
(Lev.
16:
8),
springs
from
the
annual
typical
sanctuary
the
annual
serv16:8), springs
typical sanctuary service of ancient Israel.
Israel. These types were simply dramaice
types
simply dramatized symbols,
tized
or prophetic
of the
the great
symbols, or
prophetic parables,
parables, of
gosgreat gosrealities to
to take
take place
pel
in
this
dispensation.
Thus
the
in
this
the
pel realities
place
dispensation.
ancient Passover lamb typified
"Christ
our
passover"
"Christ
our
typified
passover"
(1
slain for
for us.
us. And the
the services
services
(1 Cor. 5:7),
5:7), who was slain
of the ministering
of
our great
ministering priests
priests symbolized
symbolized our
great High
High
Priest,
after the
Priest, Jesus
the sacrifice
of Himself
Himself
sacrifice of
Christ, who,
who, after
Jesus Christ,
at Calvary,
ministers for
at
for us
in the
us in
heavenlies (Hethe heavenlies
Calvary, now ministers
(Hebrews 8 and 9).
9).
Leviticus 16,
In Leviticus
entered into
the service
into the
service
16, two goats
goats entered
of the great
of
of
Day
of
Atonement.
One,
in
type,
in
One,
great Day
type, made
for sin.
sin. The other
other goat,
goat, for
for Azazel,
Azazel, was
atonement for
was not
not
but
was
slain,
kept alive,
no atonement
atonement
hence made no
slain,
alive, and hence
kept
for anyone's
for
anyone's sins.
sins.
The first
first goat
represented our
our Lord Jesus
Jesus Christ,
Christ,
goat represented
atonement for
for our
our sins.
sins. The
who, on the
the cross,
cross, made atonement
who,
other
other goat,
goat, in
in antithesis,
antithesis, symbolized
symbolized Satan,
Satan, who must
must
bear the
the responsibility
responsibility not
not only
only for
for his
his own sins
sins but
but for
for
his
his part
part in
in all
all the
the sins
sins he
he has
has caused
caused others,
others, both
both rightrighteous
eous and wicked,
wicked, to
to commit.
commit. This
This live
live goat,
goat, it
it is
is to
to be
be
remembered, was
was not
not slain.
slain. (Many
(Many outstanding
outstanding auauremembered,
thorities
thorities support
support our understanding
understanding that
that the
the live
live goat,
goat,
or
or Azazel,
Azazel, typified
typified Satan.
Satan. See
See Question
Question 34.)
34.)
Two goats
goats were obviously
obviously required,
required, and used,
used, on
the
the Day
Day of
of Atonement,
Atonement, because
because there
there is
is aa twofold
twofold
sin
responsibility
for
sin-first,
my
responsibility
as the
the
first,
for
responsibility
my responsibility as
perpetrator,
agent,
or
medium;
second,
Satan's
or
Satan's
and
second,
medium;
perpetrator, agent,
responsibility as
as the
the instigator,
instigator, or
or tempter,
tempter, in
in whose
whose
responsibility
QUESTIONS
heart sin
was first
tempted our
heart
sin was
first conceived.
conceived. When Satan
Satan tempted
our
398
first parents to
first
take and eat
fruit, he
he
the forbidden
eat of
of the
forbidden fruit,
parents to take
as
as well
as they
they had an inescapable
inescapable responsibility
responsibility in
that
well as
in that
act-he
the instigator,
and
they
the
perpetrators.
And
act
the
he the
they
instigator,
perpetrators.
And
similarly
through
the
ages-in
all
sin
Satan
is
involved
in
all
sin
Satan
the
is
involved
similarly through
ages
in
responsibility, as
the originator
instigator, or
or
in responsibility,
as the
originator and instigator,
1 John 3:8).
tempter
(John
8:44;
6:
16;
1
Rom.
6:16;
8:44;
John 3:8).
tempter (John
concerning my
my sin,
Christ died
died for
for my
Now concerning
sins
sin, Christ
my sins
He
was
wounded
for
my
transgressions
(Rom.
5:8).
for
(Rom. 5:8).
my transgressions
and bore
bore my
iniquities
(Isaiah
53).
my
He assumed my
(Isaiah
53).
iniquities
my
responsibilities,
and
His
blood
alone
cleanses
me
from
alone
blood
cleanses
from
responsibilities,
all
all sin
:7). The atonement for
for my
sin is
sin (1
is made
(1 John
1:7).
my sin
John 1
solely
by the
the shed
blood of
of Christ.
shed blood
Christ.
solely by
And concerning
Satan's
sin,
and his
his responsibility
responsibility as
Satan's
as
sin,
concerning
instigator
and
tempter,
no
salvation
is
provided
for
salvation
is
for
instigator
tempter,
provided
punished for
his responsibility.
responsibility. There
him. He must be punished
for his
is
is no savior,
to bear
bear his
his punishment.
punishment. He
or substitute,
savior, or
substitute, to
must himself
himself "atone"
his sin
causing men to
to
sin in
in causing
for his
"atone" for
transgress,
in
the
same
way
that
a
master
criminal
the
that
a
in
master
criminal
transgress,
way
suffers
the gallows
in the
the electric
chair for
suffers on the
or in
electric chair
for his
his
gallows or
the crimes
responsibility
has caused
caused others
in the
crimes that
that he has
others
responsibility in
to commit.
It is
is in
in this
this sense
to
commit. It
only that
understand
sense only
that we can understand
the words
the
words of
10 concerning
the
scapegoat,
the
of Leviticus
Leviticus 16:
16:10
concerning
scapegoat,
"to
him."
"to make an atonement with
with
Courts of
recognize the
principle of
of law recognize
the principle
dual reof dual
reThus
a
criminal
father
may
teach
his
sponsibility.
a
criminal
father
teach
his
sponsibility.
may
child
child to
to steal,
steal, and the
the child
becomes aa habitual
habitual thief;
child becomes
thief;
or
dissolute mother may
or aa dissolute
her daughter
daughter to
to enteach her
enmay teach
gage in
professional prostitution.
prostitution. Parental
Parental responresponin professional
gage
sibility
in such
of
such cases
cases is
is crystal
clear. The instigator
sibility in
crystal clear.
instigator of
a
a crime is
well
as
the
instrument
that
is punished, as
as
as
the
instrument
that
well
punished,
actually committed the
the members of
of
the act.
act. When the
actually
THE SCAPEGOAT
399
399
"Murder Incorporated"
brought to
to book
book for
a
for a
Incorporated" were brought
whole succession
succession of
killings,
the
master
mind,
who
of killings, the master mind,
had never
never technically
technically taken
taken aa life,
life, went
went to
to the
the chair
chair as
as
instigator,
along
with
the
perpetrators.
under
with
the
And
under
instigator, along
perpetrators.
criminal law,
law, the
master mind,
mind, may
may be
be
criminal
the instigator,
or master
instigator, or
punished more severely
than his
agents.
his agents.
punished
severely than
In
In like
like manner,
is the
responsible master
master
Satan is
the responsible
manner, Satan
in the
mind in
the great
crime
of
sin,
his
responsibility
and
crime
of
his
sin,
great
responsibility
will
will return
upon his
head. The crushing
weight of
his own head.
of
upon
crushing weight
his
his responsibility
responsibility in
the whole world
world-of
in the
the sins
of
sins of
of the
the wicked as
the
righteous-must
be rolled
as well
well as
as of
of the
rolled
the righteous
must be
back upon
upon him. Simple
justice demands that
that while
Simple justice
also
be
punished
Christ
my guilt,
Satan
Christ suffers
suffers for
for my
Satan
must
also
be
guilt,
punished
as the
the instigator
instigator of
as
of sin.
sin.
is why,
why, on the
the Day
Day of
of Atonement,
Atonement, two
two goats
That is
goats
were necessary.
necessary. One was "for
"for the
the Lord" (Lev.
(Lev. 16:7)
16:7)
the shedding
shedding of
his
to
provide the
the atonement through
to provide
of his
through the
blood;
(Lev. 16:8,
margin).
the other
Azazel" (Lev.
other was "for
"for Azazel"
blood; the
16:8, margin).
These two
two were,
were, in
text, placed
placed in
in antithesis.
antithesis. One
in the
the text,
typified our Lord and Saviour
Christ, who was
was
Saviour Jesus
typified
Jesus Christ,
slain
as
our
substitute
and
vicariously
bore
our
sins,
as
slain
substitute
sins,
vicariously
entailed. Thus He
with all
all the
the guilt
guilt and punishment
punishment entailed.
made complete
complete atonement for
our sins.
other goat,
for our
sins. The other
goat,
believe, stood
is
eventually
is
to have
we believe,
stood for
for Satan,
who
Satan,
eventually to
rolled back
back upon
upon his
not only
his own sins,
rolled
his own head,
sins,
head, not
only his
but the
the responsibility
responsibility for
all the
the sins
has caused
sins he has
caused
but
for all
others
to commit.
commit.
others to
are to
to be particularly
particularly
N ow two vital
involved are
vital points
Now
points involved
noted:
(1) that
that the
transaction with
with the
the live
live goat
noted: (1)
the transaction
goat (or
(or
sins
of
Azazel)
took
place
after
the
atonement
for
the
sins
of
the
the
for
took
after
Azazel)
place
and
the
reconciliathe people
people had been accomplished,
the
reconciliathe
accomplished,
tion
completed; and (2)
that the
the live
live goat
tion completed;
goat was not
(2) that
400
QUESTIONS
and did
provide any
any propitiation
propitiation or
or make
did not provide
any
vicarious
atonement.
And
without
the
shedding
the shedding of
of
any vicarious atonement.
blood there
there is
remission (Heb.
9:22). None of
the
of the
is no remission
blood
(Heb. 9:22).
in problood
of the
the live
poured out
out in
proor poured
blood of
live goat
shed, or
goat was shed,
pitiation,
and
was
taken
into
the
sanctuary
taken
the
none
into
sanctuary and
pitiation,
sprinkled
before the
the Lord,
Lord, or
or placed
placed on the
the horns
horns of
of
sprinkled before
the altar.
altar.
the
sins. But Satan
Satan
for our sins.
Satan
Satan makes no atonement for
will
ultimately have
have to
to bear
bear the
the retributive
retributive punishwill ultimately
punishhis responsibility
the sins
of all
all men,
men, both
both
in the
sins of
ment for
for his
responsibility in
righteous
and
wicked.
wicked.
righteous
in toto
repudiate in
Seventh-day
therefore repudiate
to to
Adventists therefore
any
idea,
suggestion,
or
implication
that
Satan
is
in
any
in
that
Satan
is
or
implication
any
any idea, suggestion,
sense
bearer. The thought
thought is
is abhorabhorsin bearer.
sense or
or degree
degree our sin
rent to
us, and appallingly
a concept
rent
to us,
sacrilegious. Such a
appallingly sacrilegious.
concept
is
a dreadful
dreadful disparagement
disparagement of
of the
the efficacy
efficacy of
of Christ
Christ and
is a
His salvation,
vitiates the
the whole glorious
glorious provision
His
salvation, and vitiates
provision
of salvation
Saviour.
of
salvation solely
through our Saviour.
solely through
Satan's
thousand times
could never
a thousand
times over,
Satan's death,
never
over, could
death, a
make him aa savior
sense
whatsoever.
He
is
the
in any
savior in
sense
whatsoever.
is
the
any
archsinner
universe, the
the author
author and instigator
of
the universe,
archsinner of
of the
instigator of
sin.
he had never
never sinned,
could never
never
still could
if he
sin. Even if
sinned, he still
save
others. Not even the
the highest
highest of
the holy
holy angels
save others.
of the
angels
could
Christ,
the
Creator,
sins. Only
the
could atone
atone for
for our sins.
Creator,
Only Christ,
the one and only
could make aa substitutionsubstitutionthe
God-man, could
only God-man,
ary
atonement
for
men's
transgressions.
this
for
men's
atonement
transgressions. And this
ary
and
for
Christ
perfectly,
once
for
all,
Christ did completely,
all, on
completely, perfectly,
Golgotha.
Golgotha.
It
is our
our primary
to
It is
concern that
that all
all men shall
shall come to
primary concern
aa knowledge
knowledge of
through Jesus
Jesus
full salvation
in and through
of full
salvation in
Christ.
Just how God finally
disposes of
Christ. Just
of sin,
sin, although
finally disposes
although
an interesting
interesting subject
to contemplate,
is something
subject to
contemplate, is
something we
slain)
slain,
THE SCAPEGOAT
401
can safely
the infinite
justice and mercy
of
can
leave to
to the
infinite justice
safely leave
mercy of
It is
is evidently
revealed in
in part
part in
in the
the typical
typical transGod. It
transevidently revealed
action
the scapegoat.
But
our
fundamental
concern
of the
action of
fundamental
concern
our
scapegoat.
is that
that all
all who will
respond shall
will respond
is
full
shall come under the
the full
atoning
provisions
of
the
shed
blood
of
]
esus
Christ
our
of
Christ
the
shed
of Jesus
atoning provisions
Lord.
Lord.
Tfie Investigative Judgment in

'fhe
m the
the Setting
Investigative judgment
Setting
the Arminian Concept
of
of the Armiman
Concept
QUESTION
QUESTION
36
Since
Adventists
Since Seventh-day
to
the principles
principles of
of the Arminian,
Arminian,
to the
the Calvinist,
position concerning
the
Calmnisty position
concerning
will,
way does this
this affect
affect
in what way
will, in
standing of
judgment?
of the judgment?
standing
hold largely
largely
rather than
rather
the human
the
your underyour
PART ONE
the Judgment
Man's Free Will and the
Judgment
divergent views
views classified
classified under "Calvinism"
"Calvinism"
The divergent
have toots
that reach
reach aa long
way
and "Arminianism"
roots that
"Arminianism'' have
long way
back in
in church history-as
back as
as Augustine.
Augustine.
far back
back
history as far
Through
theologians have
the subsequent
centuries theologians
Through the
subsequent centuries
ranged
themselves
on
one
side
or
the
other. But these
or
other.
these
themselves
side
the
ranged
in
theological
concepts
came
to
head-on
collision
in
Holcollision
Holtheological concepts
land
in the
the early
years
of
the
seventeenth
century,
the
land in
of
century,
early years
the Calvinist
Calvinist teaching
teaching of
of didiwhen Arminius attacked
attacked the
vine decrees
the human will.
vine
will.
decrees involving
involving the
I. Five-Point
Five-Point Outline
Calvinistic Predestination
Predestination
of Calvinistic
Outline of
I.
in Faith
In his
his 1537
Instruction in
Faith (Paul
1537 Instruction
(Paul T. Fuhrmann tr.,
tr., 1949,
p.
36),
John
Calvin
says:
Calvin
1949, p. 36), John
says:
For, the
the seed
the
seed of
of the
For,
fruit only
in those
those
fruit
only in
402
402
word of
of God takes
root and brings
brings forth
forth
takes root
whom the
Lord, by
by his
his eternal
election, has
the Lord,
eternal election,
has
THE INVESTIGATIVE JUDGMENT

JUDGMENT
403
to be children
predestined to
heirs of
the heavenly
heavenly kingdom.
kingdom. To
children and heirs
of the
predestined
all the others
aU
others (who
by the
counsel of
are rejected
rejected
the same counsel
of God are
(who by
before
the foundation of
of the
the
clear
evident
before the
the world)
the
clear
and
evident
world)
of truth
truth can be
but an
an odor
odor of
of death
unto
preaching of
be nothing
death unto
preaching
nothing but
death.
death.
John
Calvin was one of
of the
the most brilliant
brilliant personalipersonaliJohn Calvin
Reformers.
But his
his
the sixteenth-century
ties among
Reformers.
among the
sixteenth-century
teaching
on
predestination
the
subject
of
bitter
the
bitter
became
of
teaching
predestination
subject
in later
controversy
In 1610
the famous
famous Remonlater years.
1610 the
controversy in
years. In
strance
up, and presented
presented to
to the
the Statesstrance was drawn up,
StatesGeneral of
of Holland,
were outlined
vital
in which were
five vital
outlined five
Holland, in
in
points
in
Calvinistic
theology.
These
declared
Calvinistic
were
declared
points
theology.
time claiming
claiming to
to have
have found in
in
offensive, some at
at that
that time
offensive,
the Calvinistic
Calvinistic Catechism and the
Belgic
Confession
the Belgic Confession
certain
that appeared
theology.
certain points
points that
as somewhat new theology.
appeared as
These were set
set forth
forth as
as follows:
follows:
ties
1. That God
1.
(as
by an eternal
eternal
ordered by
(as some asserted)
asserted) had ordered
did
and irreversible
irreversible decree,
decree, some from among
among men (whom
(whom He did
not consider
created; much less
as fallen)
fallen) to
to everlasting
life;
consider as
not
as created;
less as
everlasting life;
and some (who
the greater
greater part)
part) to
to everlasting
everlasting perfar the
(who were by
by far
perdition without
without any
to their
their obedience
obedience or
or disobedience,
disobedience,
dition
any regard
regard to
in order
in
to exert
both His justice
justice and mercy;
mercy; having
having so
so disposed
order to
exert both
disposed
the
means, that
that those
those whom He had appointed
appointed to
to salvation
salvation
the means,
should be necessarily
necessarily and unavoidably
unavoidably saved,
saved, and the
the rest
rest necesnecesunavoidably damned.
sarily and unavoidably
sarily
2. That God (as
taught) had considered
considered mankind not
not
others taught)
2.
(as others
as liable
liable
only as
as created
but as
in Adam,
consequently as
as fallen
fallen in
created but
Adam, and consequently
only
deterto the
fall and destruction
to
the curse;
destruction He had detercurse; from which fall
mined to
to release
release some,
to save
as instances
instances of
of His mercy;
save them as
some, and to
mercy;
and to
to leave
the Covenant,
the
leave others,
children of
of the
even children
Covenant, under the
others, even
to belief
curse as
as examples
justice, without
without any
regard to
belief or
or
of His justice,
curse
any regard
examples of
of means whereby
unbelief. To which end God also
also made use
use of
whereby the
unbelief.
elect were
were necessarily
necessarily saved
the reprobate
reprobate were necessarily
necessarily
saved and the
elect
damned.
3.
Christ the
the Saviour of
of the World
3. That,
That, consequently,
consequently, Jesus
Jesus Christ
elected accorddid not
not die
but only
only for
accordfor those
those who were elected
all men,
did
die for
for all
men, but
ing
to the
the first
first or
second manner.
or second
ing to
404
QUESTIONS
4. That therefore
4.
therefore the
the Spirit
Christ wrought
wrought in
the
in the
of God and Christ
Spirit of
by an irresistible
to make them believe
believe and
in order
irresistible force
force in
order to
by
be saved,
but that
that necessary
necessary and sufficient
not given
to
be
sufficient grace
saved, but
grace was not
given to
the reprobate.
the
reprobate.
5. That they
they who had once
once received
a true
true faith
faith could
could never
never
received a
5.
wholly or
HARRISON, The Beginnings
Beginnings of
of
lose it
A. W. HARRISON,
lose
it wholly
or finaIly.-A.
finally.
Arminianism (1926),
150.
149, 150.
(1926), pp.
pp. 149,
This position,
position, however,
however, was not
not original
original with
with CalCalF. Wigvin. A thousand
thousand years
years earlier,
according to
to G.
G. F.
vin.
earlier, according
Wiggers,
Augustine
expressed
the
same
idea:
idea:
the
gers, Augustine expressed
elect
elect
Augustine
the ecclesiastical
ecclesiastical system
into the
several
introduced into
system several
Augustine introduced
Amongst them were
were irresistible
views entirely
entirely new.
new. . .. Amongst
irresistible grace,
views
grace,
the limitation
limitation of
redemption by
by
ahsolute
fore-ordination and the
of redemption
absolute fore-ordination
Historical Presentation
Presentation of
of Augustinism
Augustinism
Christ to
the elect.-An
An Historical
elect.
Christ
to the
.
and Pelagianism,
Pelagianism, p.
p. 368.
368.
II. Arminianism's
Arminianism's Rebuttal in
in Five
Five Counterpoints
Counterpoints
II.
In opposing
opposing these
his associates
In
associates
these views
views Arminius and his
up aa rebuttal
rebuttal which
which was presented
presented in
five counterin five
counterdrew up
epitome of
of what was
points. These later
later became the
the epitome
points.
as Arminianism. These were as
as follows:
follows:
known as
1.
by an eternal
unchangeable decree
1. That God,
decree in
in
eternal and unchangeable
God, by
Christ
before the
world was,
was, determined
to elect
the fallen
the world
determined to
elect from the
fallen
Christ before
and sinning
sinning human race
race to
everlasting life
life those
those who through
to everlasting
through
His grace
believe in
Jesus Christ
Christ and persevere
persevere in
in faith
faith and
in Jesus
His
grace believe
obedience; and,
the contrary,
resolved to
to reject
reject the
unthe unobedience;
and, on the
contrary, had resolved
unbelievers to
(John
iii,
36).
converted
damnation
converted and unbelievers
to everlasting
iii,
everlasting
36).
(John
2.
That, in
this, Christ
Christ the
the Saviour
in consequence
Saviour of
2. That,
of this,
the
of the
consequence of
man,
so
that
obtained,
by
the
world died
died for
world
for all
all and every
that
He
the
so
obtained,
man,
by
every
sin for
death
the cross,
reconciliation and pardon
pardon for
for sin
all
death on the
for all
cross, reconciliation
in such
such manner,
manner, however,
however, that
that none but
but the
the faithful
men; in
faithful
men;
1 John ii,
2).
actually enjoyed
the same (John
iii, 16;
16; 1
actually
enjoyed the
John ii, 2).
(John iii,
faith of
himself or
by
3.
3. That man could
not obta:""J.
could not
obta n saving
of himself
or by
saving faith
the strength
his own free
will, but stood
in need of
of God's
the
of his
free will,
stood in
God's grace
strength of
grace
in thought
thought and will
will (John
through
to be
be renewed in
Christ to
xv, 5).
through Christ
(John xv,
5).
4. That this
this grace
the cause
cause of
the beginning,
beginning, progress
4.
of the
grace was the
progress
and completion
that none could
could
man's salvation;
of man's
salvation; insomuch that
completion of
nor persevere
persevere in
this co-operating
believe nor
believe
in faith
faith without
without this
grace,
co-operating grace,
:

JUDGMENT
405
405
and consequently
that all
good works
works must
must be
be ascribed
the
all good
ascribed to
to the
consequently that
in Christ.
of God in
Christ. As to
to the
the operation
of that
that
grace of
the manner of
of the
grace
operation of
it is
grace, however,
however, it
not irresistible
irresistible (Acts
vii, 51).
is not
grace,
(Acts vii,
51).
5.
5. That true
true believers
believers had sufficient
through the
the
sufficient strength
strength through
Divine
Divine grace
grace to
to fight
sin, the
the world,
world, their
their own
Satan, sin,
fight against
against Satan,
flesh, and get
the victory
victory over
but whether
whether by
by negligence
negligence
over them;
flesh,
them; but
get the
not apostatize
the true
true Faith,
the happiness
happiness
they
lose the
Faith, lose
might not
they might
apostatize from the
of
of aa good
conscience and forfeit
that grace
grace needed
needed to
be more
forfeit that
to be
good conscience
to Holy
Holy Writ
Writ before
before they
protully inquired
into according
fully
inquired into
according to
they proit.
ceeded
ceeded to
to teach
teach it.-HARRISON,
op. cit.,
pp. 150,
151.
HARRISON, op.
150, 151.
cit., pp.
This controversy,
which became active
with
This
with
active
controversy,
in 1603,
Arminius in
reached its
the Synod
in the
of
its height
1603, reached
height in
Synod of
in 1618
Dort in
far-reaching results.
Dort
1618 and 1619,
results.
1619, and had far-reaching
only did
the Dutch church
feel its
effects, but
the
Not only
did the
its effects,
church feel
but the
German, Swiss,
English, and French sections
sections of
of
Swiss, Scotch,
German,
Scotch, English,
the
participated in,
were didithe Christian
Christian church all
all participated
or were
in, or
vided by,
by, this
then, Arminianism
vided
this controversy.
Since then,
controversy. Since
has become an expression
for
theological
concepts that
that
has
for
expression
theological concepts
are the
the opposite
opposite of
However, the
the followers
of Calvinism.
Calvinism. However,
followers
are
of
Arminius went further
further in
in their
declarations than
than did
their declarations
of Arminius
Arminius himself.
In fact,
he would be
be surprised,
himself. In
Arminius
fact, he
surprised,
even
could
he
read
the
theological
the
he
could
read
even shocked,
shocked,
theological interpreinterpreas
tations
been classified
classified as
since been
of some who have since
tations of
referArminian. And the
the same principle
principle holds
holds with
with referArminian.
ence
to the
the followers
Calvin. Present-day
Calvinism
followers of
of Calvin.
ence to
Present-day Calvinism
seems
to
be
more
modified
even
than
is
Arminianism.
is
than
Arminianism.
modified
even
to
be
seems
CalThe Seventh-day
Adventist Church is
neither Calis neither
in
vinist
nor totally
Arminian
in
theology.
Recognizing
vinist nor
theology. Recognizing
totally
assimilate
the
have endeavored to
to assimilate
of each,
virtues of
the virtues
each, we have
of the
the
clear
that
which
to
us
appears
to
be
the
clear
teaching
the
be
that which to us appears to
teaching of
\\lord
believe John
of God.
God. While we believe
Word of
John Calvin was one
we do not
of the
of
the
Protestant
Reformers,
not
Protestant
the
of
the greatest
Reformers,
of
greatest
etershare
his view
view that
predestinated to
to eter"are predestinated
that some men "are
share his
his
nal death
without any
of their
their own,
own, merely
merely by
demerit of
nal
death without
by his
any demerit
QUESTIONS
406
sovereign
will" (CALVIN,
Institutes, bk.
bk. 3,
23, par.
par. 2).
ch. 23,
3, ch.
sovereign will"
(CALVIN, Institutes,
2).
that men "are
Or that
not all
with aa similar
"are not
similar destiny;
all created
created with
destiny;
but eternal
some, and eternal
but
for some,
eternal life
life is
is fore-ordained
fore-ordained for
eternal
damnation for
bk.
3,
ch.
21,
par.
damnation
bk.
for others"
others" (ibid.,
ch.
3,
21,
(ibid.,
par. 5).
5).
the contrary,
believe that
that salvation
salvation is
is availavailOn the
contrary, we believe
able
to any
and
all
of
the
race,
for
able to
human
all
members
of
the
for
race,
any
"God so
world, that
that he gave
gave his
his only
begotten
loved the
so loved
the world,
only begotten
in him should
Son,
that whosoever
believeth in
not perpershould not
whosoever believeth
Son, that
life" (John
ish, but
but have
have everlasting
16). We
\Ve rejoice
rejoice
ish,
everlasting life"
3:16).
(John 3:
the foundation
with
the apostle
that "before
with the
"before the
foundation of
of
apostle Paul that
the world"
world" (Eph.
1:4)
had
purposed
to
to
the
God
meet
purposed
(Eph. 1:4)
man's need,
need, should
he sin.
This "eternal
purpose" ininsin. This
man's
"eternal purpose"
should he
volved the
of God in
in Christ,
the sinless
incarnation of
sinless
volved
the incarnation
Christ, the
life
all-atoning death
of Christ,
Christ, His
resurrection
life and all-atoning
His resurrection
death of
from the
dead, and His
His priestly
priestly ministry
ministry in
in heaven,
the dead,
heaven,
in the
the great
the
which ministry
ministry will
will climax
of the
climax in
scenes of
which
great scenes
judgment.
judgment.
Our teaching
teaching on the
the subject
of the
the judgment
judgment is,
is, we
subject of
logical and inevitable
feel,
the logical
inevitable
is the
feel, entirely
entirely scriptural,
scriptural, and is
conclusion of
concept. We are
are persuaded
persuaded
of our free-will
free-will concept.
conclusion
that
as individuals
individuals we each
held accountable
accountable to
to
are held
that as
each are
God.
all stand
before
stand before
shall all
God, The apostle
Paul says:
says: "We shall
apostle Paul
the judgment
judgment seat
For it
it is
is written,
written, As II live,
live,
the
seat of
of Christ.
Christ. For
and
every
saith
knee
shall
to
me,
knee
shall
bow
to
saith the
the Lord,
me,
Lord, every
every
every
tongue shall
to God. So then
then everyone
us
of us
shall confess
confess to
every one of
tongue
shall
give account
himself to
to God" (Rom.
(Rom. 14:
10shall give
of himself
14:10account of
12).
12).
HI.
III.
Human Race Lost

Lost Through
Through Adam's Sin
race. "By
the whole human race.
Adam's sin
sin involved
involved the
"By
one man sin
sin entered
world, and death
death by
by sin,"
the world,
into the
entered into
sin,"
declares
the apostle
12). The expresdeclares the
(Rom. 5:
5:12).
expresapostle Paul (Rom.

JUDGMENT
407
407
sion
sin" shows
that he
he is
is referring,
referring, not
not
sion "by
shows clearly
"by sin"
clearly that
to
but rather
to the
the sinful
to actual
actual individual
naindividual sins,
rather to
sinful nasins, but
ture
that we all
die"
all inherited
ture that
all die"
inherited from
from Adam. "In
"In Adam all
(1
Cor. 15:22).
Because of
of Adam's sin,
sin, "death
passed
"death passed
(1 Cor.
15:22). Because
all
upon
all
(Rom.
5:
12).
men"
upon
(Rom. 5:12).
It
was to
to meet man in
in his
his need,
to save
the race
race
It was
save the
need, and to
from eternal
eternal death,
death, that
inthat the
Eternal Word became inthe Eternal
in
among men,
men, then
then died
carnate. Christ
Christ lived
carnate.
lived as
died in
as a
a man among
man's stead.
death of
of our
our Lord is
is
man's
stead. The substitutionary
substitutionary death
the
heart of
gospel. When by
by faith
faith we receive
the gospel.
receive
the very
of the
very heart
Him, then
then His death becomes
becomes our
death-"If
died
"If one died
our death
Him,
for
all, then
then were all
Cor.
5:14).
all dead"
for all,
dead" (2
Cor.
(2
5:14). The
Scriptures
reveal that
as was
was the
the effect
effect
that as
as far-reaching
far-reaching as
Scriptures reveal
free
of Adam's sin,
just so
is
the
effect
of
free
is
the
effect
of
so far-reaching
of
sin, just
far-reaching
grace.
grace.
Scripture
by the
of one judgment
judgment
the offence
offence of
says, "As by
Scripture says,
so by
came upon
upon all
to condemnation;
the
all men to
condemnation; even so
by the
free
the
righteousness
of
one
[Jesus
Christ]
the
free
gift
came
of
gift
righteousness
[Jesus Christ]
upon all
all men unto
unto justification
justification of
life" (Rom.
18).
of life"
(Rom. 5:
5:18).
upon
But
if we would
would "reign
life" (verse
in life"
But if
(verse 17),
17), we must
"reign in
the
accept
that
"gift
of
righteousness."
the apostle
And
of
that
apostle
righteousness."
"gift
accept
let
John
quotes
the
as
saying,
"Whosoever
will,
let
the
as
Lord
will,
saying,
John quotes
The
life
him take
take the
the water
of
life
freely"
(Rev.
22:
17).
of
water
freely" (Rev. 22:17).
is
life
only
way
can
take
of
that
life is
is to
to take
take Him who is
that
take
of
we
can
way
only
that God
the
A uthor of
is the
the record,
record, that
this is
life. "And this
of life.
the Author
life is
is in
hath given
given to
to us
life, and this
this life
in his
his
eternal life,
us eternal
hath
hath
that
and
he
Son.
that hath
hath life;
life;
that
the Son hath
hath the
Son. He that
life" (1
not
hath not
not life"
] ohn 5:
11, 12).
of God hath
5:11,
the Son
Son of
not the
12).
(I John
to
is
available
This gift
of
life,
understand,
is
available
to
all,
yet
we
all,
of
This
understand,
life,
yet
gift
those
that
only
those
who
lay
hold
upon
that
gift-those
who
hold
gift
upon
lay
only those
life.
have
accept
the
divine
provision-have
eternal
life.
divine
the
provision
accept
sinful nature.
inherited aa sinful
nature.
From Adam we all
have inherited
all have
From
408
QUESTIONS
We all
are "by
wrath" (Eph.
all are
children of
of wrath"
the children
nature the
"by nature
(Eph.
2:3).
Jews or
are "all
or Gentiles,
"all
be Jews
Gentiles, we are
2:3). Whether we be
under sin."
none that
that seeketh
seeketh after
after God
God..
sin/' "There is
is none
. . . There
There is
that doeth
good, no,
no, not
not one" (Rom.
doeth good,
is none that
(Rom.
3:9,
11,
12).
Consequently
all
are
"guilty
before God"
all
are
3:9, 11, 12). Consequently
"guilty before
(verse
But if
accept God's
free gift
will only
God's free
if men will
only accept
gift
(verse 19).
19).
matter
how
of righteousness,
then
matter
far
they
have
far
have
then
no
of
they
righteousness,
drifted from
from God,
deeply they
they have
have become
or how deeply
drifted
God, or
imbedded in
can still
be justified,
justified, for
for Christ's
still be
Christ's
In sin,
sin, they
they can
righteousness, if
is accounted
theirs. Such
as theirs.
accounted as
if accepted,
righteousness,
accepted, is
of
is the
the matchless
matchless grace
of
God.
is
grace
the justification
justification that
that is
in
ours in
of the
is ours
When Paul
Paul speaks
speaks of
his
Christ,
he says,
are "justified
freely
by
his
that we are
first, that
Christ, he
by
freely
says, first,
"justified
grace" (Rom.
the source.
source. Next,
Next, he
is the
for grace
grace is
3:24), for
grace"
(Rom. 3:24),
says
that
are
"justified
by
faith"
(Rom.
1), for
faith"
for
that
we
are
5:1),
says
(Rom. 5:
"justified by
faith
is the
the method.
method. Then he climaxes
climaxes all
all by
faith is
saying
by saying
that
are "justified
by
his
blood"
(verse
9),
for
his
blood"
that we are
(verse 9), for
"justified by
is the
the means.
adds
another
quality,
deblood is
deadds
another
means. James
blood
James
quality,
claring that
works aa man is
is justified,
justified, and not
not by
by
that "by
claring
"by works
are the
faith
2:24). But works
works are
the evidence,
faith only"
evidence,
only" (James
(James 2:24).
not
the means,
means, of
justification. All
these vital
vital factors
All of
of these
factors
of justification.
not the
combined, operate
in
the
life
of
the
believer,
all
in
the
the
and
all
life
of
who
believer,
combined,
operate
will may
may enter
enter into
glorious experience.
experience.
will
this glorious
into this
.
IV.
for Our Redemption
Provisions for
IV. The Provisions
Redemption
believe the
teaches that
that no man need
need
We believe
the Bible
Bible teaches
ever
be lost
lost because
of Adam's failure,
failure, for
for through
because of
ever be
through
Christ's
redemptive work provision
provision has
has been made for
Christ's redemptive
for
all
to accept
accept of
of God by
by which they
they can
all to
of the
the grace
can be
grace of
delivered
reinstated into
the family
of
sin and reinstated
into the
delivered from sin
family of
heaven. When the
the apostle
apostle John
John wrote
wrote about
about Christ
heaven.
Christ
Jesus being
being "the
propitiation for
for our sins,"
sins," that
that is,
"the propitiation
the
is, the
Jesus

JUDGMENT
409
409
that reconwas made that

was
reconor propitiation,
ciling
propitiation, was
was not
not for
for our
our sins
sins
atonement, or
ciling atonement,
also for
for the
only but also
the sins
of the
the whole
whole world
world (1
John
sins of
only
(1 John
sins
sins of believers,
believers, the
the declaration
declaration
2:2).
2:2).
The tragic
tragic fact,
is that
that not
not all
all will
will accept
fact, however,
however, is
accept
that
sacrifice and receive
that sacrifice
life. Jesus
receive eternal
eternal life.
"Ye
said, "Ye
Jesus said,
come to
to me,
that ye
ye might
might have
have life"
life" (John
me, that
(John
In
His
5:40).
yearning
often
said, "How often
5:40).
yearning appeal
appeal He said,
would II have gathered
together ... and
thy children
children together
gathered thy
ye would not" (Matt.
later Stephen
ye
(Matt. 23:37).
23:37). And later
Stephen
will
will not
not
charged
those Pharisees
with being
being stiff-necked
stiff-necked and
Pharisees with
charged those
always resisting
resisting the
Holy Ghost (Acts
7:51). Thus on
the Holy
always
(Acts 7:51).
Biblical testimony
Biblical
testimony we conclude
conclude they
were
not comthey were not
to
resist
the
pelled
to
resist
the
Spirit;
they
chose
to
resist.
We agree
chose
to
resist.
pelled
Spirit; they
agree
with Arminius who said:
with
said:
5. All
5.
All unregenerate
unregenerate persons
persons have
freedom of
will, and aa capahave freedom
of will,
caparejecting the
the proffered
proffered grace
grace
Holy Spirit,
of rejecting
Holy
Spirit, of
of
God, of
of despising
the counsel
of God against
themselves, of
of
of God,
counsel of
despising the
against themselves,
refusing
to accept
grace, and of
of not
not opening
opening to
to Him
the gospel
of grace,
refusing to
accept the
gospel of
who knocks
these things
things they
they can
at the
knocks at
the door of
can
of the
the heart;
heart; and these
reproactually
do, without
without any
the elect
the reprodifference of
of the
elect and the
any difference
actually do,
The Writings
bate.-The
James Arminius
Arminius (Baker,
(Baker, 1956),
vol. 2,
2,
bate.
of James
Writings of
1956), vol.
p. 497.
497.
p.
bility of
of resisting
resisting the
the
bility
Peter, speaking
the long-suffering
long-suffering of
of
The apostle
of the
apostle Peter,
speaking of
that any
our Lord,
Lord, declared
that He is
is "not
willing that
our
declared that
"not willing
any
should
perish, but
but that
that all
all should
should come to
to repentance"
repentance"
should perish,
the
(2
Peter 3:
9). That message
is not
not confined
confined to the
message is
(2 Peter
3:9).
just as
real in
in the
the Old Testament.
Testament.
it is
as real
is just
New Testament;
Testament; it
"As II live,
live, saith
the Lord God,
have no pleasure
pleasure in
saith the
God, II have
the
wicked; but that
the wicked
wicked turn from
that the
the wicked;
of the
the death
death of
when the
his way
way and live"
(Eze.
33:
11).
But
the wicked
live*'
his
(Eze. 33:11).
his wicked
man repents
repents and turns
wicked way,
way, by
by that
that
turns from his
himself
God
very
act
he
becomes
a
son
of
and
places
himself
a
son
of
he
becomes
places
very act
QUESTIONS
410
410
where the
the Spirit
Spirit of
of God can
can lead
lead him to
to do the
the will
will of
of
where
many as
as are
are led
led by
by the
the Spirit
Spirit of
of God,
God, they
they are
are
God. "As many
the sons
sons of
of
the
(Rom. 8:14).
8: 14).
God" (Rom.
It is important
important that
that we learn
learn "what the
the will
will of
of the
the
Lord is"
is" (Eph.
(Eph. 5:17).
5: 17). Writing
Writing to
to the
the Thessalonians
Thessalonians
Paul said,
said, "This
"This is
IS the
the will
will of
of God,
God, even your
your sanctifisanctifiPaul
(1 Thess.
Thess. 4:3).
4:3). The gospel
gospel of
of Christ
Christ is
is good
good
cation" (1
cation"
who
is
can
take
a
lost
soul,
is
news,
telling
a
one
lost
God
can
take
how
soul,
news, telling
His enemy
enemy by
by nature,
nature, and after
after forgiving
forgiving his
his sin
sin can
can so
so
His
change his
his life
life that
that not
not only
only will
will he be
be cleansed
cleansed from
change
every
defilement,
but
through
growth
in grace
grace he
but
defilement,
through growth in
every
will be
be conformed
conformed to
to the
the image
image of
of his
his Lord.
Lord.
will
It is
v.
Divine Grace Both Justifies

Justifies and Sanctifies
Sanctifies
V. Divine
first work of
grace is
is justification.
justification. The contincontinof grace
The first
uing
work
of
grace
in
the
life
is
sanctification.
in
the
life
is
sanctification. Some
of grace
uing
way of
rejoice in
in the
the thought
thought
the way
who start
of God and rejoice
start on the
fail to
of being
being justified,
justified, fail
appropriate the
the indwelling
indwelling
to appropriate
of
sanctified.
power of
of Christ
Christ by
they can
can be
be sanctified.
by which alone they
power
last they
result is
they are
unworthy. That
at last
The result
is that
that at
are found unworthy.
is
yourselves, whether
the apostle
is why
said, "Examine yourselves,
why the
apostle said,
ye
be
in
the
faith;
prove
your
own
selves.
Know ye
in
the
selves.
faith;
ye not
ye
prove your
your
own
selves,
how
that
Jesus
Christ
is
in
you,
except
that
is
in
Christ
selves,
you, except
your
Jesus
ye
be reprobates?"
Cor. 13:5).
said, "Not every
every
ye be
(2 Cor.
13:5). Jesus
Jesus said,
reprobates?" (2
one that
into
saith unto me,
shall enter into
that saith
me, Lord,
Lord, shall
Lord, Lord,
the
will
the
of
heaven;
but
he
that
doeth
the
will
of
that
the kingdom
of
heaven;
of
kingdom
my
Father
which
is
heaven"
(Matt.
7:21).
is in
in
my
(Matt. 7:21).
believer that
that he
of God is
is given
The grace
to the believer
given to
grace of
may
sin that
that does
aside every
the sin
does so
so
may lay
lay aside
every weight,
weight, and the
easily
beset
him,
and
run
with
patience
the
race
that
is
race
that
is
beset
the
him,
easily
patience
;et
12:
1).
The
power
of
the
Holy
set before
of
the
before him (Heb.
Holy
(Heb. 12:1).
power
Spirit
to experience
sin now,
enables him to
over sin
now,
victory over
Spirit enables
experience victory

JUDGMENT
411
4II
and to
to live
live aa life
consecrated to
to God.
God. "For the
life wholly
the
wholly consecrated
bringeth salvation
hath appeared
appeared to
to
grace
of God that
that bringeth
salvation hath
grace of
all men,
all
men, teaching
teaching us
that, denying
denying ungodliness
ungodliness and
us that,
worldly
live soberly,
righteously, and
should live
lusts, we should
worldly lusts,
soberly, righteously,
godly,
in
this
present
world"
(Titus
2: 11, 12).
By
in
this
world"
godly,
present
(Titus 2:11,
12). By
grace we are
are justified,
justified, and by
by that
grace we are
that same grace
are
grace
made "a
peculiar people,
people, zealous
zealous of
of good
good works"
works" (Titus
"a peculiar
(Titus
2:
14). And through
through the
of the
the Spirit
the indwelling
of God
2:14).
indwelling of
Spirit of
we are
are conformed to
to the
the image
image of
us
called us
of Him who called
light. Again
Again we quote
from darkness
darkness to
to His marvelous light.
quote
Arminius:
Arminius:
It is
is this
this grace
on the
the mind,
mind, the
the affections,
It
affections, and
grace which operates
operates on
the will;
which infuses
good thoughts
the mind,
mind, inspires
the
infuses good
into the
will; which
thoughts into
inspires
the affections,
bends the
the will
will to
to carry
into
good
desires into
into the
affections, and bends
good desires
carry into
execution good
good thoughts
good desires.
desires. ....
. . It
It averts
temptaexecution
averts temptathoughts and good
in the
the midst of
temptations, sustains
tions,
assists and grants
sustains
succor in
of temptations,
tions, assists
grants succor
man against
the flesh,
world and Satan,
in this
this great
the world
flesh, the
Satan, and in
against the
great
contest grants
grants to
of
the
victory
....
This
grace
the
contest
to man the
the enjoyment
of
victory.
grace
enjoyment
.
perfects and consummates

commences salvation,
salvation, promotes
it, and perfects
promotes it,
it.-The
James Arminius,
Arminius, vol.
2, pp.
pp. 472,
472, 473.
473.
it.
The Writings
vol. 2,
of James
Writings of
When Christ
heart of
of one
one who is
is aa
the heart
is living in
Christ is
living in the
evitrue citizen
citizen of
kingdom it
it will
be abundantly
abundantly eviwill be
true
God's kingdom
of God's
control of
~ill be
be under the
the control
of
dent, for
for every
act will
dent,
every word and act
His
of
what
the Holy
Holy Spirit.
is
the
expects of
the Lord expects
the
Spirit. This is
people, for
for "he that
in him ought
saith he abideth in
that saith
ought
people,
as he walked" (1
himself also
also so
to walk,
so to
himself
walk, even as
John
(1 John
2:6).
ye have therefore
therefore reresays, "As ye
great apostle
apostle says,
2:6). The great
so walk ye
the Lord,
Lord, so
ye in
in him" (Col.
ceived
Christ Jesus
ceived Christ
(Col.
Jesus the
2:6).
2:6).
in one
JJohn
ohn Wesley
Wesley expresses
tersely in
the thought
thought tersely
expresses the
of
his sermons:
sermons:
of his
By justification
justification we are
the guilt
of sin,
are saved
saved from the
sin, and
guilt of
By
we are
are saved
restored to
to the
God; by
by sanctification
sanctification
favour of
of God;
the favour
restored
QUESTIONS
412
the power
power and
and root
root of
of sin
sin and
and restored
restored to
to the
the Image
image of
of God.
God.
from the
f<
-Sermons:
Working Out Our Own Salvation."
Salvation."
Sermons: "On
On Working
Then, speaking
speaking of
of our
our love
love to
to God,
God, he
he says:
says:
Then,
That love
love increases
increases more and more,
more, till
till we "grow
"grow up
up in
in all
all
things
into
that
is
our
head";
till
"attain
tne
measure
of
tne
"attain
measure
of
till
we
our
into
that
is
him
head";
things
the stature
stature of
of the
the fulness
fulness of
of Christ."
Christ."-Ibid.
Ibid.
the
In fact,
fact, "growth
in grace,"
grace," in
in the
the understanding
understanding of
of
In
"growth in
Wesley,
was
not
merely
a
privilege
absolute
an
a
but
absolute
was
not
merely
Wesley,
privilege
prerequisite to
to the
the retention
retention of
of the
the "great
"great salvation."
salvation."
prerequisite
VI. Man,
Man, Once Saved,
Saved,
VI.
Turn Back
Rack to
to the
the World
Can Torn
shall be
endure th to
that endureth
to the
the end shall
Jesus said,
said, "He that
Jesus
13:
saved"
(Matt. 10:22;
see also
also Matt.
Matt. 24:13;
24: 13; Mark 13:
saved" (Matt.
10:22; see
the
is
a
of
Chris13).
only
is
there
to
a
beginning
of
the
Christhere
to
be
Not
only
beginning
13).
tian
tian
life, but there

there must be aa continuing
continuing in
in the
the word of
of
God.
God.
understand it,
it, two courses
to men:
are open
As we understand
courses are
open to
in well
(1)
"To
who
by
patient
continuance
in
well
them
by patient
(1)
doing
immortality" God
seek for
for glory
glory and honour and immortality"
doing seek
will grant
"eternal
life"
(Rom.
2:7),
will
of God"
life"
"eternal
gift of
grant
(Rom. 2:7), "the gift
(Rom.
6:23);
and
(2)
"unto
them
that
are
contentious,
that
are
contentious,
(Rom. 6:23);
(2)
and do not obey
unrighteousness,"
the truth,
truth, but obey
obey the
obey unrighteousness,"
God will
will mete out "indignation
(Rom.
"indignation and wrath" (Rom.
2:8).
2:8).
reSalvation
is freely offered
to all
all men,
Salvation is
men, but they
they refreely offered to
ceive
accepting
Christ
Jesus
as
Lord.
And
it only by
ceive it
Christ
as
only by accepting
Jesus
the
having
to know the
are to
received it,
to "follow
"follow on to
it, they
they are
having received
is frequently emphasized by
Lord" (Hosea
6:3).
This
is
(Hosea 6:3).
frequently emphasized by
as a
a
various
"if" texts
Christ as
various "if"
of the
the Bible.
texts of
Bible. Thus: "But Christ
son
son over
his own house;
over his
are we,
we, if
house; whose house are
if we hold
fast the
of the
the hope
the confidence
the rejoicing
confidence and the
fast
hope firm
rejoicing of
unto
the
end"
(Heb.
3:6);
"For
we
are
made
partakers
are
unto the
partakers
(Heb. 3:6);
life,
THE INVESTIGATIVE
INVESTIGATIVE JUDGMENT
JUDGMENT
413
413
of Christ,
we hold
hold the
of
the beginning
Christ, if
of our
our confidence
confidence
if we
beginning of
stedfast
unto
the end"
stedfast unto the
end" (verse
"Then said
said Jesus
(verse 14);
14); "Then
Jesus
to those Jews
to
ye
believed on him,
continue
him, If
Jews which believed
If ye continue
in my word,
are ye
word, then are
indeed** (John
ye my
my disciples
disciples indeed"
(John
8:31);
"If
ye
abide
in
me,
and
my
words
in
abide in
in you,
me,
8:31); "// ye
my words abide
you,
shall ask
ask what ye
ye
it shall
shall be
be done
done unto
unto you"
will, and it
ye shaH
ye will,
you"
(John
shall
"// ye
(John 15:7);
commandments, ye
15:7); "If
ye keep
keep my
my commandments,
ye shall
abide in my love;
my
Father's
as I1 have
have kept
love; even as
Father's
kept my
commandments, and abide
abide in
in his
his love"
love" (verse
(verse 10).
10).
It
seems
clear to
It
clear
to us,
that man,
once saved,
us, therefore,
therefore, that
man, once
saved,
to the
the world.
can turn back to
world.
If this
is not so,
this is
If
there are
are several
several scriptures
so, there
that
scriptures that
difficult to
to understand,
would be difficult
or
to
harmonize
with
understand, or to harmonize with
the general
of the
the
the Bible.
Bible.
general teaching
teaching of
is the
text: "But II keep
Thus there
there is
the text:
keep under
under my
my body,
body,
it into
into subjection:
and bring
bring it
lest
that
by
any
means,
lest
that
subjection:
by any means,
when II have preached
preached to
to others,
others, II myself
myself should
should be
be aa
Cor. 9:27).
castaway" (1
"castaw~y," in
in this
this text,
text,
castaway"
(1 Cor.
9:27). The "castaway,"
is
is from the
the Greek adokimos,
adokimos which
which is
is rendered
rendered "re"re(Reb.
6:8),
"reprobate"'*'
(2
Cor.
13:5,
6;
jected"
and
Cor.
13:5, 6;
jected" (Heb. 6:8),
"reprobate"* (2
Rom. 1:28)..
1:28).
J
*Some
*Sorne maintain
maintain that
that this
this simply
simply means
means "disapproved,"
"disapproved," or
or "put
"put aside,"
aside, U as
as one
one
ho has
who
has served a useful
useful purpose
purpose in
in God's
God's cause
cause but
but who now is
is a "castaway,"
"castaway,"
beinE put to one side; and that this does not involve his standing as a child of God.
Other renderings of the Greek, however, seem to us to maKe such an interpretation impossible. Adokimos is rendered "reprobate" no less than six times. And
the
the context
context in
in each
each instance
instance is
is such
such that
that it
it could
could not
not apply
apply to
to aa true
true child
child of
of God.
God.
Note:
Note:
Rom.
"God
1:2&
them
Rom. 1 : 28-"God gave
gave them over
over to
to aa reprobate
reprobate mind"
mind"-a
reference to
to men
men
a reference
abandoned
abandoned to
to iniquity.
ini,\uity.
22 Cor.
Cor. 13:5
13:5- 'Jesus
'Jesus Christ
Christ is
is in
in you,
you, except
except ye
ye be
be reprobate";
reprobate"; also
also verses
verses 6Ii and
and
77-which
which cannot
cannot refer
refer to
to aa born-again
born-again Christian,
Christian, for
for he
he is
is not
not in
in the
the faith,
faith, Christ
Christ
is
is not
not in
in him,
him, but
but he
he isis living
living in
in sin.
sin.
22 Tim.
"Men of
Tim. 3:8
3: 8-"Men
of corrupt
corrupt minds,
minds, reprobate
reprobate concerning
concerning the
the faith"
faith" (here
(here are
are
men
the truth,
truth, men
men who
who are
are corrupt)
corrupt).
men who
who resist
resist the
Titus
"Unto every
Titus 1:16
1:16-"Unto
every good
good work
work reprobate."
reprobate." Can
Can this
this refer
refer to
to aa Christian
Christian bebe
liever?
liever? Note
Note that
that such
such aa one
one denies
denies God,
God, isis abominable,
abominable, disobedient,
disobedient. deceived,
deceived, and
and
against every
every good
~good work.
work.
against
Matthew
Henry well
well remarks
remarks on
on Romans
Romans 1:28:
1 :28:
Matthew Henry
w
" "Here
"Here he
he [Paul]
[Paull subjoins
subjoins aa black
black list
list of
of those
those unbecoming
unbecoming things
things which
which the
the GenGentiles
up to
to aa reprobate
reprobate mind.
mind. No
No wickedness
wickedness so
so
tiles were
were guilty
guilty of,
of, being
being delivered
delivered up
so
to
the
of
heinous,
so
contrary
to
the
light
of
nature,
to
the
law
of
nations\
and
to
all
the
the
to
law
of
contrary
heinous,
light
nature,
nations, and to all the
interests
interests of
of mankind,
mankind, but
but aa reprobate
reprobate mind
mind will
will comply
comply with
with it."
it.'
.
,.
414
414
QUESTIONS
Matthew
Henry comments on 1I Corinthians
Mattheiv Henry
Corinthians 9:27:
9:27:
A preacher
preacher of
it. He may
may shew others
others
miss it,
of salvation
salvation may
may yet
yet miss
never get
get thither
thither himself.
himself. To prevent
prevent this,
way to
to heaven,
heaven, and never
this,
way
Paul
so much pains
in subduing
keeping under
under bodily
Paul took
took so
bodily
subduing and keeping
pains in
inclinations,
by any
he himself,
lest by
to
himself, who had preached
inclinations, lest
any means he
preached to
others,
yet miss
miss the
crown, be
be disapproved
rejected by
by
the crown,
should yet
others, should
disapproved and rejected
fear of
of himself
himself was necessary
necessary to
to preprehis sovereign
sovereign Judge.
his
holy fear
Judge. A holy
and
much
serve
the fidelity
fidelity of
necessary
is
more
how
serve the
of an
an apostle;
necessary is
apostle;
fear of
it
preservation! Note,
Note, Holy
Holy fear
ourselves, and not
of ourselves,
to our
it to
our preservation!
not
presumptuous confidence,
is the
the best
best security
confidence, is
against apostacy
security against
apostacy
presumptuous
from God,
by him.
him.
final rejection
from
God, and final
rejection by
the
the
is Hebrews
Another text
be considered
that must be
considered is
text that
10:28,
29: "He that
Moses' law died
died without
without
that despised
10:28, 29:
despised Moses'
mercy
under
two
or
three
witnesses:
of
much
how
under
two
or
three
witnesses:
of
mercy
sorer
punishment, suppose
ye,
shall
be
thought
shall
he
be
sorer punishment,
thought
suppose ye,
worthy,
foot the
the Son of
of God,
God,
worthy, who hath trodden under foot
hath counted the
of the
the covenant,
covenant, wherewhereand hath
the blood
blood of
was sanctified,
an unholy
unholy thing,
thing, and hath
hath done
with he
he was
with
sanctified, an
despite
unto
the
Spirit
of
grace?"
unto
the
of
Spirit
grace?"
despite
this, Dean Henry
Henry Alford
properly comments:
comments:
On this,
Alford properly
There is
for sins:
a man,
man, having
having
sins: if
if a
is but
sacrifice for
but One true
true sacrifice
There
availed
himself of
then deliberately
it behind
behind him,
casts it
that One,
availed himself
of that
One, then
him,
deliberately casts
is no second
second left
will be
be observed
that one thing
there
It will
left for,
observed that
for< him. It
there is
thing
the text.
is not,
not be,
be, specified
in the
text. That he has
has exexis
not, and need not
specified in
hausted the
the virtue
virtue of
Sacrifice, is
not said:
said: but
but in
in proporthe One Sacrifice,
is not
hausted
of the
proporit ceased
to operate
him.
tion to
his willing
willing rejection
of it,
has it
ceased to
tion
to his
for him.
it, has
rejection of
operate for
has in
the door
behind him,
him, by
the
shut the
in fact
fact ... shut
door of
of repentance
He has
by the
repentance behind
state of
being in
of willing
willing sin.
this
very fact
of his
his being
in an abiding
sin. And this
fact of
very
abiding state
is still
brought out
the scene
out when ... the
is
scene of
of action
action is
is
still more forcibly
forcibly brought
the Lord's
of the
transferred
to the
the great
coming, and he is
Lord's coming,
transferred to
is
great day
day of
The Greek Testastate irreparably.-The
found in
in that
that impenitent
found
Testairreparably.
impenitent state
ment (1875),
p. 707.
707.
(1875), p.
.
One more text-Ezekiel

that
Ezekiel 18:20-24:
text
18:20-24: "The soul
soul that
sinneth,
it shall
shall not
not bear
bear the
the iniquity
shall die.
die. The son
son shall
sinneth, it
iniquity
of the
the father,
the father
father bear
bear the
the iniquity
shall the
neither shall
of
father, neither
iniquity
of
the son:
the righteousness
righteousness of
of the
the righteous
righteous shall
shall be
of the
son: the
be

JUDGMENT
415
415
upon
him, and the
wickedness of
the wicked
wicked shall
the wickedness
shall be
of the
be
upon him,
upon
him.
But
if
the
wicked
will
turn
from
aU
his
sins
him.
if
the
will turn
all his sins
upon
that
he hath
hath committed,
keep all
all my
my statutes,
that he
committed, and keep
statutes, and
do that
he shall
shall surely
that which is
is lawful
lawful and right,
live,
surely live,
right, he
he shall
not die.
transgressions that
that he
he hath
hath
shall not
he
die. All
All his
his transgressions
committed, they
they shall
not be
be mentioned unto
unto him: in
in
shall not
committed,
his righteousness
his
righteousness that
that he
he hath
he shall
shall live.
live. Have
hath done he
II any
pleasure at
that the
should die?
at all
all that
die? saith
the wicked should
saith
any pleasure
the
the Lord God: and not
not that
return from his
that he should
should return
his
ways, and live?
turneth away
live? But when the
the righteous
ways,
away
righteous turneth
from his
his righteousness,
righteousness, and committed!
committeth iniquity,
iniquity, and
doeth according
to
all
the
abominations
that
the wicked
wicked
doeth
to
all
the
that
abominations
the
according
man doeth,
doeth, shall
he live?
his righteousness
righteousness that
that he
he
shall he
live? All
All his
hath done shall
be mentioned:
mentioned: in
in his
his trespass
trespass that
hath
shall not
not be
that
he hath
hath trespassed,
trespassed, and in
in his
that he
he hath
hath sinned,
his sin
sin that
sinned,
in them shall
he die."
in
shall he
die."
these verses,
In these
are brought
brought to
to view.
view. The
verses, two men are
turns from
one, aa wicked
wicked man who turns
from his
his sin
becomes
sin and becomes
one,
obedient
to God. He is
if
he
walks
in
the
if
in the
obedient to
is forgiven;
and
he
walks
forgiven;
will
way
of
righteousness,
none
of
his
sins
will
ever
of
of
his
former
sins
ever
way
righteousness,
be mentioned
mentioned unto
unto him.
other, aa righteous
righteous man
him. The other,
be
the path
of righteousness,
righteousness, and goes
goes
turns from the
who turns
path of
in iniquity,
iniquity, none of
his
back into
into sin.
sin. If
continues in
of his
If he continues
back
of
will
previous
manifestations
of
goodness
will
ever
be
ever
menmanifestations
goodness
previous
tioned.
blessings of
all the
the blessings
of salvation
salvation and
forfeits all
tioned. He forfeits
goes down intQ
24).
into death (verse
(verse 24).
goes
Dr.
A. Redpath
(The
Westminster
CommentarDr. H. A.
Redpath (The
ies,
Eze.
18:24),
says:
Eze.
on
ies,
18:24), says:
count: he
All his
his [the
righteous'] previous
previous goodness
goodness will
will not
not count:
Ail
[the righteous*]
shall
die in
in his
have escaped
the defile
defilesins: . . . "if,
after they
his sins:
shall die
"if, after
they have
escaped the
the knowledge
the world
world through
of the
the Lord and
ments
ments of
of the
knowledge of
through the
Saviour
Jesus Christ,
again entangled
therein and overover
are again
Saviour Jesus
Christ, they
entangled therein
they are
come,
the last
last state
is become worse
than the
the first."
first."
worse . . . than
state is
come, the
.
416
416
QUESTIONS
VII.
Christians Counseled to
VII. Christians
to
Make Their Election

Election Sure
Sore
The apostle
apostle Peter,
a possibility
possibility of
of
Peter, evidently
evidently sensing
sensing a
the Christian
life,
writes
to
those
who
had
failure
writes
to
failure in
in the
those
Christian life,
been "purged"
"old sins,"
urging them to
to
their "old
been
sins," urging
"purged'* from their
give
diligence
to
make
their
calling
their
and
election
sure
to
election
sure
give diligence
calling
(2
this, by
by divine
grace, they
divine grace,
Peter 1:9,
can
1:9, 10).
they can
(2 Peter
10). And this,
do.
He
says,
"Add
to
your
faith
virtue;
and
to
virtue
to
faith
to virtue
do.
virtue;
your
says,
knowledge; and to
to knowledge
knowledge temperance;
temperance; and to
to temtemknowledge;
perance
patience;
and
to
patience
godliness;
and
to
godto
to
patience godliness;
godperance patience;
to
liness
brotherly kindness;
and
to
brotherly
kindness
liness brotherly
kindness
kindness;
brotherly
charity" (verses
if ye
'Tor if
says: "For
5-7). Then he says:
charity"
ye do
(verses 5-7).
for
these things,
things, ye
shall
never
fall:
for
so
entrance
shall
so
shall
never
fall:
an
entrance
shall
these
ye
be ministered
unto you
you abundantly
into
the
everlasting
into
the
ministered unto
be
abundantly
everlasting
kingdom of
of our Lord and Saviour Jesus
Christ" (verses
kingdom
(verses
Jesus Christ"
10,
Therefore, we believe
believe that
that to
to make our
our entrance
1
entrance
10, 11).
1). Therefore,
into
by the
the inthe everlasting
into the
insure, we must by
kingdom sure,
everlasting kingdom
in
dwelling
of
Christ
grow
in
grace
and
Christian
virtues.
Christ
Christian
of
virtues.
grace
grow
dwelling
He closes
closes his
his letter
a warning,
warning, reminding
reminding them
letter with a
that some unlearned
unstable were
were wresting
wresting the
the
unlearned and unstable
that
Scriptures
destruction (2
Peter 3:
16).
to their
their own destruction
Scriptures to
(2 Peter
3:16).
lest
"Beware
lest
ye
also,
being
led
away
with
led
Then he says,
with
also,
ye
says,
being
away
the error
error of
the wicked,
wicked, fall
your own stedfastness.
fall from your
the
of the
stedfastness.
But grow
knowledge of
of our Lord
in grace,
in the
the knowledge
grace, and in
grow in
and Saviour
Saviour Jesus
Christ" (verses
17, 18).
(verses 17,
Jesus Christ"
18).
Paul sets
the same principle
principle in
his epistles,
forth the
in his
sets forth
epistles,
although
it
is
in
different
language.
tells us
us
it
is stated
stated
in
different
language. He tells
although
the whole armor of
to
to put
put on the
to
fight
the
good
to
of God;
the
God;
fight
good
fight
faith; to
to watch
watch unto prayer;
prayer; to
to search
of faith;
search the
the
fight of
Scriptures
diligently;
to
flee
temptation
and
turn
flee
from
to
turn
Scriptures diligently;
temptation
away
as citizens
citizens of
kingof God's
God's kingaway from ungodliness;
ungodliness; and as
dom to
yield ourselves
the control
control of
the
King
that
to yield
ourselves to
to the
of the King that

JUDGMENT
417
417
might live
of His
kingdom. To
we might
live out the
the principles
His kingdom.
principles of
any of
of these
these things,
things, even the
the least
least of
of them,
them, we need
need
do any
the enabling
enabling
the
power
indwelling Spirit.
of the
the indwelling
power of
doing
Spirit. But doing
right, complying
complying with God's commandments,
commandments, meeting
meeting
right,
any or
or all
have mentioned,
mentioned, has
has
all of
of the
the conditions
conditions we have
any
can it
it ever
ever preserve
preserve aa saint.
never saved
never
saved a
a soul-nor
soul nor can
saint.
Salvation
proceeds wholly
is aa gift
Salvation proceeds
from God,
God, and is
wholly ftom
gift from
God received
received by
by faith.
Yet having
accepted
faith. Yet
that gift
having accepted that
gift
of
grace,
and
with
Christ
dwelling
in
his
heart,
the
of grace,
with Christ dwelling in his heart, the
believer lives
lives aa life
of victory
victory over
over sin.
sin. By
By the
the grace
believer
life of
of
grace of
in the
God he
he walks
walks in
the path
path of
of righteousness.
righteousness.
rejoice that
that we receive
receive salvation
While Adventists
Adventists rejoice
salvation
by
grace,
and
grace
alone,
also
rejoice
that
by that
that
we
also
that
by grace,
grace alone,
by
rejoice
same grace
grace we obtain present
over our sins,
as
sins, as
victory over
present victory
sinful nature.
well as
over our sinful
nature. And through
through that
that same
as over
well
grace
are enabled to
to endure unto the
the end and be
grace we are
presented
"faultless
before
the
presence
of his
his glory
glory
"faultless
the
before
presence of
presented
with
exceeding joy"
joy" (Jude
(Jude 24).
with exceeding
24).
judgment scene
of heaven will
will clearly
scene of
The great
great judgment
clearly
in grace
growing in
reveal those
those who have been growing
reveal
grace and
developing
procharacters. Some who have proChristlike characters.
developing Christlike
fessed
be God's
but
have
disregarded
who
but
have
God's people,
to be
fessed to
disregarded
people,
to the
the Lord,
Lord, "Have
His
counsel, will
in amazement say
will in
His counsel,
say to
not prophesied
prophesied in
thy name? and in
in thy
thy name have
have
in thy
we not
in thy
out devils?
devils? and in
thy name done many
many wonderful
cast
cast out
will be brief
works?"
to such will
brief but emphatic:
works?" His reply
reply to
emphatic:
"I
never knew you:
you: depart
from
me,
ye that
that work iniqiniq"I never
me,
ye
depart
have
uity"
(Matt.
7:22,
23).
Since
they
proved
themthemthey
proved
uity" (Matt. 7:22, 23).
unworthy of
kingdom, the
the Lord in
in His jusjusselves
of His kingdom,
selves unworthy
tice can
can do nothing
else
but
reject
them.
They
could
them.
else
could
tice
They
reject
nothing
chose their
have done
done the
will of
their own
the will
have
of God but they
they chose
willful
way.
willful way.
14
i4
QUESTIONS
418
418
VIII. Christian
Christian Believer's
Believer's Relation
Relation to
to the
the
VIII.
Judgment
Judgment
real born-again
born-again Christian,
Christian, whose life
life is
is now
A real
directed
directed
controlled by
by the
the Holy
Holy Spirit,
Spirit, who walks
walks
and controlled
Lord"
(Col.
1:
10),
is
in
a
unique
rela"worthy
of
the
is
in
a
the
Lord"
unique rela(Col. 1:10),
"worthy of
tionship to
to Christ,
Christ, his
his Lord and Master.
Master. He is
is "in
"in
tionship
Christ" (2
(2 Cor.
Cor. 5:17),
5: 17), and Christ
Christ dwells
dwells in
in him (Col.
(Col.
Christ"
1:27).
'
1:27).
This is
is aa seeming
seeming paradox,
paradox, yet
yet the
the figures
figures are
are beautibeautiThis
fully
true.
Even
nature
provides
illustrations
of
this
illustrations
of
nature provides
this
fully true.
wonderful, soul-satisfying
soul-satisfying truth.
truth. When aa sponge
sponge is
is imimwonderful,
mersed in
in water,
water, it
becomes aa question
question as
as to
to whether
whether
it becomes
mersed
the water
water is
is in
the sponge,
or the
the sponge
sponge in
in the
the water.
water.
in the
the
sponge, or
Both conditions
conditions exist.
exist. In
In like
like manner,
manner, if
if we are
are sursurBoth
rendered to
to God,
God, and Christ
Christ is
is dwelling
dwelling within
within the
the
rendered
heart,
the
experience
of
the
apostle
Paul
can
be
oursthe
ours
the
of
heart,
apostle
experience
"I
yet not
liveth in
in me" (Gal.
Christ liveth
"I live;
not I,
I, but Christ
live; yet
(Gal 2:20).
2:20).
Christ
having taken
taken our guilt
borne
the
punishand
borne
the
Christ having
guilt
punishment of
over
sin has
has no more dominion over
of our iniquities,
iniquities, sin
"in him/'
is our security.
us-provided
him." He is
us provided we remain "in
security.
And as
as
this
attitude
of
submission
is
attitude
submission
is maintained,
as
this
of
as long
maintained,
long
there
that can detach
the soul
detach the
earth that
soul
there is
is no power
power on earth
the believer
from Christ.
pluck the
believer out of
of the
the
Christ. No man can pluck
10:28).
Saviour's
hands (John
Saviour's hands
(John 10:28).
But does
that the
the Christian
will not come
this mean that
Christian will
does this
at all?
all? Some believe
believe this,
into
judgment at
base
into judgment
this, and they
they base
this
text
their
on
John
5:24.
In
this
text-"Verily,
their concept
5:24.
John
"Verily,
concept
that heareth my
verily,
word, and
you, He that
my word,
say unto you,
verily, II say
believeth
that sent
sent me,
believeth on him that
me, hath everlasting
life, and
everlasting life,
shall
into condemnation;
is passed from
shall not come into
condemnation; but is
passed
death
life"
the Greek word for
for "condemnation"
death unto life"-the
"condemnation"
is usually
is
is krisis
It is
is
krisiSj and is
usually rendered "judgment."
"judgment." It
J

therefore
therefore
419
419
felt by
by many
many Christian
scholars that
that the
the
Christian scholars
proper understanding
understanding of
not
of this
verse is
is " . . . shall
shall not
this verse
proper
into judgment."
judgment."
come into
It
is true
true that
the Greek krisis
krisis is
renIt is
that the
is more often
often renin the
the Bible
the
word
"judgment"
than
by
dered in
dered
Bible by
than
the
by any
any
by
"judgment"
other
expression. And it
quite often
often in
reference
other expression.
it is
is used
used quite
in reference
the "day
to
judgment." However,
this is
not absolute,
to the
of judgment."
is not
absolute,
However, this
"day of
for krisis
krisis does
for
meaning. For
For inindoes have other
other shades
of meaning.
shades of
it
stance,
it
is
rendered
"accusation"
(Jude
9;
2
Peter
2:
is
rendered
"accusation"
Peter
2:
stance,
(Jude 9; 2
II)
23:33; Mark 3:29;
3:29; John
11) and "damnation" (Matt.
(Matt. 23:33;
John
It is
5:29).
is also
also rendered
rendered "condemnation" in
in John
John 5:
5:
5:29). It
also in
in John
24,
3:
19
and
James
5:
12.
So
while
"judg3:19
while
5:12.
24, also
John
James
"judgment" is
is the
the prevailing
is the
the concept
concept of
there is
of
idea, there
prevailing idea,
"accusation"
judgment session,
at such
"accusation" made at
such a
a judgment
session, and
hence of
the individual's
being under "condemnation"
individual's being
of the
because of
of the
the sentence
the judgment;
judgment; and still
sentence of
of the
because
still
further,
of
"damnation,"
the
punishment
meted
out
to
out to
further, of "damnation," the punishment
the offender.
offender.
the
It
consequently
understanding that
the
It is
is
our understanding
that the
consequently our
thought
in
John
5:24
is
best
rendered
by
the
word
in
is
best
rendered
the
5:24
thought
by
John
in the
the sense
"condemnation" in
in which the
the same Greek
sense in
krisis is
rendered in
in John
John 3:19:
3: 19: "And this
is
is rendered
word krisis
this is
the condemnation)
light is
is come";
come"; and in
that light
in James
the
condemnation, that
James
5:12:
... lest
the
fall into
"...
lest ye
into condemnation." Even the
5:12: "
ye fall
R.S.V., which renders
renders krisis
krisis as
as "judgment"
in several
several
R.S.V.,
"judgment" in
it "condemnation" in
of
the texts
renders it
James
texts cited,
in James
of the
cited, renders
5:
12. The Christian
believer, being
being in
in Christ,
Christ, is
not
is not
Christian believer,
5:12.
under the
the condemnation either
either of
of the
the law
law or
or of
of sin,
sin,
for
if he
he is
is fully
to God,
God, the
the righteousness
righteousness
for if
fully surrendered to
of
our blessed
blessed Lord covers
whatever lack
there might
might
covers whatever
lack there
of our
child of
be in
in his
his life.
of God,
God, with
with his
his title
title clear
to
life. The child
clear to
be
entertain
no
fear
heaven,
fear of
judgment day.
of any
heaven, need entertain
any judgment
day.
felt
(t
420
420
QUESTIONS
Abiding in
in Christ,
Christ, with
with Jesus
Jesus as
as his
his Advocate,
Advocate, and
Abiding
utterly given
given over
over and dedicated
dedicated to
to his
his Lord,
Lord, he knows
utterly
that there
there is
is "no
"no condemnation
condemnation [Greek,
[Greek, katakrima]
katakrima] to
to
that
which are
are in
in Christ
Christ Jesus"
Jesus" (Rom.
(Rom. 8:1).
8: 1).
them which
IX. Investigative
Judgment as
as Part
Part of
of the
the Program
Program of
of
IX.
God
it seems to
to
us abundantly
abundantly clear
clear that
that the
the acceptance
acceptance of
of Christ
Christ at
at
us
conversion does
does not
not seal
seal aa person's
person's destiny.
destiny. His
His life
life
conversion
record after
after conversion
conversion is
is also
also important.
important. A man may
may
record
go back
back on
on his
his repentance,
repentance, or
or by
by careless
careless inattention
inattention
go
Nor
can
it
let slip
slip the
the very
very life
has espoused.
can
it be
be said
said
let
life he has
espoused.
that aa man's
man's record
record is
is closed
closed when he
he comes to
to the
the
that
end of
of his
his days.
is responsible
responsible for
for his
his influence
influence
days. He is
during
life,
is
just
as
surely
responsible
for
his evil
as
for
his
evil
and
is
life,
surely
responsible
during
just
influence after
after he
he is
quote the
the words
words of
is dead.
dead. To quote
of the
the
influence
poet,
"The
evil
that
men
do
lives
after
them,"
leaving
after
a
evil
that
do
lives
them," leaving a
poet,
trail of
of sin
to the
account. In
In order
be
the account.
to be
order to
sin to
to be
be charged
trail
charged to
would
need
just,
it
that
God
to
take
all
take
to
all
it would seem that
just,
these
judgment.
in the
the judgment.
account in
into account
these things
things into
a
That there
should
be
a
judgment
is not strange;
there
judgment is
strange;
eternal purpose
it as
as part
of the
the eternal
the
part of
purpose of
reveal it
the Scriptures
of
Scriptures reveal
God (Acts
17:31),
and
all
His
ways
are
just.
God
all
are
Were
ways
just.
(Acts 17:31),
alone
be no need of
there would be
of an investiinvestialone concerned,
concerned, there
judgment, for
gation
of men in
in this
this judgment,
life records
records of
of the
the life
for
gation of
is
omniscient.
as
God,
He
is
omniscient.
He
eternal Sovereign
as our eternal
God,
Sovereign
knows the
the beginning.
the end from the
before the
the
beginning. Even before
creation
of
the
world
He
knew
man
would
sin
and
sin
of
the
creation
a Saviour.
Saviour. Moreover,
that
as Sovereign
that he would need a
Moreover, as
Sovereign
God,
who
will
accept
and
who will
will
also knows just
will
God, He also
just
accept
reject
His
"great
salvation"
(Heb.
2:3).
salvation"
(Heb. 2:3).
"great
reject
If
alone were concerned,
there would certainly
If God alone
concerned, there
certainly
In view
view of
of the
the principles
principles here
here set
set forth,
forth,
In
it
THE INVESTIGATIVE
JUDGMENT
421
421
be no
no need
need of
of records.
be
records. But
But that
that the
the inhabitants
inhabitants of
the
of the
whole
whole universe,
the good
and evil
universe, the
evil angels,
all who
who
good and
angels, and all
lived on
have ever lived
on this
this earth
earth might
understand His
His
might understand
the
life
history
of
every
ind.ividual
love and His justice,
the
life
of
individual
justice,
every
history
who has ever lived
lived on the
the earth
earth has
has been
been recorded,
recorded,
and in
in the
the judgment
these records
records will
will be
be disclosed
disclosed
judgment these
for every
will be judged
-for
according
to
what is
is
to
every man will
judged according
in "the
"the books" of
revealed in
7:
10;
Rev.
of record
record (Dan.
Rev.
(Dan. 7:10;
20:
1.2).
20:12).
God's love and justice
have been challenged
Sajustice have
by Sachallenged by
his hosts.
hosts. The arch
tan and his
deceiver and enemy
of
all
archdeceiver
all
of
enemy
has
made
it
appear
that
God
is
unjust.
righteousness
has
it
that
is
righteousness
appear
unjust.
Therefore in infinite
infinite wisdom God has
has determined
determined to
to
resolve every
this by
by making
resolve
forever. He does
does this
every doubt forever.
making
bare
entire universe
bare before the entire
the full
full story
of sin,
universe the
sin,
story of
its
its inception
inception and its
history. It
then be
be apparent
its history.
It will
will then
apparent
why He as
as the
the God of
of love
love and of
of justice
justice must ultimately
ultimately
why
impenitent, who have
have allied
allied themselves
themselves with
with
reject the
the impenitent,
reject
the
the forces
forces of
of rebellion.
rebellion.
Just what these
these "books"
"books" are
are like,
like, we do not
not know.
know.
Just
That has
has not been revealed.
revealed. But
But the
the Scriptures
Scriptures make it
it
plain that
that whatever
whatever the
the nature
nature of
of these
these records,
records, they
they
plain
play aa vital
vital role
role in
in the
the judgment
judgment scene.
scene. Moreover,
Moreover, it
it
play
is
is only
only those
those who have overcome by
by the
the blood
blood of
of the
the
Lamb whose names are
are retained
retained in
in the
the Lamb's
Lamb's book
book
of
of life.
life.
Ellen
White, in
in one
one of
of our
our standard
standard books,
books, has
has
Ellen G.
G. White,
it
this
phrased
it
tbis
way:
phrased
way:
There
There must
must be
be an
an examination
examination of
of the
the books
books of
of record
record to
to
determine
determine who,
who, through
through repentance
repentance of
of sin
sin and
and faith
faith in
in Christ,
Christ,
are
are entitled
entitled to
to the
the benefits
benefits of
of His
His atonement.
atonement. The
The cleansing
cleansing of
of the
the
sanctuary therefore
therefore involves
involves aa work
work of
of investigation
investigation-a
work of
of
a work
sanctuary
judgment. This
This work
work must
must be
be performed
performed prior
prior to
to the
the coming
coming of
of
judgment.
422
422
QUESTIONS
Christ
Christ to
to
redeem His
His people;
people; for
for when He comes,
His reward
redeem
reward is
is
comes, His
to give
to
every
man
according
to
his
works.-The
Him to
his
to
works.
to
The
according
give
every
Great
422.
Great Controversy,
Controversy, p.
p. 422.
with
with
It
our understanding
understanding that
that Christ,
as High
High Priest,
It is
is our
Christ, as
Priest,
concludes His
in heaven
heaven in aa work
His intercessory
concludes
intercessory ministry
ministry in
begins His
His great
great work of
of judgment
judgment in
in
of judgment.
judgment. He begins
of
the investigative
phase. At the
the conclusion
of the
the investiconclusion of
the
investiinvestigative phase.
gation,
the sentence
judgment is
is pronounced.
pronounced. Then
sentence of
of judgment
gation, the
as judge
judge Christ
execute) or
or carry
carry into
into effect,
to execute,
as
Christ descends
descends to
effect,
in
the
that sentence.
nothing
For sublime
sublime grandeur,
in
sentence. For
the
that
grandeur, nothing
prophetic word can
the description
with the
can compare
of
compare with
description of
prophetic
He
descends
the
skies,
not
as
a
priest,
but
as
our Lord
Lord as
as
a
but
our
the
not
descends
as
as
skies,
priest,
King of
of kings
kings and Lord of
with Him are
all
of lords.
lords. And with
are all
King
the
angels of
the dead,
dead, and that
that
the angels
of heaven.
heaven. He commands the
great
unnumbered
host
of
those
that
are
asleep
of
that
in
host
those
are asleep in
great
Christ
immortality. At the
the same
same time
into immortality.
time
Christ spring
forth into
spring forth
those among
among the
the living
living who are
God's children
are
children are
those
are truly
truly God's
caught
up
together
with
the
redeemed
of
all
ages
of all ages to
to
caught up together with the
to be
be forever
forever with
with the
the
meet their
their Saviour
in the
Saviour in
the air,
air, and to
Lord.
Lord,
When God's
sentence of
of judgment
judgment is
final sentence
is consumGod's final
will
Moses
mated,
the
redeemed
will
be
singing
the
song
the
be
the
of Moses
mated,
singing
song of
and the
the Lamb,
Lamb, saying,
marvellous are
and
"Great and marvellous
are thy
thy
saying, "Great
true are
thy ways,
works,
just and true
are thy
works, Lord God Almighty;
Almighty; just
ways,
shall not
fear thee,
thou King
not fear
thee, 0O Lord,
thou
of saints.
saints. Who shall
Lord,
King of
art holy:
holy: for
glorify thy
thy name? for
only art
and glorify
all
for thou
thou only
for all
nations
worship before
before thee;
thee; for
thy
shall come and worship
nations shall
for thy
judgments
are
manifest"
(Rev.
15:3,
4).
are
made
manifest"
judgments
(Rev. 15:3, 4).
in

JUDGMENT
423
423
PART TWO
The Investigative
in Prophecy,
Prophecy, Type,
Judgment In
Type,
and Bible
Bible Principle
Principle
As we have
have suggested
in Part
Part One,
One, Seventh-day
Seventh-day
suggested in
Adventists
believe
that
at
the
second
coming of
Adventists believe that at the second coming
of Christ
Christ
the eternal
eternal destiny
have been
been irrevocably
irrevocably
the
will have
of all
all men will
destiny of
fixed by
fixed
by the
the decisions
judgment. Such aa
a court
decisions of
of a
court of
of judgment.
are
judgment
obviously
would
take
place
while men are
take
judgment obviously
place while
still
the earth.
be quite
quite unaware
still living
earth. Men might
living on the
might be
is going
of
on
in
heaven.
It
is
hardly
to be supof what is
in
It
heaven.
is
going
hardly to
supthat
God
would
fail
to
of
such
an
posed
that
fail
warn
men
such an
to
of
posed
impending judgment
judgment and its
Adits results.
results. Seventh-day
Seventh-day Adimpending
ventists
believe prophecy
does
foretell
such
a
judgment,
ventists believe
a
does
foretell
such
prophecy
judgment,
and indeed
the very
time at
which it
was
indeed points
out the
at which
it was
very time
points out
to
begin. In
prophecy
foretells
a
worldwide
to begin.
In addition,
a
foretells
worldwide
addition, prophecy
preached to
to every
nation on earth,
earth, warnwarnmessage
to be preached
message to
every nation
that
this
judgment
has
come.
ing
that
this
has
come.
ing
judgment
I.
the Judgment
I. The Prophecies of
Judgment
Prophecies of the
1.
HEAVEN.-A
judgIN HEAVEN.
of judg1. COURT CONVENES IN
A work of
Daniel:
the
ment is
is graphically
described
by
the
prophet
Daniel:
described
by
graphically
prophet
"I
beheld till
till the
the thrones
cast down ["were
"I beheld
thrones were cast
["were
did
placed,"
R.S.V.],
and
the
Ancient
of
days
did
sit,
whose
Ancient
of
the
sit,
days
placed/' R.S.V.],
garment
was
white
as
snow,
the
hair
of
his
hair
his
head
and
of
was
as
the
white
snow,
garment
the
like
the
pure
wool:
his
throne
was
like
the
fiery
flame,
like
like the pure wool: his throne
fiery flame,
his wheels
wheels as
burning fire.
stream issued
issued and
fire. A fiery
and his
as burning
fiery stream
him: thousand
thousand thousands
thousands minbefore him:
came forth
forth from before
424
424
istered
istered
QUESTIONS
unto him,
him, and ten
ten thousand
thousand times
times ten
ten thousand
thousand
unto
was
stood
before
him:
the
judgment
set
["the
court
set
the judgment
stood before
["the court
sat in
in judgment/'
judgment," R.S.V.],
R.S.V.], and the
the books
books were
were opened.
opened .
sat
. . . II saw
saw in
in the
the night
night visions,
visions, and,
and, behold,
behold, one like
like the
the
...
Son of
of man came with
with the
the clouds
clouds of
of heaven,
heaven, and came
Son
to the
the Ancient
Ancient of
of days,
days, and they
they brought
brought him near
near bebeto
fore him*
him. And there
there was
was given
given him dominion,
dominion, and
fore
glory,
a
kingdom,
that
all
people,
nations, and
all
that
a
and
people, nations,
kingdom,
glory,
languages,
should
serve
him:
his
is an evereverhim:
his
is
dominion
serve
should
languages,
lasting dominion,
dominion, which shall
shall not
not pass
pass away"
away" (Dan.
(Dan. 7:
7:
lasting
9-14).
9-14).
of a larger
This scene
scene presented
presented to
to the
the prophet
prophet is
is part
part of
larger
This
vision
dealing
with
four
beasts.
These
are
interpreted
are
with
four
beasts.
vision dealing
interpreted
by an
an angel
angel to
to represent
represent four
consecutive kingdoms,
kingdoms,
four consecutive
by
or dominions,
dominions, that
that were to
to rule
rule the
the earth
earth until
until the
the God
or
of heaven
heaven sets
a
kingdom,
peopled
exclusively
with
a
sets up
of
up kingdom, peopled exclusively with
are
"These
great
beasts,
are
four,
His
saints.
which
are
His saints.
four, are
great beasts,
four
kings, which shall
of the
the earth.
earth. But the
the
shall arise
arise out
out of
four kings,
saints
the most
most High
High shall
take the
the kingdom"
kingdom" (verses
shall take
of the
saints of
(verses
the
17,
kingdoms parallel
parallel the
four world kingdoms
these four
Since these
17, 18).
18). Since
first
is
vision
of
Daniel
2,
where
the
first
kingdom
is
said
to
said to be
the
vision of Daniel 2,
kingdom
Babylon,
reach from the
the
of Daniel 7
this vision
vision of
7 must reach
Babylon, this
the
at
time
the prophet
to
the
second
coming
of
Christ,
at
to
of
time of
of the
Christ,
coming
prophet
which time
time the
kingdom
of
righteousness
of
the everlasting
righteousness
everlasting kingdom
the
will
for the
is important to
will be set
set up.
observe, for
up. This is
important to observe,
takes
the
judgment
pictured
in
verses
9-14
takes
place
before
the
in
verses
9-14
before
place
judgment pictured
the beast
its decisions
beast
end of
of time.
time. Some of
of its
decisions regarding
regarding the
affairs are
in progress,
are
are in
while world affairs
are executed
executed while
progress, and
the
the beast
beast under
of the
the dominion of
of the
the taking
taking away
away of
the
is a
a progressive
the control
of the
the little
little horn is
that
control of
progressive work that
continues
26).
the end" (verse
continues "unto the
(verse 26).
in the,
the prophecy
to place
Another statement in
helps to
place
prophecy helps

JUDGMENT
425
425
in its
its proper perspective. One of
judgment in
the
the judgment
of the
proper perspective.
acts of
judgment is
to the
acts
of judgment
is to
to give
"dothe "Son of
of man" "dogive to
minion,
glory, and aa kingdom,
kingdom, that
that all
all people,
people, nanaminion, and glory,
tions, and languages,
should
serve
(verses
13,
14).
serve
him"
tions,
13,
languages,
(verses
14).
This must take
take place
place before
the second
second coming
coming of
before the
of
Christ,
for when He comes to
this earth
for His
His saints,
to this
earth for
Christ, for
saints,
He comes crowned as
(Rev.
14:
14;
19:
14-16),
as King
in
14:14;
King (Rev.
19:14-16), in
all
all the
of
His
Father
the
holy
angels,
and
the glory
of
His
Father
and
the
glory
holy angels,
according to
picture of
scene, in
the Bible
to the
Bible picture
the scene,
in the
the book
of the
according
of
of Revelation,
Revelation, no rebellious
will then
then dare
rebellious sinner
sinner will
dare
His
dominion,
but
will
flee
in
terror
from
challenge
but
will
flee
in
terror
dominion,
challenge
His
His face
face (Rev.
15, 16).
6:15,
(Rev. 6:
16).
We agree
with
T.
Robinson ("Daniel,"
Preachwith
agree
("Daniel," The Preacher's
Homiletic Commentary),
that
the
judgment
er's Homiletic
the
that
here
Commentary),
judgment here
predicted precedes
precedes the
coming of
of Christ:
the second coming
Christ:
predicted
We have
have before
before us
us aa passage
passage of
of overwhelming
overwhelming grandeur
grandeur and
sublimity;
the description
a scene
of awful
solemnity. The paspasscene of
of a
awful solemnity.
sublimity; the
description of
of God,
God, with
with myriads
myriads of
sage
the judgment-seat
judgment-seat of
exhibits the
of attendattendsage exhibits
ant
infliction of
of pronounced
pronounced doom on aa large
large
ant angels,
the infliction
angels, and the
race. The judgment
judgment is
not indeed,
that
portion of
of the
the human race.
is not
like that
indeed, like
portion
... It
in
xx., the
the general
judgment....
is rather
rather the
the judgment
judgment
It is
in Rev.
Rev. xx.,
general judgment.
on the
the fourth
fourth beast,
with its
its ten
ten horns
horns or
or kingkingor Roman Empire,
on
beast, or
Empire, with
Horn," whose
whose pride,
doms, and more especially
the "Little
"Little Horn/'
doms,
perpride, perespecially the
it.....
secution,
blasphemy are
occasion of
are the
the special
of it
...
secution, and blasphemy
special occasion
time of
the judgment.
judgment. As already
already observed.
this is
is not
not
The time
of the
observed, this
the general
judgment at
the termination
termination of
Christ's reign
of Christ's
at the
the
reign on
general judgment
earth,
or, as
as the
the phrase
phrase is
understood, the
the end of
of the
the
is commonly
earth, or,
commonly understood,
world. It
to be
be an invisible
judgment carried
invisible judgment
carried on
rather to
It appears
world.
appears rather
of its
within the
the veil
veil and revealed
its effects
effects and the
the execution
execution of
its
revealed by
within
by its
sentence.
As occasioned
the "great
the Little
Little Horn.
of the
occasioned by
sentence. As
Horn,
"great words" of
by the
and followed
followed by
the taking
taking away
away of
of his
his dominion,
dominion, it
it might
might seem
by the
to
already sat.
however, the
the sentence
is not
not yet
by any
sentence is
sat. As,
have already
to have
As, however,
yet by
any
139.
may be sitting
now.-Pages
means fully
fully executed,
it may
136, 139.
executed, it
sitting now.
Pages 136,
clue as
The prophecy
prophecy of
Daniel 77 contains another clue
as
of Daniel
In
harin
vision.
to the
judgment pictured
pictured in vision. In harthe judgment
of the
the time
time of
to
426
QUESTIONS
mony with
with aa long-held
position, SeventhProtestant position,
Seventhrnony
long-held Protestant
day Adventists
Adventists believe
believe that
the little
of verses
little horn of
that the
verses 8,
8,
day
24, and 25
symbol of
the Papacy,
has spoken
a symbol
of the
is a
25 is
24,
Papacy, which has
spoken
"great
words
against
the
High,"
and
has worn
most
the
has
words
High/'
"great
against
out "the
has thought
thought "to
the most High,"
out
"the saints
saints of
of the
"to
High/' and has
change
times and laws"
25). See
28,
See Question
laws" (verse
(verse 25).
Question 28,
change times
horn
to
be
p.
334.)
The
little
was
to
be
given
power
over
little
over
given
power
p. 334.)
time and times
times and the
the dividing
the saints
"a time
of
saints for
for "a
the
dividing of
of
domination
time" (verse
25).
This
period
of
has
long
has
time"
period
long
(verse 25).
been interpreted
has been
been placed
to be
be 1260
1260 years,
been
years, and has
interpreted to
placed
from 538
538 to
to 1798,
the terminal
point being
being marked by
terminal point
from
1798, the
by
the
the capture
of
the
pope
by
the
French
general
the
of
Berthier.
the
general Berthier.
pope by
capture
It
was just
just at
point in
in the
explanation that
that the
the
at this
the explanation
this point
It was
angel said,
judgment shall
shall sit,
sit, and they
shall
the judgment
said, "But the
they shall
angel
take away
his
dominion"
(verse
26).
Apparently
his
the
take
(verse 26). Apparently the
away
judgment
is
to
sit
while
the
of
the
little
horn
the
dominion
of
the
little
horn
is to
sit
while
judgment
is
being taken
taken away.
is being
away.
In the
2.
JUDGMENT.-In
GOD'S JUDGMENT.
the book
2. THE HOUR OF Goo's
of Revelation
Revelation is
clue to
a New Testament clue
to the
the
is found a
of
"I
time
of the
the investigative
judgment.
"I
another
angel
saw
another
time of
investigative judgment.
angel
fly in
midst of
heaven, having
having the
the everlasting
everlasting gospel
of heaven,
in the
the midst
fly
gospel
to
preach unto them that
that dwell
the earth,
earth, and to
to
dwell on the
to preach
every
nation,
and
kindred,
tongue,
and
people,
sayand
nation,
kindred,
every
tongue,
people, saying
voice, Fear
Fear God,
God, and give
give glory
glory to
to him;
a loud voice,
him;
ing with a
for
the hour of
his judgment
judgment is
is come: and worship him
for the
of his
worship
that
the sea,
that made heaven,
the
earth, and the
heaven, and earth,
sea, and the
fountains of
These
fountains
waters" (Rev.
14:6,
7).
verses
of waters*'
two
verses
(Rev. 14:6, 7).
are part
are
part of
of a vision
vision presented
to the
the apostle
in
presented to
apostle John,
John, in
which he
he sees
sees three
three angels
with
consecutive
messages
with
consecutive
angels
messages
for men.
for
These messages,
messages, we believe,
believe, are
to be
be proclaimed
proclaimed
are to
by
messengers under
under God's
to warn the
God's direction
direction to
the
by human messengers
THE INVESTIGATIVE
JUDGM~NT
JUDGMENT
427
world of
final cataclysmic
events and to
to prepare
prepare men
of final
cataclysmic events
to
to meet Christ
Christ in
three angels'
angels' messages
in glory.
messages
glory. The three
immediately
the
second
coming,
as
described
the
described
second
as
immediately precede
precede
coming,
in verse
in
the same chapler.
verse 14
14 of
of the
chapter.
Again we have
have the
the description
a judgment
judgment taktakof a
Again
description of
ing
place before
before the
the second
But there
there
second coming
of Christ.
Christ. But
ing place
coming of
is another
another interesting
feature
here
also.
This
judgis
feature
This
here
also.
interesting
judgment is
is described
described in
the phrase
phrase "the
in the
of his
his
"the hour of
[God's]
judgment."
In
several
texts
in
the
TestaIn
in
New
Testaseveral
texts
the
[God's] judgment."
ment we find
the expression
judgment"
find the
"the day
of judgment"
expression "the
day of
(Matt.
12:36;
2
Peter
2:9;
3:7;
I
John
4:17),
Peter
2
1
12:36;
2:9;
3:7;
nearly
(Matt.
John 4:17), nearly
always
with
the
implication
that
it
is
the time
time of
with
the
that
it
the
of punishis
always
implication
punishment for
for sin.
sin. The apostle
Peter equates
equates "the
of
"the day
day of
apostle Peter
judgment and perdition
perdition of
of ungodly
ungodly men" (2
Peter
judgment
(2 Peter
3:7)
with "the
Lord ... in
in the
the which
which the
"the day
of the
the Lord
the
day of
3:7) with
heavens shall
pass away
with
a
great
noise,
and
the
eleshall pass
heavens
with
a
the
eleaway
great noise,
ments shall
melt with fervent
the earth
shall melt
fervent heat,
earth also
also and
heat, the
the works
works that
that are
therein shall
be burned up"
up" (verse
are therein
shall be
the
(verse
10).
understanding the
the "hour of
of ... judgjudgin our understanding
10). But in
different. Here is
is aa message
message stating
stating that
is different.
that "the
"the
ment" is
hour of
his judgment
judgment is
is come,"
it is
is being
being proproof his
hour
come," and it
claimed
while the
nations and kindreds
kindreds are
are here
the nations
here on
claimed while
earth
to receive
receive it.
are two other
other messages
messages to
it. There are
to
earth to
their
follow,
calling
men
to
abandon
their
connection
with
connection
with
to
follow, calling
apostasy,
symbolized by
by Babylon,
Babylon, and warning
warning them
apostasy, symbolized
a
to
a
of
against
receiving
a
mark
of
allegiance
to
a God-opposGod-opposallegiance
against receiving
a
it
beast.
us
ing
power
symbolized
by
a
beast.
To
us
it
seems inining power symbolized by
to
controvertible
that the judgment
judgment to take
take place
place during
controvertible that
during
this
before Christ
glory,
Christ comes in
In glory,
is conducted
conducted before
"hour" is
this "hour"
earth.
still on earth.
and while
while men are
are still
and
judgment to
to take
before the
the second advent,
take place
A judgment
advent,
place before
and which
which is
to decide
the eternal
eternal destiny
of every
decide the
is to
and
destiny of
every
428
QUESTIONS
being, should
of supreme
to all
human being,
all
should be
be of
supreme concern to
there is
can do to
to influence
mankind. If
If there
is anything
influence
anything men can
that judgment,
judgment, certainly
certainly each
person
the
decisions of
each person
the decisions
of that
the judgment
judgment is
to sit
like to
is to
would like
sit and
to know when the
he can
can relate
himself to
in order
order to
to secure
it in
to it
secure a
a
how he
relate himself
his own case.
case. Seventh-day
Adfavorable decision
in his
favorable
decision in
Seventh-day Adventists believe
believe that
that the
time of
of the
the judgment
judgment is
is foretold
the time
foretold
ventists
in
prophecy, and that
that men may
be forewarned.
forewarned. We will
will
in prophecy,
may be
nature
of
the
investigative
judgment
after
discuss
the
nature
of
the
after
discuss the
dealing
with the
the time
time prophecy
prophecy that
that fixes
the date
of
date of
fixes the
dealing with
important event.
this important
this
event.
3. THE TIME OF THE JUDGMENT.-The
prophecy
3.
JUDGMENT. The prophecy
the
in
the Bible
Bible that
that reveals
reveals the
for the judgment
judgment is
is
the time for
in the
found
in Daniel
14: "He said
unto me,
me, Unto two
two
said unto
Daniel 8:
8:14:
found in
three hundred days;
days; then
then shall
thousand and three
shall the
the sancsanctuary
be
cleansed."
The
relation
of
the
cleansing
of
the
of
the
of
cleansed."
relation
the
be
cleansing
tuary
judgment will
will be disdissanctuary
to the
the investigative
sanctuary to
cussed in
will deal
in the
next section.
section. Here we will
deal only
cussed
the next
only
prophecy. In
In Questions
with the
the time
time feature
with
feature of
of the
the prophecy.
23
Questions 23
and 24
24 we have
have dealt
length with
with the
the various
various exat length
dealt at
exegetical
problems encountered in
in
interpretative problems
egetical and interpretative
Daniel
suffice
for
our
must
9. A short
short summary
suffice
Daniel 8
8 and 9.
for
our
summary
purposes here.
here.
purposes
The 2300-day
2300-day period
period of
Daniel 8:
14, is,
is, we believe,
believe,
of Daniel
8:14,
be interpreted
interpreted on the
the Bible
Bible principle
principle that
that aa "day"
to
to be
"day"
a
of
literal
in
in prophecy
time
in
prophecy represents
a
year
of
literal
time-in
other
other
year
represents
are
words,
that
the
2300
days
are
symbolic
time.
The
Biblithat
time.
the
Bibli2300
words,
symbolic
days
cal justification
is found in
cal
justification for
this procedure
procedure is
in Ezekiel
for this
Ezekiel
2300 days
to the
the cleans4:6 and Numbers 14:34.
4:6
14:34. The 2300
cleansdays to
the
sanctuary,
interpreted
as
years,
reach
from
ing'
of
of
the
as
reach
from
years,
ing
sanctuary, interpreted
to very
times.
In
Question
some ancient
modern
times.
In
ancient date
date to
very
Question
24 we have
have shown that
only satisfactory
Bible basis
the only
that the
24
basis
satisfactory Bible
429
429
for computing
yet
proposed for
this prophecy
prophecy is
is to
to start
start
yet proposed
computing this
the
as the
the seventy
the 2300
2300 year-days
year-days from the
the same date
date as
seventy
weeks of
of years
mentioned in
in Daniel
9. In
In that
that discusdiscusyears mentioned
Daniel 9.
sion we have shown that
the prophetic
specifications are
that the
are
met exactly
exactly when both
periods are
are started
started with
the
both periods
with the
decree issued
issued in
the seventh
year of
of Artaxerxes
Artaxerxes LonLonin the
seventh year
gimanus
put into
by Ezra
in the
the year
year 457
457 B.C.
B.C.
into effect
effect by
Ezra in
gimanus and put
Twenty-three
years
that
date
reaches
to
hundred
to
from
that
date
reaches
Twenty-three
years
the
year A.O.
A.D. 1844.
the year
1844.
Seventh-day
believe, therefore,
therefore, that
Adventists believe,
that some
important
event
in
God's
plans
was
scheduled
to
event
in
start
God's
scheduled
to start
important
plans
in the
the year
in
year I844-in
language
of
the
1844 in the
the symbolic
of
the
symbolic language
"the
sanctuary
[shall]
be
cleansed."
But
prophecy,
"the
cleansed."
prophecy,
sanctuary [shall]
it is
is proper to.-ask,
how, it
of the
the sancsancdoes the
the cleansing
how,
proper to- ask, does
cleansing of
that
tuary
denote
that
an
investigative
judgment
is
to
be
is
to
tuary
carried on in
in heaven?
carried
heaven? The answer
answer lies
part in
in an
in part
lies in
understanding
the typology
typology of
of the
the ancient
of the
ancient Jewish
understanding of
Jewish
sanctuary.
sanctuary.
II. Investigative
II.
Judgment in
Type and Symbol
Symbol
in Type
the wilderness
wilderness and the
the Temple
The sanctuary
of
in the
sanctuary in
Temple of
God's great
plan
later days
days were vivid
vivid object
lessons in
later
in God's
great plan
object lessons
the
of
for
the
race.
the
following
race.
of redemption
for
the
human
Note
following
redemption
features:
features:
1.
phases of
of ministry:
ministry: (a)
perthat per1. There were two phases
(a) that
formed in
the outer
court and in
in the
the holy
holy place
place every
every
in the
outer court
that
and
of
the
year
(Heb.
9:6),
(b)
that
performed
in
day
the
performed in
(&)
year (Heb, 9:6),
day of
each
the most holy
holy place
once
year
(verse
7).
the
year (verse 7).
place
outer
2.
daily in
in the
the outer
carried forward daily
2. The work carried
sense
court,
the holy
holy place,
was in
in aa particular
particular sense
in the
court, and in
place, was
that
In
the work of
reconciliation
for
men.
In
contrast,
that
for
reconciliation
the
contrast,
of
a
was
performed
yearly
in
the
most
holy
place
largely
the
in
most
largely a
holy place
performed yearly
430
430
QUESTIONS
work ot
judgment. Every
Every day
day of
of the
the year
year (including
(including
of judgment.
Day of
forgiven. But the
the
the
the Day
of Atonement)
sins were forgiven.
Atonement) sins
Day
of
was
a
special
day
the
conwhen
the
was
a
conof
Atonement
day
Day
special
fessed
this day
gave
out. On this
sins were also
blotted out.
fessed sins
also blotted
day God gave
to
Israel
a
graphic
illustration,
we
believe,
of
His
purof
His
to Israel a graphic illustration,
believe,
purpose to
eliminate sin
from His
His universe.
universe.
forever from
sin forever
to eliminate
pose
3. There were
were three
three special
groups
of sacrificial
sacrificial
3.
special groups of
the
offerings
in
the
typical
service:
(a)
the
morning
service:
in
the
morning and
(a)
typical
offerings
evening
(Hebrew, the
the tamid-"the
tamid "the contincontinsacrifices (Hebrew,
evening sacrifices
ual"),
(b)
the
sinner's
individual
offerings,
and
(c)
the
sinner's
individual
the
offerings,
(c) the
ual*'), (fe)
the
of
special
offerings
of
the
Day
of
Atonement.
of
Day
special offerings
4. Every
Every day
morning and evening
of the
the year,
4.
year, morning
evening
day of
sacrifices
were offered
behalf of
of the
the people.
people. AtoneAtonesacrifices were
offered on behalf
ment was
was thus
for
all
men,
irrespective
of
their
of
all
their
thus provided
for
men,
provided
irrespective
attitude toward
toward this
provision. Wherever the
the people
people
attitude
this provision.
lived, they
they could
lift their
their hearts
hearts to
to God,
turn their
their
could lift
lived,
God, turn
faces
confess
their
sins,
and
avail
avail
toward Jerusalem,
their
faces toward
confess
sins,
Jerusalem,
themselves of
the gracious
provisions
of
the
atonement
themselves
of the
of
the
atonement
gracious provisions
(1
Kings 8: 30). Also, the individual sinner brought his
(1 Kings 8:30). Also, the individual sinner brought his
own sacrifice
afforded. These personal
sacrifice as
as opportunity
opportunity afforded.
personal
sacrifices
were expressions
of
his faith
his acof
faith and of
of his
his
acsacrifices were
expressions
ceptance
of
the
divine
provisions
for
his
salvation
the
made
of
for
his
divine
salvation
ceptance
provisions
from
.
from sin.
sin.
5.
Day of
of Atonement,
Atonement,
the Day
sacrifices on the
5. The special
special sacrifices
already
noted
as
a
day
of
judgment,
were
of
a different
noted
a
a
as
were
of
of
different
day
already
judgment,
nature.
First,
there
were
sacrifices
offered
by
the
high
nature. First, there
sacrifices offered by the high
priest for
for himself
himself and his
his house.
the main sacrificial
house. But the
sacrificial
priest
on
offering
that
day
was
termed
"the
Lord's
goat."
that
was
"the
Lord's
offering
day
goat." Two
goats
were
used,
but
one
(for
Azazel)
was
not
aa sacrisacrinot
but
was
used,
goats
(for Azazel)
fice. Its
Its blood
blood was
was not
not shed.
the blood
blood of
shed. Only
the
fice.
of the
Only the
"Lord's
goat" provided
provided the
the cleansing
cleansing and atoning
"Lord's goat"
atoning
blood.
blood.

JUDGMENT
431
431
6. The service
6.
that day
particularly imporservice on that
was particularly
day was
ImporSalvation for
(a)
people was,
was, as
as usual,
usual, proprofor the
the people
(a) Salvation
vided by
by the
the morning
and
evening
sacrifices;
hut
there
there
but
sacrifices;
morning
evening
that day;
the blood
were no individual
individual offerings
offerings on that
day; (b)
(b) the blood
of the
the Lord's goat
was
for
the
people
(Heb.
it
of
for
the
goat
people (Heb. 7:27);
7:27); it
was to
to make an atonement for
for them (Lev.
(Lev. 16:30);
it
16:30); it
was
"for the
was "for
the children
Israel for
their sins
children of
of Israel
for all
a
all their
sins once
once a
it
it
was
"for
all
the
people
of
the
conyear"
(verse
34);
"for
all
the
the
of
conyear" (verse 34);
people
gregation"
(verse 33);
when this
this was
was done,
done, the
the same
gregation" (verse
33); (c)
(c)
in the
the type,
atoning blood,
blood, in
type, cleansed
cleansed the
the most holy
atoning
holy
the
place,
the
altars,
the
holy
place
itself,
and
the
entire
the
entire
the
altars,
itself,
place,
holy place
tabernacle;
atoning work for
for the
the people
the atoning
tabernacle; (d)
(d) when the
people
and for
for the
the sanctuary
was
completed,
and
all
that were
all
that
sanctuary
completed,
willing to
to be reconciled
reconciled were reconciled,
reconciled, then,
then, we
willing
and
not
until
then,
did
the
second
would emphasize,
then
not
until
the
did
second
emphasize,
goat
(for
Azazel)
enter
the
picture.
read:
"And
enter
the
We
read:
goat (for Azazel)
picture.
when he hath made an end of
of reconciling
reconciling the
holy
the holy
tabernacle of
the congregation,
congregation, and the
the
place, and the
the tabernacle
of the
place,
altar,
he shall
bring the
the live
live goat"
(Lev.
16:20).
(On
shall bring
altar, he
goat" (Lev. 16:20). (On
the
the expression,
Azazel," see
the significance
of the
see Ques"for Azazel,"
significance of
Quesexpression, "for
tion
34.) In
the act
performed by
by the
the high
high priest,
In the
act now performed
tion 34.)
priest,
the
people, we repeat,
given an object
object lesson
of
lesson of
the people,
repeat, were given
what God plans
plans to
to do in
in the
days. The sins
were
the last
last days.
sins were
upon the
live goat,
placed upon
the live
sent
the head of
of the
goat, and he was sent
placed
into
the wilderness.
wilderness.
into the
all the
7.
of the
the sanctuary
sacrifices of
careful study
of all
the sacrifices
7. A careful
sanctuary
study of
service
there was aa definite
definite underunderthat there
it evident
evident that
service makes it
transthat
was
all
sin
principle
in
all
these
types-that
sin
translying
in
these
types
lying principle
sacrificial
ferred from
from the
the guilty
sinner both
both to
to the
the sacrificial
ferred
guilty sinner
his
victim and to
to the
priest himself.
placed his
offerer placed
himself. The offerer
the priest
victim
hand on the
the head
head of
the victim,
victim, symbolically
confessing
of the
symbolically confessing
that
his
placing it
substitute that
it upon the
sin and placing
his sin
upon the animal substitute
tant:
tant:
432
432
QUESTIONS
was
to die
die in
blood was
was sprinkled.
the blood
was to
in his
stead. When the
his stead.
sprinkled,
the sin
was recorded
recorded in
the sanctuary.
sanctuary. Through
the
sin was
in the
the
Through the
...
is
prophet.
said,
"The
sin
of
Judah
...
is
graven
...
sin
of
God
said,
graven
Judah
prophet,
upon the
the horns
your altars"
(J er. 17:
1). When the
altars" (Jer.
the
of your
horns of
17:1).
upon
of
the
flesh
of
the
victim,
also
bore
the
priest
ate
he
also
the
bore
of
the
flesh
the
of
ate
victim,
priest
sin (Lev.
(Lev. 10:
17). The individual
sinner was
was forgiven
individual sinner
sin
forgiven
10:17).
and thus
thus freed
his sin,
but in
in the
the bloodstains
bloodstains of
of
freed from his
sin, but
in
a
record
the sanctuary
he
could
perceive
in
type
a
record
of
the
of
the
he
could
the
sanctuary
type
perceive
misdeeds
that he
he would fain
see blotted
blotted out and rerefain see
misdeeds that
forever. On the
the Day
Atonement, when the
the
of Atonement,
moved forever.
Day of
all
blood of
of the
the goat
was
sprinkled
upon
all
the
furniture
the
was
furniture
blood
goat
sprinkled upon
as upon
altar of
of burnt
of
the altar
burnt offerwell as
offeras well
of the
the sanctuary
sanctuary as
upon the
ing,
the
accumulated
record
of
the
sins
of
the
year
of
the
of
the
sins
record
year were
ing, the
removed. The Scripture
that the
high priest
priest "shall
the high
states that
"shall
removed.
Scripture states
an atonement
atonement for
the holy
holy place,
place, because
because of
the
for the
of the
make an
uncleanness
the children
of Israel,
and
because
of
of the
children of
because
of
uncleanness of
Israel,
all their
so shall
their
transgressions in
in all
their sins:
sins: and so
shall he
he
their transgressions
do
the tabernacle
tabernacle of
the congregation"
16:
of the
for the
do for
congregation" (Lev.
(Lev. 16:
16).
he shall
altar that
that is
before
the altar
is before
shall go
go out unto the
16). "And he
the Lord,
and
an
atonement
for
it
....
And
he
for
it.
...
he
the
make
Lord,
shall
blood upon
upon it
it with
with his
his finger
finger seven
the blood
seven
of the
shall sprinkle
sprinkle of
times,
hallow it
the uncleanit from the
uncleancleanse it,
times, and cleanse
it, and hallow
ness of
of the
the children
Israel" (verses
of Israel"
that
ness
children of
18, 19).
19). "On that
(verses 18,
day
shall
the
priest
make
an
for
you,
to
atonement
for
the
day shall
you, to
priest
cleanse
you, that
ye may
may be
be clean
clean from all
that ye
all your
cleanse you,
sins
your sins
before
before the
the Lord" (verse
30).
(verse 30).
typical picture
picture seems clear.
The typical
clear. The sins
sins of
of the
the
in the
Israelites, recorded in
the sanctuary
sanctuary by
by the
the shed
shed blood
Israelites,
of the
victims, were
were removed and totally
of
the sacrificial
sacrificial victims,
totally
disposed
of
on
the
Day
of
Atonement.
language
the
of
The
of
Day
disposed
language
used
used to
to describe
the transaction
transaction suggests
the expunging
describe the
suggests the
expunging
of the
the very
very record
of
record of
of evil.
evil.
.

JUDGMENT
433
433
8. The Day
8.
definitely regarded
of Atonement was definitely
Day of
regarded
by the
the Hebrews as
of judgment,
judgment, as
as seen
a day
as a
seen from
by
day of
the following:
following:
the
It was supposed
It
that on New Year
Year Day
the Divine
Divine decrees
decrees
supposed that
Day ... the
are
are written
written down,
the Day
Day of
they
that on the
of Atonement . . . they
down, and that
are sealed,
are
so that
the decade
days] is
by the name of
of
that the
decade [of
sealed, so
[of days] is known by the
.
"Terrible
Days," and "the
Days." So
So awful
was
"Terrible Days,"
awful was
"the Ten Penitential
Penitential Days."
the
the Day
of Atonement that
that we are
told in
in aa Jewish
Jewish book of
ritual
are told
of ritual
Day of
that
the very
that the
very angels
fro in
in fear
fear and trembling,
trembling, saying,
saying,
to and fro
angels run to
"Lo,
the Day
Judgment has
come!"-F.
FARRAR, The Early
Early
F. W. FARRAR,
of Judgment
has come!"
"Lo, the
Day of
of Christianity,
pp.
237,
238.
Days of
238.
237,
Days
Christianity, pp.
the angels,
told in
the Ritual,
fear
Even the
are seized
with fear
are told
in the
seized with
Ritual, are
angels, we are
and trembling;
they
hurry
to
fro
and
say,
"Behold
the
day
of
the
fro
to
and
day of
trembling; they hurry
say,
Judgment
has come." The Day
of Atonement is
the Day
Day of
of
is
the
Day of
Judgment has
Judgment.-PAuL
ISAAC HERSHON,
HERSHON, Treasures
the Talmud
Treasures of
of the
Judgment. PAUL ISAAC
(1882),
p. 97.
97.
(1882), p.
"God,
throne to
judge the
the world,
world, at
at the
seated on His
His throne
the same
to judge
"God, seated
of
Judge, Pleader,
Pleader, Expert,
Witness, openeth
openeth the
the Book of
time Judge,
time
Expert, and Witness,
Records .... The great
is, sounded;
a still,
small voice
voice is
is
Records.
still, small
sounded; a
great trumpet
trumpet is
the day
day of
judgment....
heard; the
the angels
this is
is the
of judgment.
heard;
shudder, saying,
angels shudder,
saying, this
NewYear's Day
decree is
is written;
the Day
Day of
of AtoneAtone
On New-Year's
the decree
written; on the
Day the
ment it
is sealed
sealed who shall
live and who are
to die."-The
Jewish
are to
The Jewish
shall live
die."
it is
Encyclopedia, vol.
vol. 2,
2, p.
p. 286.
286.
Encyclopedia,
.
Its Cleansing
III.
Heavenly Sanctuary
Ill, The Heavenly
Cleansing
Sanctuary and Its
cleansing of
prophesied in DanThe cleansing
of the
the sanctuary
sanctuary prophesied
or years,
iel 8:
14 to
to take
take place
place at
at the
the end of
of 2300
2300 days,
years,
8:14
days, or
as we have
have shown,
not apply
apply to
to the
the ancient
ancient Jewish
Jewish
could not
as
shown, could
existence
tabernacle,
has been out
out of
of existence
that sanctuary
for that
tabernacle, for
sanctuary has
for
nearly two thousand
thousand years.
earthly sanctuary
for nearly
sanctuary
years. The earthly
and its
its service,
have indicated
in Questions
indicated in
as we have
service, as
Questions 31
the
and 33,
was
simply
a
type,
or
symbol,
of
the work of
of
of
a
or
was
33,
symbol,
type,
simply
Christ in
the salvation
through His death on
of men through
in the
salvation of
Christ
in their
the cross
cross and His ministry
before
the Father
Father in
their
the
before
the
ministry
sets forth
behalf. The book of
clearly sets
forth that
that
of Hebrews clearly
behalf.
heaven
in
Christ is
is aa high
high priest
priest in
a sanctuary
(Heb.
in a
Christ
sanctuary in
(Heb.
iel
434
QUESTIONS
8:2),
the merits
His sacrifice
merits of
of His
ministers the
sacrifice to
to
8:2), where He ministers
saints (Heb.
repentant
14, 15).
sinners and devoted saints
9:14,
(Heb. 9:
repentant sinners
15).
We believe
believe it
the cleansing
of
this
heavenly
sanctuof
this
is the
it is
sanctucleansing
heavenly
that is
to fulfill
the prophecy
prophecy of
of Daniel
Daniel 8:
14.
ary, then,
fulfill the
is to
8:14.
then, that
ary,
But how could
the
sanctuary
in
cleansin
heaven
the
need
could
cleanssanctuary
the type,
the sins
of the
Israelites defiled
the
the Israelites
ing?
sins of
In the
defiled the
ing? In
type, the
it
and
on
the
Day
of
it
was
cleansed
sanctuary,
the
of
Atonement
was
cleansed
Day
sanctuary,
of
these sins.
the Scripture
speaks of
also speaks
of all
all these
sins. But the
of the
the
Scripture also
"It was
cleansing of
the heavenly
was necessary
necessary
of the
heavenly sanctuary:
sanctuary: "It
cleansing
to
be
purified
with
for
the copies
copies of
the heavenly
things
to
of the
for the
heavenly things
purified with
these rites,
rites, but
heavenly things
themselves
with
the heavenly
these
themselves
but the
with
things
better sacrifices
than these"
9:23,
R.S.V.).
these" (Reb.
sacrifices than
better
Here
(Heb. 9:23, R.S.V.).
the wording
it
wording that
that the
the expression
expression
it seems clear
clear from the
"the
of
the
heavenly
things"
refers
to
the
"the copies
the
refers
to
of
the sancsancheavenly things"
copies
or
Temple
in
the
days
of
Israel.
After
stating
tuary
in
the
or
of
Israel.
After
days
tuary
Temple
stating
this,
the writer
heavenly things
things
writer mentions that
that "the
"the heavenly
this, the
better sacrifices
themselves"
themselves" need cleansing
"with better
sacrifices
cleansing "with
than these."
than
these."
may be
be difficult
difficult to
to understand
understand in
in
This, of
of course,
This,
course, may
that everything
in heaven must
the light
light of
of our concept
the
concept that
everything in
be pure
pure and holy.
be
holy.
Scholars
thought to
to this
this matter.
matter.
Scholars have given
given much thought
put
forth
by
various
After
reviewing several
views
After reviewing
views
forth
several
by various
put
writers,
Alford remarks:
remarks:
writers, Dean Henry
Henry Alford
this does
not meet the
requirements of
the case.
But this
does not
the requirements
of the
case. There
be no cleansing,
as far
far as
as the
the relations
relations of
of God and
would thus
thus be
cleansing, as
men are
are concerned:
none, to
which the
the propitiatory
propitiatory effect
concerned: none,
to which
effect of
of
in any
blood would in
way apply.
therefore rest
rest in
the plain
blood
in the
any way
apply. We must therefore
plain
and literal
that the
heaven itself
itself needed,
needed, and obtained,
obtained,
sense: that
literal sense:
the heaven
the atoning
Greek Testapurification by
Christ. -The Greek
blood of
Testaof Christ.-The
purification
by the
atoning blood
ment, 1864,
1864,
ment,
p. 179.
179.
p.
to just
just how this
uncleanness comes
comes about,
about, A.
A. S.
As to
this uncleanness
S.
Peake,
another
careful
scholar,
says:
Peake, another careful scholar, -says:

JUDGMENT
435
What is
is meant by
by the
the heavenly
heavenly sanctuary
the cleansing
of the
sanctuary
cleansing of
meaning as
to the
must be
be determined
determined by
its meaning
the earthly.
as applied
earthly.
by its
applied to
ritual of
the Day
Day of
was designed,
not merely
to
The ritual
of the
of Atonement was
merely to
designed, not
atone for
the sins
the people,
but to
atonement for
for the
the
atone
for the
sins of
of the
to make atonement
people, but
this would seem
seem to
to be
be that
that the
the
sanctuary itself.
sense of
of this
itself. The sense
sanctuary
constant
communicated aa certain
constant sin
sin of
of Israel
Israel had communicated
certain uncleanness
uncleanness
to
sanctuary. Similarly
of mankind might
might be supposed
the sanctuary.
to the
sin of
the sin
supposed
Similarly the
to
into heaven.-New-Century
Bible,
to have
have cast
cast its
its shadow even
even into
heaven. New-Century Bible,
"Hebrews,"
191. (Italics
"Hebrews," p.
p. 191.
(Italics supplied.)
supplied.)
the well-known
Dr. Brooke Foss
Foss Westcott
Westcott adds:
And the
adds:
well-known Dr.
Blood of
inauThe Blood
of Christ
Christ by
the New Covenant was inauby which the
gurated
was available
for the
cleansing of
the heavenly
available also
of the
also for
the cleansing
gurated was
heavenly
archetype of
the earthly
of the
archetype
earthly sanctuary
sanctuary.....
It may
It
may be
be said
that even "heavenly
things," so
so far
as they
they
said that
far as
"heavenly things,"
embody
the conditions
man's future
future life,
life, contracted
by the
the
conditions of
of man's
contracted by
embody the
cleansing.-The
Epistle to
the
Fall something
Fall
to the
The Epistle
something which required
required cleansing.
Hebrews (1903),
(1903), pp.
271, 272.
272.
pp. 271,
.
In the
the sanctuary
the record
record of
of sins
sins Is
is the
the
in heaven,
heaven, the
sanctuary in
only counterpart
counterpart of
the defilement
defilement of
of the
the earthly
of the
sanconly
earthly sancare recorded
recorded in
heaven, we
tuary.
the sins
in heaven,
sins of
of men are
tuary. That the
shall
the expunging,
expunging, or
in the
It is
shall show in
the next
next section.
is the
or
section. It
blotting out,
out, of
these sins
the heavenly
heavenly records
sins from the
of these
records
blotting
that
set
forth
in
the
services
the
Day
that fulfills
the type
in
the
fulfills the
set
forth
the
services
on
Day
type
of Atonement.
Atonement. In
that way
the
sanctuary
in
can
of
the
in
heaven
In that
way
sanctuary
be
cleansed
from
all
defilement.
This
conclusion
does
all
does
be cleansed
defilement.
conclusion
not
rest alone
alone on an interpretation
of the
the types.
types. There
not rest
interpretation of
are many
many direct
statements
of
are
direct and positive
of Scripture
statements
Scripture
positive
about God's
with
sin
and
forgiveness,
with
sin
God's method of
of dealing
forgiveness,
dealing
judgment and rewards and punishments.
punishments.
judgment
IV.
Dealing With Sin
IV. God's Method of
Sin and Sinners
Sinners
of Dealing
1.
MAN.-In
In
1. GOD KEEPS AN ACCOUNT WITH EVERY MAN.
in
the description
judgment given
given to
to Daniel
Daniel in
the
of the
the judgment
description of
the books
vision,
is said,
said, "The judgment
judgment was set,
set, and the
books
it is
vision, it
were opened"
10). And the
the apostle
apostle John
John wrote
wrote
were
(Dan. 7:
opened (Dan.
7:10).
7 '
436
QUESTIONS
of
of the final
final
judgment when evil

evil men and angels
reangels rejudgment
ceive
their punishment,
punishment, "I
dead, small
ceive their
"I saw the
the dead,
small and
great,
before God;
the books
books were
were opened:
opened:
stand before
God; and the
great, stand
book was opened,
is
the
of
which
is
and another
the
another book
book
of
opened,
were judged
judged out of
of those
those things
things
life:
life: and the
the dead
dead were
which were
were written
books, according
to their
in the
the books,
written in
their
according to
works" (Rev.
12). The decisions
decisions of
of the
the judgment,
judgment,
20:12).
(Rev. 20:
then,
based on what is
is written
written in
in these
these books.
books. It
is
It is
are based
then, are
not possible
possible to
to suppose
that
the
books
are
that
the
books
mentioned
not
are
suppose
books of
is written
written in
the
in the
that what is
books
of law,
for John
law, for
says that
John says
to
their
works."
Obviously
these
books is
their
books
is "according to
works/'
these
Obviously
"according
are books
books of
record.
are
of record.
Nor is
is the
Bible otherwise
written
silent on what is
is written
otherwise silent
the Bible
in the
the heavenly
heavenly accounts.
down in
accounts. The Scriptures
Scriptures mention
aa book of
that
feared
the Lord
of remembrance: "They
that
feared the
"They
spake
often
one
to
another:
and
the
hearkened,
often
to
another:
the
Lord
hearkened,
spake
a book of
and heard
heard it,
of remembrance was
was written
written
it, and a
before him for
that feared
the Lord,
that
before
feared the
for them that
Lord, and that
thought
upon
his
And
they
shall
be
mine,
saith
name.
shall
be
saith
his
mine,
thought upon
they
that day
day when II make up
the
the Lord of
in that
of hosts,
hosts, in
up my
my
jewels" (Mai.
(Mal. 3:
16, 17).
This book,
book, it
it would seem,
3:16,
seem,
jewels"
17). This
contains the
the good
of God-fearing
heavcontains
God-fearing men. The heavgood deeds of
enly
records
may
have
been
in
the
psalmist's
mind
the
records
been
in
have
enly
may
psalmist's
when he
he wrote:
my wanderings:
wanderings: put
put
wrote: "Thou telIest
tellest my
thou my
my tears
thy bottle:
are they
they not
not in
in thy
tears into
into thy
bottle: are
thy
book?"
book?" (Ps.
56:8).
(Ps. 56:8).
But men's
men's evil
also recorded:
shall
deeds are
are also
recorded: "God shall
evil deeds
secret
bring
every
work
into
judgment,
with
every
secret
into judgment,
every
bring every
it be
be good,
whether it
be evil"
thing,
or whether
it be
evil" (Eccl.
thing, whether it
good, or
(Eccl.
12:
14).
Christ
warned
His
hearers
that
"every
idle
Christ
that
His
hearers
"every idle
12:14).
up in
in the
the judgment
judgment (Matt.
12:36),
word" would come up
(Matt. 12:36),
and that
that by
by their
their words,
or bad,
bad, men would be
be
words, good
good or

JUDGMENT
437
437
"justified"
37). Even men's
men's
or "condemned"
'condemned" (verse
"justified" or
(verse 37).
and
thoughts
motives
are
recorded
in
the
books
above,
motives are recorded in the
above,
thoughts
for
Paul warns
warns that
that in
judgment the
the Lord "will
for Paul
in the
the judgment
"will
bring
to
light
the
hidden
things
of
darkness,
and
will
to
the
hidden
will
of
darkness,
bring
light
things
.make
manifest the
the counsels
of the
the hearts"
hearts" (1
Cor.
4:5).
make manifest
counsels of
Cor.
(1
4:5).
Evidently
the heavenly
heavenly recorder
has made aa complete
recorder has
Evidently the
complete
of every
life
history of
has ever
ever lived
life history
individual who has
lived on
every individual
earth,
omitting nothing
nothing that
that could
could have
have any
earth, omitting
any possible
possible
bearing
on
the
decision
of
the
Omnipotent
Judge.
the
decision
the
of
bearing
Omnipotent Judge.
in Revelation
Revelation 20-the
book
Another book is
is named in
the book
20
of
life. This book is
by name or
is either
of life.
either mentioned by
or obobviously
alluded
to
in
several
books
of
the
Bible.
Moses
in
alluded
to
several
books
of
the
Bible.
Moses
viously
this special
of this
register, for
offered, "Blot
me,
knew of
for he offered,
"Blot me,
special register,
I pray
pray thee,
thy book which thou
thou hast
hast written"
out of
of thy
I
written"
thee, out
(Ex.
32:32),
as
he
pleaded
with
to
forgive
as
with
God
to
the
pleaded
forgive the
(Ex. 32:32),
"Rather
rebellious Israelites.
Christ told
Israelites. Christ
His disciples,
told His
rebellious
"Rather
disciples,
rejoice, because
because your
your names are
written in
heaven"
are written
in heaven"
rejoice,
(Luke
Paul mentions "my
fellowlabourers,
"my fellowlabourers,
10:20). And Paul
(Luke 10:20).
whose names are
4:3).
in the
the book of
of life"
are in
life" (Phil.
whose
(Phil. 4:3).
book of
last
contains
the names
life at
at the
last
the
the very
contains
of life
The book
very
of
will escape
the punishment
punishment of
of the
the lake
of
lake of
those who will
of those
escape the
the
fire (Rev.
(Rev. 20:
15),
and
who
will
have
the
privilege
will
have
of
fire
privilege of
20:15),
entering
the
Jerusalem
(Rev.
21:27).
By
the
New
the
the
Jerusalem (Rev. 21:27). By
entering
of life
judgment the
the book of
will contain
time of
of the
the final
final judgment
life will
contain
time
the names of
those only
by the
the heavenly
heavenly
selected by
are selected
of those
the
only who are
life.
court
to enjoy
the
rewards
of
of
eternal
it
eternal
life.
But
it is
is
rewards
the
court to
enjoy
names
the only
that
are not
have
ever
clear that
not the
that
have
ever
these are
that these
clear
only
life. Moses was willing
for his
his name
been in
the book of
willing for
of life.
in the
been
to
be blotted
blotted out
the book.
book. And God Himself
Himself gave
of the
out of
to be
gave
out
the basis
basis upon
which
such
blotting
out
take
such
would
take
the
blotting
upon
will
place:
"Whosoever
hath
sinned
against
me,
will
I
him
hath
I
against me,
place:
blot out
of my
book" (Ex.
33). In
In vision
vision the
the apostle
out of
blot
apostle
32:33).
my book"
(Ex. 32:
'
438
438
QUESTIONS
John
heard it
way: "He that
that overIt expressed another way:
overJohn heard
expressed
In
clothed in white
cometh, the
the same shall
be clothed
white raiment;
raiment;
shall be
cometh,
and II will
will not
blot out
out of
the book of
life,
his name out
of the
of life,
out his
not blot
but II will
will confess
before my
my Father,
Father, and bebehis name before
but
confess his
Those
who
fore
(Rev.
3:5).
gain
the
victory
the
his angels"
fore his
gain
angels" (Rev. 3:5).
victory
over
the merits
merits of
the shed
shed blood
blood of
Christ
of the
of Christ
sin through
over sin
through the
will be
be retained
retained in
the book
book of
of life.
life. Conversely,
Conversely, those
in the
will
those
do not
not overcome will
will be
be blotted
blotted out as
as sinners
sinners
who do
against
his enemies
enemies with
with
God. King
David, identifying
identifying his
King David,
against God.
the enemies
Lord, said,
be blotted
blotted out
the Lord,
of the
out
the
enemies of
said, "Let them be
and
not
be
of the
book of
not
be
written
with
the
written
the living,
with
of the
the
of
the book
living,
righteous"
(Ps.
69:28).
righteous" (Ps. 69:28).
It
this that
that the
the book of
of life
life is
It would appear
is
appear from this
the register
those who have professed
professed to
to be followers
of those
followers
the
register of
have made some start
toward the
the goal
of
of God and have
start toward
of
goal of
eternal
life. The apostle
Paul
speaks
of
"the
general
"the
of
eternal life.
apostle
speaks
general
the firstborn,
which are
assembly
are written
church of
of the
written
firstborn, which
assembly and church
["enrolled,"
margin and R.S.V.]
heaven" (Heb.
in heaven"
(Heb.
R.S.V.] in
["enrolled," margin
12:23).
Speaking
after
the
manner
of
men,
the
of
after
we
would
men,
12:23). Speaking
say
book of
is the
the heavenly
heavenly church register.
register. In
the book
of life
life is
In
say the
this
list would be all
all whom God could
could conceivably
this list
conconceivably consider
as candidates
kingdom, from Adam
eternal kingdom,
for His
sider as
His eternal
candidates for
down to
to the
the very
person on earth
turns in
in
earth who turns
last person
very last
yearning
to
God,
no
matter
how
limited
may
be
his
matter
limited
to
be
his
God,
may
yearning
understanding of
glorious gospel
gospel evangel.
of the
the glorious
evangel.
understanding
out of
the book of
blotting of
of the
of names out
of life
The blotting
life is,
is, we
of
the
believe,
a
work
of
the
investigative
judgment.
coma
A
combelieve,
investigative judgment.
of
all
the
plete
and
thorough
check
of
ap
the
candidates
for
candidates
for
thorough
plete
eternal
life will
will need to
to be completed
completed before
before Christ
eternal life
Christ
comes in
in the
the douds
heaven, for
for when He appears,
the
clouds of
of heaven,
appears, the
decisions for
for life
already made.
made. The dead
are already
or death
death are
decisions
life or
dead
called to
in
are called
to life,
the living
of
in Christ
Christ are
followers of
life, and the
living followers

JUDGMENT
439
(1
Thess. 4: 15-17)-the
entire
the entire
(1 Thess. 4:15-17)
of
citizenry
the everlasting
is no time
citizenry of the
kingdom. There is
subsequent
the second
for such
decisions.
to the
second advent
advent for
such decisions.
subsequent to
Christ
Christ are
are translated
translated
2. THE BLOTTING OUT OF SIN.-But

not only
2.
will
SIN.
But not
only will
be blotted
blotted out
the book
book of
life. The Bible
names be
out of
of the
of life.
also
Bible also
speaks
of
the
blotting
out
of
sin.
David
prayed,
"Acspeaks of the blotting out of sin.
prayed, "Acunto the
multitude of
of thy
tender mercies
mercies blot
blot
cording unto
the multitude
cording
thy tender
out my
my transgressions''
transgressions" (Ps.
51:1),
and,
"Blot
out
all
out
all
"Blot
out
and,
(Ps. 51:1),
mine iniquities"
iniquities" (verse
Nehemiah prayed con(verse 9).
9). And Nehemlah prayed concerning
the enemies of
people, "Cover not
of God and His people,
not
cerning the
their
their iniquity,
and
let
not
their
sin
be
blotted
out
let
their
sin
be
blotted
out
iniquity,
thee"
from before
before thee"
(Neh.
4:5). The apostle
apostle Peter
Peter
(Neh. 4:5).
looked forward
forward to
the time
because
of
men's
to the
time when,
because
of
when,
repentance,
be blotted
blotted out'*
out" (Acts
(Acts 3:
19).
their "sins
"sins may
repentance, their
may be
3:19).
In Scripture,
a
difference
is
to
be
noted
between
the
a
difference
is
to
be
the
noted
between
Scripture,
forgiveness
of
sin
and
the
blotting
out
of
sin.
The
forof
sin
the
out
of
sin.
forforgiveness
blotting
very real,
is something
something that
that
giveness
of our sins
is very
sins is
real, and is
giveness of
can be
be known and experienced
by living
living faith
in our
faith in
can
experienced by
reLord. In the
the divine
sins
are
resins
Lord.
divine act
act of
of forgiveness
our
are
forgiveness
moved from us,
us, and we are
delivered,
saved.
saved.
But
are freed,
freed, delivered,
the
final destruction
awaits the
the day
of God's
of sin
sin awaits
God's
the final
destruction of
day of
will be
be blotted
blotted out
out forever
forever from
reckoning, when sin
sin will
reckoning,
the universe
universe of
of God.
the
Scripture
the difference
difference between
illustrates the
clearly illustrates
Scripture clearly
exforgiveness
the blotting
out of
of sin.
sin. Take,
for exTake, for
blotting out
forgiveness and the
is made to
reference is
to
ample,
18:23-35. Here reference
ample, Matthew 18:23-35.
a servant
his king
king ten thousand talents.
talents. Hava
servant who owed his
for mercy,
ing
nothing wherewith to
pay, he begs
begs for
mercy, the
the
to pay,
ing nothing
king forgives
the debt,
goes off
off greatly
redebt, and he goes
greatly reforgives him the
king
lieved. However,
However, he
he finds
a fellow
fellow servant
servant who owes
finds a
lieved.
likewise
him aa mere
mere hundred pence.
pence. This second man likewise
for
nothing
with
to
pay,
and
begs
for
mercy
has
which
with
has nothing
mercy and
begs
pay,
QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS ON DOCTRINE.
440
440
for
time to
to pay
pay what is
owed. But although
the first
for time
is owed.
first
although the
he now acts
in unkindly
unkindly and
servant
has been forgiven,
acts in
servant has
forgiven, he
brutal fashion
toward his
his fellow
fellow servant,
brutal
fashion toward
servant, shows him no
mercy,
into prison.
prison. When the
the king
king hears
hears
casts him into
mercy, and casts
this,
he
is
wroth,
and
casts
the
servant
he
has
servant
whom
the
he
casts
has
this, he is wroth,
shall pay
forgiven into
into prison
prison till
till he
he shall
pay all
all his
his debt.
debt.
forgiven
Here is
a
case
where
forgiveness
granted
withis a case
forgiveness granted was withthe lesson:
drawn.
Jesus then
lesson: "So
"So likewise
likewise
then impresses
drawn. Jesus
impresses the
if ye
also unto you,
you, if
ye from
shall
my heavenly
heavenly Father do also
shall my
his
brother
their
not
everyone
his
brother
their
tresyour
hearts
forgive
not
one
treshearts
every
your
forgive
concur, in
in principle,
principle, with
with
passes
(verse 35).
35). We concur,
(verse
passes"
the
conclusions of
Biblical scholars:
scholars:
these two Biblical
of these
the conclusions
R.
Pulpit Commentary,
Matt. 18:
18:
R. Tuck (The
Commentary, on Matt.
(The Pulpit
35)
says:
35) says:
Christ's
point has
a severe
severe side-even
has even a
side
this point
even
Christ's teaching
teaching on this
his
forgiveness may
may be
be revoked^
revoked; if
finds, by
by our
our behaviour
if he finds,
behaviour
his forgiveness
were morally
morally unfitted
unfitted to
to receive
receive it.after forgiveness,
forgiveness, that
it.
that we were
after
Page
242.
Page 242.
B. C.
in the
the same book:
book:
adds in
C. Coffin
Coffin adds
And B.
His
which had been granted
granted
the forgiveness
cancelled the
His cruelty
forgiveness which
cruelty cancelled
him.
His last
was worse
worse than
than the
first. Those who,
who, having
having
the first.
him. His
last state
state was
in
in
awful
danger.
been once
once enlightened,
enlightened, fall
are
fall away
are
awful
been
away from grace
grace
danger.
"It
not to
have known the
the way
way of
rightto have
better for
for them not
"It had been better
of rightturn from the
the holy
eousness, than,
than, after
they have
have known it,
it, to
to turn
after they
eousness,
holy
them."-Page
223.
delivered unto them."
commandment delivered
Page 223.
Plummer (Commentary
Matthew, Matt.
Matt.
(Commentary on Matthew,
also declares:
18:30,35)
declares:
18:30, 35) also
Albert
Albert
is sure
The unforgiving
unforgiving spirit
to provoke
provoke the
the anger
anger of
sure to
of God;
God;
spirit is
free forgiveness
that His
sinners ceases
so
His free
to sinners
ceases to
to
so much so,
to flow
flow to
so, that
forgiveness to
them
revives the
guilt of
of their
otherwise forgiven
the guilt
... It
It revives
their otherwise
them.....
sins.
forgiven sins.
We have
have already
the description
to the
referred to
in the
the
already referred
description in
Ezekiel (Eze.
of God's
God's dealings,
dealings, with
of Ezekiel
book of
with
(Eze. 18:20-24)
18:20-24) of
saints
change their
their course
sinners who change
saints and sinners
course of
of action.
action.

JUDGMENT
441
his forgiveness
forgiveness canceled,
just as
as
There the
the apostate
has his
canceled, just
apostate has
the man in
in Christ's
parable was
was compelled
compelled to
the
to assume
Christ's parable
again
huge debt.
debt. The actual
the responsibility
for his
his huge
actual
again the
responsibility for
blotting
out
of
sin,
therefore,
could
not
take
place
the
out
of
not
take
could
sin,
therefore,
blotting
place the
moment when aa sin
because
subsequent
is forgiven,
sin is
because
forgiven,
subsequent
deeds and attitudes
may affect
affect the
the final
final decision.
decision. InIndeeds
attitudes may
record until
until the
the life
stead,
the sin
is
sin remains
life is
the record
remains on the
stead, the
complete-in
fact,
the
Scriptures
indicate
it
remains
in
it
remains
the
indicate
fact,
complete
Scriptures
until
until the
judgment.
the judgment.
"If any
pictures Christ
as our
our Advocate.
Advocate. "If
The Bible
Bible pictures
Christ as
any
have an advocate
with the
the Father,
Father, Jesus
man sin,
advocate with
sin, we have
Jesus
John 2:
1). But Christ
Christ cannot
Christ the
righteous" (1
Christ
the righteous"
2:1).
(1 John
plead our
our cases
to Him. He
cases unless
unless we commit them to
plead
does not
not represent
represent us
will, nor does
does
us against
does He
against our will,
force
heaven contrary
to
their
own
decision.
into heaven
their
decision.
force men into
to
contrary
And how do we ask
ask Him? The Scripture
"If we
says, "If
Scripture says,
is
our
sins,
he
is
faithful
and
just
to
forgive
us our
confess
faithful
confess
sins,
just to forgive us
sins, and to
to cleanse
cleanse us
unrighteousness" (1
(1
us from all
all unrighteousness"
sins,
John
1:9).
God
can
forgive
because
Christ
has
paid
the
has
the
because
Christ
paid
forgive
John 1:9).
penalty. Christ
Christ is
representative, and
the sinner's
sinner's representative,
is now the
penalty.
pleads the
atoning sacrifice
sacrifice in
the
in the
merits of
of His own atoning
the merits
pleads
sinner's
behalf.
sinner's behalf.
1
man's life
life is
recorded in
heaven,
in heaven,
a man's
is recorded
If every
detail of
of a
every detail
then his
his confessions
confessions are
recorded there
there too,
too, and of
of
are recorded
then
that Christ
has forgiven
his sins.
sins. The
course the
the fact
fact that
Christ has
course
forgiven his
apostle
Paul's
comment
may
well
apply
here:
"Some
well
here:
Paul's
may
apply
apostle
before
to
beforehand,
going
before
to
judgmen's sins
are open
sins are
beforehand,
going
judgopen
we
re(1 Tim. 5:24).
secret
things
have
reThe
secret
ment" (1
things
5:24).
after the
fused
will be
brought to
to light'
the
to confess
confess will
be brought
fused to
light after
1 Cor. 4:5).
judgment
opens
(Eccl.
12:
14;
1
12:14;
4:5).
judgment opens (Eccl.
When the
the name of
a true
child of
of God comes up
up in
in
true child
of a
sin
has
the
judgment,
the
record
will
reveal
that
every
sin
has
will
reveal
that
the
record
the judgment,
every
442
442
QUESTIONS
confessed-and
forgiven through
through the
the
been confessed
and has
has been forgiven
The
promise
is:
"He
that
overcometh,
blood
of
Christ.
is:
that
blood of Christ.
overcometh,
promise
the same shall
white raiment;
raiment; and II will
will
in white
the
clothed in
shall be
be clothed
not
blot out
his name out
of the
the book of
of life,
I will
will
out of
not blot
out his
life, but I
confess
his name before
before my
Father,
and
before
his
before
his
confess his
my Father,
angels"
the principle:
principle:
sets forth
forth the
Christ sets
3:5). Christ
angels" (Rev.
(Rev. 3:5).
"Whosoever therefore
before men,
confess me before
therefore shall
shall confess
men,
Father
which
is
him will
will II confess
before my
Father
is in
in
also before
confess also
my
"heaven.
whosoever shall
before
men,
me
him
shall deny
before
"heaven. But whosoever
men,
deny
will
is in
in heaven"
will II also
before my
also deny
my Father which is
deny before
it seems clear
(Matt.
us, it
that we must
clear that
10:32, 33).
(Matt. 10:32,
33). To us,
continue our
our allegiance
throughout
life
if we expect
life
if
continue
allegiance throughout
expect
Christ
to
represent
us
in
the
judgment.
us
in
the
Christ to represent
judgment.
the heavenly
heavenly court,
court, there
takes a
a case
in the
there
Christ takes
case in
When Christ
is not
not the
possibility
of
His
losing,
for
He
for
of
His
is
the slightest
losing,
slightest possibility
knows all
the facts,
facts, and He is
to apply
apply the
the remedy.
remedy.
is able
able to
all the
When He confesses
before God and the
the holy
holy angels
confesses before
angels
of His
that the
the repentant
repentant sinner
is clothed
in the
the robe
robe of
clothed in
that
sinner is
the white
white robe
robe that
that will
will
own spotless
character (this
is the
(this is
spotless character
can
be given
him),
no
one
in
the
universe
can
deny
to
that
in
universe
to
that
be
the
deny
given him),
saved
the eternal
eternal kingdom
kingdom of
into the
saved man an entrance
entrance into
of
righteousness.
Then,
of
course,
is
the
time
for
his
sins
for
of
is
the
time
his
sins
Then,
course,
righteousness.
to be
be blotted
blotted out
Christ has
has claimed
to
for Christ
claimed him for
for
out forever,
forever, for
His own. When every
case
is
decided,
the
decree
can
is
the
case
decree
decided,
every
issue forth
the throne:
throne: "He that
is unjust,
unjust, let
that is
let him
issue
forth from the
still: and he which is
be unjust
unjust still:
filthy, let
be
is filthy,
let him be filthy
filthy
still:
he that
that is
be righteous
righteous still:
still: and he
still:
is righteous,
let him be
righteous, let
and he tnat
that is
is holy,
let him be holy
holy, let
holy still"
still" (Rev.
(Rev. 22:
11).
22:11).
express the
the comThe Bible
Bible uses
uses several
several figures
to express
figures to
plete
obliteration
of
the
sins
of
God's
people.
obliteration
of
of
the
sins
God's
plete
people. The
prophet
says,
"Thou
wilt
cast
all
their
sins
Micah
wilt
cast
all
their
sins into
into
says,
prophet
the depths
depths of
the sea"
(Micah
7: 19). David pictures
pictures it:
it:
the
of the
sea'
(Micah 7:19).
1
THE INVESTIGATIVE
JUDGMENT
443
443
"As far
far as
as the
the east
"As
east is
Is from
far hath
from the
the west,
so far
hath he
he
west, so
our transgressions
removed our
103:
12).
from us"
us" (Ps.
transgressions from
(Ps. 103:12).
Through
"I will
will
Through the prophet
prophet Jeremiah
Jeremiah God promised,
promised, "I
their
forgive
their
iniquity,
and
I
will
remember
their
sin
and
I
will
their
sin
forgive
iniquity,
no more" (Jer.
Isaiah God pro(Jer. 31:34).
31:34). And through
through Isaiah
proclaimed,
transthat blotteth
he that
blotteth out
claimed, "I,
"I, even I,
out thy
transI, am he
thy
for mine own sake,
gressions
will not
not remember thy
sake, and will
gressions for
thy
sins'* (Isa.
sins"
It would seem that
that God wants
to
wants to
(Isa. 43:25).
43:25). It
clear the universe of
reminder
of
sin,
so
that
the
of every
so
the
of
that
sin,
every
sad and painful
this life
of this
life "shall
"shall not
not be
be
painful experiences
experiences of
remembered,
nor
come
into
mind"
(Isa.
65:
17).
The
into
remembered,
(Isa. 65:17).
o the
the whole tragic
blotting
record of
of sins
sins is
is as
as
blotting out of
tragic record
of
definitely
of
God's
plan
as
is
forgiveness.
as
is
definitely a part
part
plan
forgiveness.
The following
of
the
investigative
judgthe
of
following description
description
investigative judgment,
penned by
by Ellen
Ellen G.
White, Is,
is, we believe,
believe, based
G. White,
ment, penned
based
upon the
the revealed
truths of
of God's
God's Word as
entirely
revealed truths
as we
entirely upon
have set
set them forth
forth in
the preceding
preceding pages:
pages:
in the
As the
the books of
of record
record are
are opened
opened in
in the
the judgment,
judgment, the
the lives
lives
all who have believed
believed on Jesus
Jesus come in
in review
review before
before God.
God.
upon the
the earth,
earth, our
our AdvoAdvoBeginning with those
those who first
first lived
lived upon
Beginning
cate
cate presents
presents the
the cases
cases of
of each
each successive
successive generation,
generation. and
and closes
closes
with
the living.
living. Every
Every name is
is mentioned,
mentioned, every
every case
case closely
closely ininwith the
any have
have
vestigated. Names are
are accepted,
accepted, names rejected.
rejected. When any
vestigated.
sins
upon the
the books
books of
of record,
record, unrepented
unrepented of
of and
and ununsins remaining
remaining upon
forgiven, their
their names will
will be blotted
blotted out
out of
of the
the book
book of
of life,
life, and
and
forgiven,
the
the record
record of
of their
their good
good deeds
deeds will
will be erased
erased from
from the
the book of
of
God's
God's remembrance.
remembrance ....
All who have
have truly
truly repented
repented of
of sin,
sin, and
and
... All
by faith
faith claimed
claimed the
the blood
blood of
of Christ
Christ as
as their
their atoning
atoning sacrifice,
sacrifice,
by
have
had pardon
pardon entered
entered against
against their
their names
names in
in the
the books
books of
of
have had
heaven; as
as they
they have
have become
become partakers
partakers of
of the
the righteousness
righteousness of
of
heaven;
Christ, and
and their
their characters
characters are
are found
found to
to be
be in
in harmony
harmony with
with
Christ,
the
the law
law of
of God,
God, their
their sins
sins will
will be
be blotted
blotted out,
out, and
and they
they themselves
themselves
will
of eternal
eternallife.-The
Great Controversy,
Controversy,
will be
be accounted
accounted worthy
worthy of
life.
The Great
483.
p.483.
p.
of
of
all
3. THE
THE FINAL
FINAL END
END OF
OF
3.
SIN AND
AND SINNERS.
SINNERS.-SeventhSIN
Seventh-
444
QUESTIONS
day Adventists
Adventists believe
believe that
onward, to
the
that from 1844 onward,
to the
day
second
is the
period of
the investigathe period
of the
second coming
of Christ,
Christ, is
investigacoming of
as the
tive judgment.
judgment. This period
period we speak
the antitypiof as
tive
speak of
antitypical Day
of Atonement.
Atonement. But
But during
during this
this time,
time, as
as indiindical
Day of
cated in
in the
the typical
the
cated
service, the
typical service,
work of
of salvation
salvation goes
goes
forward
continually for
thus fulfilling
fulfilling the
all mankind,
for all
the
forward continually
mankind, thus
Lord
type.
However,
just
before
our
comes
in
all
His
in
all
before
His
However,
just
type.
as is
is indicated
glory,
mercy ceases
ceases and probation
probation ends,
indicated
ends, as
glory, mercy
in Revelation
in
12.
Revelation 22:11,
22: 11, 12.
When the
the high
in the
the typical
service had concontypical service
priest in
high priest
cluded his
his work in
the earthly
earthly sanctuary
the
Day
of
on
in the
the
cluded
sanctuary
Day of
the door of
of the
the Atonement,
Atonement, he
he came to
to the
the sanctuary.
the
sanctuary.
Then the
the final
the second
Azazel, took
took
act with the
second goat,
final act
goat, Azazel,
place. In
His
In like
like manner,
manner, when our Lord completes
completes His
place.
ministry
in
the
heavenly
sanctury,
He,
too,
will
come
will
the
in
too,
He,
heavenly sanctury,
ministry
the day
day of
forth.
will have
of salvation
salvation will
have
does this,
forth. When He does
this, the
closed forever.
thus made his
his dewill have thus
declosed
soul will
forever. Every
Every soul
cision for
for or
the
divine
Son
of
God.
Then
upon
divine
God,
cision
the
of
or against
upon
against
Satan,
the instigator
is rolled
rolled back
back his
his responof sin,
sin, is
Satan, the
instigator of
responsibility
for having
having initiated
initiated and introduced iniquity
sibility for
iniquity
in no sense
into
universe. But he in
sense vicariously
vicariously atones
atones
into the
the universe.
for the
sins of
people. All
this Christ
Christ fully
bore,
the sins
God's people.
All this
for
of God's
fully bore,
vicariously atoned
atoned for,
cross.
and vicariously
cross.
for, on Calvary'S
Calvary's
Having
ministry as
high priest,
priest, our
as high
finished His ministry
Having finished
Saviour
then returns
to the
glory, and it
it is
in glory,
is
Saviour then
the earth
earth in
returns to
then
that Satan
into the
the bottomless
bottomless pit,
pit, where he
then that
is cast
Satan is
cast into
milin rebellion
the miland his
his confederates
confederates in
rebellion remain for
for the
lennial
thousand
years
of
Revelation
20:
1.
This
is
lennial
is his
his
years of Revelation 20:1.
prison house,
house, with
with devastation
all around him.
him. Then at
at
devastation all
prison
the
the thousand
thousand years
years the
are
the end of
of the
the wicked dead are
raised
to life,
together with
with the
the devil
raised to
devil and his
his
life, and together
the lake
lake of
of fire.
fire. This
This will
will be their
their
angels,
are cast
cast into
into the
angels, are

JUDGMENT
445
reward-the
death (Rev.
13-15).
reward the second,
or eternal,
second, or
eternal, death
(Rev. 20:
20:13-15).
(See
Question
42.)
(See Question 42.)
In Malachi 4:
read: "The day
day that
that cometh
In
4:11 we read:
shall
up, saith
the Lord of
of hosts,
hosts, that
that it
shall burn them up,
saith the
it shall
shall
leave them neither
neither root
branch."
leave
root nor branch."
Looking forward to
that day
day when every
every trace
trace of
to that
sin
of sin
Looking
will
obliterated, King
King David said,
will be obliterated,
shall
said, "The wicked shall
perish, and the
the enemies of
of the
shall be as
the fat
as the
fat
the Lord shall
perish,
of lambs:
lambs: they
shall
consume;
into
shall
they
of
shall
into
smoke
shall
consume;
they
they
consume away'*
away" (Ps.
yet aa little
little while,
while,
(Ps. 37:20).
37:20). "For yet
and the wicked shall
be: yea,
yea, thou shalt
shalt diligently
shall not be:
diligently
consider his
his place,
place) and it
shall not be.
be. But the
consider
it shall
the meek
shall
inherit the
the earth;
and
shall
delight
themselves
in
shall inherit
in
shall delight
earth;
the abundance of
peace" (verses
(verses 10,
the
the
of peace"
10, II).
11). "For the
earth
the knowledge
the glory
of
shall be filled
earth shall
filled with the
of the
glory of
knowledge of
the Lord,
the waters cover the
the sea"
sea" (Hab.
2: 14). So
as the
the
Lord, as
(Hab. 2:14).
we say,
glorious name for
for ever:
ever: and let
his glorious
let
"Blessed be his
say, "Blessed
the whole earth
his glory;
glory; Amen, and
earth be filled
filled with his
the
Amen" (Ps.
72: 19).
(Ps.72:19).
VIII.
the Second
Advent
VIII, Questions
on the
Second Advent
Questions on
and
the Millennium
Millennium
and the
The Second
Cfhe
Second Coming
Christ
of Christ
Cowing of
QUESTION
QUESTION
37
What is
is the
of Adventists
Adventists regardregardthe teaching
teaching of
ing
the
second
coming
of
our
Lord?
Weare
OUT
Lord?
We
are
ing
coming of
to
given
to
understand
that
you
not
accept
do
that
not
the
given
you
accept the
positions
held
by
many
Christians
today
relative
Christians
relative
positions
by many
today
to the
the secret
secret rapture,
rapture, the
to
the tribulation,
antitribulation, and antido
you
not
accept
these
views?
christ. Why
christ.
not
these
views?
Why
you
accept
the second
As our denominational name indicates,
second
indicates, the
coming
of
Christ
is
the
cardinal
doctrines
of the
the
is one of
of
the
cardinal
of
Christ
doctrines
of
coming
Adventist faith.
give it
it such prominence
prominence in
in our
faith. We give
Adventlst
beliefs because
because it
a pivotal
pivotal place
place in
in Holy
it occupies
beliefs
Holy
occupies a
Scripture,
Testament, but also
in the
also in
in
the New Testament,
only in
Scripture, not only
the
back as
the time
time of
Enoch, it
it was prophprophas the
of Enoch,
far back
Old. As far
the Old.
esied,
thousands of
his
of his
esied, "The Lord cometh with ten thousands
"I
know
that
saints"
14).
Job
said,
"I
that
my
reAnd
saints" (Jude
said,
my reJob
(Jude 14).
shall stand at
at the latter
deemer liveth,
liveth, and that
that he shall
latter
day
upon the
the earth"
earth" (Job
declared,
19:25); while David declared,
(Job 19:25);
day upon
"Our God shall
shall not keep
keep silence"
silence" (Ps.
shall come,
come, and shall
(Ps.
in
wrote
vein.
50:3).
other
prophets
in
similar
vein.
other
Numerous
prophets
50:3).
to Depict
I. Various
Various Terms Used to
Depict Advent
I.
In
the constantly
recurring predictions
predictions of
of the
the glogloIn the
constantly recurring
of Greek
rious second
Lord, a number of
of our Lord,
second advent of
rious
distinct and unique
words
are used,
used, words having
having distinct
unique shades
words are
15
15
449
449
QUESTIONS
450
450
We
of meaning.
meaning. We will
will
of
example of
of each
each use.
use.
example
list the
the most prominent,
prominent, giving
giving an
are ten
ten leading
leading Greek terms
terms
Here are
list
employed:
employed:
Parousia-HThe
coming of
of the
the Lord draweth
draweth nigh"
nigh"
"The coming
Parousia
(James
(James
5:8).
5:8).
Erchomai-"Occupy
till II come" (Luke
(Luke 19:
13).
Erchomai
19:13).
"Occupy till
AjJOkalupto-"When
the Lord Jesus
Jesus shall
shall be rere"When the
Apokalupto
vealed"
vealed"
(2 Thess.
Thess. 1:
7).
1:7).
Epiphaneia-"The
appearing of
of our Lord Jesus
Jesus
"The appearing
Epiphaneia
Christ" (1
(1 Tim. 6:14).
6: 14).
Christ"
shall apPhaneroo-"When
the chief
chief Shepherd
ap"When the
Phaneroo
Shepherd shall
pear" (I
(1 Peter
Peter 5:4).
5:4).
pear"
Prosopon-"From
the presence
presence of
of the
the Lord" (2
the
"From
(2
Prosopon
Thess.l:9).
Thess. 1:9).
Analuo-"He
return from the
wedding" (Luke
the wedding"
"He will
will return
Analuo
(Luke
(2
12:36).
12:36).
Hupostrepho-"To
receive ... aa kingdom,
kingdom, and to
to
"To receive
Hupostrephd
return"
(Luke 19:
12).
return" (Luke
19:12).
Ephistemi-"That
you unawares"
unawares"
"That day
day come upon
upon you
Ephistemi
(Luke
21:34).
(Luke 21:34).
HekO-"Hold
2:25).
I come" (Rev.
fast till
till I
Hekd "Hold fast
(Rev. 2:25).
ten Greek terms is
is highly
The meaning
meaning of
these ten
of these
highly
significant.
Properly
understood,
they
enable
us
us to
to
significant. Properly understood, they
glimpse
of the
the nature of
of the
the glorious
at least
least something
glorious
something of
glimpse at
for
appearing
of
our
blessed
Lord.
Erchomai,
for
example,
blessed
of
Erchomai,
example,
appearing
arof arindicates
the act
act of
of coming,
indicates the
coming, but not necessarily
necessarily of
Hekd goes
a
rival.
a
step
further,
and
not
only
means
rival. Heko
only
goes
step further,
as well.
well. Para
furcoming.
usia goes
arrival as
Parousia
stresses arrival
goes furcoming, but stresses
ther
coming
and
arrival,
it involves
for it
involves not only
ther still,
arrival,
still, for
only coming
the person
but
personal presence
presence of
of the
has
but the
the actual
actual personal
person who has
arrived.
Again,
analuo
indicates
a
departure
in
order
to
arrived. Again, analud indicates a departure in order to
SECOND COMING OF CHRIST
451
451
return, while
while hupostrepho
has the
the idea
of returning
Idea of
return,
hupostrepho has
returning
from aa journey.
journey.
Further,
appearing. with
with the
the
stresses appearing,
Further, apokalupto
apokalupto stresses
idea of
Prosopon indicates
indicates the
the actual
presidea
revelation. Prosopon
of revelation.
actual presence
of the
and
that
all
are
before
his
ence of
the one coming,
that
all
are
his
before
coming,
face. Epiphaneia
face.
Epiphaneia emphasizes
the
glory
that
will
attend
the
will
attend
that
emphasizes
glory
the
the Saviour
Phaneroo involves
Saviour when He comes.
comes. Phaneroo
not
involves not
the further
only appearing
appearing but
but the
thought that
that the
the perperfurther thought
only
son appearing
will be
be seen
in his
his true
true character.
character. The
seen in
appearing will
other
other word,
word, ephistemi,
stresses
the
thought
not only
stresses
the
of
ephistemi,
only of
thought not
being near
near but particularly
the suddenness
suddenness of
the
of the
of the
being
particularly of
coming
of
the
Lord.
of
the
Lord.
coming
the foregoing
of the
the Greek words
words
While the
foregoing meanings
meanings of
are given
given in
their renderings
renderings into
into English,
English, these
these meanin their
are
ings
not always
distinct. There is
are not
is often
often
always sharp
ings are
sharp and distinct.
an overlapping
in the
the shades
meaning.
shades of
of meaning.
overlapping in
II.
II.
of the
the Second Advent
Adventlst
Understanding of
these preliminary
considerations, we feel
that
feel that
From these
preliminary considerations,
sound and reasonable
reasonable conclusions
may be
be drawn as
to
as to
conclusions may
the
teaching
of
the
the second
second adadthe teaching of the Word concerning
concerning the
vent. The Bible
basis for
belief may
may be
be stated
stated as
for our belief
as
Bible basis
vent.
follows:
follows:
1.
1. JESUS WILL ASSUREDLY COME THE SECOND TIME.
JESUS
"I will
will come
-Jesus
Himself promised
promised to
to come again.
again. "I
Jesus Himself
again,"
He
assured
His
disciples
(John
14:3).
assured
disciples (John 14:3). And
again,"
Paul the
that He would "appear
declared that
the apostle
Paul
'appear
apostle declared
the
the second
time" (Heb.
9:28).
Saviour
adds
the
Saviour
The
the
second time"
(Heb. 9:28).
further
thought, "1
will come again,
again, and receive
receive you
you
"I will
further thought,
unto myself"
3). There is
to these
these
is significance
unto
significance to
14:3).
myself" (John
(John l4:
last-mentioned words,
it is
at the
the second advent
is at
for it
last-mentioned
words, for
'
452
452
QUESTIONS
that the
the resurrection
resurrection of
of the
the saints
takes place
place (1
(1 Thess.
Thess.
that
saints takes
4: 16).
4:16).
And this
this is
vital necessity
necessity that
that the
the same
is of
of such
such vital
"If
Christ
be
not
risen"
(1
apostle
declares,
not
be
risen"
"If
Christ
Cor. 15:
15:
(1 Cor.
apostle declares,
14)
then
"the
dead
rise
not"
(verse
16);
and
if
this
be
not"
then
"the
rise
if
this
be
(verse 16);
14)
so,
fallen asleep
are fallen
in Christ
Christ
"then they
also which are
so, "then
they also
asleep in
The
word
here
are
perished" (verse
18):
Greek
here
used
for
are perished"
used
for
(verse 18).
is
which
"destroyed,"
"per"perished"
means
is apollurni) which
"destroyed," "perapollumi,
"perished"
ished,"
term used
used in
in Luke 13:3,
the term
It is
"lost" It
is the
13:3, which
ished," "lost."
shall
reads, "Except
ye
repent,
ye
shall
all
likewise
perish";
all
likewise
reads,
ye
ye
repent,
perish";
"Except
also in
John 17:
12, "None of
is lost)
but the
of them is
the son
also
in John
son of
of
17:12,
lost, but
perdition.
"
perdition."
There is
therefore believe,
believe, for
is good reason,
There
for
good reason, we therefore
of
the
calling
the
advent
of
Jesus
the
"blessed
hope"
(Titus
"blessed
the
advent
Jesus
hope" (Titus
calling
2: 13). In
very real
real sense
it is
is the
supreme hope
hope of
of
In a
a very
sense it
the supreme
2:13).
the church,
church, for
the return
our Lord that
that the
the
is at
at the
return of
for it
it is
of our
the
sleeping
to immortality.
called forth
are called
forth to
It is
is
saints are
immortality. It
sleeping saints
then that
that this
this "mortal
put on immortality"
shall ... put
then
"mortal shall
immortality"
it is
(1 Cor.
Cor. 15:54).
is then
then that
that "the
trumpet shall
"the trumpet
shall
15:54). And it
(1
be raised
raised incorruptible"
incorruptible"
sound,
shall be
the dead shall
sound, and the
(verse
52).
(verse 52).
at the
the second
Further, those
those who are
are translated
translated at
second
Further,
advent (1
Thess.
4:
15)
will
meet
those
raised
from
will
those
advent
Thess,
raised
(1
4:15)
the dead,
dead, and together
together they
their Lord in
the
in the
the air
air
they meet their
(verse
17),
and
so
shall
they
"ever
be
with
the
Lord."
shall
"ever
with
so
be
Lord."
the
they
(verse 17),
What consolation
consolation to
to those
those who have
have laid
laid their
their loved
loved
rest!
ones
to
rest!
This
is
evidently
what
the
apostle
had
in
ones to
is evidently
the apostle
in
mind when he
he wrote,
one another
comfort one
another
wrote, "Wherefore comfort
with these
with
these words" (verse
(verse 18).
18).
2.
VISIBLE, AUDIBLE,
AUDIBLE, AND
2. SECOND ADVENT WILL BE VISIBLE,
PERSoNAL.-a.
His coming
will be
a. His
PERSONAL.
be visible.
visible. The revelarevelacoming will
tor
this clear
he states,
states, "Behold,
he cometh
tor makes this
clear when he
cometh
"Behold, he
.
453
453
douds; and every

(Rev. 1:7).
with clouds;
see him" (Rev.
shall see
1:7).
every eye
eye shall
climactic event
will certainly
certainly be
be visible
visible to
to the
the
This climactic
event will
have
patiently
waited
for
saints
saints of
of God. They
Him
waited
for
They have patiently
(1 Cor.
Cor. 1:7),
that look
for him"
it is
is "unto
look for
"unto them that
(1
1:7), and it
that He appears
appears "without
unto salvation"
salvation" (Heb.
that
9:
"without sin
sin unto
(Heb. 9:
28).
28).
But the
the unrepentant
hosts will
will also
also see
as He
see Him as
unrepentant hosts
comes in
in glory.
read that
the tribes
tribes of
of the
the
that then
"all the
then "all
glory. We read
earth mourn,
earth
shall
see
the
Son
of
coming
man
the
of
shall
see
mourn, and they
they
coming
in
the clouds
in the
clouds of
heaven with power
power and great
glory"
of heaven
great glory"
21:27).
(Matt.
see also
also Mark 13:26;
24:30; see
13:26; Luke 21:27).
(Matt. 24:30;
b. His
b.
His coming
will
be
audible.
The
Bible
writers,
will
audible.
Bible
be
writers,
coming
in
in describing
describing the
the return
return of
Christ, many
many times
times refer
refer to
to
of Christ,
the accompanying
accompanying sound of
a
trumpet:
"the
last
trump"
the
of a trumpet: "the last trump"
(1
Cor. 15:52);
voice," "the
"the trump
of
"a shout,"
"the voice,"
shout," "the
(1 Cor.
15:52); "a
trump of
(1 Thess.
16);
"a
great
sound
of
a
trumpet"
God" (1
a
Thess. 4:
"a
of
trumpet"
great
4:16);
(Matt.
24:31). We do not
not understand
understand this
this to
to be figura(Matt. 24:31).
figurabut aa plain
plain statement
will take
take
tive language,
language, but
tive
of what will
statement of
place.
place.
c. His coming will
of
c.
be personal.
personal. The coming
coming of
coming will be
Jesus
is
not
at
death,
or
in
some
great
catastrophenot
in
at death, or
Jesus is
great catastrophe
such as
as the
the destruction
Jerusalem. The actual,
perdestruction of
of Jerusalem.
actual, percalled for.
for.
Jesus Christ
Christ is
is called
sonal
presence of
sonal presence
of our Saviour
Saviour Jesus
At the
the ascension
the angels
declared
to
the
astonished
to
the
astonished
ascension the
declared
angels
in like
like
disciples,
shall so
so come in
disciples, "This same Jesus
Jesus . . . shall
in
the
is
not
manner" (Acts
I:
11).
The
word
"same"
is
not
in
the
(Acts 1:11).
is lioutas,
Greek text,
is. The Greek word is
but "this"
"this" is.
ftoutos,
text, but
fact that
aa demonstrative
demonstrative word here
stress the
the fact
that
to stress
here used to
returns will
will be
actual Jesus
He who returns
the actual
be the
ascended,
Jesus who ascended,
and not
not another.
another. This might
well
rendered,
"But
well
be
rendered,
might
Jesus
Himself
shall
come."
A.
T.
Robertson
(in
his
Himself
A.
T.
shall
(in his
Jesus
remarks:
Word Pictures),
Pictures), commenting
on
Acts
1:
ll,
remarks:
Acts
1:11,
commenting
.
454
QUESTIONS
Sa
like manner (hautos
han trapan).
idea twice.
twice ....
in like
So in
tropon). Same Idea
(houtos kon
fact of
of His
coming and the
the manner of
is also
of it
it is
The fact
His second
second coming
also
described
this emphatic
repetition.
described by
by this
emphatic repetition.
.
parousia) so
used of
so frequently
of the
the comThe word parousia,
comfrequently used
ing
of
Christ,
means
the
actual
personal
presence
actual
the
of
of
Christ,
personal presence of
ing
the Saviour.
the same word used
used in
in describing
the
It is
Is the
Saviour. It
describing
the "coming"
of
Titus
(2
Cor.
7:6).
(See
on this
Cor.
more
the
this
of
Titus
(2
7:6). (See
"coming"
point
under
Section
4.)
Section
under
4.)
point
3.
3. VARIOUS DESCRIPTIVE WORDS REFER TO BUT ONE
AnvENT.-It
to be
be particularly
particularly observed that
that there
ADVENT.
there
It is
is to
is but
but one
one second
of Christ
Christ set
set forth
in Scripis
forth in
second coming
coming of
Scripas
ture.
This is
referred
to
as
His
appearing
referred
to
His
ture. This
is specifically
appearing
specifically
(Titus
2:13), coming
return (Luke
(Luke 19:
19:
coming (James
(James 5:8),
(Titus 2:13),
5:8), return
12),
presence
(2
Thess.
I
:9),
coming
the
second
time
Thess.
the
second
1:9), coming
12), presence (2
(Heb.
again (John
(John 14:3).
Jesus
(Heb. 9:28),
9:28), and coming
coming again
14:3). Jesus
said
(John
14:3);
in
the
and
in
said He would "come again"
the
again" (John 14:3);
parable
"return"
from
His
journey
(Luke
"return"
His
would
19:
journey (Luke 19:
parable
12).
He
referred
repeatedly
to
His
"coming"
with
no
referred repeatedly to
"coming'*
12).
indication whatever
advent or
or of
a prelimia two-stage
of a
indication
whatever of
of a
two-stage advent
preliminary
coming,
secret
or
otherwise,
for
the
"rapture"
or
for
the
of
secret
otherwise,
nary coming,
"rapture" of
will
the
explicitly
states
that
Christ
will
states
that
the saints.
saints. Scripture
Christ
Scripture explicitly
to save
are looking
come "the
"the second
second time" to
save those
those who are
lookingwhich
for
9:28);
obviously
"we
are
alive
for Him (Heb.
are
alive
(Heb. 9:28); obviously
Thess.
4:
17)
to
look
for
are
to
Him
are
and remain" (1
look
for
to
Thess.
to
(1
4:17)
be saved
at the
the time
time of
the resurrection
translation
be
saved at
of the
resurrection and translation
of
the saints,
that is,
the so-called
so-called rapture.
rapture.
of the
of the
the time
time of
is, the
saints, that
that
what
has
find no scripture
that
separates
has
been
We can find
scripture
separates
termed the
the "rapture"
from
the
second
coming.
termed
the
second
coming.
"rapture"
In the
the face
the references
references to
to "the"
"the" coming,
In
all the
face of
of all
coming,
appearing,
or
return
of
the
Lord,
and
in
the
absence
of
return
in
of
the
the
of
or
absence
Lord,
appearing,
any
statement
of
two
distinct
events,
certainly
the
burstatement
the
two
distinct
burof
events, certainly
any
den of
of proof
proof rests
rests on those
those who would divide
these
divide these

various
the
various references
references to
to the
455
455
coming
into two
two phases
phases sepacoming into
separated
rated by
by the
the period
the antichrist.
antichrist. And the
the advocate
of the
advocate
period of
of
the "pretribulationist"
view does
not have
have dear
of the
clear
does not
"pretribulationist" view
Scripture
evidence
for
a
preliminary
coming
to
gather
a
evidence
for
to
Scripture
gather
preliminary coming
the saints
the
the last-day
saints before
a coming
tribulation and a
before the
last-day tribulation
coming
with
the saints
with the
saints after
the tribulation
glory and flamflamtribulation in
in glory
after the
ing vengeance
on
the
antichrist
and
the
wicked.
the
the
wicked.
Not
antichrist
ing
vengeance
is
only
is
there
hint
of
two
such
different
comings,
but
there
no
hint
of
two
such
different
only
comings, but
there
is specific scriptural evidence
there is
evidence
to
the
contrary.
to
the
specific scriptural
contrary.
4.
4. "PAROUSIA" CALLS FOR CHRIST'S
CHRIST'S ACTUAL PERPERSONAL APPEARANCE.
ApPEARANCE.-This
parousia has
has aa distinct
This word parousia
distinct
its fulfillment
in the
the actual
meaning, and can meet its
fulfillment only
actual
meaning,
only in
and
coming
visible
presence
of
the
individual
involved.
visible
of
the
individual
involved.
coming
presence
the use
parousia in
in the
This can be seen
seen in
in the
the New
use of
of parousia
Testament,
than in
in reference
reference to
to the
the second
second comother than
Testament, other
it is
ing.
used of
of Titus
Titus (2
is used
of the
the coming
Cor.
ing. Thus it
coming of
(2 Cor.
7:6);
the
coming
of
Stephanas
(1
Cor.
16:17);
and
the
the
7:6); the coming of Stephanas (1 Cor. 16:17);
coming of
of Paul (Phil.
coming
(Phil. 1:26).
1:26).
An illustration
illustration is
in 22 Corinthians
Corinthians 10:
10, where
is seen
seen in
10:10,
concerning the
the "bodily
presence"
(parousia)
we read
read concerning
"bodily presence" (parousia)
of
the apostle.
is no occasion
occasion for
for mistaking
mistaking
Paul the
of Paul
apostle. There is
the meaning
meaning of
word. It
is dear,
conthe
of this
this word.
It is
clear, definite,
definite, and conclusive.
the
East,
pp.
From
the
Ancient
clusive. Deissmann (Light
East,
pp.
(Light
272,
382)
shows
that
parousia
("presence,"
"coming")
that
272, 382)
parousia ("presence," "coming")
of a
was the
term for
the personal
personal arrival
arrival of
was
the technical
technical term
for the
potentate
or
his
representative.
or
his
representative.
potentate
teach (1
(1 Cor.
Cor. 15:23)
that
The Scriptures
15:23) that
clearly teach
Scriptures dearly
his
"at
resurrected
"they
that
are
Christ's"
are
to
be
resurrected
"at
his
that
are
Christ's"
are
to
be
"they
coming" (the
parousia). Elsewhere
Elsewhere
is parousia}.
here used is
coming"
(the word here
the parousia
parousia of
the Son of
described by
by a very
is described
of the
of man is
the
very
the
whole
visible symbol,
the
lightning
shining
across
the
across
the
visible
lightning shining
symbol,
sky
nothing secret
that
secret about that
is nothing
24:27). There is
sky (Matt.
(Matt. 24:27).
456
QUESTIONS
for a
a secret
kind of
of parousia.
parousia. (The
secret coming
of
coming of
(The argument
argument for
this Greek word has
has been
been discredited
Christ
based on this
Christ based
discredited
even
by some pretribulationist
pretribulationist writers.)
writers.) But the
the evievieven by
dence
not rest
words.
choice of
of words.
the mere choice
rest on the
dence does
does not
5.
5. No PLACE FOR "SECRET" RAPTURE AS SEPARATE
AnVENT.-When
Jesus returns
returns He does
not
does not
When Jesus
PHASE OF ADVENT.
the
constitute
come alone.
constitute
the
triumphal
alone. Celestial
Celestial beings
beings
triumphal
train
that returns
returns with
with Him. Jesus
of
train that
said, "The Son of
Jesus said,
come
.
.
.
with
his
angels"
(Matt.
16:27).
his
with
man shaH
shall
angels" (Matt. 16:27).
refers to
angels" (Mark
as "holy
to them as
Mark refers
"holy angels"
(Mark 8:38);
8:38);
Paul,
as "his
angels"
(2
Thess.
1:
7);
Thess.
"his mighty
Paul, as
mighty angels" (2
1:7); and
"all the
Matthew quotes
our
Lord's
words,
saying
the
Lord's
own
words,
saying "all
quotes
holy
angels"
will
accompany
His
return
(Matt.
25:31).
His
return
(Matt. 25:31).
holy angels" will accompany
What aa galaxy
galaxy of
glory, not
not merely
merely of
celestial glory,
of the
the
of celestial
angel
hosts,
but
of
Christ
Himself
coming
in
"his
own
Himself
in
"his
of
Christ
hosts,
coming
angel
glory" and in
in "his
"his Father's"
Father's" (Luke
can
(Luke 9:26).
9:26). Who can
glory"
picture the
the scene!
ten thousands
thousands of
of ten
thouten thouscene! With ten
picture
sands
and "thousands
of thousands"
(Rev. 5:
II), of
of
thousands" (Rev.
"thousands of
sands and
5:11),
these
messengers of
a
pageant
of
unparalwhat
a
of
these messengers
of glory,
glory,
pageant
unparalleled majesty!
majesty! What aa revelation
the effulgent
effulgent glory
glory
of the
revelation of
leled
of the
the Eternal!
Eternal!
of
There is
the events
as
a striking
is a
events as
similarity between the
striking similarity
described
accounts
of
the
second
in different
different parallel
of
the
described in
accounts
second
parallel
in relation
relation to
to the
the resurrection
resurrection of
coming,
particularly in
of
coming, particularly
the dead and the
the translation
translation of
the living
living righteous.
righteous.
of the
the
"The
himself
shall
descend
from
Paul says,
Lord
himself
shall
descend
says,
the
the
heaven with
with aa shout,
with
the
voice
of
the
archangel,
heaven
voice
of
shout,
archangel,
and with the
the trump
trump of
Thess. 4: 16), and will
of God" (1
will
(1 Thess. 4:16),
catch
up His
His own into
the air
to meet Him. Obviously,
Obviously,
catch up
air to
into the
it is
is this
this gathering
gathering up
up of
the saints
the earth
it
saints from the
of the
earth that
that
is described
by Jesus
Himself:
"They
is
in similar
similar terms
terms by
described in
Himself:
Jesus
"They
shall see
shall
see the
in the
the clouds
the Son of
of man coming
clouds of
of
coming in
.
SEGOND
SEQOND COMING OF CHRIST
457
heaven with power

glory. And he
he shall
shall send
send
power and great
great glory.
his
his angels
angels with
with aa great
of aa trumpet,
trumpet, and they
they
great sound of
shall gather
shall
gather together
together his
his elect
the four
four winds,
winds,
elect from the
from one end of
the other"
other" (Matt.
24:30, 31).
of heaven to
to the
(Matt. 24:30,
31).
And notice
notice that
that it
the sounding
of "the
trumpet" that
it is
is the
"the trumpet"
that
sounding of
calls
forth "the
that
calls forth
"the dead" (1
Cor. 15:52)
"they that
(1 Cor.
15:52) when "they
are
Christ's" are
his coming"
(verses
are Christ's"
are "made alive"
alive" "at
"at his
coming" (verses
22,
23). This selection
among
selection of
of the
the righteous
22, 23).
righteous from among
vast multitudes
the
the vast
multitudes of
is on an individual
individual basis.
basis.
of earth
earth is
Christ Himself
Himself described
this dividing
earth's ininChrist
described this
of earth's
dividing of
habitants into
classes by
by the
the simple
declahabitants
into two distinct
distinct classes
declasimple
ration,
be taken,
taken, and the
the other
other left"
left" (Matt.
shall be
ration, "One shall
(Matt.
24:40).
24:40).
In
In the
the light
find no place
of these
these considerations,
considerations, we find
light of
place
for
rapture, as
by some.
a secret
secret rapture,
for a
as held
held by
some.
6.
6. THE ADVENT AND THE FINAL TRIBULATION.TRIBULATION.
of
the
church
to
Christ
in relation
relation to
The "gathering"
the
to Christ in
to
"gathering" of
the
time of
of the
the tribulation
tribulation is
is disdisthe antichrist
antichrist and the
the time
cussed in
in literal
literal and explicit
language in
in Paul's
Paul's second
cussed
explicit language
letter to
to the
the Thessalonians,
which
written
to correct
to
was
written
letter
correct
Thessalonians,
the misunderstanding
misunderstanding of
in his
his first
first
of what he had said
said in
the
letter about
about the
the coming
of Jesus
to
raise
the
dead
and
to
raise
the
letter
coming of
Jesus
his
second
translate the
the living
righteous.
In
his
epistle
he
translate
living righteous.
epistle he
tells the
the Thessalonian
Thessalonian Christians
that God will
will recomChristians that
tells
pense their
their persecutors
with tribulation,
tribulation, and the
the vicvicpersecutors with
pense
tims of
of persecution
persecution with rest,
rest, "when the
the Lord Jesus
tims
Jesus
shall
be revealed
revealed from heaven with his
his mighty
mighty angels,
shall be
angels,
in flaming
that know not
not
fire taking
in
vengeance on them that
taking vengeance
flaming fire
God, and that
that obey
the gospel"
Thess. 1:7,
1:7, 8).
God,
gospel" (2
obey not the
(2 Thess.
8).
The
church
finds
rest
Again
find
the
classes:
finds
rest
classes:
two
find
the
we
Again
at
time when Christ
blazing vengeance
Christ comes with blazing
the time
at the
vengeance
instructed
on His
His (and
(and her)
her) enemies.
enemies. Further,
Further, Paul instructed
458
458
QUESTIONS
them In
in regard
to "the
coming of
of our Lord Jesus
Jesus
"the coming
regard to
Christ"
unto him"
"our gathering
Christ" and "our
together unto
gathering together
name
(2
Thess.
2:
1;
not
by
J or
in
the
of,
the
coming
in
the
the
Thess.
not
or
of,
2:1;
coming and
(2
by,
the gathering,
but
concerning
it,
as
the
R.S.V. coras
the
R.S.V.
corthe
but
it,
concerning
gathering,
rectly
renders
huper).
What
else
could
he
have
meant
he
have
else
renders
rectly
huper).
by "our
gathering together
together unto
unto him" but
but the
the same
"our gathering
by
that
had
gathering
of
the
saints
that
he
described
in
his
described
in his
saints
the
of
gathering
former
that they
had
evidently
misundermisunderformer letter
letter and that
evidently
they
stood-the
be caught
up"
shall be
stood the coming
caught up"
coming when "we ... shall
to Christ,
Christ, that
"rapture" of
of 11 Thessalonians
the "rapture"
Thessalonians
that is,
to
is, the
16, 17?
regard to
to this
this matter
matter he beseeches
beseeches his
4:
his
In regard
17? In
4:16,
readers
not to
to be
in mind,
mind, or
or be
be troubled"
troubled"
be "shaken in
readers not
about the
of Christ,
Christ, "for
of the
the day
"for that
that
about
the imminence of
day of
there
day
shall
not
come,
except
there
come
a
falling
away
shall
not
come,
except
falling
away
day
first,
that man of
the son
sin be revealed,
of sin
son of
of perdirevealed, the
first, and that
perdition" (2
(2 Thess.
2: 1-3). Paul,
then, is
is telling
telling the
the ThesThestion"
Thess. 2:1-3).
Paul, then,
of Christ's
salon
ian Christians
that the
Christ's coming
to
the day
Christians that
salonian
day of
coming to
saints*-the
coming
about
they
were
gather
the
the
which
the
saints*
were
coming
they
gather
worried
because they
Paul-was
was
worried because
they had misunderstood Paul
the
not
to
come
until
after
the
revealing
of
the
man
of
until
of
the
not to
of
after
revealing
sin. This
This much
m~ch is
here, but
but Paul goes
on.
is clear
clear here,
sin.
goes on.
is
This
man
of
sin,
further,
is
to
sit
"in
the
temple of
of
sit
"in
of
to
the temple
This
sin, further,
worship as
power we
as God-the
God the same power
claim worship
God" and claim
believe that
to wear out the
bring the
the great
great
is to
the saints
saints and bring
that is
believe
and
is
tribulation of
he
is
to
be
destroyed
tribulation
of 1260
to
be
1260 days-and
days
destroyed
his coming"
"with
brightness or
(verses 4,
4, 8).
It is
of his
"with the
the brightness
coming" (verses
8). It is
obvious
that, whatever "he who now letteth"
letteth" might
be,
obvious that,
might be,
will
the taking
away
that
will
permit
the
revealing
of
antithat
the
the
of
antitaking away
permit
revealing
.
*
'the day
*To hold
hold that
that "that
or Christ,"
Christ," refers
refers to
to the
the visible
visible coming
"that day,"
day of
day," "the
coming
while the
after
revealing of antichrl!'t,
the "coming"
"gathering" of
after the
the revealing
antichrist, while
of the
the
"coming** and "gathering"
church is
is the
the "rapture,"
preceding the
of antichrist,
antichrist, is
to make
make Paul
Paul say:
say:
the revealing
is to
church
revealing of
"rapture," preceding
in regard
to
not
"Now II beseech
beseech you,
you, in
to
event
A,
not
to
be
troubled
about
event
B,
event
to
be
troubled
about
event B,
regard
A,
which will
years later.'
later." That would reduce
reduce his
his explanation
e"planation to
nonsense.
seven years
will come seven
to nonsense.
*
459
christ
christ
cannot be
be equated
with the
cannot
of Christ's
Christ's
the gathering
gathering of
equated with
church to
refers to
to as
to Himself,
Paul here
here refers
as coming
Himself, which Paul
coming
revealing of
of the
the man of
of
after the
the "falling
the revealing
after
"falling away"
away" and the
sin.
it is
that
antichrist
presin. And it
is equally obvious
must
that
antichrist
obvious
equally
prenot follow,
follow, the
the gathering
of the
the saints
to Christ
cede,
saints to
Christ
cede, not
gathering of
at His
His coming.
it in
in another
another way:
way: If
the
at
If the
state it
coming. To state
coming
of
Christ
that
destroys
the
antichrist
foHows
that
of
Christ
the
antichrist
follows
coming
destroys
the revealing
revealing of
the man of
of sin,
the gathering
the
if the
of
of the
sin, and if
gathering of
the Christian
the
also
follows
the
the
Christian saints
at His
His coming
follows
saints at
also
coming
there is
revealing
the man of
is no conceivof the
of sin,
conceivthen there
sin, then
revealing of
able
the absence
an explicit
statement
of
in the
able reason,
statement
of an
of
absence of
reason, in
explicit
Scripture,
why
these
are
not
the
same
coming.
are
not
the
these
coming.
Scripture, why
This agrees
agrees with
with Paul's
Paul's statement
that the
the coming
to
statement that
coming to
bring rest
rest to
to the
is the
coming to
to bring
bring vengethe church is
the coming
vengebring
ance
John's description
of
to the
of God;
the enemies
enemies of
ance to
God; with John's
description of
the coming
of
the
King
that
includes
the
judgments
on
the
of
the
that
includes
the
on
King
coming
judgments
the
beast, the
the false
prophet, and the
the dragon,
dragon, and the
false prophet,
the
the beast,
first
resurrection as
well; and with
with Jesus'
statement that
that
as well;
first resurrection
Jesus' statement
His coming
with trumpet
trumpet blast
blast to
to gather
elect
His
gather His elect
coming with
all the
the passages
follows
the tribulation.
passages harmonize
tribulation. And all
follows the
with Jesus'
Jesus' repeated
repeated references
to His coming
coming (always
references to
with
(always
in
the singular).
in the
singular).
the
Therefore Seventh-day
Adventists believe
believe on the
Therefore
evidence
of
Scripture
that
there
will
be
one
visible,
will
be
that
there
one
of
evidence
visible,
Scripture
personal, glorious
of Christ.
Christ.
second coming
coming of
glorious second
personal,
7. PROPHECIES
FULFILLED
PROPHECIES CONCERNING ANTICHRIST FULFILLED
7.
in common with
BEFORE
ADVENT.-Adventists,
with virtuvirtuBEFORE ADVENT.
Adventists, in
the
ally
all
early
Protestant
Reformers,
recognize
the
papal
papal
ally all early Protestant Reformers, recognize
power as
as the
the great
Antichrist of
because
the centuries,
of the
centuries, because
great Antichrist
power
"little
the
it meets
meets the
the scriptural
specifications
of
the
"little
of
it
scriptural specifications
13.
of
horn"
of
Daniel
7
and.
the
"beast"
of
Revelation
13.
the
"beast"
and
7
Daniel
of
horn"
futurist
the preterist
Those
preterist or
or the
the futurist
either the
take either
Those who take
460
QUESTIONS
position are
are unable
unable to
recognize the
the actual
to recognize
actual Antichrist
Antichrist
position
as
he
carries
on
his
work.
When
no
one
is
on
the alert
is
his work.
as he carries
the
alert
will seek
to his
his nefarious
nefarious schemes,
seek to
to deceive
the
deceive the
to
schemes, he will
whole world;
world; so
that ultimately
ultimately men will
will deso much so,
whole
deso, that
clare,
"Who
is
like
unto
the
beast?
is
able
to
is
who
unto
the
able
is
like
beast?
to
make
clare,
war
with him?"
him?" and "all
the world"
world" will
will wonder
"all the
war with
"after
beast" (Rev.
13:4,
3).
"after the
the beast"
13:4,
3).
(Rev.
The work of
will be
be brought
brought to
to an end
Antichrist will
of Antichrist
We
by
the
second
advent
of
our
Lord.
read
in
2 ThesLord.
read
in
advent
of
our
second
the
2
Thesby
salonians
is called
called the
the "man of
of sin."
of one who is
sin." We
2:3 of
salonians 2:3
in verse
read
his blasphemous
blasphemous claims
verse 4,
4, of
of his
his signs
claims in
of his
read of
signs
and lying
lying wonders
wonders in
in verse
verse 9.
9. But God's
God's Word declares
and
declares
unmistakably
that he
he will
will be
be consumed by
by "the
"the brightunmistakably that
brightness
of his
his [Christ's]
(2 Thess.
Thess. 2:8).
2:8). Though
ness of
coming" (2
[Christ's] coming"
Though
all their
all the
the organizations
organizations of
with all
their wicked
of apostasy,
all
wicked
apostasy, with
works,
should
combine,
their
activities
will
come
to an
will
their
activities
should
to
an
combine,
works,
end
at
the
time
our
returns
from
heaven
(Rev.
time
Lord
returns
heaven (Rev.
end at the
19:19,20).
19:19, 20).
8.
8. SECOND ADVENT MARKS BEGINNING OF MILLENNIAL
PERIOD.-The millennial
millennial period
period is
is mentioned
mentioned definitely
PERIOD.
definitely
in
Revelation
20
under
the
expression
the
in Revelation 20
expression "thousand years."
years."
Verses 4-6
4-6 speak
the first
first resurrection.
of the
resurrection. "They
Verses
came
"They carne
speak of
to life
life again,
and
reigned
with
Christ
a
thousand
years"
with
Christ
a
to
thousand
reigned
again,
years"
(Rev.
20:4, R.S.V.).
having part
part in
in it
it are
are called
called
(Rev. 20:4,
R.S.V.). Those having
"blessed
and
holy."
Further,
"they
shall
be
priests
"blessed
of
holy." Further, "they shall be priests of
God and of
they shall
reign with
with him aa
shall reign
of Christ,
Christ, and they
resurrection of
of the
thousand years."
years." The resurrection
the saints,
saints, taught
taught
thousand
1 Thessalonians
15 and 1
in I1 Corinthians
Thessaloni~ns 4,
4, takes
takes place
Corinthians 15
in
place
at the
the coming
corning of
of our Lord.
Lord. And inasmuch
inasmuch as
as those
those thus
thus
at
it is
raised reign
reign "with
years," it
a thousand
"with Christ
Christ a
thousand years,"
raised
is clear
clear
that
resurrection marks the
the beginning
beginning of
that this
this resurrection
of the
the milmilthe dead (the
lennial
period. Seeing
that the
the rest
rest of
lennial period,
of the
Seeing that
(the

wicked) "did not
not come to
to
wicked)
461
461
life
again until
until the
the thousand
life again
years
20:4, R.S.V.),
R.S.V.), it
it likewise
likewise seems
years were ended" (Rev.
(Rev. 20:4,
the close
close of
the
clear that
that this
this second
clear
of the
second resurrection
resurrection marks the
further
discussion
of
the
milmillennial period.
(For
millennial
milthe
of
further
discussion
period. (For
lennium, see
see Questions
lennium,
38, 39).
39).
Questions 38,
9. NEW TESTAMENT EXPRESSIONS
EXPRESSIONS ADVANCED BY
9.
RAPTURISTs.-Among
these are
are to
to be
be noted
noted (a)
RAPTURISTS. Among these
(a) "The
day
of
the
Lord
so
cometh
as
a
thief
in
the
night"
of
the
In
the
so
a
thief
as
day
night"
(1
Thess.
5:2)
and
(b)
"The
one
shall
be
taken,
Thess.
be
shall
taken, and
(1
5:2)
(6)
the
the other
(Matt.
likening of
the
other left"
left"
of the
(Matt. 24:40).
24:40). The likening
it
coming
of
Christ
to
a
thief
in
the
night,
must,
it
seems
of
Christ
to
a
thief
in
the
must,
coming
night,
to
be understood as
having some limitations.
to us,
us, be
limitations. One
as having
to the
would surely
not
wish
to
push
the
illustration
to
the
illustration
wish to push the
surely
think 0'
the Saviour's
extreme.
extreme. We would hardly
Saviour's comof the
hardly think
thief
who
prowls
around,
working
the dark,
a
ing
like
a
like
thief
in the
dark,
around,
ing
working in
prowls
likeafraid of
afraid
of being
being discovered.
could never
never be aa likediscovered. That could
our
Redeemer.
ness
of
ness of
The context
context of
Thessalonians 5:2
indi1
of 1
5:2 clearly
Thessalonians
clearly indicates what the
the apostle
meant
by
describing
the
second
the
cates
by describing
apostle
thief. He is
is talking
talking about the
the
coming
of Christ
Christ as
as a
a thief.
coming of
unexpectedness
coming. No one expects
a
of Christ's
Christ's coming.
expects a
unexpectedness of
he is
is able
to do his
his nefarious
nefarious work unthief;
therefore he
able to
thief; therefore
at that
detected.
describes the
heedless at
that
the heedless
detected. The apostle
apostle describes
deday
as
expecting
peace
and
safety
desudden
when
as
safety
day
expecting peace
struction
prospect (verse
(verse 3).
is in
in immediate prospect
struction is
they
3). But they
are
not expecting
expecting it.
cautions the
the faithful
faithful not to
to
it. He cautions
are not
as a
fall
asleep, lest
the second advent overtake
overtake them as
a
fall asleep,
lest the
be
thief (verses
(verses 4,
5).
urges
to
"watch
and
He
to
them
thief
4, 5).
urges
sober"
(verse 6)
of the
the second coming
in expectation
sober" (verse
coming
6) in
expectation of
of Christ.
Christ.
of
therefore, is
rather than
is of
of unexpectedness
The idea,
idea, therefore,
unexpectedness rather
catch
of secrecy.
secrr:cy. Of course,
the advent of
of Jesus
Jesus will
will catch
of
course, the
462
462
QUESTIONS
some professing
professing Christians
asleep, but
but that
that will
be
will be
Christians asleep,
part of
God's plan.
plan. !hey
their own fault,
their
of God's
should
fault, and not part
They should
be alert
alert and watching
watching for
His appearing.
appearing. But even
even those
those
be
for His
are awake,
are
fully
surrendered
to
are
surrendered
who are
unless they
to
awake, unless
fully
they
God,
will
be
caught
unawares.
coming
of
the
Lord
The
of
the
will
be
unawares.
God,
coming
caught
will also
also be
be unexpected
for them.
In other
words, they
will
other words,
them. In
unexpected for
they
Him
not actually
looking
for
to
return;
they
are
to
are
for
are not
return;
they are
actually looking
not waiting
for
Him.
Hence,
Christ's
coming
will,
to
Christ's
to
not
for
will,
Hence,
coming
waiting
be
as
a
thief
in
the
night.
them,
a
in
the
thief
as
them,
night.
to the
the other
one shall
shall be
be taken,
As to
other passage-"The
taken,
passage "The one
and the
the other
schools of
of interpreleft"
there are
are two schools
other left"-there
interprethat those
tation among
feel that
those
tation
commentators. Some feel
among commentators.
"taken"
are
taken
in
destruction;
others,
that
they
that
are
''taken" are taken in destruction; others,
they are
the Lord.
Lord. But whatever
whatever the
the correct
taken
be with the
taken to
to be
correct
interpretation,
one
point
stands
out
clearly:
conNo
constands
out
clearly:
point
interpretation,
of
secrecy
is
involved
in
the
words
used.
It
is
the
It
is
cept
is
in
the
used.
the
words
involved
cept of secrecy
stressed.
fact
of being
being "taken"
being "left"
that is
"left" that
is stressed.
"taken" or
or of
of being
fact of
is no indication
the words themselves
themselves as
to
as to
in the
There is
indication in
left.
the
one
is
taken
and
the
other
left.
just
is
the
other
how
the
taken
just
passage indicates
that this
this will
will be aa day
day
indicates clearly
The passage
clearly that
of
of secrecy
secrecy into
the idea
the
of separation.
introduce the
idea of
into the
separation. To introduce
believe, wholly
wholly unwarranted.
unwarranted. Nowhere in
text is,
text
in
is, we believe,
the Bible
Bible is
indication
that
the
one
is
that
indication
when
the
is
the
is there
there any
any
taken
and the
certain
persons
will
the
will
awaken
the
taken and
the other
other left,
certain
left,
persons
next
morning to
thiefto find
find loved
next morning
loved ones
ones "missing."
"missing." The thiefin-the-night
illustration
was
obviously
given
by
illustration
obviously given by our
in-the-night
to indicate
indicate the
the suddenness of
of His appearing
appearing and
Lord to
the
the danger
danger that
that faces
not only
the
but even the
the
faces not
world
but
the
only
church of
of being
unprepared and so
being taken ununchurch
so being
being unprepared
awares.
awares.
the "rapture"
advance the
the
Advocates
also advance
Advocates of
of the
theory also
"rapture" theory
case
of
in
Enoch,
case of Enoch in support
their concept.
of their
to Enoch,
concept. As to
support of
463
463
the Scripture
was translated
translated
the
faith Enoch was
declares, "By
"By faith
Scripture declares,
that
he should
was not
not found,
found, bebethat he
should not
not see
see death;
death; and was
cause
translated him" (Heb.
(Heb. 11:5).
It is
is
cause God had translated
11:5). It
maintained that
the expression
he
"was
not
found"
maintained
that the
he
not
expression
indicates that
that aa search
made, and so
so implies
implies secrecy
indicates
search was made,
secrecy
in
in his
being translated.
connection it
his being
in this
it must
translated. But in
this connection
be remembered that
that the
the term
term "ascension"
itself surely
be
"ascension" itself
surely
not connote secrecy.
Elijah
also
was
translated,
but
does
does not
was
also
translated, but
secrecy. Elijah
in
in full
full view
view of
Elisha, and with
with chariot
chariot and whirlwind.
whirlwind.
of Elisha,
Again,
our
blessed
"was
taken
up" (Acts
(Acts
taken
when
blessed
Lord
Again,
up"
1:
9),
it
was
in
full,
open
view
of
His
disciples.
it
was
in
of
full,
1:9),
disciples.
open
Furthermore, why
why should
the expression
expression "was not
not
should the
Furthermore,
found" be
be thought
thought to
indicate secrecy?
secrecy? Similar
to indicate
Similar expresexpressions
they could not
are found in
in other
connections and they
sions are
other connections
mean secrecy,
refer to
to something
in aa corner.
or refer
corner.
secrecy, or
something done in
Thus we read that
that in
the
last
days
"the
mountains
were
in the last days "the
not found"
found" (Rev.
that it
it "shall
"shall be
of Babylon,
not
Babylon, that
(Rev. 16:20);
16:20); of
found no more at
18:21);
of
its
inhabitits
inhabitat all"
all" (Rev.
and
of
(Rev. 18:21);
ants,
that
"shall
be
found
any
in
thee"
in
thee"
"shall
more
that
none
be
ants,
any
(verse
22). On what linguistic
exegetical authority,
or exegetical
authority,
linguistic or
(verse 22).
then,
one introduce
the idea
idea of
of something
can one
introduce the
then, can
something happenhappening
secretly?
ing secretly?
10.
COMING "BLESSED HOPE"
OF THE
10. SECOND
CHURcH.-In
Adventists bebeIn summation: Seventh-day
CHURCH.
visilieve that
that Christ's
advent will
will be
be personal,
personal, visisecond advent
lieve
Christ's second
atid premillennial,
ble, audible,
audible, bodily,
bodily, glorious,
premillennial, and
ble,
glorious, 'and
will
of our
our redemption.
redemption. And we
the completion
will mark the
completion of
at a time
is imminent,
believe that
that our
Lord's return
return is
our Lord's
believe
imminent, at
that is
is near
near but
but not
not disclosed.
Adventists' joy,
joy, hope,
hope,
disclosed. Adventists'
that
well
are
and expectation
over
the
prospect
are
well
expressed
the
over
and
expressed
prospect
expectation
of Ellen
the writings
by the
the following
writings of
Ellen
following excerpts
excerpts from the
by
G. White:
White:
G.
464
464
QUESTIONS
of the
the most solemn and yet
yet most glorious
glorious truths
truths revealed
revealed
One of
in the
the Bible
Bible is
is that
that of
of Christ's
Christ's second coming.
coming.-The
The Great Conin
troversy, p.
p. 299.
299.
troversy,
coming of
of Christ
Christ to
to usher
usher in
in the
the reign
reign of
of righteousness
righteousness
The coming
has inspired
inspired the
the most sublime
sublime and impassioned
impassioned utterances
utterances of
of the
the
has
sacred writers.
writers.-Ibid.,
p. BOO.
300.
sacred
Ibid., p.
The proclamation
proclamation of
of Christ's
Christ's coming
coming should now be,
be, as
as when
by the
the angels
angels to
to the
the shepherds
shepherds of
of Bethlehem,
Bethlehem, good
good tidings
tidings
made by
of great
great joy.
joy. Those who really
really love
love the
the Saviour cannot but hail
hail
of
with gladness
gladness the
the announcement founded upon
upon the
the word of
of
with
God, that
that He in
in whom their
their hopes
hopes of
of eternal
eternal life
life are
are centered
centered is
is
God,
coming again,
again, not
not to
to be insulted,
insulted, despised,
despised, and rejected,
rejected, as
as at
at
coming
His first
first advent,
advent, but
but in
in power
power and glory,
glory, to
to redeem His people.
people.
His
-Ibid.,
pp. 339,
339, 340.
340.
Ibid., pp.
Varied
of the Millennium
Varied Concepts
Concepts of the Millennium
QUESTION
QUESTION
38
Many varied
varied and conflicting
are
Many
teachings are
conflicting teachings
current
current
How, and when,

when, did
did
on the
the millennium. How,
these
views
arise?
these conflicting
views
arise'?
conflicting
I. Basic
Basic Definitions
Millennialism
Definitions and Differentiations
in Millennialism
Differentiations in
I.
these questions
is apparent
The importance
o these
importance of
apparent from
questions is
the
molding influence
that varying
varying millennial
millennial views
views
the molding
influence that
exerted on the
the Christian
faith over
over the
the centuries.
have exerted
Christian faith
centuries.
In order
to understand the
the really
really fundamental differIn
order to
differdefinition of
terms used
used to
to describe
describe the
the
ences, aa definition
of the
the terms
ences,
major
schools
of
millennialism-premillennial,
postof
schools
millennialism
postmajor
premillennial,
millennial, and amillennial-is
first essential.
amillennial is first
essential.
millennial,
1.
unabridged
1. MILLENNIUM.MILLENNIUM. The Merriam-Webster unabridged
dictionary,
the word "mil"milsecond edition
edition (1949),
defines the
dictionary, second
(1949), defines
lennium":
I.
thousand years
. . 2.
2. Sped.,
the thousand years
1. A thousand
...
years menyears.. .
Specif., the
tioned
in Revelation
xx, during
during which holiness
holiness is
is to
to be triumtioned in
Revelation xx,
Some believe
believe that
during this
period Christ
will reign
reign on
this period
Christ will
that during
earth.
earth.
phant.
phant.
that in
This definition
nearly accurate
accurate than that
is more nearly
definition is
This
to
the
word
The New Schaff-Herzog,
applies
the
to a
which
applies
Schaff-Herzog,
reign
on
earth
before
the
end
of
the
world,
disregarding
the
earth before the
world., disregarding
of
reign
the
that these
interpretation
are interpretation
these specifications
the fact
fact that
specifications are
rather than definition.
definition.
rather
465
465
QUESTIONS
466
2. CHILIASM.-As
used chlliasm
chiliasm Is
is the
the
CHILIASM. As generally
generally used
that the
will reign
reign with
with Christ
Christ on earth
teaching that
earth
the saints
saints will
teaching
during
the
millennial
thousand
years.
identificathousand
The
identificathe
millennial
years.
during
tion
of the
the one thousand
thousand years
of Revelation
with
tion of
Revelation 20
20 with
years of
various
prophecies of
of aa literal
literal kingdom
various Old Testament prophecies
kingdom
earth (not
of Scripture)
Scripture) has
has
on earth
stipulation of
(not an express
express stipulation
periodically
brought
its
advocates
into
disrepute
advocates
Its
Into
bedisrepute beperiodically brought
materialistic expectations
excesses
cause of
of the
and
excesses
cause
the materialistic
expectations
sometimes accompanying
this concept.
concept.
accompanying this
3. PREMILLENNIALIsM.-Premillennialism
posits the
the
PREMILLENNIALISM. Premillennialism posits
3.
second
coming of
the first
resurrection as
first resurrection
of Christ
as
Christ and the
second coming
preceding
the
thousand
years,
with
the
second
resurthousand
the
resurthe
years,
preceding
rection
to follow
follow the
the millennium. (It
(It also
also commonly
rection to
commonly
adds
chiliastic corollary,
that
Christ
comes He
that
a chiliastlc
when
Christ
adds a
corollary,
will set
up aa kingdom
on
earth)
in
the
saints
will
in
which
the
saints will
will
set up
earth,,
kingdom
reign
with
Christ
over
the
nations.)
millennial
with
Christ
the
The
millennial
over
reign
nations.)
reign is
thus introduced
by supernatural
is thus
cataintroduced by
supernatural and catareign
strophic
events.
events.
strophic
4. POSTMILLENNIALISM.-Postmillennialism
sees the
the
4.
POSTMILLENNIALISM. Postmlllennialism sees
"thousand
years"
as
possibly
a
literal
period,
but
more
but
a
literal
as
"thousand years'*
possibly
period,
probably an indefinite
period of
time, preceding
preceding the
the
of time,
indefinite period
probably
resurrection" is
is therefore
therefore
second
advent. The "first
"first resurrection"
second advent.
a revival
revival of
of the
principles, and characcharaca
the spirit,
doctrine, principles,
spirit, doctrine,
ter
of
the
Christian
martyrs
and
departed
saints.
And
saints.
ter of the Christian martyrs
departed
after the
the evil
evil of
the world has
largely overthrown,
has been largely
after
of the
overthrown,
in
will
ushered
Christ's
ushered
in
by Christ's
paradisiac
blessedness
will
be
blessedness
by
paradisiac
and
the
general
resurrection.
Thus
the
millencoming
the
millenthe
resurrection.
coming
general
without direct
direct divine
divine intervention.
intervention.
nium is
is introduced
Introduced without
5.
AMILLENNIALIsM.-Amillennialists
that
assert that
5. AMILLENNIALISM.
Amillennialists assert
Revelation
teaching
spiritual
truths
in
truths
in
is simply
Revelation 20
20 is
simply teaching spiritual
symbolic
language.
This
concept
eliminates
an
actual
actual
eliminates
symbolic language.
concept
millennial reign,
reign, or
the entire
entire Christian
it as
millennial
or regards
as the
Christian
regards it
2.
CONCEPTS OF THE MILLENNIUM
467
467
Era.
two resurrections
resurrections are
are fused
into one,
Era. The two
fused Into
the
one, and the
judgment become one
one great
great
different
aspects of
different aspects
the judgment
of the
assize-Christ
comes
at
the
end
of
the
age
to
assize
Christ simply
at
the
of
the
age to
simply
judge
the
world.
amillennialism
seeks
to
avoid
the
the
Thus
avoid
the
world.
amillennialism
to
seeks
judge
difficulties
to beset
both premillennialism
premillennialism and
difficulties believed
believed to
beset both
postmill ennialism.
postmillennialism.
With the
the major
major types
types of
millennialism now before
before
of millennialism
us, we will
bold outline
outline the
millenwill sketch
sketch in
in bold
the course
course of
of millenus,
in order
to have
have the
the necnecnialism
across the
the centuries,
nialism across
order to
centuries, in
our
views,
follow
essary
historical setting
for
for
our
which
own
follow
views,
essary historical
setting
in
in Question
Question 39.
39.
IL Early-Church
II.
Premillennialism
Early-Church PremiHennialism
CHARACTERISTICS OF
EARLy-CHURCH PREMILLENNIEARLY-CHURCH
ALISM.-Premillennialism
in the
the early
ALISM.
Premillennialism was strong
early
strong in
believers looked
looked for
for aa breakup
breakup
Christian
church. The believers
Christian church.
of
Empire and the
the coming
of aa malign
malign
of the
the Roman Empire
coming of
the saints
antichrist who would persecute
persecute the
antichrist
saints for
three
for three
and
a
half,
followed
by
the
personal
advent
of
years
followed
the
of
a
half,
by
years
personal
Christ.
expected
a
literal
first
resurrection
at
the
first
at
the
a
literal
resurrection
Christ. They
They expected
advent,
a thousand-year
the setting
of a
advent, and the
thousand-year kingdom
setting up
kingdom
up of
of the
the saints
with
Christ.
Then
at
the
end of
of
at
the
of
saints reigning
Christ.
reigning
the millennium,
millennium, the
resurrection, the
the final
final judgjudgthe second
second resurrection,
the
ment, and the
the retribution
of the
take
the wicked would take
retribution of
ment,
of
eternal reward of
the eternal
place, they
they believed,
believed, followed
by the
followed by
place,
new
the
in
the
new
heavens
and
earth.
This
earth.
heavens
in
the
the righteous
righteous
belief they
prophecies,
the New Testament prophecies,
belief
based on the
they based
of
together
with
the
historical
prophecies
of
Daniel, in
historical
with
the
Daniel,
prophecies
together
the fourth
kingdom.
which they
they found themselves
fourth kingdom.
themselves under the
which
these
of
They
expected
the
further"
unfolding
of
these
events
further"
the
unfolding
They expected
for
looked
for
in history
history soon
for
they
for
the
their day,
after their
in
soon after
they
day,
churchmen
second
advent
shortly.
(Early-century
had,
had,
second advent shortly. (Early-century
468
QUESTIONS
of
course, no idea
long stretch
of time
time between
between
of course,
stretch of
Idea of
of such
such a
a long
the
first and second
as has
has now already
the first
advents as
second advents
ensued.
already ensued.
the end of
of the
the age.)
age.) Among
Some looked
looked to
to A.D. 500
500 for
for the
Among
the premillennialist
premillennialist writers
pseudo-Barnabas,
writers were pseudo-Barnabas,
the
Justin
Martyr, Irenaeus,
Nepos,
Montanus, Tertullian,
Tertullian, Nepos,
Irenaeus, Montanus,
Justin Martyr,
Commodianus,
Hippolytus, Methodius,
Victorinus,
Methodius, Victorinus,
Commodianus, Hippolytus,
Lactantius, and Apollinaiis.*
Apollinaris. '*'
Lactantius,
The millennial
millennial kingdom
kingdom was
was described
described variously,
variously,
though
it
was
generally
understood
to
be
on
earth,
understood
to
be
with
it
was
earth, with
generally
though
the saints
reigning over
in the
the flesh.
flesh. Some
over the
the nations
nations in
the
saints reigning
had literal
literal Jerusalem,
rebuilt,
as
the
capital;
the
Tertulas
rebuilt,
Jerusalem,
capital; Tertullian's view
view had the
descending
the New Jerusalem
lian's
Jerusalem descending from
the
others the
the
heave1.
Some
emphasized
the
spiritu~l joys,
joys, others
heaver/.
emphasized
spiritual
plenty. Some had aa
material
prosperity, fertility,
material prosperity,
fertility, and plenty.
as
antichrist
preceding
the millenmillenantichrist
as
Roman emperor
emperor
preceding the
nium,
others
a
Jew
(during
a
delayed
seventieth
week,
a
a
others
seventieth
week,
nium,
Jew (during delayed
the
maaccording
to
Hippolytus,
though
this
was
not
the
according to Hippolytus, though this
a day
jority view).
view). Methodius
Methodius saw the
day
as a
the millennium as
jority
of
judgment; Victorinus,
Victorinus, as
rest (based
on
the
a sabbath
the
of judgment;
as a
sabbath rest
(based
seven-thousand-year
theory)+,
By
the
time
of
Lactantius
the
time
of
Lactantius
seven-thousand-year theory)^ By
fanthe
doctrine was filled
filled with
with fanthe full-fledged
millennial doctrine
full-fledged millennial
tastic
elements from sources
extraneous to
to the
the Biblical
tastic elements
sources extraneous
Biblical
millennium,
of
the
renovated
earth,
the
of
the
the
renovated
the glories
earth,
millennium, on the
glories
in
the
multiplied
offspring
of
the
righteous
in
the
flesh,
and
of
the
flesh,
righteous
multiplied offspring
the enslavement
of the
the survivors
the unregenerate
unregenerate
the
survivors of
of the
enslavement of
of these
these ideas
ideas caused
nations. The increasing
nations.
caused
"carnality" of
increasing "carnality"
aa revulsion
revulsion of
against
chiliasm,
especially
of feeling
as
chiliasm,
feeling against
especially as
allegorizing
and
philosophical
concepts
the
molded
the
allegorizing
philosophical concepts
church.
the saints
kingdom of
of the
church. Jerome
Jerome protested
that the
the kingdom
saints
protested that
not earthly,
Augustine, who would
was heavenly,
and Augustine,
heavenly, not
earthly, 'and
*Sources
for this
this section
are found
found in
in D.
Millennium in
in the
^Sources for
section are
D. H. Krommina,
the
Krommincca, The Millennium
L. E.
E. Froom,
PTophetic Faith
Faith of
Fathers, vols,
vol . 11 to
to 4.
4.
Church,
Church, and L.
Froom, The Prophetic
of Our Fathers,
469
469
not
have objected
millennial kingdom
kingdom in
not have
in which
to a
a millennial
objected to
the joys
joys were spiritual
rather
than
material,
abandoned
the
spiritual rather than material,
premillennialism and led
led the
the church
church into
into aa new theory.
theory.
premillennialism
It
is to
to be noted
noted that
that although
in
this
period,
It is
in
this
although
period, and
later,
there
can
be
found
hints
of
the
belief
that the
the
there
that
of
the
belief
be
hints
later,
the advent,
advent, the
the
Jews would finally
be converted
before the
converted before
finally be
Jews
early church firmly
believed
that
the
kingdom
prophbelieved
that
the
early
firmly
kingdom prophecies were
were for
the true
view
ecies
for the
the church as
as the
true Israel.
Israel. That view
is
very different
different from the
the idea
of aa Jewish
kingdom
in
is very
idea of
Jewish kingdom in
the
held by
prem ill enthe millennium,
as held
millennium, as
many modern premillenby many
nialists who revert
revert to
to the
chiliastic
view
of
the
nialists
the early
of the
view
chiliastic
early
earthly
millennial
kingdom.
millennial
earthly
kingdom.
HI.
III.
The Augnstinian
Augustinian Postmillennialism
Postmllleiisiialism
PREMILLENNIALISM ABANDONED IN TIME OF AUGUSAUGus-
TINE.-Long
before Augustine,
Augustine, Origen
Alexandria
TINE.
of Alexandria
Long before
Origen of
had opposed
opposed the
materialistic
chiliasm
of
the increasingly
of
chiliasm
increasingly materialistic
many,
millennialism itself.
itself. And by
by spiritualizaspiritualizamany, and millennialism
he
explained
away
the
basis
tion and allegorization
tion
the
of
he
basis of
allegorization
explained away
the
eschatological hope
hope-aa literal
resurrection, aa literal
literal
literal resurrection,
the eschatological
second
advent, and literal
prophecies. Soon afterward
afterward
literal prophecies.
second advent,
that God's
kingdom is
the
the concept
concept that
is the
God's everlasting
came the
everlasting kingdom
dominant church established
earth. This
This was
was introintroestablished on earth.
duced by
by Eusebius,
Constantine's
tine's "conver"converduced
Eusebius, following
following Constan
pagan persecusion"
to Christianity
Christianity and the
the cessation
cessation of
of pagan
sion" to
persecuexcesses of
tion. Augustine,
Augustine, likewise
the excesses
of
likewise challenging
tion.
challenging the
chiliastic
premillennialism, now introduced
introduced aa spiritualspiritualchiliastic premillennialism,
ization
millennium. '* The first
first resurrection
resurrection was
the millennium.*
ization of
of the
spiritual.
years was the
the period
period between
spiritual. The thousand years
*
*Augustine
his postulate
postulate on
on the
theory, derived
derived from
the "recapitulation"
based his
"recapitulation" theory,
Augustine based
Tichonius-that
the Apocalypse
goes back
repeats l covering
the Christian
Christian Era
back and repeats,
Tichonius that the
covering the
Apocalypse goes
trumagain
and
again
under
the
symbols
of
the
seven
churches,
seven
seals,
seven trum~
seven
seven
the
seven
the
of
under
and
churches,
seals,
symbols
again
again
pets, the
beasts, and lastly,
tbe millennium.
millennium.
the beasts,
lastly, the
pets,
QUESTIONS
470
470
the
the
first and second

second advents,
advents, with
with the
the second
second resurrecresurrection
tion-the
the body
body-at
*
of the
at its
its close.
the literal
literal resurrection
resurrection of
closet
(Present-day
Protestant
amiHennialism
takes
much
the
amillennialism
takes
Protestant
the
(Present-day
same position
position on the
resurrections.)
the two resurrections.)
first
Augustine's "thousand
was aa figurative
nu"thousand years"
years" was
figurative nuAugustine's
whole
meral-an
of
the
period
betvl'een
the
meral
an expression
of
between
period
expression
Christ's ministry
ministry and the
of the
world. Augustine
Augustine
the world.
the end of
Christ's
thousand years
years of
of Revelation
Revelation 20
20
identified the
the thousand
identified
with the
sixth millennium of
of the
the world's
world's history,
history, and
with
the sixth
equated
the seventh
seventh or
period with
with eternity.
or sabbath
sabbath period
eternity.
equated the
also
also
The devil's
the
his expulsion
devil's "binding"
expulsion from the
"binding" was his
the believers,
believers, the
the Catholic
the
hearts
of the
hearts of
Catholic Church was the
"kingdom
of
Christ,"
and
the
church
rulers
were
althe
rulers
alof
church
Christ,"
"kingdom
in
judgment.
Augustine
the
triumph
ready
sitting
in
the
To
ready sitting
Augustine
triumph
judgment.
of Christianity
Christianity seemed sure.
was the
the unsure. The "beast"
"beast" was
unof
godly
world,
and
"Gog
and
Magog"
the
devil's
nations.
the
devil's
nations.
world,
Magog"
godly
"Gog
the saints"
is the
The "camp
the church,
of the
saints" is
church, and "devouring
"camp of
"devouring
fire"
their burning
burning zeal,
zeal, while
while the
the "New Jerusalem"
Jerusalem" is
is
fire" their
the
present glory.
was that
that Augustine's
Augustine'S
it was
the church's
church's present
glory. Thus it
as
a
as
a
then-present
millennial kingdom
was
accepted
millennial
kingdom
accepted
then-present
reality
basically new philosophy
philosophy of
of
a basically
It was a
earth. It
reality on earth.
history.
history.
This concept
concept became dominant by
by the
the fifth
century,
This
fifth century,
for over
and held
held general
general sway
over aa thousand
thousand years
years as
as the
the
sway for
controlling
of Roman Catholic
Catholic ChristenChristencontrolling philosophy
philosophy of
dom. Thus early
premillennialism
practically
early premillennialism practically disapdisapunder
the
peared
the advancing
conadvancing triumph-of-the-church
peared
triumph-of-the-church concept.
cept.
*The new Catholic
on Holy
Holy Scripture,
Scripture, 1953,
p. 1207,
its
Catholic Commentary
counsels its
1207, counsels
Commentary on
1953, p.
readers
to "regard
"regard the
of Satan
the reign
reign of
of the
the Saints
Saints as
as the
the whole
readers to
the chaining
Satan and the
whole
chaining of
period subsequent
subsequent to
to the
the Incarnation."
Incarnation."
period
471
471
IV.
Medieval Pure-Church Postmillennialism
Postmillennialism
IV. Medieval
Augustinianism prevailed
the Middle
Augustinianism
prevailed throughout
throughout the
Ages,
along
with
increasing
dominance
of
the church
with
the
of
Ages, along
increasing
in
Western Europe.
with
the
passing
of
A.D. 1000
in Western
1000
But
with
of
the
Europe.
passing
and the
year 1260,
concept arose.
the approach
arose.
of the
the year
a new concept
1260, a
approach of
The Augustinian
theory
looked
for
a
triumphant
a
looked
for
Augustinian theory
triumphant
church; medieval
medieval Joachim
Joachim and the
the Joachimite
church;
SpiritJoachimite Spirituals
uals came to
pure church.
church.
to look
for a
look for
a pure
Very
apparent ecclesiastical
departures on the
the part
part
ecclesiastical departures
Very apparent
of the
of
the Papacy
longer possible
possible to
to equate
the
it no longer
Papacy made it
equate the
visible church with
the kingdom
kingdom of
of God on earth.
visible
with the
earth. So
the medieval
pure-church ideal
took the
the form of
a new
the
medieval pure-church
of a
ideal took
postmillennialism, in
in which the
the golden
postrnillennialism,
golden age
age (not,
(not, however,
a thousand
thousand years)
was
placed
in
the
future,
of a
the
was
in
future,
ever, of
years)
placed
varthe
preceding
the
second
advent.
Sharp
criticism
from
varsecond
advent.
criticism
preceding
Sharp
to
of
the
church
began
ious
loyal sons
sons and daughters
ious loyal
of
the
began to
daughters
a spiritual
call
for reform
reform and to
to urge
revival. Joachim
Joachim
call for
urge a
spiritual revival.
that
of Floris
Floris (1190)
stressed
a
millennial
ideal-that
millennial
ideal
stressed
a
new
of
(1190)
of
pure church.
based on aa trinitariantrinitarianchurch. This was based
a pure
of a
the age
dispensational concept-the
age of
the Father,
Father, the
of the
age
concept the age
dispensational
of
the Son,
of the
the Spirit.
(This was not,
not,
the age
of the
Son, and the
age of
Spirit. (This
dispensationalism.)
however, at
akin to
at all
all akin
to modern dispensationalism.)
however,
He held
that the
the promised
promised Age
Age of
of the
the Spirit
held that
Spirit would
begin
before
A.D.
1260,
the
year-day
principle. A
on
the
1260,
year-day principle.
begin before
of the
future
age marked by
the Spirit
the dominance of
future age
Spirit was
by the
Franciscan
increasingly
stressed
by
the
Franciscan
Spirituals,
the
stressed
Spirituals, who
by
increasingly
so greatly
the church was so
that aa purification
purification of
ot the
greatly
held that
held
the
of
needed
that
nothing
but
the
coming
of
the
Holy
the corning
needed that nothing
Holy Spirit
Spirit
as
as a
A
future
in mighty
mighty power
could
effect
it.
future
as
well
as
a
it.
could
effect
in
power
two
Franciscan
past
binding
of
Satan
was
taught
by
Franciscan
was
Satan
of
taught by
past binding
Spirituals,
Pierre Jean d'OIivi
d'Olivi (died
cas(died 1298),
1298), who casSpirituals, Pierre Jean
472
472
tigated
tigated
QUESTIONS
the
the
hierarchical
church as
as the
the apocalyptic
hierarchical church
apocalyptic
"Babylon,"
Casale (c.
idenof Casale
1312), who iden(c. 1312),
"Babylon," and Ubertino of
tified aa pope
pope with
with the
the apocalyptic
apocalyptic "beast."
Arnold of
"beast." Arnold
tified
of
Villanova (died
c.
expected
an
internal
reform
internal
c. 1313)
13
Villanova
reform
13) expected
(died
of
the church
church to
to be
be accomplished
by aa pope.
pope. And
of the
accomplished by
Milicz
of Kremsier
held that
that the
the church
Kremsier (died
Milicz of
(died 1374)
1374) held
must be
be cleansed
cleansed of
heretics before
before the
the consummation.
consummation.
of heretics
must
So
the pure-church
pure-church ideal
was widely
widely heralded,
heralded, and the
the
ideal was
So the
bindoverthrow of
antichrist connected
with aa future
connected with
of antichrist
future bindoverthrow
ing
of
Satan.
of
Satan.
ing
In the
the medieval
medieval agitation
reform in
the church
for reform
in the
In
church
agitation for
there came aa rising
rising chorus
voices naming
naming the
the Papacy
Papacy
of voices
chorus of
there
as the
the Antichrist.
Antichrist. Later
Later the
the Reformed groups,
groups, who idenidenas
tified
Antichrist with
the apostate
apostate papal
papal church,
with the
simitified Antichrist
church, similarly
sounded
the
call
to
come
out
of
polluted
Babylon.
the
call
to
of
larly
polluted Babylon.
in Protestantism
the pure-church
pure-church concept
concept was
was also
also
Thus in
Protestantism the
blend the
the medieval
medieval
stressed.
however, sought
to blend
stressed. Some,
Some, however,
sought to
pure-church
ideal
with
the
earlier
triumphant-churchwith
earlier
ideal
the
triumphant-churchpure-church
kingdom
concept, to
to be
be brought
about through
through political
political
brought about
kingdom concept,
and social
revolution, as
will be
be noted
noted in
as will
in the
the next
and
social revolution,
next
section.
section.
V. Premillennialism
Revived in
in Post-Reformation
Post-Reformation Times
V.
Premiileimialism Revived
The great
great Reformers,
Reformers, occupied
occupied with
with developing
developing
as justification
justification by
by faith,
not directly
such
such doctrines
doctrines as
faith, were not
directly
They continued
concerned
the millennium.
millennium. They
with the
continued the
concerned with
the
the
millennial
Augustinian
view
of
the
millennial
kingdom
as
the
of
kingdom as the
Augustinian
church,
though there
there was aa strong
the
church, though
strong emphasis
emphasis on the
the Reformation became a
Antichrist
Papacy. As the
as the
the Papacy.
Antichrist as
a
the
pure-church
millenstate churches,
the
movement of
of state
millenchurches,
pure-church
nialists became fringe
such as
the Anabaptists.
Anabaptists.
as the
nialists
fringe groups,
groups, such
Indeed, the
the main Protestant
Protestant churches
tended to
to dischurches tended
disIndeed,
473
parage millennialism
because of
of the
the excesses
of some
excesses of
mlllennialism because
parage
chiliasts,
the Continent
Continent and,
as the
such as
Miinsterites on the
the Miinsterites
and,
chiliasts, such
later,
the Fifth
Monarchy men in
in England,
beFifth Monarchy
later, the
England, and because
the political
political and revolutionary
revolutionary elements
in
cause of
of the
elements in
their
their schemes for
kingdom of
for introducing
the kingdom
of God on
introducing the
earth.
these fringe
earth. But the
the more stable
elements of
of these
stable elements
fringe
groups left
left aa strong
the later
later Baptists
Baptists and
groups
strong impress
impress on the
Congregationalists.
It was from such
a source
that the
the
such a
source that
Congregationalists. It
with the
the ideal
early
ideal
churches became imbued with
early American churches
of the
pure church establishing
the
kingdom
of
God
of
the pure
of
the
establishing
kingdom
before the
the coming
of
Christ.
before
of
Christ.
coming
It
was after
period that
that Joseph
Joseph
It was
after the
the Reformation period
Mede combated the
the Augustinian
view
with
his
scheme
view
with
his
Augustinian
of prophetic
that again
put the
the millenmillenof
interpretation that
again put
the future,
the second
with aa
nium in
in the
after the
second advent,
future, after
advent, with
Thenceforth, aa
literal first
first and aa second
literal
second resurrection.
resurrection. Thenceforth,
historicist premillennialism
in Protestantism
Protestantism
historicist
flourished in
premillennialism flourished
with
with such
vigor that
that it
was never
never completely
such vigor
it was
displaced,
completely displaced,
even through
the
period
of
ascendancy
of
Whitbyan
of
the
of
Whitbyan
ascendancy
through
period
postmillennialism.
postmillennialism.
VI. Whitby'S
PostmiHennialism
VI.
Whitby's Eighteenth-Century
Eighteenth-Century Postmilieimialism
postmillennialism first
first introduced by
by Daniel
The postmillennialism
will
Whitby
in
1703
*
holds
that
the
second
advent
will
advent
in
the
second
that
holds
1703*
Whitby
years-literal
or otherwise
come only
only after
literal or
otherwise
a thousand
thousand years
after a
-of
world betterment,
betterment, with
with increasing
increasing peace,
peace, rightof world
right*Whitby
the common concepts
of the first and second
literal resurrections,
resurrections,
second literal
denied the
*Whitby denied
concepts of the first
that the
the first
simply the
glorious renewal
renewal of
of the church.
holding
the glorious
"resurrection" IS
is simply
first "resurrection"
holding that
the
second advent,
advent, he
he affirmed,
is simply
a spiritual
Whitby the
"effusion." To Whitby
The second
affirmed, is
simply a
spiritual "effusion."
Christ and the
the
saints on
on earth
earth are
Christ during
the millennium,
millennium, as
as Christ
are separated
saints
during the
separated from Christ
dead of
past are
in heaven.
heaven. Whitby
the period
period with
with the
the Lord's
Lord's descent,
ends the
of alSes
are alI
all in
dead
descent,
Whitby ends
ages past
the spirits
perfect. This
This postmillennial
postmillennial advent
advent
accompamed by
by the
of iust
iust men made perfect.
spirits of
accompanied
brings
the
day
of
judgment,
with
the
destruction
of
remaining
sinners
and eternal
eternal
sinners
brings the day of judgment, with the destruction of remaining
salvation for
for the
salvation
saints.
the saints.
474
474
QUESTIONS
eousness,
Through the
the eliminaeliminaconversion. Through
eousness, and world conversion.
as well
wen as
as the
the church will
will
tion
tion of
world as
of war and evil,
the world
evil, the
enter
upon its
age.
PostmiHennialism
maintains
Postmillennialism
enter upon
its golden
maintains
golden age,
that
millennium will
be brought
brought about without
without
will be
that the
the millennium
direct
without
any
catastrophic
without
direct divine
divine intervention,
intervention,
any catastrophic
event-simply
the operation
operation of
of the
the Holy
Holy Spirit
event simply by
by the
Spirit
the
through
the
gospel
and
the
regular
agencies
of
grace.
of
the
regular agencies
grace. A
through
gospel
will
truly
Christian
government
will
be
establish~d
over
be
established
over
Christian
government
truly
the
world,
with
Satan
ultimately
vanquished.
the world, with Satan ultimately vanquished. During
During
this time
the Jews
be converted,
converted, but
but not
not neceswill be
necesthis
time the
Jews will
in
Palestine.
sarily
with
national
restoration
in
Palestine.
restoration
with
national
sarily
The effect
this new hypothesis
hypothesis upon
upon Protestantism
Protestantism
of this
effect of
was profound.
profound. As men began
to contemplate
contemplate aa great
great
was
began to
vista
of peace
peace and safety,
safety, they
they ceased
ceased to
to be
be eager
for
the
the
for
vista of
eager
second
advent, and came to
to substitute
the expectancy
expectancy
second advent,
substitute the
of death
death for
return. And this
this captivating
post
of
for Christ's
Christ's return.
captivating postmillennial theory
like aa tidal
tidal wave over
over European
European
millennial
theory swept
swept like
Protestantism.
into America by
by Jonathan
Protestantism. Introduced
Introduced into
Jonathan
Edwards and Samuel Hopkins,
Hopkins, it
it became the
the dominant
view
view by
by 1800.
1800.
Postmillennialists
hold that
that the
the "binding"
Postmillennialists hold
"binding" and
"loosing"
of
Satan
are
figurative-the
limiting
are
the
of
Satan
of
figurative
limiting of
'loosing"
Satan's
power and aa possible
possible flare-up
of
that
power
just
of
that
Satan's power
power just
flare-up
before Christ
the vials
vials of
of God's wrath
Christ appears.
after the
before
appears. But after
are poured
poured out,
remaining wicked
wicked are
are destroyed.
the remaining
are
out, the
destroyed.
the eternal
kingdom will
be established.
will be
established. The
Then the
eternal kingdom
fact that
fact
the gospel
has already
widely preached
preached
that the
already been widely
gospel has
and accepted,
lends
plaus'ibility
to
the
view
that
that the
the
accepted, lends plausibility to the
same process
process will
will continue
in augmented
until the
continue in
the
augmented form until
world is
is evangelized
and
Christianized.
world
Christianized.
evangelized
believed the
the second
resWhile Campegius
second resVitringa believed
Campegius Vitringa
urrection to
to be that
of the
the literal
Whitby exurrection
that of
exliteral dead,
dead, Whitby
475
475
it as
as the
the uprising
it
antichristian principles
principles in
in
of antichristian
uprising of
the
the confederacy
confederacy of
According to
of "Gog
to
"Gog and Magog."
Magog." According
both Whitby
Whitby and Vitringa,
Vitringa, the
is
the
the "New
is
the
''New Jerusalem"
Jerusalem"
blessedness of
the earthly
during the
the millenmillenblessedness
of the
church during
earthly church
the contrary,
Brown
and
Faber
explain
it as
as
nium. On the
contrary,
explain it
the
the company
company of
the saints
millennium.
of the
saints after
after the
the millennium,
"Optimistic"
postmillennialism, which
which later
later came to
to
"Optimistic" postmillennialism,
be tied
tied in
in with
with the
the theory
of
evolution
and
progbe
of
human
evolution
theory
progress, has
has long
long chided
premillennialism over
over its
"peschided premillennialism
its ''pesress,
simism." Prior
to World War 1,
postmillennialists
Prior to
del> postmillennialists declared
clared that
that humanity
too much progress
progress ever
ever
humanity had made too
to have another war.
to
war. But even as
as the
of
such
the champions
of
such
champions
a roseate
roseate philosophy
the plain
plain declaraa
declaraphilosophy were denying
denying the
tions
the Word,
Word, the
the most terrible
terrible catastrophes
catastrophes of
of all
all
tions of
of the
time struck.
time
struck. Events of
of recent
recent decades,
decades, from World War
II onward
onward-including
of Nations,
Nations,
the impotent
including the
League of
impotent League
the second
world
war,
and
its
sequel-have
revealed
revealed
the
its
have
second
war,
sequel
the fallacy
fallacy of
have shattered
shattered such
such
of such
such reasoning,
the
reasoning, and have
claims. Whitbyan
postmillennialism
is
bankrupt
today.
is
claims.
Whitbyan postmillennialism
bankrupt today.
plained
plained
VII.
Resurgent Premillennialism
Premillennialism in
Nineteenth Century
in Nineteenth
VII. Resurgent
Century
nine1.
REVlvED.-In
the early
early nineIn the
I. PREMILLENNIALISM REVIVED.
teenth century
century came aa resurgence
of
premillennialism
of
teenth
resurgence
premillennialism
the
in
far-flung Old World Advent awakening
awakening and the
in the
the far-flung
has been said
said that
that
It has
New World Advent movement. It
nonconthree
three hundred Anglican
Anglican and seven hundred noncon
formist
clergymen
in
Britain-with
many
others
formist clergymen in Britain with many others on the
Continent, North Africa,
Africa, and India-stressed
India stressed the apContinent,
apthe
the
proaching
destruction
of
the
Papacy
and
the
Turk,
the
the
of
destruction
Papacy
proaching
saints
literal first
first resurrection
translation of
of the
the saints
resurrection and translation
literal
attending
advent, marking
marking the
the beginning
beginning of
of
the second
second advent,
attending the
its
at its
the
resurrection at
the second resurrection
with the
the millennium,
millennium, with
476
476
QUESTIONS
close. Some held

held that
the judgment
judgment precedes
precedes the
the advent,
that the
advent,
followed by
of the
the earth
earth at
the millenmillenat the
the renovation
renovation of
by the
nium's close.
close. Another angle
came
sharply
to
the
forenium's
to
the
foreangle
sharply
front-the
rule
to
be
exercised
by
front the anticipated
rule
to
be
exercised
the
by the
anticipated
Jews
on
earth
while
the
church
is
in
heaven,
or
at
least
is
in
earth
while
the
church
or
at
least
heaven,
Jews
in
in aa glorified
state.
glorified state.
These premillennialists
premillennialists were called
caned literalists
literalists in
in
contrast
with the
spiritualizers.
HisHiscontrast with
the postmillennialist
postmillennialist spiritualizers.
held that,
pretoricists at
at first,
premillennialists held
toricists
these premillennialists
first, these
that, preceding the
the second
his
antichrist would gather
second advent,
advent, antichrist
gather his
ceding
upon God's
God's people,
followers
a last
followers for
for a
terrific assault
assault upon
last terrific
people,
institute aa dreadful
tribulation, through
through which
and institute
dreadful tribulation,
the
church must
must pass.
the close
the tribulaat the
close of
of the
tribulathe church
Then, at
pass. Then,
would
tion, Christ
the
dead
in
Christ
the
in
Christ
Christ would appear,
tion,
appear,
rise first,
in aa literal
with the
the living
living saints
saints
rise
literal resurrection,
first, in
resurrection, with
up"
to
meet
the
in
the
air.
translated and "caught
air.
in
the
the
Lord
translated
to
"caught up"
Satan would be
Finally,
the millennium,
millennium, Satan
be
at the
the close
close of
of the
Finally, at
loosed
the
nations
to
against
the
saints.
war
nations
the
saints.
loosed and gather
the
to
against
gather
But they
they would all
by fire
all be overwhelmed by
fire from heaven.
But
heaven.
2. SECRET RAPTURE INTRODUCED IN BRITAIN.-RadiBRITAIN.
Radi2.
cal
innovations were
were soon
introduced, as
Irving
as Edward Irving
cal innovations
soon introduced,
and others
Irving's Catholic
Catholic AposAposothers espoused
futurism. Irving's
espoused futurism.
tolic
Church,
established
in
1832
(claiming
the
revival
the
established
in
revival
tolic Church,
1832 (claiming
of speaking
of
prophecy, and of
with
of the
the apostolate,
of prophecy,
apostolate, of
speaking with
*
introduced
the
concept
of
a
"secret
rapture,"
a
tongues),
the
"secret
of
concept
rapture," *
tongues),
and aa new sacrament-the
Babylon they
sacrament the "sealing."
and
"sealing." Babylon
they
close.
*One of
the Plymouth
Brethren, Dr.
S. P,
P. Tregelles
TregeUes (The
(The Hope of
of the
Dr. S.
Christ's
of Christ's
Plymouth Brethren,
of the
the origin
of this
Second Coming,
Coming, 1864,
this "theory
Second
a contemporary,
1864, pp.
origin of
says of
"theory
34-37), a
pp. 34-37),
contemporary, says
coming of
of Christ":
Christ":
coming
"I
not aware that
that there
any definite
delinite teaching
teaching that
that there
there should
a
"I am not
there was any
should be
be a
Secret
secret coming
until this
this was given
given forth
forth as
as an
of the
at a
the Cburch
Church at
a secret
Secret Rapture
Rapture of
coming until
'utterance
received as
being the
voice
as being
in Mr. Irving's
then received
'utterance in
church from what was then
the voice
Irving's church
of
the Spirit.
Spirit. But whether anyone
ever asserted
thing or
or not
not it
of the
asserted such
such a thing
it was from
anyone ever
the modern doctrine
doctrine and the
the modern phraseology
phraseology
that supposed
revelation that
that
that the
supposed revelation
respecting
it
arOse.
It
came,
not
from
Holy
Scripture,
but
from
that
falsely
it
arose.
It
not
which
but
that
came,
falsely
Holy Scripture,
respecting
of aa secret
secret
of
pretended to
to be
be the
of God."
the Spirit
pretended
Spirit of
477
held
was the
the corrupt
ripe for
judgment.
for judgment.
held was
church, now ripe
corrupt church,
The great
resurthe resurtribulation was to
to come between the
great tribulation
rection of
of the
the righteous
righteous and the
the "rapture"
of
the
saints,
rection
the
of
saints,
"rapture"
and the
the overthrow
to be
be followed
Satan this to
followed by
overthrow of
of Satan-this
by
the
of
Christ
and
His
saints
on earth.
millennial reign
earth.
the millennial
saints
of
Christ
reign
At the
the Plymouth
Brethren, followthe same time,
followtime, the
Plymouth Brethren,
ing J.
J. N.
N. Darby,
Darby, similarly
taught aa pretribulation
pretribulation rapraping
similarly taught
ture as
as the
of
Christ
for
His
saints.
They
ture
the initial
Initial coming
His
of
saints.
Christ
for
They
coming
put the
the antichrist
three-and-a-half-year perseperseantichrist and his
his three-and-a-half-year
put
cution after
after the
the coming
of Christ
Christ for
for the
the first
resurreccution
first resurreccoming of
in the
the delayed
week, at
at the
the end of
of
tion,
seventieth week,
tion, in
delayed seventieth
visible coming,
or
"revelawhich would be aa further
further visible
"revelaor
coming,
His saints,
for the
the judgment
judgment of
the
tion,"
Christ with
of Christ
with His
of the
saints, for
tion," of
living nations.
nations. While the
believed aa "sealing"
the Irvingites
"sealing"
living
Irvingites believed
provide escape
the great
tribulation, Darby
would provide
Darby
great tribulation,
escape from the
held that
that no Christian
pass through
through it.
it. Darby
Christian would pass
held
Darby
also is
credited with
with the
dispensationalthe introduction
of dispensationalalso
is credited
introduction of
ism,
entirely new with him. The
it was not entirely
ism, although
although it
teaching of
of these
these two groups-the
the
Irvingites and the
teaching
groups the Irvingites
has
followers
particularly
the
latter-has
prothe
latter
of Darby,
followers of
Darby, particularly
profoundly
influenced present-day
present-day fundamentalist
fundamentalist premilfoundly influenced
premillennialism.
lennialism.
In the
VIII. American Premillennialism in
the Nineteenth
Nineteenth
VIII.
Century
Century
In
premillennialism vigorously
vigorously
the new premillennialism
In America the
opposed
the
strongly
entrenched
postmillennialism
that
postmillennialism that
opposed the strongly
of rein the
was flourishing
flourishing in
the New World atmosphere
atmosphere of
rewas
for
the
rosy
optimism
for
the
form,
utopianism, and general
form, utopianism,
general rosy optimism
perfectibility of
mankind. *
of mankind,*
perfectibility
assohis .ass?*WhoJly
apart fro!,\
the great
great Second Advent Movement of
of Miller
Miller and
apd hi~
from the
*Wholly apart
chiliastic
ciates, and largely
prIOr thereto,
Dumber of small,
small, eccentric,
eccentrte, chihasuc
thereto, there were a number
largely prior
ciates,
478
478
QUESTIONS
1. NEW
1.
WORLD
MOVEMENT PREMILLENWORLD ADVENT MOVEMENT
NIAL.
NIAL.-The
The widespread
widespread New World Advent movement
in
the fourth
fourth and fifth
of the
the nineteenth
nineteenth cenin the
decades of
fifth decades
century,
counterpart
of
the
Old
awakening,
was
led
World
of
the
led
tury, counterpart
awakening,
It
was
an
by
a
thousand
premillennialist
heralds.
heralds.
a
It
thousand
by
premillennialist
interdenominational movement,
movement, surpassing
the Old
interdenominational
surpassing the
World emphasis
emphasis in
intensity, and clarity.
in extent,
This
extent, intensity,
clarity. This
induded the
the Millerite
probably 100,000
included
Millerite movement,
movement, probably
100,000
strong.
All, induding
literalists, were ardent
ardent premilincluding literalists,
strong. All,
premillennialists
that the
the millennial
millennial period
period would be
be
lennialists holding
holding that
introduced
by the
the second
personal advent
advent and bounded
second personal
introduced by
by the
the two literal
resurrections. Some taught
taught the
the restoraliteral resurrections.
restoraby
tion
the Jews
Jews and other
other views
views derived
derived from the
of the
the
tion of
writings of
of the
the British
British literalists;
at least
a
least one held a
literalists; at
writings
rapture
theory,
though
the
separated
seventieth
the
week
seventieth
separated
rapture theory, though
was aa later
later importation.
historicists, with
with aa
They were historicists,
importation. They
papal
(or
Mohammedan)
Antichrist.
Futurism
develAntichrist.
develpapal (or Mohammedan)
oped later
later among
premillennialists. The
among American premillennialists.
oped
literalists were regarded
by
the
Millerites
the
as brethren
Millerites as
literalists
brethren
by
regarded
and allies
allies against
postmillennialism
in
proclaiming
in
against postmillennialism
proclaiming
"the
near," in
of their
differences on the
the
in spite
their differences
"the Advent near,"
spite of
nature of
of the
the millennium.
nature
millennium.
with the
the postmillennialists
postmillennialists
The literalists
literalists disagreed
disagreed with
the means of
up
the
millennial
kingdom, and
the
of setting
millennial
on the
setting up
kingdom,
to aa considerable
degree on the
nature of
of the
the kingdom.
kingdom.
the nature
considerable degree
to
However,
with them in
in separating
separating the
the
However, they
agreed with
they agreed
the unreunremillennium from the
the eternal
they had the
eternal state;
millennium
state; they
still on earth,
generate
nations still
with birth
birth and death,
sin
earth, with
death, sin
generate nations
or Utopian
utopian organizations
organizations in
in North
that practiced
practiced communal living.
living. Some
or
North America that
introduced
theosophical, or
Or dispensational
dispensational chiliasm-but
introduced strange
chiliasm but
political, theosophical,
strange sectarian,
sectarian, political,
earth during
held
reign of
of the
to be
be with
with Christ
Christ on earth
the
thousand
years.
saints to
the
the saints
held the
thousand
the reign
during
years.
These, in
varying degrees,
their eccentricities
eccentricities witn
with premillennialism
premillennialism or
in varying
or
These,
degrees, combined their
their
postmillennialism,
but
stressed,
along
with
their
oddities,
the
familiar
ideals
of
the
with
but
the
familiar
ideals
of
the
stressed, along
oddities,
postmillennialism,
pure church
churcb and
and the
the chiliastic
earthly reign
reign of
of the
the saints
with Christ.
Christ.
chiliastic earthly
saints with
pure
479
479
and repentance,
was aa confusion
still operating. There was
confusion
repentance, still
operating.
of
of views
views on the
the relationship
of the
glorified saints
to
the glorified
saints to
relationship of
the
the unregenerate
unregenerate nations,
the part
part played
played by
by the
the
nations, and the
Jews,
the prophetic
prophetic fulfillments
fulfillments leading
leading to
to
also on the
Jews, and also
the millennium,
the
which
was
variously
expected
as
the
as
the
millennium,
variously expected
restoration of
of the
the Jews,
restoration
cleansing of
the church,
church, the
the cleansing
of the
the
Jews, the
fall of
fall
of the
the Papacy,
Mohammedanism,
or
the
Turks,
or
the
or
or
Mohammedanism,
Turks,
Papacy,
some other
other event.
event.
2.
2. THE MILLERITES
MILLERITES INTRODUCE NEW MILLENNIAL
CONCEPT.-Through
conflicting millenmillenCONCEPT. Through this
this tangle
of conflicting
tangle of
nial expectations
nial
expectations William Miller
his associates
associates cut
Miller and his
cut
a clean
the direction
of aa new and different
a
clean swath in
in the
direction of
different
concept.
temporal millennium,"
millennium," they
they said.
said. By
By that
that
concept. "No temporal
they meant that
that the
not in
in "time,"
the millennial
millennial reign
"time,"
they
reign was not
with death,
present, but
but was
was the
the first
still present,
first
sin still
death, decay,
decay, and sin
portion
of
the
eternal
state.
They
held
that
Christ
of
the
eternal
Christ
state.
held
that
when
portion
They
comes again
again the
the day
probation is
that
of human probation
is ended,
ended, that
day of
all
the sinners
by the
brightslain by
the overpowering
all the
sinners are
are slain
brightoverpowering
are
the redeemed are
ness
of the
the second
all the
second advent,
ness of
advent, and all
resurrected and/or
transformed
for
eternity.
They
taught
transformed
for
resurrected
and/or
eternity. They taught
that the
earth is
by fire,
fire, and that
that on it
it begins
begins
is renewed by
the earth
that
the
of
eternity-which
is
merely
punctuated
is
which
of
the kingdom
merely
eternity
punctuated
kingdom
final disposal
of
at
the end of
thousand years
by the
the final
a thousand
of a
at the
years by
disposal of
will
"the
rest
of
the
dead."
That
is,
the
sin~ers
will
be
resurthe
sinners
resurbe
the
dead/'
"the rest of
is,
to
rected and,
and, led
the released
released Satan,
will attempt
led by
rected
Satan, will
attempt to
by the
of
which
has
take the
City,
has
come
down
out
of
heaven
the Holy
take
Holy City,
the final
then comes the
final judgment
judgment and
to
the earth;
to the
earth; and then
wicked.
on
the
the
the wicked.
the sentence
sentence
of the
execution of
the execution
Thus the
the Millerites
denied, on the
the one hand,
the
Millerites denied,
hand, the
Thus
millennium
the
of
postmillennialist
spiritualization
of
the
postmillennialist spiritualization
into aa human Utopia,
utopia, and on the
the other
other hand,
hand, the prepreinto
fulfillrequired detailed
detailed fulfillmillennialist
that required
literalism that
millennialist literalism
480
QUESTIONS
ments, after
after the
the
raents,
second
of the
the Old Testament
Testament
second advent,
advent, of
Israel over
prophecies of
the earthly
rule of
of Israel
naof the
over carnal
carnal naprophecies
earthly rule
tions.
tions.
3. A NONTEMPORAL, NON-JEWISH
NON-JEWISH MILLENNIUM DIS3.
MILLERISM.-The
that durdurThe Millerite view that
TINGUISHES MILLERISM.
ing
the
millennium
only
the
immortalized
saints
are
the
the
immortalized
millennium
saints
are
ing
only
living-including
Jews
Gentiles,
withredeemed
and
withGentiles,
living
including
Jews
out distinction-eliminated
at one stroke
both the
the temtemout
eliminated at
stroke both
distinction
the millennial
poral and the
Jewish aspect
millennial reign.
of the
the Jewish
aspect of
poral
reign.
This, not
not date
was
the
basic
difference
that
set
was
the
basic
date setting,
difference
that
set
This,
setting,
their
the
from
their
contemporaries,
both
Millerites apart
the Millerites
both
contemporaries,
apart
premillennialist and postmillennialist.
postmillennialist.
premillennialist
There were opponents
Miller in
in both
both camps
of Miller
opponents of
camps who
set
approximately the
time as
as he for
for either
either the
the same time
set approximately
the
beginning of
the millennium or
or the
second advent or
or
of the
the second
beginning
both, but
but who attacked
the Millerite
Millerite view
view that
that the
the milmilattacked the
both,
was to
to be the
the beginning
beginning of
the eternal
lennium was
of the
eternal state
state
not aa golden
age
of
the
church
or
a
kingdom
of
the
of
church
or
and not
the
a
of
the
golden age
kingdom
Jews (for
(for example,
Bush, postmillennialist,
postmillennialist, and
George Bush,
Jews
example, George
Richard Shimeall,
Unfortunately only
only
Richard
Shimeall, premilIennialist).
premillennialist). Unfortunately
the
of
the
Millerites
is
the
is
Millerites
the disappointment
remembered
disappointment of
their hopes
today, because
because their
specific, more
today,
hopes were more specific,
spectacular,
publicized. It
be
It should be
widely publicized.
spectacular, and more widely
remembered that
that the
the others
equally mistaken,
others were equally
mistaken,
their dates
passed by
by without
without the
the glorious
also passed
dates also
and their
glorious
events
they expected.
events they
expected.
IX. Later Development
Development of
of Premillennialism
of the
In the
half of
the century
century premillennialism
premillennialism
the latter
In
latter half
and postmillennialism
postmillennialism tended
tended to
a new line
line of
of
to follow
follow a
cleavage.
Postmillennialism,
with
its
program
of
proits
of
cleavage. Postmillennialism,
program
progressive righteousness,
righteousness, tended
tended to
to ally
with the
itself with
the
ally itself
gressive
481
481
humanistic and evolutionary

of human progress,
progress,
evolutionary view of
into the
and to
to merge
merge into
the social
and
modernism.
At
social gospel
modernism.
gospel
the
the same time premillennialism
tended
to
become
tended
to
premillennialism
equated
premillennialism
equated with fundamentalism. And premillennialism
flowed in
in two streams
the
exstreams rising
from
the
two views
views exrising
emplified
by the
the Millerites
Millerites and the
the literalists.
literalists.
emplified by
1. ADVENTIST VIEWS DERIVED FROM MILLERITES.
1.
MILLERlTES.Following
the
breakup
of
the
Millerite
came
the
of
the
Millerite
movement
Following
breakup
the formation
formation of
Adventist denominations.
denominations. Of these
these
of Adventist
the
the Seventh-day
Adventists
the
leading
group,
Adventists
the
became
Seventh-day
leading group,
continuing and developing
the Millerite
Millerite type
type
further the
continuing
developing further
of premillennialism,
of
premillennialism, with a nontemporal,
nontemporal, non-Jewish
non-Jewish
millennium. (The
Adventist understandunderstand(The Seventh-day
of the
ing
in the
the answer to
the millennium appears
to Quesing of
Quesappears in
tion
tion 39).
39).
2. LITERALISM BECOMES FUTURIST, DISPENSATIONAL2.
IST.-Most
outside the
the Adventist
IST.
Most premillennialists
Adventist
premillennialists outside
churches eventually
eventually abandoned the
the historicist
historicist for
the
for the
churches
develfuturist
position. Rising
Rising among
literalists and develfuturist position.
the literalists
among the
oping through
through Plymouth
Plymouth Brethrenism,
Brethrenism, there
there gradually
gradually
oping
grew
up
a
full-fledged
system
of
futurist-pre
tribulationa
of
futurist-pretribulationgrew up full-fledged system
ist-dispensationalist teaching
teaching propagated
propagated by
by professional
professional
ist-dispensationalist
evangelists,
interdenominational
prophetic
conferences,
interdenominational
prophetic conferences,
evangelists,
Bible schools.
has largely
largely pre-empted
pre-empted
and Bible
schools. This system
system has
the term
term "premillennialism,"
though not
not all
all premilpremilthe
"premillennialism," though
over
lennialists
is sharp
divergence
over
there is
hold it,
lennialists ~old
it, and there
divergence
sharp
various
details.
various details.
Present-day
constituting an
Present-day pretribulationists,
pretribulationists, now constituting
two
are
there
influential
group,
hold
that
there
are
stages to
to the
the
that
hold
influential group,
stages
His
comes
second
coming, and that
that when Christ
Christ
for
second coming,
for
own, the
watching saints
first secretly
caught away,
saints are
are first
the watching
own,
away,
secretly caught
and so
avoid the
the tribulation.
the Jews,
Jews, havtribulation. Meanwhile the
so avoid
and
16
16
482
482
QUESTIONS
ing
restore their
their system
system of
to Jerusalem,
of sacrisacriing returned to
Jerusalem, restore
fices
fices centered
centered in
rebuilt temple.
temple. The malign
malign Antiin a
a rebuilt
Antichrist
up his
kingdom, and the
the three-and-onetl:i.ree-and-onechrist then
then sets
sets up
his kingdom,
tribulation
begins.
This
aU
comes
within
half-year
all
This
tribulation
within a
a
half-year
begins.
fateful seven-year
period-the
seventieth
of
Danthe
seventieth
week
fateful
of
Danseven-year period
9. Then comes
comes the
the second aspect
aspect of
of the
the second
iel 9.
iel
second
or appearing,
of Christ,
coming-the
revelation, or
with
Christ, with
appearing, of
coming the revelation,
His saints,
to establish
the millennial
millennial kingdom,
kingdom, in
in
His
establish the
saints, to
which Christ
and
the
saints
reign.
The
surviving
nasaints
the
Christ
reign.
surviving nain the
tions are
are ruled
ruled by
by the
converted Jews
the flesh
the now converted
flesh
tions
Jews in
on aa partly
partly renovated
renovated earth,
the law
law is
is again
earth, on which the
again
in
being in
throughout the
the church
in abeyance
in effect
after being
church
effect after
abeyance throughout
age.
nations, ruled
ruled with
with "a
rebellious nations,
"a
inwardly rebellious
age. The inwardly
rod of
iron" during
the thousand
thousand years,
years, revolt
revolt in
the
in the
rod
of iron"
during the
end,
the judgment
judgment ensues.
the millennial
millennial
ensues. Then the
end, and the
kingdom
continues
in
the
eternal
state.
in
the
eternal
state.
continues
kingdom
Along
with this
this came the
the development
development of
of an elabelabAlong with
orate
division of
Bible into
into dispensational
compartthe Bible
of the
orate division
dispensational compartin aa doctrine
doctrine of
of
ments (with
(with antinomian tendencies),
ments
tendencies), in
mutual exclusiveness
exclusiveness between law and grace.
the
mutual
grace. (For
(For the
vast difference
between modern futurist
futurist premillennialpremillennialdifference between
vast
ism and the
the historic
historic premillennialism
premillennialism of
the early
ism
of the
early
church,
see
pp.
302-308).
see
church,
pp. 302-308).
This form of
has been opposed
opposed in
in
of premillennialism
premillennialism has
recent
years by
by the
view called
amillennialism-in
the view
in
recent years
called amillennialism
some ways
ways a revival
revival of
Augustinian view.
view.
of the
the Augustinian
X. Amillennialism
Amillennialism Revives
Revives Augustinian
Augustinian Concept
Concept
MILLENNIUM. To amillennialists
1.
FIGURATIVE MILLENNIUM.-To
1. A FIGURATIVE
amillennialists
literal thousand
there
thousand years
years as
as a special
is no actual,
there is
actual, literal
special
closing
period of
the prespresof human history,
distinct from the
history, distinct
closing period
ent
era.
The
millennium
is
simply
the
present
period
is simply the present period
ent era.
483
483
in which
in
which we are
the first
are now living,
first
extending from the
living, extending
to the
the second
the Augustinian
Augustinian
to
second advent
advent of
in the
of Christ.
Christ. As in
theory of
of the
the Catholics,
the "first
resurrection" is
''first resurrection"
is spiritCatholics, the
theory
spiritual-from
to spiritual
life
in
Christ.
ual from death
death in
in sin
sin to
The
life
in
Christ.
spiritual
general
resurrection
of
all
the
dead
occurs
at
the
second
resurrection
all
the
second
of
dead
at
the
occurs
general
advent, which will
world. Satan
will usher
in the
the eternal
Satan
usher in
eternal world.
advent,
was
was "bound" by
the
first
advent
of
our
Lord,
and
exexthe
first
advent
of
our
Lord,
by
pelled
from
the
individual
hearts
of
His
fonowers.
Thus
the
individual
hearts
of
followers.
pelled
their
with Him begins.
their "reign"
"reign" with
begins.
This "reign"
embraces both
both the
This
the saints
saints embraces
the spiritof the
"reign" of
spiritual
ual reign
reign of
of the
in
heaven,
the
reign
of
the
the spirits
in
and
the
of
the
heaven,
reign
spirits
saints
with Christ
before the
the final
judgment.
saints with
Christ on earth
earth before
final judgment.
The "thousand" they
interpret as
as the
the symbolic
they interpret
symbolic number
of perfection
perfection-the
period between the
the two
of
the complete
complete period
comings
of
Christ.
The
concept
of
Satan's
being
of
Christ.
Satan's
of
comings
being now
concept
in any
world
sense,
as
some
claim,
is
absurd,
they
bound in
as
is
world
absurd, they
sense,
claim,
any
say,
as
world
conditions
testify.
And
the
"resurrection"
conditions testify.
the "resurrection"
say, as
will
go wherever
wherever the
the gospel
gospel is
is preached,
preached, continuing
continuing
will go
until the
of
Christ
at
the
end
of time,
of
until
of
Christ
at
to
the second
second coming
the
time, to
coming
destroy
antichrist,
raise
the
dead,
establish
the
the
raise
and
the
establish
dead,
destroy antichrist,
eternal
kingdom.
eternal kingdom.
2.
AMILLENNIALISM AND PREMILLENNIALISM COM2. AMILLENNIALISM
PARED.-Like
the premillennialist,
premillennialist, the
the amillennialist
amillennialist
PARED.
Like the
believes there
will be
be an admixture of
up
evil up
of good
there will
believes
good and evil
beto the
the time
he does
does not bethe second advent,
time of
of the
to
advent, and he
all
that
and
lieve
world will
will get
better
better,
or
that
all
better
the world
lieve the
better,
get
when
the
of
be
Christianized.
Rather,
the
hosts
of
society
will
hosts
will
Christianized.
be
Rather,
society
of
Christ
Satan
are
on
the
point
of
complete
victory,
Christ
apare
the point
Satan
apcomplete victory,
in
glory,
and
resurrected
dead
the
transpears
and
the
transresurrected
in
glory,
pears
figured
living saints
up to
to be
be with
with their
their
are caught
saints are
caught up
figured living
Saviour.
Saviour.
But
amillennialists reject
reject aa literal
interpretation that
that
But amillennialists
484
QUESTIONS
calls for aa re-establishment

re-establishment of
of the
the Jews
Jews as
as God's
God's people
people
restoration of
of the
the Temple
Temple ritual.
ritual. Neither
Neither do they
they
and aa restoration
actual battle
battle of
of Gog
Gog and Magog
Magog at
at the
the
look for
for an actual
look
close of
of the
the millennium.
millennium. In
In other
other words,
words, the
the prophprophclose
ecies merely
merely predict
predict the
the peace
peace that
that will
will come to
to earth
earth
ecies
as the
the result
result of
of Christ's
Christ's first
first advent
advent as
as Saviour,
Saviour, and in
in aa
as
the
and
figurative
way
portray
the
blessings
glories
of
the
of
the
blessings
glories
figurative way portray
world to
to come,
come, the
the exalted
exalted glory
glory of
of the
the redeemed,
redeemed, and
world
the completeness
completeness of
of Satan's
Satan's overthrow,
overthrow, which ends
ends in
in
the
total triumph
triumph for
for Christ.
Christ. That is
is amillennialism,
amillennialism, which
which
total
has wide
wide acceptance
acceptance today.
today. In
In varying
varying forms,
forms, it
it has
has its
its
has
adherents among
among Roman Catholics,
Catholics, Protestant
Protestant liberals,
liberals,
adherents
and even
even within
within the
the ranks
ranks of
of conservative
conservative Reformed
and
"Amillennial
theology.
(See
John
F.
Walvoord,
"Amillennial EschaEschaF.
Walvoord,
theology. (See John
tology,"
Bibliotheca
Sacra)
January-March,
1951.)
Bibliotheca
Sacra, January-March, 1951.)
tology,"
Thus the
the pendulum,
pendulum, as
as concerns
the millennial
millennial
concerns the
a confusconfusreign,
has
swung
and
forth,
producing
back
has
forth,
swung
producing a
reign,
ing
and
conflicting
picture.
constitutes
what
But
constitutes an
conflicting picture.
ing
in the
that lies
inseparable factor
the complicated
complicated setting
lies
factor in
setting that
inseparable
back
positions
is
the
chiliastic
concept
is the
chiliastic
back of
the differing
of the
differing positions
concept
a literal
literal reign
of
of a
earth and
millennialism that of
of millennialism-that
reign on earth
in time,
between the
the eternal
eternal state.
the present
state.
in
time, between
age and the
present age
This
point needs
discussion.
needs discussion.
This point
calls for
the
XI.
Trail of
of Materialistic
Materialistic Chiliasm
Cfailiasm Across
Across the
XI. The Trail
Centuries
Centuries
feature of
of early
As noted,
noted, aa prominent
early church preprominent feature
prethe chiliastic
chiliastic concept-that
the reigl(l
millennialism
millennialism was the
concept that the
reign
exercised on earth.
of
earth. But for
for this
of the
the saints
saints would be exercised
this
the
church
went
outside
Revelation
20-the
only
the early
outside
the
20
early
only
Biblical
the thousand years-which
reference to
to the
Biblical reference
does
years which does
the reign.
not describe
locate the
idea of
of a material,
describe or locate
material,
reign. The idea

earthly
earthly
485
kingdom was derived

partly from the
the use
the
derived partly
use of
of the
kingdom
Old Testament prophecies
of
the
Messianic
kingdom,
the
of
Messianic
prophecies
kingdom,
the church applied
to itself.
itself. Further,
Further, the
the Jewish
which the
applied to
Jewish
Christians were steeped
Christians
the Jewish
apocalyptic writwritin the
steeped in
Jewish apocalyptic
ings, which embodied their
nationalistic aspirations
aspirations for
their nationalistic
for
ings,
aa gloriQus
earthly
kingdom,
and
which
contain
fantastic
contain
fantastic
glorious earthly kingdom,
accounts
of the
the fertility,
accounts of
plenty, and material
material prosperity
fertility, plenty,
prosperity
of that
of
that period.
period. At the
the same time the
the Gentile
Gentile converts
converts
from the
the Roman world of
the first
century had aa backbackfirst century
of the
ground
then-current pagan
a coming
of then-current
of a
ground of
coming golden
golden
pagan dreams of
the Jewish
age.
notion of
of thousandthousandage. Even the
apocalyptic notion
Jewish apocalyptic
year
periods
corresponding
to
the
days
of
creation
the
to
of
week
creation
year periods corresponding
days
was matched by
by pagan
pagan traditions
traditions (Etruscan
and
Persian)
(Etruscan
Persian)
of aa six-thousand-year
the race.
race.
of
of the
six-thousand-year duration of
Since
the early
itself as
Since the
the true
true
as the
early church regarded
regarded itself
Israel of
of the
the promises,
promises, it
it applied
the
kingdom
prophthe
Israel
kingdom proph
applied
ecies
the saints,
saints, not to
to the
the Jews,
though it
it saw no
ecies to
to the
Jews, though
the
in
hope
of
an
actual
church
kingdom
in
the
then-present
actual
of
kingdom
then-present
hope
Roman age.
the fact
fact that
that the
the church was
Considering the
age. Considering
tinged with
with current
philosophical concepts,
concepts, such
such as
that
as that
current philosophical
tinged
of
the inherent
it could
could not
not allow
a
evil of
of matter,
allow a
of the
inherent evil
matter, it
material
kingdom in
of
in the
earth of
the new heavens and new earth
material kingdom
the
eternal state.
naturally placed
placed this
this Jewishit naturally
state. Hence it
the eternal
Jewishthe
pagan-Christian golden
millennium,
during the millennium,
age during
golden age
pagan-Christian
after the
the advent,
before eternity.
ideas were
after
advent, but before
eternity. The ideas
doctrine
of
the milsuperimposed
upon
the
scriptural
doctrine
of
the
the
scriptural
superimposed upon
new
of
earth
lennium,
the prophecies
of
the
earth
were
put
lennium, and the
put
prophecies
The
basis.
on aa definitely
materialistic
and
temporal
basis.
materialistic
temporal
definitely
persecuted Christians
to aspire
to an earthly
rule
Christians came to
earthly rule
aspire to
persecuted
of aa triumphant
triumphant church.
the extraneous
extraneous teaching
teaching of
of
church. But the
of
fantastic
gross
materialism-the
claims
of
fantastic
fertility
and
claims
of
the
materialism
fertility
gross
of the
even
carnality that
that were predicted
predicted of
of the
the reign
reign of
the
even carnality
486
486
QUESTIONS
saints
to many
many that
saints on earth-became
earth
became so
so repugnant
that
repugnant to
chiliasm was
was regarded
regarded as
a heresy,
brief
for a
a brief
chiliasm
as a
heresy, and for
period
the
Apocalypse
was
in
some
quarters
regarded
in
was
as
the
period
quarters regarded as
Apocalypse
not apostolic,
and
therefore
was
even
omitted
from
the
omitted
was
the
not
therefore
apostolic,
Sacred Canon.*
Canon. *
milSo it
it was,
was, that
chiliastic views
views of
the milof chiliastic
of the
that because
because of
lennium,
the
very
doctrine
of
miUennialism
was
dismillennialism
of
doctrine
disthe
lennium,
very
credited.
Similarly,
abandonment
of
premillennialism
of
credited. Similarly,
premillennialism
was hastened
hastened by
by the
the church atstatus the
the favorable
atfavorable status
was
tained in
in the
the fourth
Constantine.
under
Constantine.
As
fourth century
tained
century
their
influence steadily
the Christians
Christians began
began
their influence
increased, the
steadily increased,
future
to apply
apply the
the predictions
predictions of
Messianic kingof the
the future Messianic
to
kingto the
the then-present
Christian
church.
Eventually
Christian
church.
dom to
Eventually
then-present
the
exchange of
future dominion of
saints in
in the
the
the future
the saints
of the
the exchange
of the
Holy
City
for
the
present
dominion
of
the
church
on
the
the
for
of
present
Holy City
earth,
totalitarian rule
rule of
of media basis
basis for
for the
the totalitarian
earth, became a
its persecutions.
eval
persecutions.
eval Catholicism,
Catholicism, with its
The -Reformation
had to
resist aa -different
but
to resist
different but
Reformation had
equally fallacious
a
fallacious chiliasm-not
chiliasm not only
earthly but a
only an earthly
equally
the
political
revolutionary
kingdom
of
the
saints,
set
set
and
of
saints,
revolutionary kingdom
political
up by
by fire
fire and sword before
before the
the resurthe advent and the
resurup
rection-witness
the excesses
of Thomas Miintzer
Miintzer and
rection
witness the
excesses of
some of
the Anabaptists,
prophets of
the prophets
of the
of Zwickau and
Anabaptists, the
the French prophets
of
the
and,
the
Cervennes
the
of
the
later, the
and, later,
prophets
Fifth Monarchy
Monarchy men in
England.
in England.
Fifth
*According
to Bishop
Bishop B.
B. F.
F. Westcott
Westcott (A
Survey of
the History
History of
General Survey
*According to
(A General
of Canon
of the
of the
the New Testament,
Testament, 1875,
20), by
the close
close of
of the
the second
second century
the Apocach. 20),
century the
Apocaof
by the
1875, ch.
and
authoritative
throughout
the
cllUrch,
except
lypse
was
acknowledged
as
apostolic
was
authoritative
the
as
church,
throughout
except
lypse
acknowledged
apostolic
in
version. But after
almost universal
universal acceptance
acceptance among
among the
the Fathers,
it
in the
the Syriac
after almost
Fathers, it
Syriac version.
fell temporarily
fell
temporarily into
because of
position to
to chiliastic
chiliastic millennialism
millennialism by
by
of opposition
into discredit
discredit because
Dionysius
Alexandria (died
265). Cyril
386) and Gregory
Gregory of
of
of Alexandria
Dionysius of
(died 265).
Jerusalem (died
(died 386)
Cyril 0of Jerusalem
Nazianzus (died
(died 389)
the Apocalypse
Apocalypse from their
their catalogs
catalogs of
of the
the New TestaNazianzus
excluded the
Testa389) excluded
ment books,
books, and Chrysostom
(died 407)
quoted it.
it. It
from
It was omitted
omitted from
407) nowhere quoted
Chrysostom (died
the
by the
the fourth-century
fourth-century Council
Council of
Laodicea. But
But in
in 367
Athanasius
the canon list
of Laodicea.
list by
367 Athanasius
it in
his enumeration,
of Hippo
Hippo (393)
(393) and
and Carthage
Cartha.~e (397)
(397)
included
included it
the Councils
in his
Councils of
enumeration, and the
declared
disappeared. (See
Prophetic Faith
Faith of
of
it canonical.
all doubts
declared it
canonical. Soon all
doubts disappeared.
(See The Prophetic
Our Fathers,
Fathers, vol.
vol. 1,
pp. 103-107.)
1, pp.
103-107.)
Of
487
487
The earthliness
reign was
was given
given
earthliness of
of the
the millennial
millennial reign
new turn
turn in
Whitby's postmillennialism,
postmiUennialism, with
its
in Whitby's
with its
American churches
churches were
churchly
churchly golden
golden age.
age. The early
early American
strongly
pure-church ideal
ideal
the pure-chilrch
chiliastic, inheriting
strongly chiliastic,
inheriting the
from the Anabaptists,
Anabaptists, who passed
passed it
to the
the Baptists
Baptists
it on to
and Congregationalists.
Congregationalists. Their chiliasm
chiliasm raised
raised exuberexuberof a
ant hopes
hopes of
program
of
social
rea postmiUennialist
social
reof
postmillennialist program
generation
to
be
realized
in
the
churches.
Thence
also
to
be
realized
in
also
the
churches.
generation
came numerous nineteenth-century
nineteenth-century attempts
to bring
bring
attempts to
the
the kingdom
kingdom of
not only
only through
through revivalrevivalof God on earth,
earth, not
ist-pietist church
church activity
reforms of
of every
ist-pietist
activity and varying
every
varying reforms
shade but also
sociopolitical
channels
and
comalso through
channels
through sociopolitical
munal Utopias.
utopias. In
early-nineteenth-century
expectaIn the
the early-nineteenth-century expectation of
of the
tion
the inauguration
such schemes
of the
the millennium such
schemes
inauguration of
multiplied
rapidly.
Also
in
the
nineteenth
century
Also
in
the
a
nineteenth
multiplied rapidly.
century a
"Judaistic"
chiliasm
stemming
from
the
extreme
literalchiliasm
the
extreme
literalfrom
"Judaistic"
stemming
ism of
the British
emphasized not
not
of the
British Advent awakening
awakening emphasized
only the
conversion of
ews but
but also
also aa restoration
restoration of
of
the conversion
of the
the 1
only
Jews
the
the Jewish
nation,
a
rebuilding
of
the
Jewish
temple,
of
the
nation,
Jewish
rebuilding
Jewish temple,
and re-establishment
system, as
well as
as
as well
re-establishment of
the sacrificial
sacrificial system,
of the
aa Jewish
political domination,
a coercive
coercive "iron-rod"
"iron-rod"
domination, and a
Jewish political
rule of
Christ over
the rebellious
rebellious nations.
nations.
rule
of Christ
over the
N or is
chiliasm merely
merely an academic
is the
the doctrine
of chiliasm
Nor
doctrine of
question
of
what
is
to
happen
in
the
future,
is
to
in
the
of
future, with no
happen
question
practical significance
signifIcance to
to us
today. As aa matter
matter of
of fact,
us today.
fact,
practical
the political
political implications
of
this
future-jewish-kingdom
the
of
this
implications
future-Jewish-kingdom
seen in
are obvious,
concept
its effects
have been seen
effects have
obvious, and its
concept are
is
evithe
nineteenth
and
twentieth
centuries.
There
is evitwentieth centuries.
the nineteenth
dent at
the present
present time an unfortunate
unfortunate confusion
beat the
confusion bedent
tween recognizing
recognizing the
historical fulfillment
fulfillment of
of prophthe historical
tween
prophecy
and attempting
attempting to
to use
use prophetic
as
interpretation as
ecy and
internaan instrument
instrument for
political and internafor influencing
an
influencing political
a
a
488
QUESTIONS
tional
policy. Stemming
this futurist
futurist view
tional policy.
also from this
Stemming also
all
that
are
to
be
God's
elect,
to
to
whom aU
that the
to
the Jews
are
elect,
Jews
the kingdom
kingdom prophecies
prophecies must yet
yet be literally
fulfilled,
fulfilled,
literally
is
unprecedented interpretive
danan unprecedented
is
system with daninterpretive system
in
gerous
tendencies.
It
is
embodied
in
a
dispensationIt
is
tendencies.
dispensationgerous
alist
wall of
of partition
partition bebethat rebuilds
rebuilds the wall
alist emphasis
emphasis that:
tween Jew
Jew and Gentile that
that Jesus
obliterated,
that
that
obliterated,
Jesus
separates
fashin thoroughly
thoroughly antinomian fashgrace in
separates law from grace
ion,
and
that
deflects
from
the
Christian
the
church
that
deflects
ion,
and
promises
the
covenants
large
portions
of
the
the
and
the
large portions
promises
to
the
Bible,
especially
the
Gospels,
giving
the
Jew,
rather
rather
the
Bible, especially
Jew,
Gospels, giving
than
to the
the Christian,
only the Decalogue,
Decalogue, but also
also
than to
Christian, not only
the
Beatitudes and the
the Lord's
Fortunately,
alLord's Prayer.
the Beatitudes
Prayer. Fortunately, although
premillennialists
in
the
various
churches
in
the
various
most
premillennialists
though
today
belong to
to this
thought, not all
all
of thought,
this general
general school of
today belong
of them subscribe
subscribe to
views or
or carry
them
to
to all
all these
these views
to
of
carry
their logical
logical conclusions.
is unfortunate that
that some
It is
conclusions. It
their
writers
futurist premillennialpremiHennialthis futurist
writers who have abandoned this
ism have so
merely exchanged
exchanged their
their chiliasm
for
chiliasm for
ism
so often
often merely
amillennialism.
amillennialism.
This survey
survey calls
to the
the fact
that through
through
fact that
calls attention to
the
centuries
the
chiliastic
expectation
of
an
earthly
the
chiliastic
of
the centuries
earthly
expectation
millennial
kingdom
in
the
flesh,
coercive
with
coercive rule
rule
millennial kingdom in the flesh,
over unregenerate
unregenerate men,
men, has
the root
root of
of doctrinal
has been the
doctrinal
distortion,
views, excess,
totalitarianism, perperfanatical views,
excess, totalitarianism,
distortion, fanatical
secution,
revolution. None of
these
of these
secution, and even political
political revolution.
is inherent in
in premillennialism
is
as based on the ScripScrippremillennialism as
tures,
traditions and pagan
pagan concontures, unmixed with Jewish
Jewish traditions
in the
cepts,
as will
will be shown in
the answer to
to Question
Question 39.
39.
cepts, as
of the
Understanding
Adventist
of
QUESTION
QUESTION
the
Millennium
Millennium
39
What do Adventists
Adventists understand
understand to
be the
to be
the
chronological
timing
of
the
millennium
in
relathe
in
relachronological timing of
tion to
its two
tion
to the
the end of
the age,
nature of
the nature
of the
of its
age the
resurrections,
sequence of
its
major
events,
the sequence
its
resurrections, the
of
major events,
and the outcome and sequel
sequel of
the
millennial
millennial
the
of
period? Please
Please outline
your view.
outline your
view.
period?
f
to have
have aa speThe word "millennium" has
has come to
spemeaning
in
the
of
Christians-a
in
the
a
minds
of
most
Christians
meaning
thousand-year
period
Christ
will
reign
on
earth
when
earth
Christ
will
thousand-year period
reign
inwith His saints
saints amid plenty,
peace, and progressively
progressively inplenty, peace,
creasing righteousness.
righteousness. The word does
does not
not occur in
in
creasing
the Bible.
Bible. It
the Latin
Latin words mille
It is
the
is derived from the
thouand annum,
annum, meaning
"year." A thoumeaning "thousand" and "year."
sand-year
reign
of
the
saints
Christ
is
foretold
with
is
foretold
the
saints
Christ
of
sand-year reign
in that
in
there is
is no statement in
that
in Revelation 20:2-7,
20:2-7, but there
chapter
that the
will reign
the saints
saints will
Christ on earth
reign with Christ
chapter that
during
this
period.
this
during
period.
The vision
vision that
that delineates
the thousand years
years is
is
delineates the
one of
of aa series
that must be considered
considered as
as a chronoseries that
one
to succeed in
if we are
logical sequence
sequence if
in placing
placing the
the
are to
logical
other
eschamillennium in
its
proper
relationship
to
other
eschato
in its proper relationship
adtological
events.
Revelation
the second
second ad19 depicts
Revelation 19
events.
depicts the
tological
of
of
the
vent of
our Lord.
20
speaks
of
the
binding
of
20
Lord. Chapter
of our
vent
binding
speaks
Chapter
cialized
cialized
489
489
490
QUESTIONS
Satan,
resurrections one
years apart,
the
thousand years
one thousand
Satan, two resurrections
apart, the
general judgment
judgment of
their destruction
of evildoers,
destruction
evildoers, and their
general
in the
the lake
lake of
pictures the
the descent
in
of fire.
fire. Revelation
Revelation 21
21 pictures
descent
of the
Holy City,
New
Jerusalem;
chapter
22
conof
the Holy
and
con22
City,
chapter
Jerusalem;
tinues
the
description
of
the
city
and
the
joys
of
the
the
tinues the description of
the
city
joys of the
the eternal
seems to
to be
be
eternal state.
state. There seems
in the
redeemed in
indicate
that
nothing
in
these
chapters
to
indicate
that
this
is
not
a
to
this
not
in
these
is
a
nothing
chapters
the
aid
of
parchronological
sequence
of
events.
of
events.
With
the
aid
of
chronological sequence
parallel
Bible passages
passages that
that describe
second coming
coming of
of
describe the
the second
allel Bible
Christ, the
the resurrection,
the final
final punishment
punishment of
of
resurrection, and the
Christ,
the wicked,
outline
the
events
of
the
the
it is
is possible to
outline
events
the
to
of
the
wicked, it
possible
millennium from beginning
with an assurance
to end with
millennium
assurance
beginning to
of
accuracy.
of accuracy.
I.
Christ
I. The Second Advent of
of Christ
In
Revelation 19
is pictured
pictured at
at His
His second
In Revelation
19 Christ
Christ is
second
coming
as
a
mighty
warrior
leading
the
armies
of
as
a
warrior
the
armies
of
leading
coming
mighty
heaven to
to battle
hosts of
evil (verses
battle against
the hosts
of evil
11against the
(verses 1116).
This
emphasizes
the
effect
of
His
coming
upon
This
the
effect
of
His
coming upon
16).
emphasizes
the unsaved.
unsaved.
the
In
Revelation 14
coming on
14 Christ
is pictured as
In Revelation
Christ is
pictured as coming
as King
a cloud,
King of
of kings.
kings. In
that chapter
a
In that
cloud, crowned as
chapter
wicked is
is depicted
the
gathering of
of the
the righteous
the gathering
righteous and wicked
depicted
the figure
a harvest.
harvest. In verses
verses 15
the
of a
under the
15 and 16
16 the
figure of
"the harvest
righteous are
of the
the earth."
as "the
are gathered
harvest of
earth."
gathered as
righteous
also reaped
wicked are
as
"the
clusters
of
the
vine
are also
as
"the
The wicked
clusters
of
the
vine
reaped
of the
earth"-"fully
ripe"
grapes-and
"cast
...
into
and
o
the earth"
"cast
into
"fully ripe" grapes
of
the
winepress
of
the
wrath
of
(verses
the
the great
God"
of
18,
great winepress
(verses 18,
is mentioned again in
19).
This "winepress"
"winepress" is
19). This
again in chapter
chapter
is said
said of
19,
treadeth the
it is
of Christ
Christ that
that "he treadeth
the
19, where it
winepress
of
the
fierceness
and
wrath
of
Almighty
the
fierceness
of
wrath
of
winepress
Almighty
God" (verse
(verse 15).
15).
.
MILLENNfUM 491
491
ADVENTISTS AND THE MILLENNIUM
II. The Death of
II.
of AU
All Sinners
Sinners
To the
the rebellious
earth Christ
rebellious sinners
sinners of
of earth
as
Christ comes as
judge
and
avenger,
in
overpowering
glory,
with
fire
in
with
fire
judge
avenger,
overpowering glory,
and sword,
sword, in
hosts of
of evil
in final
final battle
battle against
evil men
the hosts
against the
who make their
stand
in
defiance
of
Him,
their last
last stand in defiance of Him, and He
gives to
to the
the birds
birds the
flesh of
the kings,
kings, captains,
mighty
the flesh
of the
gives
captains, mighty
men,
bond, small
and great
great (Rev.
all men free
free and bond,
small and
men, and all
(Rev.
19:
17-19). Revelation
pictures the
Revelation elsewhere
the same
elsewhere pictures
19:17-19).
class
class of
of people
people cowering
face of
the Lamb,
Lamb,
before the
the face
of the
cowering before
and the
the upheavals
upheavals of
nature accompanying
accompanying the
the second
of nature
second
advent the heavens departing
advent-the
as aa scroll
scroll and every
every
departing as
out of
of place
place (Rev.
(Rev. 6:
14mountain and island
island shaken
shaken out
6:1417).
In both
both chapter
the effect
of
14 the
19 and chapter
effect of
chapter 19
17). In
chapter 14
the
Christ's
on
the
wicked
is
described
the
under
Christ's coming
the
is
wicked
described
coming
figure
of treading
treading out grapes
winepress, with
a winepress,
in a
figure of
grapes in
blood
pouring
out
of
the
winepress
by
the space
of
blood pouring out of the winepress by the
space of
1,600
furlongs (Rev.
Overwhelming destrucdestruc1,600 furlongs
(Rev. 14:20).
14:20). Overwhelming
Not
tion could
be
graphically
described.
more
described.
tion
could hardly
hardly
graphically
that
only
does
nature
cooperate
with
upheaval
that
an
does
nature
only
cooperate
upheaval
all
changes
the geography
earth and shakes
the earth
shakes down aU
of the
changes the
geography of
the work of
of men's hands,
but all
the organized
opposiall the
the
hands, but
organized opposition
to aa sudden end as
as men individually
tion to
to God comes to
individually
tremble
before their
true King
Lord.
their Creator
Creator and true
tremble before
King and Lord.
The "beast"
prophet," symbols
symbols of
of organ"false prophet/'
"beast" and "false
organare
of Revelation,
ized apostasy
apostasy in
earlier visions
visions of
Revelation, who are
in earlier
ized
rebellion
continued
accused of
evil
men
into
continued
rebellion
into
evil
of deceiving
accused
deceiving
lake
against
pictured as
as being
being cast
alive into
into a lake
cast alive
are pictured
God, are
against God,
of
(Rev. 19:20).
looking with
fire (Rev.
of fire
Paul, looking
apostle Paul,
19:20). The apostle
described
the
of
prophetic
eye
down
the
stream
of
time,
described
the
stream
the
time,
prophetic eye
"that
mystery
of
iniquity
in
a
personalized
name,
"that
a
in
of
name,
personalized
iniquity
mystery
shall conconWicked"
2:8), "whom the
the Lord shall
Thess. 2:8),
Wicked" (2
(2 Thess.
492
QUESTIONS
sume with
with the
the spirit
mouth, and shall
his mouth,
shall destroy
of his
destroy
spirit of
with the
the brightness
brightness of
coming." And Revelation
Revelation
with
of his
his coming."
19
ends the
the description
19 ends
the total
total destruction
destruction of
of the
of the
the
description of
wicked with
the words,
remainthe remnant [the
remainwith the
words, "And the
[the
ing sinners]
with the
the sword of
of him that
sat
slain with
that sat
ing
sinners] were slain
upon
the horse,
horse, which
which sword proceeded
proceeded out
out of
of his
his
upon the
mouth: and all
the fowls
filled with
with their
their flesh"
flesh"
fowls were filled
all the
(verse
allowance for
for figures
of
(verse 21).
Making proper
figures of
21). Making
proper allowance
speech
prophetic symbolism,
symbolism, we may
may conclude
conclude that
that
speech and prophetic
all
the unrighteous
unrighteous who do not
their end in
these
all the
in these
not meet their
by the
brightness of
of Christ's
upheavals will
will be destroyed
the brightness
Christ's
destroyed by
upheavals
visible presence
presence as
"in
flaming
fire
taking
"in
fire
as He appears
visible
flaming
taking
appears
Thess.
vengeance on them that
that know not
not God" (2
8).
(2 Thess. 1:
vengeance
1:8).
III.
Binding of
III. The Binding
of Satan
very next
next event
described in
the book of
The very
in the
Reveevent described
of Reveis the
lation
(chapter 20:1-3)
20: 1-3) is
the binding
binding of
of Satan
with
Satan with
lation (chapter
the
figure
of
the
dragon,
in
order
aa great
chain,
the
in
under
of
order
the
chain,
dragon,
great
figure
that he
he might
might not
the nations
nations for
a thousand
for a
that
not deceive
deceive the
it
is
not
years.
Since
this
is a
a symbolic
scene, it is not necessary
years. Since this is
symbolic scetle,
necessary
to
that either
the chain
the bottomless
bottomless pit
to suppose
or the
either the
chain or
is
suppose that
pit is
literal. The dragon
is
identified
as
Satan,
the
meanliteral.
and
as
the
is
identified
Satan,
dragon
ing of
of the
the other
deduce from the
the conother symbols
coning
may deduce
symbols we may
text.
have all
all been
been destroyed
at the
text. Satan's
Satan's followers
followers have
the
destroyed at
second
righteous, as
as we shall
see in
in the
the
second advent.
advent. The righteous,
shall see
next
domain. The earth
next section,
are removed from his
his domain.
earth
section, are
is
in utter
is in
utter desolation,
with
dead
bodies
everywhere.
with
bodies
desolation,
everywhere.
It is
is only
It
necessary, then,
then, to
understand by
by the
the symbols
to understand
only necessary,
symbols
that
that Satan
by
divine
fiat
to
the
earth,
Satan is
divine
fiat
the
is consigned by
to
earth,
consigned
there for
for one thousand
thousand years
to
ponder
on
the
rethere
to
the
reyears
ponder
his rebellion
God.
sults
sults of
of his
rebellion against
against God.
493
ADVENTISTS AND THE MILLENNIUM 493
IV.
IV.
Resurrection of
of the
the Righteous
Righteous
The Resurrection
scene changes.
changes. John
John sees
sees thrones
thrones of
of judgment
judgment
The scene
which sit
sit "the
"the blessed
blessed and
and holy"
holy" ones
ones who have
have part
part
on which
in the
the first
first resurrection
resurrection (Rev.
(Rev. 20:4,
20:4, 6).
6). "They
"They came to.
to.
in
life again,
again, and reigned
reigned with
with Christ
Christ aa thousand
thousand years"
years"
life
(verse 4,
4, R.S.V.).
R.S.V.). Specifically
John sees
sees the
the martyrs
martyrs
(verse
Specifically John
and those
those who had gotten
gotten the
the victory
victory over
over the
the beast
beast
and his
his image
image (prophetic
(prophetic symbols
symbols of
of apostasy,
apostasy, from
chapters 13
those who reign
reign with
with Christ
Christ
13 and 14).
chapters
14). Do those
during the
the thousand
thousand years
years include
include more than
than the
the marmarduring
tyrs
the
faithful
from
the
last
generation
withwho
withand
the
the
faithful
last
tyrs
generation
stood
the wiles
wiles of
of apostasy?
answer must be
be sought
sought
stood the
apostasy? The answer
folin other
other scriptures
scriptures describing
the resurrection
resurrection that
that folin
describing the
lows the
the second
second coming
coming of
of Christ
Christ in
jn power
power and great
great
lows
glory. Nowhere in
this be the
the case
in
case in
in the
the Bible
Bible (unless
glory.
(unless this
Revelation
is there
there aa mention
mention of
of aa resurrection
resurrection of
of
Revelation 20)
20) is
resuronly
martyrs;
but
there
are
references
to
"the
resurto
but
are
references
there
only martyrs;
rection
of the
the just"
just" (Luke
14) and "the
resurrection
"the resurrection
rection of
(Luke 14:
14:14)
of
life"
in
contrast
to
"the
resurrection
of
damnation"
of
of life" in contrast to "the resurrection
in
division in
(John
the division
to the
5:29), which corresponds
corresponds to
(John 5:29),
resurrections. "They
Revelation
the two resurrections.
Revelation 20
20 between the
"They
that
his coming"
"at his
Cor.
are raised
raised "at
that are
are Christ's"
Christ's" are
(1 Cor.
coming" (1
the
when
Lord
15:
23). "The dead in
rise"
the
shall rise"
Christ shall
in Christ
15:23).
descends
of the
the archangel,
the voice
voice of
"with the
descends from heaven "with
archangel,
is
Thess. 4:
and with
16). This is
with the
of God" (1
the trump
4:16).
(I Thess.
trump of
for
elsewhere
for
the
trum"the last
last trump:
referred to
to as
as "the
elsewhere referred
trump:
raised incorincorshall be raised
pet
the dead shall
shall sound,
sound, and the
pet shall
described
ruptib(e"
(1
Cor.
15:52).
And
Jesus
described
His
Cor.
Jesus
15:52).
ruptible" (I
seen
coming
in
the
clouds
of
heaven-seen
by
all,
and
heaven
clouds
of
in
the
all,
by
coming
for
are not ready
mourned by
earth who are
tribes of
the tribes
of earth
ready for
by the
the trumpet
of the
Him-as
the sound of
at the
time when at
the time
Him as the
trumpet
QUESTIONS
494
494
all the
"his
elect" are
the earth
(Matt. 24:
24:
earth (Matt.
"his elect"
are gathered
gathered from all
30;
27). AH
All these
accounts of
a glorious,
of a
these accounts
30; Mark 13:26,
13:26, 27).
glorious,
of
visible,
audible coming,
with
the
sounding
of
the
trumthe
the
trumwith
visible, audible
sounding
coming,
pet,
are
connected
with
the
gathering
of
Christ's
elect,
of
Christ's
with
the
are
connected
elect,
gathering
pet,
the raising
raising of
in Christ,
and
the
changing
the
of the
the dead in
the
Christ,
changing
from mortality
mortality to
This is
is obviously the
first
to immortality.
immortality. This
obviously the first
resurrection
of Revelation
Revelation 20.
resurrection of
20.
V.
V.
The Translation
of the
Righteous
the Living
Translation of
Living Righteous
the thrones
The prophet
prophet John
John saw on the
thrones of
of judgment
judgment
those
not worshipped
worshipped the
the beast,
beast, neither
neither
those "which
"which had not
his
image, neither
received his
upon their
their
his mark upon
neither had received
his image,
foreheads,
or
in
their
hands"
(Rev.
20:4).
Since
there
in
their
hands"
or
Since
there
foreheads,
(Rev. 20:4).
are only
the earth
are
only two classes
people on the
earth when Christ
classes of
of people
Christ
comes-the
righteous and the
the "sheep"
the sinners,
comes the righteous
sinners, the
"sheep" and
the "goats"
(Matt.
25:32,
33)-those
have
the
those
who
have not
not
"goats" (Matt. 25:32, 33)
worshiped the
the living
living rightrightthe beast
beast must represent
worshiped
represent the
eous
the last
who
have
not
the
last generation
eous in
in the
not
have
bowed
the
generation
knee
knee to
to apostasy
and
who
are
prepared
to
are
to
welcome
apostasy
prepared
Christ
apostle Paul
Paul describes
Christ when He comes.
comes. The apostle
describes
that
that blessed
blessed event:
not all
all sleep
but
event: "We shall
shall not
sleep [die],
[die], but
we shall
shall all
all be changed"
"the
trumpet
shall
when
"the
shall
changed"
trumpet
sound,
be raised
raised incorruptible,"
the dead shall
shall be
for
sound, and the
incorruptible," for
"this
"this mortal
mortal must put
put on immortality"
(1 Cor.
15:51Cor. 15:51immortality" (I
53).
is when "we which
which are
are alive
alive and remain
remain shall
shall
53). This is
be
be caught
up
together
with
them
in
the
clouds,
to
meet
with
in
the
to
clouds,
caught up together
the Lord in
in the
the
the air"
air" (1
(I Thess.
4: 17).
Thess. 4:17).
VI.
VI.
The Righteous
Righteous All
All Taken to
to Heaven
In
In John's
John's view of
the righteous
righteous during
the thousand
thousand
of the
during the
it
is
years,
it
is
not
specified
just
where
the
reigning
with
not
the
years,
specified just
reigning with
Christ
Christ takes
takes place.
place. He says
saw thrones,
thrones, and
and
"I saw
says simply,
simply, "I

495
sat upon
upon them,
them, and judgment
judgment was
was given
they
unto
they sat
given unto
them: . . . and they
they lived
lived and reigned
reigned with
with Christ
a
Christ a
thousand years"
years" (Rev.
20:4).
But
other
texts
make
texts
other
(Rev. 20:4).
this clear.
clear. In 1
this
Thessalonians
4: 17, just
just quoted,
1
Thessalonians 4:17,
the
quoted, the
righteous
are
said
to
"meet
the
Lord
in
the
air,"
are
said
to "meet the
in the air/'
righteous
"caught
up ...
this we conclude
in the
... in
the clouds."
clouds." From this
conclude
"caught up
that Christ
that
advent does
does not
not touch
touch the
the
Christ' at
at His
His second
second advent
but
"he
shall
send
his
angels
with
sin-polluted
earth,
but
"he
with
shall
send
his
sin-polluted earth,
angels
a
a great
great sound of
of aa trumpet,
trumpet, and they
they shall
shall gather
gather
together his
his elect
elect from the
the four
four winds,
winds, from
from one end
together
of
of heaven to
to the
the other"
other" (Matt.
(Matt. 24:31).
24:31).
And the
the place
place to
the saved
taken at
to which the
saved are
are taken
at this
this
time is
is indicated
indicated by
by the
words of
the Saviour's
Saviour's own words
of comfort to
His disciples
on
the
evening
before
His
crucifort
to His
the
before
His
crucidisciples
evening
fixion: "In my
fixion:
Father's
house
are
many
mansions:
if
Father's
are
mansions:
if
my
many
it
not so,
I
would
have
told
you.
I
go
to
prepare
it were not
a
I
told
I
to
have
so,
you.
go
prepare a
place for
for you.
you. And if
if II go
prepare aa place
place for
for you,
you,
place
go and prepare
I
I will
will come again,
and
receive
you
unto
myself;
that
receive
unto
you
again,
myself; that
am, there
ye may
be
also"
(John
14:2,
3).
The
where II am,
there ye
be
also"
may
(John 14:2, 3).
place to
His saints
is described
as
to which Christ
takes His
saints is
described as
Christ takes
place
"my
Father's house"
there are
mansions"
are "many
house" where there
"many mansions"
"my Father's
(more
properly, "dwelling
places"). The implication
"dwelling places").
implication
(more properly,
is almost
almost unavoidable
unavoidable that
the destination
destination of
of the
the rightthat the
is
rightthe second
heaven-not
the earth
eous
earth
is heaven
not the
at the
advent is
eous at
second advent
at
from which they
are
at
the
last
trump.
'
*
'
the
last
are
removed
they
trump.*
.
saints will
*Revelation
II} is
prove that
that the
the saints
will reign
reign with
to prove
*Revelation 5:
SilO
sometimes quoted
is sometimes
quoted to
us unto
Christ
on earth
earth during
the millennium.
millennIUm. The text
reads: "And hast
hast made u.
text reads:
Christ on
during the
our God kings
kin~s and priests:
reign on the
the earth."
The expression
expression "kings
earth." ^The
shall reign
"kings
priests: and we shall
shall be
and priests"
priests" IU
to an
an expression
in Revelation
Revelation 20:
20: "they
this text
is similar
in this
text is
similar to
"they shall
expression in
is
priests of
of God and of
and shall
reign with
with him aa thousand
thousand years."
year. " There is
of Christ,
shall reign
Christ, and
priests
nothing
10 or
or its
context to
to make it
the "reign"
its context
it iml;?erative to
in Revelation
Revelation 5:
5:10
"reign"
apply the
nothing in
imperative to apply
"on the
earth" to
period of
RevelatIon 20.
20. The problem
problem is,
is, Can
of Revelation
to the
the earth"
the thousand-year
we consider
these texts
texts parallel?
answer the
the question.
cannot answer
consider these
we
Seventh-day
question. Seventhday
Exegesis cannot
parallel? Exegesis
Adventists believe
believe that
the earth"
earth" applies
to the
the righteous
ri$hteous after
Adventists
that this
this "reign
"reign on the
after the
applies to
return to
this
close
of the
the millennium
millennium when the
the saints
with Christ
the holy
holy city
CIty return
to this
Christ and the
saints with
close of
earth. (See
Revelation
21,
22.)
with
sin
and
sinners
destroyed,
the
righteous
the
sin
with
sinners
Then
earth.
Revelation
righteous
destroyed,
21, 22.)
(See
all eternity.
eternity.
shall reign
reign with
with Him through
shall
through all
1
496
496
Thus we have
have an explanation
of what happens
happens to
to
explanation of
the
classes on earth
the Lord comes. While
the two classes
earth when the
left on the
dead, for
the birds
birds to
one is
for the
to conconis left
the earth,
earth, dead,
sume,
the other
taken alive
alive to
he forever
forever with
with the
to be
the
other is
is taken
sume, the
Lord.
Lord.
VII.
VII.
The Judgment
the Thousand Years
Years
Judgment and the
activities of
of the
The apostle
the activities
the
describes the
apostle John
John describes
in heaven
heaven very
briefly:
"They
.
.
.
reigned
with
saved
with
saved in
reigned
very briefly: "They
Christ
a thousand
thousand years"
years" (Rev.
Christ a
(Rev. 20:4).
20:4). The question
question
may
properly be
will the
the saints
saints
be asked,
asked, Over whom will
may properly
reign
if
all
the
wicked
have
destroyed?
That
the
have
been
the
if
all
the
wicked
destroyed?
reign
saints
will receive
kingdom, is
is specifically
stated
in
in
the kingdom,
stated
saints will
receive the
specifically
other
texts.
When
the
seventh
angel
sounds,
"the
kingseventh
"the
the
other texts.
angel sounds,
kingdoms of
of this
this world . . . become the
the kingdoms
kingdoms of
of our
Lord, and of
his Christ"
II: 15), and Daniel
Daniel
of his
Christ" (Rev.
Lord,
(Rev. 11:15),
the
and
the
greatness
speaks
of
the
"kingdom
of
dominion
and
the
greatness
speaks
"kingdom
of
the kingdom"
kingdom" being
being "given
to the
people of
the saints
the people
of the
of the
saints
"given to
of the
High" (Dan.
7:27).
The
saints
have
been
the most High"
saints
of
have
(Dan. 7:27).
under the
the oppressive
rule
of
the
kings
have
drunk
the
rule
of
who
have
oppressive
kings
of the
the wine of
Babylon's fornication
of
of Babylon's
fornication (Rev.
(Rev. 18:3).
18:3). Now
are turned,
the
the saints
of the
the Most High
the tables
tables are
saints of
turned, and the
High
rule over
over their
their oppressors.
It
is
true
that
the
wicked
are
It
is
true
rule
that
the
wicked
are
oppressors.
dead,
but
they
will
return
to
life
at
the
end
of
the
but
will
return
to
life
at
the
of
the
dead,
they
millennium (Rev.
20:5). They
They are
are shut
up, as
as it
were,
shut up,
it were,
(Rev. 20:5).
later to
later
to receive
receive their
their punishment.
punishment. The exercise
exercise of
of
dominion by
the
the
righteous
over
the
wicked
is
indicated
over
the
is
wicked
indicated
by
righteous
in
the expressions,
in the
given unto them"
expressions, "judgment
"judgment was given
(verse
reigned with
with Christ"
Christ" (verse
(verse 4)
4) and "they
"they . . . reigned
(verse
4), who has
has received
received "the
of
this
world"
"the kingdoms
of
this
world"
4),
kingdoms
(Dan.
7:27).
(Dan. 7:27).
In the
the discussion
the investigative
judgment (see.
discussion of
of the
(see
.

497
Question
of the
the total
total
covered those
those features
features of
Question 36),
36), were covered
judgment work that
that logically
be completed
before
judgment
logically must be
completed before
returns in
that the
cases
Christ
Christ returns
in glory.
the cases
glory. There we showed that
of those
eventually saved
be examined before
before the
of
those eventually
saved must be
the
second advent,
advent, and they
must
be
"accounted
worthy
be
'accounted
must
they
worthy
to
obtain that
that world,
the resurrection
the
to obtain
world, and the
dead" (Luke
and
also
"worthy
to
escape
all
also
to
(Luke 20:35),
"worthy
20:35),
escape all
these things
by
Christ]
...
and
these
things [the
troubles
predicted
troubles
[the
predicted by Christ]
to
before the
(Luke 21:36).
21:36). Since
to stand
stand before
the Son of
of man" (Luke
Since
all the
all
the wicked
wicked alive
at Christ's
Christ's coming
coming suffer
alive on earth
suffer
earth at
the first
first death
death-the
death common to
to all
all mankind
mankindthe
the death
and do not
not live
until after
after the
the thousand
thousand years,
years,
live again
again until
the
the decisions
decisions regarding
their
punishment
not
be
need
be
their
regarding
punishment
reached before
before the
reached
the second advent.
advent.
that judgment
judgment was
Both Daniel and John
state that
John state
the
given
to
the
saints,
or
the
resurrected
ones
(Dan. 7:22;
or
the
to
resurrected
ones
7:22;
saints,
given
(Dan.
Rev.
20:4).
In
Revelation
20
the
word
"judgment"
is
Rev. 20:4).
Revelation 20 the
"judgment" is
from the
which generally
the Greek word krima
krima, which
generally means
"sentence,"
rendered." Here
"a decision
or "a
decision rendered."
"sentence," "verdict,"
"verdict," or
krima seems to
to mean the
authority to
to pass
pass sentence.
sentence,
the authority
The passage
passage does
refer to
verdict in
favor of
the
in favor
of the
to a
a verdict
does not
not refer
righteous.
In
the
Septuagint
of
Daniel,
the
word
for
for
In
the
the
of
Daniel,
righteous.
Septuagint
in
"judgment"
is
krisis
the
"act
of
judging";
but
in
the
but
the
the
is krisis,
"act
of
J
judging";
"judgment"
Theodotlon
version it
is rendered
rendered krima.
krima. The
it is
Theodotfon Greek version
is doubtwork of
of judgment
judgment referred
referred to
to by
by the
revelator is
the revelator
Paul:
the
less
of
by
the
apostle
Paul:
"Do
ye
that spoken
less that
of
ye not
by
apostle
spoken
that the
judge the
the world?
world? ... Know
shall judge
the saints
know that
saints shall
ye not
judge angels?"
angels?" (1
(1 Cor.
Cor. 6:2,
that we shall
shall judge
not that
6:2, 3).
3).
ye
ina careful
work of
judgment may
may well
involve a
careful inwell involve
of judgment
The work
revestigation of
evil men and aa decision
decision rerecords of
of evil
of the
the records
vestigation
sinner
garding
the
amount
of
punishment
due
each
sinner
each
of
the
punishment
garding
for his
part in
the rebellion
rebellion against
against God.
in the
for
his part
*
498
498
QUESTIONS
sinners be
Justice
that great
great sinners
be punished
punished
Justice demands that
sins were of
those whose sins
of aa lesser
lesser
more severely
than those
severely than
nature. True,
True, all
will be
be punished
punished with
with eternal
eternal
all sinners
sinners will
nature.
death,
but eventual
hardly be
be conceived
extinction can
can hardly
conceived
eventual extinction
death, but
of as
as aa graduated
graduated punishment.
punishment. It
is the
the suffering
It is
before
of
suffering before
fit the
to fit
the
that can
be measured out
out to
the
can be
the second
death that
second death
extent of
of the
the sinner's
personal responsibility
responsibility for
his
for his
sinner's personal
extent
rebellion.
the principle,
principle, "That
set forth
forth the
rebellion. Christ
Christ Himself set
servant,
lord's will,
will, and prepared
prepared not
not
his lord's
servant, which knew his
himself, neither
neither did
to his
his will,
will, shall
shall be
be beaten
beaten
did according
himself,
according to
with many
many stripes.
stripes. But he that
that knew not,
not, and did comwith
shall be beaten
mit things
beaten with few
of stripes,
worthy of
stripes, shall
things worthy
stripes"
(Luke 12:47,
48).
12:47, 48).
stripes" (Luke
Since
the saved
thrones "with Christ,"
the
saved reign
Since the
Christ," the
reign on thrones
will
Judge
of
all
men,
it
they
will
concur
in
it is
that
all
is apparent that
in
of
men,
they
apparent
Judge
the
decisions
reached.
Thus
the
saints
are
completely
the saints are completely
the decisions reached.
satisfied
that God is
that even the
the destruction
destruction
is just, and that
satisfied that
just,
of incorrigible
sinners
is
of
His
love.
is an evidence
of
of
His
sinners
evidence
love.
incorrigible
VIII.
Desolate Prison
House
Satan's Desolate
VIII. The Earth
as Satan's
Earth as
Prison House
descriptions of
the second
the Bible
Bible descriptions
of the
Not only
second
only do the
coming of
the destruction
all the
the undestruction of
of all
unof Christ
Christ depict
depict the
coming
the
righteous
living
on
the
earth,
but
they
also
speak
of
also
but
earth,
righteous living
they
speak of
the desolation
the globe.
6, the
the earthly
the
In Revelation
of the
desolation of
Revelation 6,
globe. In
earthly
effects
of Christ's
described briefly
briefly but
but
effects of
Christ's coming
are described
coming are
graphically: "Every
island were moved
"Every mountain and island
graphically:
out of
of their
their places"
places" (verse
14).
In
Revelation 11
II the
the
In
Revelation
(verse 14).
final events
are again
final
events are
depicted:
"There
lightwere
again depicted:
lightnings,
nings,
and voices,
voices, and thunderings,
thunderings, and an earthquake,
earthquake,
and great
great hail"
19).
In
Revelation
16,
under the
the
hail" (verse
In
Revelation
16,
(verse 19).
seventh
plague, the
the details
details of
of the
destruction are
seventh plague,
the destruction
are more
vividly
delineated: "The seventh
poured out
his
seventh angel
out his
vividly delineated:
angel poured

499
vial
vial into
into the
the air;
air;
and there
there came aa great
voice out
the
out of
of the
great voice
temple
the throne,
throne, saying,
It is
in heaven,
is done.
done.
heaven, from the
temple in
saying, It
And there
there were voices,
thunders, and lightnings;
lightnings;
voices, and thunders,
and there
there was aa great
was not
not since
since
such as
as was
great earthquake,
earthquake, such
men were upon
the
earth,
so
mighty
an
earthquake
the
so
earth,
upon
mighty
earthquake
and so
so great.
great. And the
was divided
divided into
three
the great
into three
great city
city was
parts,
and
the
cities
of
the
nations
fell
....
every
the
cities
of
And
the
nations
fell.
parts,
every
island fled
island
the mountains
mountains were
were not
not found.
fled away,
found.
away, and the
fell upon
And there
there fell
upon men aa great
great hail
hail out
out of
of heaven,
heaven,
the weight
weight of
a talent"
talent" (verses
(verses 17every
stone about the
17of a
every stone
21
).
21).
It
It is
is difficult
difficult to
to imagine
a more complete
destrucimagine a
complete destrucall the
tion
of the
the
tion of
of all
the recognizable
recognizable physical
physical aspects
aspects of
earth's
of
such
globe-shattering
earth's surface.
surface. An earthquake
of
such
globe-shattering
earthquake
proportions as
mountain, and
as to
to shake
shake down every
every mountain,
proportions
overwhelm every
island
in
some
vast
tidal
wave, could
could
vast tidal wave,
every island in
hardly
works intact
in the
leave anything
of man's
intact in
the
man's works
hardly leave
anything of
wreckage.
A
substantial
proportion
of
earth's
inhabsubstantial
earth's
inhabof
wreckage.
proportion
itants may
may lose
it is
is
itants
lives in
in this
for it
lose their
their lives
this cataclysm,
cataclysm, for
said
Revelation 19:21:
said in
in Revelation
terrified
19:21: "The remnant [the
[the terrified
survivors
all this
this has
has happened]
happened] were
survivors who are
left after
after all
are left
slain
the sword
that sat
sat upon
upon the
the horse,
slain with
with the
sword of
of him that
horse,
which sword proceeded
out
of
his
mouth."
Evidently
Evidently
proceeded out of his
the earthquake
and
hailstorm
take
place
just
as
Christ
take
as Christ
the
hailstorm
place
just
earthquake
appears
in
in
the
clouds
of
heaven.
heaven.
the
clouds
of
appears
Satan's confinement
to the
in this
this condition
is
condition is
earth in
Satan's
the earth
confinement to
of
very fittingly
fittingly described
the symbolic
language of
in the
described in
symbolic language
very
serthat
prophecy:
"He
laid
hold
on
the
dragon,
that
old
serlaid
hold
the
dragon,
prophecy:
a
pent, which is
is the
the Devil,
Devil, and Satan,
Satan, and bound him a
pent,
thousand
years,
and
cast
him
into
the
bottomless
pit,
the
cast
into
bottomless
thousand years,
pit,
and shut
up, and set
upon him,
him, that
that he
set a
a seal
seal upon
shut him up,
should
deceive the
the nations
nations no more,
more, till
till the
the thousand
should deceive
.
500
500
QUESTIONS
years should
should be
be fulfilled"
fulfilled" (Rev.
(Rev. 20:2,
20:2, 3).
3). He can "de"deyears
ceive the
the nations
nations no more" because
because the
the unsaved are
are all
all
ceive
the righteous,
righteous, both
both the
the living
living and the
the resurresurdead, and the
dead,
all ages,
ages, have
have been
been taken
taken to
to heaven.
heaven. With
all
rected of
of
rected
his fallen
fallen angel
angel companions,
companions, Satan
Satan must await
await amid
his
this desolation
desolation the
the final
final disposition
disposition of
of the
the cases
cases of
of all
all
this
the
the
unredeemed in
in the
the court
court above.
above. In
In contrast
contrast with
unredeemed
whom Satan
this,
see
the
saints
in
heaven,
those
Satan
in
those
the
saints
see
we
heaven,
this,
in
thought to
to overcome
overcome and destroy,
destroy, sitting
sitting in judgment
judgment
thought
(Rev.
20:4)
with
their
Lord.
Lord.
with
their
(Rev. 20:4)
This is
is the
the time,
time, we believe,
believe, when the
the words of
of
This
will be
be fulfilled:
ye not
not that
that
the apostle
apostle Paul will
fulfilled: "Know ye
the
judge angels?"
(1 Cor.
Cor. 6:3).
6:3).
we shall
shall judge
angels?" (1
is yet
yet further
significance that
that Seventh-day
Seventh-day
further significance
There is
Adventists attach
to Satan's
Satan's thousand-year
thousand-year duress
in
attach to
duress in
Adventists
desolation.
of
Israel's
Day
of
Atoneof
Atoneof
Israel's
desolation. In the
the symbolism
Day
symbolism
after the
the
ment in
the typical
typical sanctuary
of old,
service of
in the
old, after
sanctuary service
goat
"for
the
Lord"
was
slain
as
atoning
sacrifice,
as
the
was
an
slain
"for
Lord"
sacrifice,
atoning
goat
was canceled,
canceled, and his
the repentant
his sins
sins
the
sinner's guilt
guilt was
repentant sinner's
in
type,
through
the
shed
blood.
Then,
were forgiven,
in
the
blood.
Then,
forgiven,
type, through
after
the other
the atonement was thus
thus completed)
other
after the
completed^ the
goat
("for
Azazel")-whom
we
believe
symbolized
whom
believe
symbolized
goat ("for Azazel")
Satan,
man's malignant
declared guilty
seducer was declared
Satan, man's
malignant seducer-was
guilty
of the
was
alive
of
of
all
evil,
sent
away
all
and
sent
the instigation
evil,
away alive
instigation of
into
into the
to oblivion
the uninhabited
oblivion
uninhabited wilderness,
wilderness, bearing
bearing to
the responsibility
led
Israel
to
the
for
all
sins
that
he
had
led
Israel
to
all
sins
that
for
responsibility
commit (Lev.
16:20-22).
(Lev. 16:20-22).
the repentant
Thus the
the penalty
first remitted to
to the
penalty was first
repentant
sinner through
sinner
Substitute,
symthe divinely
Substitute,
through the
symdivinely appointed
appointed
retributive
punishment
bolizing
Christ.
Afterward,
Christ.
retributive
Afterward,
bolizing
punishment was
visited
the
type
of
the
arch
tempter
visited upon
the
the
of
instigator
upon
type
archtempter and instigator
of
of sin,
die.
the wilderness
to the
wilderness to
to die.
sin, who was consigned
consigned to

501
Even W. Robertson Nichol
Nichol (The
Expositor's Greek
(The Expositor's
vol. 5,
Testament)
p. 471),
after commenting
commenting Qn
the
on the
5, p.
Testament, vol.
471), after
shutting
up of
prison mentioned
mentioned in
Revelaof Satan
Satan in
in prison
in Revelashutting up
tion 2-0,
interestingly alludes
to the
Azation
alludes to
the "fettering
of Aza2-0, interestingly
"fettering of
*
zel,"
'
*
'
and
to
"divine
restraint"
put
for
a
time
upon
to
"divine
restraint"
a
for
time
zel,"
put
upon
that
that "evil
"evil spirit."
spirit/'
believe to
This,
to be part
part of
of the
the picture
picture involved
involved
This, we believe
in
the
in the imprisonment
imprisonment of
as he
he is
up/' withis "shut
of Satan,
"shut up/'
withSatan, as
out opportunity
opportunity to
to deceive
the nations
nations until
until the
thoudeceive the
the thouare fulfilled.
sand years
years are
fulfilled.
IX. Literal
the Central
of the
the Gospel
Central Fact
Literal Resurrection
Resurrection the
Fact of
Gospel
Seventh-day
Adventists hold
hold the
Christian doctrine
doctrine
the Christian
of the
the future
to be
be based
based on the
the resurrection
resurrection (1
(1
future life
life to
of
1
Cor.
Thess.
16).
The
righteous,
made
Thess. 4:
Cor. 15:51-55;
15:51-55; 1
righteous,
4:16).
alive through
through the
the first
have no part
part in
in the
the
first resurrection,
alive
resurrection, have
second
death,
which
is
for
the
wicked
only.
And
after
is for the
after
second death,
only.
the second
there is
resurrection, or
is no further
further resurrection,
or
second death
death there
the
future
life, for
for the
wicked. The second
advent resurrecresurrecthe wicked.
second advent
future life,
tion marks
marks the
the beginning
beginning of
immortality of
the
the immortality
of the
of the
tion
saints
(1 Cor.
Cor. 15:51-57).
saints (1
15:51-57).
20 separates
the first
first resurrection
resurrection from
from
Revelation 20
Revelation
separates the
that
of the
dead, and places
places it
the dead,
it at
at the
the beginthe rest
rest of
that of
of the
beginwho
those
ning
of
the
thousand
years.
those
up
come
Over
the
thousand
of
years.
up
ning
in
this resurrection
resurrection the
the "second death hath
hath no power"
in this
power"
resurare expressly
(verse
6). And we are
told that
that the
the resurexpressly told
(verse 6).
"blessed and holy"
called "blessed
rected
holy" (verse
are called
rected saints,
saints, who are
(verse
with
Christ
6),
live
and
reign
(verse
4)
Christ
during
the
live
during the
reign (verse 4)
6),
*
Azazel is
by many
recognized as
as aa name indicating
indicating Satan.
WilSatan. (See
scholars recognized
is by
(See Wil*AzazeI
many scholars
the Holy
liam Jenks,
of the
Ho(y Bible,
Bible, vol.
vol. 1,
~, p.
410; CharIes
Charles
p. 410;
liam
Commentary of
Comprehensive Commentary
Jenks, Comprehensive
Beecher
Redeemer and
Redeemed, pp.
pp. 67,
68; Jewish
JewlSh Encyclopedia,
Encydoped!a, vol.
vol. 2,
366;
and Redeemed,
67, 68;
p. 366;
2, p.
Beecher, Redeemer
Letter Days
Days of Israel,
Israel, p.
p. 125;
John Eadie,
Eadie, Biblical
Biblical EncyEncyAlbert
125; John
Albert Whalley,
Whalley, The Red Letter
p. 577.
clopedia, p.
577.
clopedia,
0/
502
502
QUESTIONS
thousand years.
to
thousand
not only
only come to
years. They
They not
life, but
but concon-
life,
tinue
live forevermore.
tinue to
forevermore.
to live
first resurrection
the righteous)
righteous) is
is obobresurrection (of
The first
(of the
viously
in
contrast
to
the
second
(of
the
wicked),
which
the
second
the
in
to
contrast
wicked),
(of
viously
occurs at
at the
the thousand
thousand years.
years. And the
the "rest
of the
"rest
occurs
the end of
of the
dead" stand
to the
the previously
previously menin contrast
contrast to
of
the dead"
stand in
tioned {iTst
group
of
the
dead.
apostle
Paul referred
referred
The
dead.
tioned
of
the
first group
apostle Paul
in
his
to the
the coming
coming forth
in
his
own
order"
man
order"
forth of
of "every
to
"every
(1 Cor. 15:23). First came the
the resurrection
resurrection of
of Christ,
the
Christ, the
(1 Cor. 15:23). First
at the
that of
the saints
saints at
the second
first
second
of the
first fruits.
fruits. Then comes that
advent. And now,
Revelation 20,
20, at
at the
the dose
of
close of
in Revelation
advent.
now, in
the
thousand years,
the
wicked
come
forth.
There
is
forth.
the
is
the thousand
years,
definitely aa resurrection
resurrection of
of the
just and of
the unjust
unjust
of the
the just
definitely
(Acts
24:
15).
These
resurrections
are
a
thousand
years
are
a
resurrections
thousand
years
(Acts 24:15).
apart
(Rev.
20:4,
5)-the
first
unto
life
the
second
first
life
and
the
the
unto
second
20:4,
5)
apart (Rev.
to damnation (John
to
(John 5:29).
5:29).
hosts of
hold to
the literal
literal first
first resurof others,
With hosts
to the
resurothers, we hold
rection
anastasis*),
as
being
that
of
the
body.
as
that
of
the
rection (Greek,
being
(Greek, anastasis*),
body.
believe
that
the
two
resurrections-the
first
two
We firmly
that
the
the
believe
resurrections
first
firmly
as
literal, physical,
physical, corporeal,
well as
as the
the second-are
as well
second are literal,
corporeal,
and that
that the
the first
resurrection is
is confined
confined to
to the
the saints,
saints,
first resurrection
and precedes
precedes that
the sinners-the
the
that of
of the
sinners
the "rest
"rest of
of the
dead"t-by
the
millennial
thousand
years.
Language
the
millennial
dead"t by
years. Language
could not
not be plainer
plainer in
in establishing
the fact
fact of
could
of two
two
establishing the
resurrections.
resurrections.
first resurWe therefore
therefore totally
totally reject
the "spiritual"
resurreject the
"spiritual first
rection hypotheses
hypotheses of
of Augustinianism,
postmillennialrection
Augustinianism, postmillennialas being
ism,
being wholly
wholly at
variance
amillennialism as
at variance
ism, and amillennialism
with
with the
declarations.
We
believe
that
both
the inspired
declarations.
that
believe
both
inspired
5 '
*Anastasis is
*Anastasis
is thirty-nine
thirty ... nine times
c'resurrection," and three
three times
times "rising."
times rendered
rendered "resurrection,"
"rising."
tThere should
be no uncertainty
uncertainty here.
here. That the
the "rest
"rest of
'the dead" can
be
should be
of the
can only
fThere
only be
taken
to mean the
held
the wicked
is
held
by
Alford.
Faussett,
Elliott,
Milligan,
taken to
is
Alford.
wicked dead,
Faussett.
Petadead,
by
Elliott, Milligan, Petaana many
many others.
vius,
Morgan, Torrey,
others.
vius, Gaebelein,
Gaebelein, Scofield,
Scofield, Morgan,
Torrey, Moorehead,
Moore&ead, and

503
resurrections are
been literally
dead
resurrections
are of
of those
those who have been
literally dead
and who are
the dead.
dead.
are literally
raised from the
literally raised
We are in
in complete
Weare
with the
the sound
complete agreement
agreement with
contention
Alford (The
contention of
of Dean Henry
TestaGreek TestaHenry Alford
(The Greek
ment, 1884,
vol. 4,
4, pp.
732,
733),
declared:
declared:
who
1884, vol.
ment,
732,
pp.
733),
If in
If
in such
such aa passage
passage the
the first
first resurrection
may be
be understood
understood
resurrection may
the second
second means
to
spiritual rising
rising with
with Christ,
Christ, while
while the
to mean spiritual
literal
grave;-then
there is
an end of
all sigliteral rising
rising from the
the grave;
then there
is an
of all
significance
nificance in
in language,
is wiped
wiped out
out as
as a
a definite
definite
language, and Scripture
Scripture is
If the
the first
first resurrection
testimony to
to any
thing. If
resurrection is
is spiritual, then
any thing.
testimony
spiritual, then
so is
the second,
so
is the
second, which
which II suppose
suppose none will
will be
be hardy
hardy enough
to
enough to
maintain: but
but if
the second
is literal,
literal, then
then so
is the
the first,
which
maintain:
if the
second is
so is
first, which
in common with
primitive Church and many
many of
in
with the
of the
the
the whole primitive
receive as
article
best modern expositors,
I do maintain,
maintain, and receive
best
as an article
expositors, I
of
faith and hope.
of faith
hope.
We, as
as Adventists,
Adventists, believe
is aa candidate
believe that
that man is
candidate
is to
be received
received as
gift
for
as a
a gift
for immortality-which
to be
immortality which is
through
Christ
at
His
second
advent
(1
Cor.
15:51-57)
at
advent
Cor.
Christ
second
15:51-57)
through
(1
in death
-and
likewise believe
believe in
in unconscious
unconscious sleep
sleep in
and likewise
for our
pending
the
resurrection.
That
is
the
reason
for
is
the
reason
resurrection.
pending the
hope in
in the
the resurrection.
resurrection. We hold with
with the
the great
Enggreat Enghope
lish
Reformer, William
William Tyndale,
Tyndale, Bible
Bible translator
translator and
lish Reformer,
martyr, who declared:
be in
in heaven,
heaven, tell
tell
their souls
souls be
"If their
declared: "If
martyr,
as
the
they be not
not in
case as the angels
be;
in as
as good
me why
angels be;
good case
why they
and then
is there
there of
of the
the resurrection?"
resurrection?"
cause is
then what cause
and
the late
late Archbishop
Archbishop of
Dr. William
of CanterCanterDr.
William Temple,
Temple, the
in
bury,
in
the
Drew
Lecture
on
Immortality,
in
October,
Lecture
the
October,
in
Immortality,
bury,
as well
stated our view,
1931,
London, stated
view, as
Sion College,
at Sion
1931, at
College, London,
asserted:
as his
own, when he asserted:
his own,
as
is
of right;
Man is
is not
not immortal
immortal by
right; but there is
nature or
or of
by nature
if he
life eternal,
offered
to him resurrection
the dead and life
eternal, if
offered to
It [the
core of the
terms. It
the
will receive
God's terms.
it from
from God and on God's
will
receive it
[the core
doctrine
life1 is
is aa doctrine,
of ["natural"]
future life]
doctrine, not of
the future
of the
doctrine of
["natural"]
Immortality, but of
Resurrection.
of Resurrection.
Immortality,
504
QUESTIONS
X.
at Millennium's
Millennium's Close
Close
Satan Loosed
X. Satan
Loosed Briefly
Briefly at
The scene
indeed aa gloomy
gloomy oneindeed
is
one
earth is
scene on earth
wrecks of
of once-inhabited
cities, and the
the ruin
ruin of
of pomp
wrecks
once-inhabited cities,
pomp
the
and splendor-grim
reminders
of
the
teeming
world
of
and
reminders
teeming
splendor grim
that Satan
rebellion against
against God. And
futile rebellion
in futile
led in
that
Satan had led
now, at
at the
the dose
thousand years,
years, Christ,
the thousand
of the
close of
Christ, accomnow,
panied by
by all
descends to earth
in awesome
earth in
all the
the saints,
saints, descends
panied
to
execute
power,
glory,
and
majesty,
to
execute
judgment
majesty,
judgment upon
upon
power, glory,
the
rise.
the wicked dead to
to rise.
bids the
then bids
the wicked.
wicked. He then
the mighty
And in
to the
mighty host,
host, numthe summons,
in answer to
summons, the
berless
the sands
the sea,
responds (Rev.
(Rev. 20:8).
20:8). Not
of the
as the
sands of
berless as
sea, responds
only
the
"sea"
but
"death"
(sin's
inseparable
"death"
but
"sea"
the
ally) and
(sin's inseparable ally)
only
"hell"
(Greek, hades),
grim
receptacle
of
death's
prey,
of
death's
"hell" (Greek,
prey,
hades), grim receptacle
each
the wicked dead.
its quota of
dead.
each delivers
delivers up
up its
quota of the
This is
is in
harmony with
with Isaiah's
Isaiah's description:
in harmony
This
"They
description: "They
shall
be gathered
gathered together,
prisoners are
are gathered
gathered in
as prisoners
in
shall be
together, as
the pit,
pit, and shall
be shut
up in
prison, and after
after
shut up
shall be
in the
the prison,
the
many days
days shall
shall they
be visited"
(Isa. 24:22).
visited" (Isa.
this
24:22). But this
they be
many
second
resurrection is
is the
the resurrection
of "damnasecond resurrection
resurrection of
tion" (John
tion"
(John 5:29).
that now come forth
forth com5:29). These that
prise
the
"rest
of
the
dead,"
who
"lived
not
again
"lived
unthe
"rest
of
the
not
dead,"
again unprise
til the
the thousand
thousand years
were
finished"
(Rev.
20:5).""
finished"
til
years
(Rev. 20:5).*
And the
the nations
Magog are
are revived
revived by
nations of
of Gog
by
Gog and Magog
means of,
of, or
second resurrection.
resurrection.
or resulting
the second
from, the
resulting from,
they overspread
the earth.
And they
earth.
overspread the
The wicked
wicked are
raised with
with the
the same rebellious
rebellious
are raised
that
in
the
spirit
that
possessed
in
life,
and
stand
in
them
stand
in the
life,
spirit
possessed
presence
of
the
Eternal.
They
see
the
vast
city
of
God,
of
the
of
Eternal.
see
the
vast
God,
They
city
presence
*Whlle
that the
the dead lived
lived not
not again
again until
*While some claim
claim that
the clause,
"the rest
of the
until
rest of
clause, "the
the
are finished,"
the thousand
thousand years
years are
the English
EnjIlish Revised,
Revised, American
American Revised,
Revised,
is spurious,
finished," is
spurious, the
and Revised
Revised Standard,
Standard, as
TlSchendorf, Westcott
Westcott and
and Hort,
Hort,
as well
well as
as Rotherham,
Rotherham, Tischendorf,
Griesbach
Wordsworth, Lachmann,
Nestle, Weymouth,
Weymouth, and
and Alford
Alford all
all
Griesbach, Wordsworth,
Lachmann, Tre!lelles,
Tregelles, Nestle,
retain
In fact,
retain it.
it. In
fact, only
majot manuscript,
manuscrIpt, the
omits the
the clause.
the Codex Sinaiticus,
clause.
only one major
Sinaiticus, omits

505
the
the
descends from God out

New Jerusalem,
of
out of
Jerusalem, which descends
heaven (Rev.
(Rev. 21:2,
heaven
21:2,
3).
Christ returns to the
Mount
3). Christ returns to the same
Old Jerusalem
Jerusalem (Zech.
(Zech. 14:4),
14:4), from
His resurrection,
the
which He ascended after
after His
resurrection, when the
angelic
messengers
gave
assurance
of
His
return
from
return
angelic messengers gave assurance of
heaven (Acts
(Acts 1:9-12).
1:9-12).
Through
the
resurrection of
the wicked,
wicked, Satan
is
the
resurrection
Satan is
of the
Through
thus "loosed"
thus
20:
3).
His
His
"loosed" for
for a
a "little
"little season"
season" (Rev.
(Rev. 20:3).
enforced
idleness is
his thousand-year
enforced idleness
is over,
after his
over, after
period
7,
8).
Desperate
hope
springs
once
of
(verses
of captivity
7,
captivity (verses
8). Desperate hope springs once
again
in
his
evil
heart
as
he
sees
the
innumerable
in
his
heart
sees
evil
as
he
the
again
hosts of
of the
the wicked of
ages. Then comes the
the last
last
hosts
of all
all ages.
mighty struggle
Deceiving them into
into
for supremacy.
mighty
struggle for
supremacy. Deceiving
thinking
that
they
can
take
the
city
of
God,
he
marshals
that
can
the
of
he
marshals
take
God,
thinking
they
city
the
wicked hordes
battle array
the wicked
a final,
hordes into
into frenzied
frenzied battle
in a
final,
array in
*
futile
assault
'
*
'
upon
the
"camp
of
the
saints,"
the
futile assault
beupon the "camp of the saints," the beloved Holy
Holy City,
an endeavor
to overthrow
the
loved
in an
overthrow the
endeavor to
City, in
kingdom of
9). The wicked
wicked who stubof God (verses
stub8, 9).
kingdom
(verses 8,
bornly
refused
an
entrance
into
the
City
of
God
through
refused
the
of
entrance
into
City
bornly
through
deterthe merits
merits of
the
of Christ's
Christ's sacrificial
sacrificial atonement,
atonement, now determine to
to gain
gain admission
by siege
and
battle.
battle.
control by
admission and control
siege
The last
the great
great conflict
conflict of
of the
the ages
last act
in the
act in
ages now
takes place,
place, as
the entire
race meets
meets face
to
face to
as the
entire human race
takes
atface
for the
the first
last time.
supreme attime. Satan's
Satan's supreme
first and last
face for
tempt
proves
that
he
is
still
in
rebellion,
evil
men
and
evil
in
that
he
still
is
rebellion,
tempt proves
show themselves
themselves still
to be only
only evil.
evil. The eternal
eternal separastill to
separanow irrevocais
irrevocation
of
the
righteous
from
the
wicked
is
the
tion of the righteous
bly fixed.
white throne,
throne, the
the
the great
fixed. Then,
Then, from the
bly
great white
the
sentence
upon
the
wicked.
wicked.
is pronounced upon
of doom is
sentence of
pronounced
of Olives,
Olives, outside
of
outside
*"Went up"
up" (verse
to Diisterdieck,
idiomatic expression
expression for
lor
is an idiomatic
Diisterdieck, is
(verse 9),
9), according
according to
usually being
bemg an elevated
pOSltion-here,
aa military
expedition, the
the place
elevated position
of attack
attack usually
here,
military expedition,
place of
that
of JJerusalem
erusalem-seen
quarters. In
In other
words, it
is aa portrayal
portrayal of
of an
an
other words,
it is
seen from
from all
all quarters.
that of
invading
the land.
land.
army overspreading
invading army
overspreading the
506
QUESTIONS
And the
sentence is
by immediate execution.
Is followed
the sentence
execution.
followed by
It Is
is evidently
this last
episode that
that the
last episode
It
the
evidently during
during this
pass: "There shall
be weepweepMaster's words
words come to
shall be
to pass:
Master's
ing and gnashing
ye shall
shall see
see Abraham,
of teeth,
teeth, when ye
Abraham,
ing
gnashing of
and Isaac,
and
Jacob,
and
all
the
prophets,
in
the kingkingin
the
all
the
Isaac,
prophets,
Jacob,
of God,
God, and you
thrust out"
out" (Luke
dom of
you yourselves
yourselves thrust
(Luke
13:28).
13:28).
XI.
Destruction of
the Wicked
of Satan
Satan and the
XI. Final
Final Destruction
The drama of
the ages
ends in
in Satan's
final and
Satan's final
of the
ages ends
as well
irrevocable overthrow,
utter extinction
extinction-as
well
his utter
irrevocable
overthrow, and his
as that
of all
all
that of
as
who follow
fire comes down
him when fire
follow him-when
from God out
devours him (2
of heaven and devours
Peter
out of
(2 Peter
3:10,
20:9). The very
very surface
of the
the earth
earth apsurface of
Rev. 20:9).
3:10, II;
11; Rev.
appears to
melt, and becomes
becomes aa vast
of fire"
"lake of
fire"
vast seething
to melt,
pears
seething "lake
(Rev.
20: 10), for
the judgment
judgment and "perdition
of ununfor the
(Rev. 20:10),
"perdition of
godly men" (2
'*
Peter 3:7).
godly
(2 Peter
3:7).*
The earth
earth burns
burns "as
an oven";
the wicked
wicked "shall
"as an
"shall
oven"; the
be stubble:
the day
that
cometh
shall
them
that
burn
stubble: and the
cometh
shall
be
day
up,
the Lord of
4: 1). So in
the
of hosts"
in the
saith the
hosts" (Mal.
(Mai 4:1).
up, saith
final conflagration,
cleansing
conflagration, the
the wicked
wicked
flames of
the final
of the
cleansing flames
are all
all at
-Satan,
impenitent men
men-are
at
evil angels,
Satan, evil
angels, and impenitent
and
last destroyed
by
fire,
root
branch.
death
root
branch.
Even
death
last
destroyed by fire,
and hades,
hades, joint
joint partners,
are cast
cast into
into this
this lake
lake of
of fire
fire
partners, are
its dread
(Rev.
20:
14),
with
release,
escape
its
no
no
from
with
release,
(Rev. 20:14),
escape
is everlasting
destruction. The punishment
punishment is
destruction.
25:
everlasting (Matt.
(Matt. 25:
from
46),t
constitutes
the
second
death,
and
the
which
constitutes
death,
46),f
**According
to 22 Peter
3-13, the
the ancient
ancient world
world that
that perished
perished in
in the
the flood
of
flood of
Peter 3:
3:3-13,
According to
water prefigured
prefigured the
deluge of
of fire.
In this
this overwhelming
overwhelming conflagration
conflagration not
only
water
final deluge
fire. In
not only
the final
are burned
the ungodly
ungodly perish,
but the
dissolves! and its
its evil
evil works
work. are
do the
earth dissolves,
the verx
perish, but
very earth
up. The "elements"
"elements" are
not annihilated,
but are
every taint
of
are 'melted,"
taint of
so every
are not
up.
melted," and so
annihilated, but
of the
are purged
sm and trace
trace of
the curse
curse are
away.
purged away.
tt "Everlasting
~unishment"
(Matt.
25:46)
is
not
endless
punishing,
nor
is
"everis
nor
is
not
"everendless
(Matt. 25:46)
punishing,
"Everlasting punishment"
1**
lasting
destruction'
(2
destroying, any
Thess. 1:9)
than "eternal
endless destroying,
"eternal
1:9) endless
any more than
lasting
ig destruction
(2 11.ess.

507
there Is
there
is no resurrection.
resurrection. In
In this
this we are
in accord
with
are in
accord with
the
late Archbishop
the late
Archbishop William Temple,
Temple, already
already cited,
cited,
who, in
in discussing
discussing "the
ultimate fate
the soul
which
"the ultimate
soul which
of the
fate of
who,
refuses the
the love
record thus:
thus:
refuses
love of
of God,"
God/' went on record
One thing
thing we can
with confidence:
confidence: everlasting
can say
say with
everlasting torment
is to
to be ruled
ruled out.
imported the
the Greek
Greek and unun
out. If
If men had not
not imported
biblical
biblical notion
notion of
indestructibility of
the individual
of the
the natural
individual
natural indestructibility
of the
then read
read the
Testament with
with that
that already
in
soul,
the New Testament
soul, and then
already in
their minds,
their
minds, they
from it
belief, not
not in
in
it a
have drawn from
a belief,
they would have
everlasting torment,
torment, but
is the
the fire
is
but in
in annihilation.
fire that
that is
annihilation. It
It is
everlasting
called
called aeonian,
aeonian, not
not the
cast into
Faith and
the life
life cast
Christian Faith
it.
into h.-Christian
Life, 1931,
p. 81
in 1931
in University
University Church at
Ox
81 (address
at Ox1931 in
1931, p.
Life,
(address in
ford).
ford).
is
This fire
was prepared
prepared primarily
primarily for
for the
the devil
fire was
devil and
his
his angels
angels (Matt.
all who choose
it engulfs
(Matt. 25:41).
engulfs all
25:41). But it
to
to follow
follow them.
them. This is
fire of
that comthe fire
of Gehenna that
is the
pletely
consumes
everything
consigned
thereto
(Mark
thereto
consumes
pletely
(Mark
everything consigned
the wicked
wicked he shall
9:43-48).
shall
foretold: "Upon
9:43-48). David foretold:
"Upon the
rain
rain snares
burning
coals,"
margin],
fire
and
fire
snares ["quick
coals,"
["quick burning
margin],
brimstone, and an horrible
horrible tempest:
tempest: this
this shall
be the
the
shall be
brimstone,
portion
of
their
cup"
(Ps.
11:6).
Such
is
the
final
doom
is
final
of
the
their
portion
cup" (Ps. 11:6).
that
ends forever
long rebellion
rebellion against
His
that ends
the long
forever the
God, His
against God,
law,
law,
and His
His government.
government.
upon the
the righteous,
righteous, who were raised
raised in
the first
in the
first
But upon
death hath
hath no power"
power" (Rev.
resurrection,
"the second death
resurrection, "the
(Rev.
20:6).
without harm in
the city
of
in the
saints dwell
dwell without
city of
20:6). The saints
God,
"the
devouring
fire"
and
the
"everlasting
the
amid
"the
God,
"everlasting
devouring fire"
burnings" (Isa.
33: 14). While to
the wicked,
wicked, God is
is aa
to the
burnings"
(Isa. 33:14).
is
"consuming
fire"
(Heb.
12:29),
to
the
righteous
He
is
to
the
fire"
righteous
(Heb. 12:29),
"consuming
aa protecting
protecting shield.
shield.
there
Out of
of the
the smoldering
ruins of
this old
of this
old earth,
earth, there
smoldering ruins
is endless
endless
salvation"
(Heb. 5:9)
is endless
judgment" (Heb.
"eternal judgment"
endless saving,
or "eternal
salvation" (Heb.
6:2) is
(Heb. 6:2)
5:9) is
saving, or
judging. The "eternal"
Heternal" pertains
pertains to
the result,
result) and not
not to
to the
the process.
process.
to the
judging.
508
QUESTIONS
springs
a new earth" (Rev.
forth "a new heaven and a
springs forth
(Rev.
21:
I)
the
find
their everlastfind
their
everlastwherein
redeemed
21:1)
ing inheritance
inheritance and dwelling
place. When the
the new
dwelling place.
ing
earth
appears, mourning,
mourning, tears,
tears, pain,
pain, and death are
earth appears,
are
all
away"
(Rev.
21:4).
is
destroyed
all "passed
Death
is
destroyed (1
"passed away" (Rev. 21:4).
(1
Cor. 15:26;
:4).
There
is
curse (Rev.
is no more curse
Cor.
15:26; Rev. 21
(Rev.
21:4).
22:3), and God is
in all
aU (1
is aU
all in
(1 Cor. 15:28).
15:28).
22:3),
dose of
the beginthe millennium marks the
The close
of the
beginstate.
ning
of
the
eternal
earth
state.
millennial
new
earth
The
eternal
of
the
millennial
ning
events
wisdom, divine
divine grace,
grace, divine
all of
events are
of divine wisdom,
divine
are all
power,
and
divine
intervention.
In
this
way,
and
at
this
divine
intervention.
at
way,
power,
this time,
the redeemed of
nations
this
of all
all nations
time, we understand the
will
the promised
promised possession
possession of
will come into
into the
of the evereverlasting
kingdom
of
glory,
for
which
they
so
long
for
have
of
so
lasting kingdom
glory,
they
long
waited (Dan.
7:
18;
Rev.
22:5).
(Dan. 7:18;
22:5).
Ellen G. White beautifully
beautifully expresses
expresses our conviction:
conviction:
The great
sinners are
are no more.
more.
is ended. Sin and sinners
great controversy
controversy is
The entire
entire universe
universe is
is clean.
pulse of
of harmony
harmony and gladness
clean. One pulse
gladness
beats through
the vast
vast creation.
creation. From Him who created
all,
beats
created all,
through the
throughout the
the realms
realms of
of
flow life
life and light
light and gladness,
gladness, throughout
illimitable
space. From the
the minutest
minutest atom to
to the
the greatest
greatest world,
world,
illimitable space.
all things,
in their
all
their unshadowed beauty
inanimate, in
things, animate and inanimate,
beauty
perfect joy,
joy. declare
is love."
love."-The
and perfect
declare that
that God is
The Great Con
Controversy, p.
p. 678.
678.
troversy,
IX. Questions
on Immortality
Questions on
Immortality
Innate or Conditional Immortality
Innate or Conditional
Immortality
QUESTION
QUESTION
40
What is
the Adventist
Adventist teaching
regarding
is the
teaching regarding
the immortality
immortality of
the
soul?
What
do
you
the
soul?
the
of
yon understand by
the
terms
"soul"
"spirit,"
the
terms
"soul"
and
stand
by
"spirit/' and what
is the
is
the relationship
the two?
two? Are they
relationship between the
they
synonymous
and
interchangeable
terms?
synonymous
interchangeable terms?
thought on
There have long
of thought
schools of
long been two schools
this
this
question.
have maintained that
that man was
was
question. Some have
created mortal,
mortal, so
body was
was concerned,
concerned,
far as
created
so far
as his
his body
but that
that he possessed
called either
either
entity called
possessed an immortal entity
a "soul"
have felt
equally certain
a "spirit."
felt equally
a
"soul" or
certain
or a
"spirit." Others have
that
not in
created immortal.*
immortal. They
in any
that man was not
sense created
They
any sense
have been
been convinced
that man was not
not in
possession of
of
in possession
have
convinced that
as
an ethereal
ethereal soul,
which
survived
death
as
aa
survived
or spirit,
soul, or
spirit,
conscious entity,
the body.
body.
conscious
entity, apart
apart from the
Before we can discuss
the question
immortality,
of immortality,
discuss the
Before
question of
either
innate or
or conditional,
best to
to
it would seem best
either innate
conditional, it
define
terms; hence we will
will answer the
the second
define our
our terms;
question
this, where there
there is
is aa
a case
like this,
In a
case like
first. In
question first.
meaning
of
meaning of
difference of
the
of understanding
difference
understanding regarding
regarding the
in Eden: "In
basis for
conclusion is
the statement
statement of
of God to
to man in
is the
a conclusion
for such
such a
*The basis
the day
day that
that thou
thou eatest
thereof thou shalt
die" (Gen.
(Gen. 2:17).
2:17). The fact
fact that
shalt surely
that
eatest thereof
the
surely die"
was created
created with
the possibility
possibility of
of dying
dying should
should he sin,
fact that
that
the fact
with the
man was
sin, evidences the
he was not
not immortal.
immortal.
he
511
511
512
512
QUESTIONS
words,
words,
should let
let the
the Bible
Bible itself,
itself, with
with the
the help
help of
of
we should
the original
original language
language usages,
usages, define
define its
its own terms.
terms.
the
Meaning of
of "Soul"
"Soul"
The Bible Meaning
In the
the Old
Old Testament
Testament the
the word "soul"
"soul" is
is translated
translated
In
from nephesh,
nephesh, aa Hebrew word that
that occurs
occurs 755
755 times
times
from
translated
in
the
Old
Testament.
It is
is most
most frequently
frequently translated
in the
Testament. It
"soul," but
but it
it is
is also
also translated
translated in
in many
many other
other ways.
ways.
"soul/*
Nephesh comes
comes from
from the
the root
root naphash,
naphash, aa verb
verb ococNephesh
the
Testament
curring
only
three
times
in
the
(Ex.
times
in
Old
three
(Ex.
curring only
23: 12; 31:17;
31: 17; 22 Sam. 16:
14), each
each time
time meaning
meaning "to
"to
23:12;
16:14),
revive oneself"
oneself" or
refresh oneself."
oneself." The verb
verb seems
seems
"to refresh
or "to
revive
to go
go back
back to
to the
the basic
basic meaning
meaning of
of breathing.
breathing.
to
definition for
nephesh may
may be
be derived
derived from the
the
A definition
for nephesh
Bible account
Bible
of the
of
account of
the creation
creation of
(Gen. 2:7).
2:7). The
man (Gen.
record
that when God gave
life to
to the
the body
body He
record states
states that
gave life
of life."
the man literally
literally "became aa soul
soul of
life."
had formed,
formed, the
had not
not previously
previously existed,
but came into
into
"soul" had
The "soul"
existed, but
existence at
the creation
of Adam. A new soul
soul comes
at the
existence
creation of
into
birth
child is
is born.
born. Each birth
time a
a child
into existence
existence every
every time
represents
a
new
unit
of
life
uniquely
different
and
unit
different
a
of
life
represents
uniquely
unit
separate
from
similar
units.
The
new
unit
can
never
units.
similar
never
separate
merge
be itself.
will always
unit. It
It will
itself. There
into another unit.
merge into
always be
may
that is
like it,
is
be countless
countless individuals
individuals like
it, but none that
may be
that
unit.
of
exactly
that
unit.
This
uniqueness
of
individuality
individuality
exactly
uniqueness
in the
seems
idea emphasized
the Hebrew term
seems to
the idea
to be the
emphasized in
nephesh.
nephesh.
N
ephesh is
is applied not
to animals.
animals.
to men but to
only to
Nephesh
applied not only
The clause
forth
abundantly
"let the
the waters
waters bring
forth
clause "let
the
bring
abundantly the
moving
creature
that
hath
life"
(Gen.
1
:20)
is
literally,
creature
that
life"
is
moving
(Gen. 1:20)
literally,
"let
of souls
souls of
life [individ"let the
the waters
waters swarm swarms of
of life
[individ-
CONDITIONAL IMMORTALITY
513
uals of
of life]."
well as
beings
uals
as well
as human beings
life]/' Hence animals as
are "souls."
are
"souls."
This basic
basic idea
being the
the individual
idea of
"soul" being
of "soul"
individual
rather
than a constituent
part of
the individual
rather than
constituent part
o the
individual seems
to underlie
to
underlie the
the various
various occurrences
occurrences of
is
of nephesh.
It is
nephesh. It
therefore more accurate
to
say
that
a
certain
person
is
therefore
accurate to say that a certain person is
a
soul than
a soul
than to
has aa soul.
clearly exto say
is clearly
exsoul. This is
say he has
pressed in
in Genesis
a living
soul."
Genesis 2:7:
soul."
2:7: "Man became a
pressed
living
From the
the basic
basic idea
of aa nephesh
being an individidea of
individnephesh being
ual,
or aa person,
person, springs
the
idiomatic
use
of
nephesh
the
use
idiomatic
of
ual, or
springs
nephesh
for
the personal
personal pronoun.
pronoun. Expressions
for the
as "my
"my
Expressions such as
soul"
are
idiomatic
for
"I,"
"me";
"thy
soul,"
for
soul" are idiomatic for "I," "me"; "thy soul," for "you";
"you";
"their
"their soul,"
for "they"
or "them."
soul," for
"they" or
Since
each new nephesh
represents aa new unit
of
unit of
Since each
nephesh represents
life,
nephesh is
with
"life."
"life."
with
is often
often used synonymously
life, nephesh
synonymously
In 119 instances
the K.J.V.
nephesh by
In
instances the
translates nephesh
by
K.J.V. translates
there
are
other
instances
"life"
"life,"
"life"
would
and
there
are
where
other
instances
"life,"
have been aa more accurate
have
accurate translation.
translation.
The majority
majority of
the occurrences
of nephesh
of the
occurrences of
may be
nephesh may
appropriately
translated
by
"person,"
"individual,"
translated
"individual,"
by "person,"
appropriately
"life,"
the appropriate
personal pronoun.
pronoun. "The
or by
"life," or
by the
appropriate personal
souls
that they
gotten
in
(Gen. 12:5)
is
in
Haran"
had
souls that
12:5) is
they
(Gen.
gotten
in
simply
"the
persons
that
they
had
gotten
in
Haran."
that
"the
they
gotten
persons
simply
"That soul
be cut
off" (Lev.
is simply
simply "he
shall be
cut off"
soul shall
19:8) is
(Lev. 19:8)
shall
be cut
cut off."
off."
shall be
find that
that
When we turn
turn to
the New Testament,
to the
Testament, we find
the word "soul"
the Greek word
translated from the
is translated
the
"soul" is
"soul."
or "sou1."
psuche, with
with the
the meanings
"breath," or
"life," "breath,"
meanings "life,"
psuche,
New
in
the
Testament
Psuche
is
translated
forty
times
in
the
times
Psuche is translated forty
as
with the
the meaning
meaning commonly
as "life"
"life" or
or "lives,"
"lives," clearly
commonly
clearly with
16:
attributed
to the
(Matt. 2:20;
2:20; 6:25;
"life" (Matt.
the word "life"
attributed to
6:25; 16:
"souls"
25).
It
is
rendered
fifty-eight
times
as
"soul"
or
"souls"
times
as
"soul"
is rendered
It
fifty-eight
25).
17
17
514
514
QUESTIONS
(Matt. 10:28;
10:28; 11:29;
11:29; 12:18).
12: 18). In
In some oof these
these inin(Matt.
stances
it
means
simply
"people"
(Acts
7:
14;
27:37;
it
stances
simply "people" (Acts 7:14; 27:37;
Peter 3:20).
3:20). In
In other
other instances
instances it
it is
is translated
translated as,
as, or
or
11 Peter
equivalent
to,
personal
pronoun
(Matt.
12:
18;
some
12:18;
to,
personal pronoun (Matt.
equivalent
2 Cor.
Cor. 12:15).
12: 15). At times
times it
it refers
refers to
to the
the emotions
emotions
2
natural
to
the
(Mark
14:34;
Luke
2:35),
to
the
natural
appetites
appetites
2:35),
(Mark 14:34;
(Rev. 18:14),
to the
the mind (Acts
(Acts 14:2;
Phil. 1:27),
or
14:2; Phil.
1:27), or
(Rev.
18:14), to
to the
the heart
heart (Eph.
(Eph. 6:6).
6: 6). There is
is nothing
nothing in
in the
the word
to
psuche itself
itself that
that even
even remotely
remotely implies
implies aa conscious
conscious
psuche
the
entity
that
is
able
to
survive
the
death
of
the
body.
the
of
death
body.
entity that is able to survive
there is
nothing in
in the
the Bible
Bible use
use of
of the
the word indiindiis nothing
And there
writers
held
belief.
cating
that
the
Bible
writers
held
any
such
belief.
such
the
Bible
that
any
cating
fully concur
concur with
with the
the following
following paragraphs
paragraphs
We fully
Robinfrom aa well-known
well-known British
British scholar,
from
scholar, H. Wheeler RobinPark
son,
M.A.,
former
principal
of
Regents
College,
of
former
son, M.A.,
College,
Regents
principal
London, appearing
appearing in
book, Hebrew Psychology:
Psychology:
in his
his book,
London,
"soul." Literary
Nephesh is
not at
rendered by
by "soul."
Literary
is not
at all
all adequately
adequately rendered
Nephesh
usage shows
shows that
three more or
or less
meanings
less distinct
distinct meanings
there are
are three
that there
usage
.
The first
covered
by the
the word.
word ....
first group
group relates
relates to
to the
the principle
principle
covered by
of
life, without
without any
call its
physical
its physical
should call
of life,
any emphasis
emphasis on what we should
the Israelite
side.
threatened with destruction.
Israelite captain.
side. Thus the
destruction,
captain, threatened
says
of
the nephesh
of these
these
to Elijah,
"Let my
nephesh [life]
my nephesh
nephesh and the
says to
Elijah, "Let
[life]
.
fifty
thy sight
Kings 1:13)."
in thy
servants be
be precious
sight (2
(2 Kings
fifty thy
thy servants
precious in
1:13)."
is "life."
as
in
the
in
Here the
rendering
is
as
in
the R.V
. though
the proper
"life,"
R.V.,
though in
rendering
proper
Jer.
16 the
the K.J.V.
that made us
the Lord liveth.
us this
this
has "As the
38:16
liveth, that
K.J.V. has
Jer. 38:
soul"
"life" should
rendered.
be rendered.
soul" where "life"
should be
the only
of usages.
There remains aa second group
that
usages, the
only one that
group of
can
in the
the proper
sense (though,
the Hecalled physical
for the
can be called
(though, for
proper sense
physical in
that we should call
call physiological;
brew,
includes much that
brew, "physical"
physiological;
"physical" includes
this group
they
the two).
not distinguish
nephesh
distinguish the
two). In this
group nephesh
simply do not
they simply
its full
full extent.
as in
denotes
consciousness in
in its
in Job
the human consciousness
16:
denotes the
extent, as
Job l'():
if your
4:
"I also
like you.
instead of
of my
also speak
4: "I
your nephesh
you, if
nephesh were instead
my
speak like
nephesh
nephesh [soul)."
[soul]."
There is
to doubt that
that the
the primary
is no reason
reason to
of
primary meaning
meaning of
nephesh
the Arabic,
that of
of the
like that
Arabic, Nafsun--soul
"breath," like
Nafsun soul
nephesh was "breath."
(Nafasun-breath),
is but one instance
there is
instance in
in the
the Old
though there
(Nafasun breath), though
515
in which "breath"
the
natural rendering.
rendering. It
is
Testament in
is
It is
"breath" is
the natural
in Job
found in
Job 41:
41:1921.
19-21.
If
question, "What is
is man?" and try
try to
to anIf then we ask
ask the
the question,
annot in
the old
theological, but
but in
in the
the new physiological
physiological
swer it,
in the
old theological,
it, not
fashion, we shall
that for
the Hebrew,
Hebrew, man is
a unity,
unity, and
shall see,
for the
is a
fashion,
see, that
that
unity in
body is
is aa complex
of
parts,
drawing
their
that that
that unity
in a
a body
of
their
drawing
complex
parts,
activity from
from aa breath-soul,
which has
has no
no existence
life
life and activity
existence
breath-soul, which
apart
the body.
body.
apart from the
The Hebrews had never
never thought
thought of
of aa disembodied
disembodied soul.soul.
Quoted
by the
the Methodist
Methodist leader,
leader, Arthur
Arthur S.
Peake, in
People
in The People
S. Peake,
Quoted by
and the
Book. Oxford:
Oxford: Clarendon
the Book.
Clarendon Press,
1925.
Press, 1925.
In harmony
harmony with the
foregoing we as
as Adventists
Adventists bebethe foregoing
lieve
that, in
the
Scriptures
teach
that
the
soul
lieve that,
in general,
the
that
teach
the
soul
general,
Scriptures
represents the
the whole man,
not aa particular
of
of man represents
man, and not
particular
part
independent
of
the
other
component
parts of
of
the
other
of man's
part independent
component parts
nature; and further,
apart from
the soul
that the
soul cannot exist
exist apart
nature;
further, that
the body,
body, for
unit.
a unit.
is a
the
for man is
The Bible
Bible Definition
Definition of
of "Spirit"
"Spirit"
Some Bible
recognizing that
that the
the word
Bible students,
students, recognizing
as used
used in
hardly supports
supports the
the
"soul"
in the
the Old Testament hardly
"soul" as
that
idea that
a
separate,
component
part
that
a
that man possesses
idea
separate, component part
possesses
can survive
the death of
the body,
body, have
have turned
turned to
to
of the
survive the
can
man
Ecclesiastes
12:
7
to
support
the
doctrine
that
has
has
the
that
doctrine
Ecclesiastes 12:7 to support
the
an immortal something
that can exist
exist apart
an
something that
apart from the
return
to
body.
This
text
reads,
"Then
shall
the
dust
return
to
dust
shall
the
This
text
reads,
body.
the earth
was: and the
shall
return
unto
return
unto
the spirit
shall
it was:
as it
earth as
the
spirit
it."
gave it."
God who gave
is translated
translated from the
the
in this
this text
text is
The word "spirit"
"spirit" in
has
various
Hebrew word mach,
which
has
the
various
meanings
ruach,
meanings
of "breath,"
In the
the Old TestaTesâof
"wind," and "spirit."
"breath," "wind,"
"spirit." In
ment,
mach is
translated "breath"
of the
the body
body 33
33 times,
"breath" of
is translated
times,
ment, ruach
in
as in
in Ezekiel
"wind"
117
times,
as
in
Genesis
Genesis
as
117
Ezekiel 37:5;
as
times,
37:5;
8:
1; "spirit"
times in
vitality (Judges
in the
of vitality
the sense
sense of
76 times
8:1;
(Judges
"spirit" 76
516
516
QUESTIONS
15:19);
(Joshua 2:11);
2:11); temper
temper or
or "anger"
15:19); "courage"
"courage" (Joshua
"anger"
(Judges
3); and in
reference to
to the
the disposition
in reference
(Judges 8:
disposition (Isa.
(Isa.
8:3);
54:6).
is
used
describe
the
living
printhe
used
to
describe
Ruach
is also
also
living prin54:6).
ciple in
25 times,
as in
in Psalm 146:
in men and animals
animals 25
146:
times, as
ciple
4;
the
seat
of
the
emotions
3
times,
as
in
1
Samuel
I:
3
in
1
the
as
1:
the
seat
of
emotions
times,
4;
15;
times, as
as in
Ezekiel 11:5;
in Ezekiel
of the
the
the "mind" 9
9 times,
11:5; and of
15; the
Spirit
of
God
94
times,
as
in
Isaiah
63:
10.
In
not
one
in
Isaiah
63:10.
In
not
94
as
one
of
times,
Spirit
of
379 instances
use in
the Old Testament
of its
its use
in the
of the
the 379
instances of
in
does
mach
denote
that
in
man
there
is aa separate
separate entity
there
is
that
does ruach denote
entity
capable
the physical
physical
existence apart
of conscious
conscious existence
apart from the
capable of
body. In
returns to
to God,
that which returns
In Ecclesiastes
Ecclesiastes 12:7,
12:7, that
God,
body.
believe, is
imparted
to
by
we believe,
is the
life principle
to
man
the life
by
principle imparted
God.
turn to
Testament, we find
that
When we turn
the New Testament,
find that
to the
the
is
translated
2
times
from
the
Greek
the word "spirit"
is translated
times
the
2
"spirit"
288 times
times from pneuma.
pneuma. The
phantasmal and 288
word phantasma,
Greek word pneuma
pneuma is
is translated
the KJ.V.
K.J.V. 288
Greek
in the
translated in
288
times
93
times
as
"ghost"
(modern
revisions
times as
as "spirit,"
times
93
as
revisions
"spirit,"
"ghost" (modern
have
the use
use of
the word "ghost"
have entirely
of the
entirely abandoned the
"ghost"
in favor
favor of
where
the
pneuma is
is being
in
of "spirit,"
word
the
where
pneuma
"spirit/'
being
translated), 11 time
time as
time as
as "wind,"
as "life,"
1 time
1
"life," 1
"wind," and 1
translated),
time as
as "spiritual."
time
"spiritual."
air in
in motion,
as "wind"
of air
Pneuma is
is used
used (I)
such as
motion, such
(1) of
in
in John
3:8,
and
"breath"
in
Revelation
11:
11;
of
"breath"
in
Revelation 11:11; (2)
John 3:8,
(2) of
the
the principle
principle of
in Luke 8:55;
of the
the frame
of life,
as in
frame
life, as
8:55; (3)
(3) of
of
or
attitudes
that
govof mind,
influence,
or
attitudes
that
mind, disposition,
influence,
disposition,
govthe
ern man,
the
basis
of
his
character,
as
in
1
Corinthians
basis
of
his
as
in
1
Corinthians
man,
character,
4:21; 22 Corinthians
Corinthians 12:
18; (4)
(4) of
of incorporeal
incorporeal beings,
beings,
4:21;
12:18;
as angels
14),
demons,
or
evil
spirits
such
such as
or
evil
demons,
angels (Heb.
(Heb. 1:
1:14),
spirits
8:
16);
(5)
of
the
Holy
Spirit,
as
in
(Matt.
the
of
in
as
Matthew
Holy Spirit,
(Matt. 8:16); (5)
1:
18, et
et cetera.
cetera. There are
also other
other shades
of meaning
are also
shades of
1:18,
meaning
related
related to
to the
cited here.
here.
the applications
applications cited
517
517
is nothing Inherent
There is
the word pneuma
pneuma by
by
In the
nothing inherent in
it may
which it
may be
be taken
taken to
to mean some supposed
conscious
supposed conscious
entity
of man capable
of
existing
apart
from
the
body,
the
of
entity of
body,
existing apart
capable
nor does
does the
the usage
of
the
word
with
resjJect
to
man
in
In
of
the
with
to
usage
respect
the
any
way
imply
such
a
concept.
the New Testament in
In any way imply such a concept.
Is
Is
Either
the Soul
the Spirit
Either the
Soul or
or the
Spirit Immortal?
as the
As far
far as
Bible is
the word "im"Imthe Bible
Is concerned,
concerned, the
is applied
only
to
God:
"Now
unto
the
King
is
the
unto
to
God:
King
applied only
eternal,
invisible, the
only wise
wise God,
be
the only
eternal, immortal,
God, be
immortal, invisible,
17).
honour and glory
for ever
ever and ever"
ever" (1
glory for
(1 Tim. I:
1:17).
This is
is the
the only
occurrence
of
the
in
the
Scripin
the
occurrence
of
the
word
only
Scriptures. Innate immortality
tures.
ascribed only
only to
to Deity:
Deity: "I
"I
is ascribed
immortality is
give
of God,
God, ... who is
the
thee charge
is the
in the
the sight
give thee
charge in
sight of
blessed and only
Potentate,
the
King
of
kings,
and
blessed
of
the
Potentate,
only
kings,
King
of lords;
lords; who only
(1 Tim. 6:
Lord of
6:
hath immortality"
only hath
immortality" (1
13-16).
gift
of
immortality
is
promised
to
man,
The
gift of immortality is promised to man,
13-16).
and he is
it (Rom.
(Rom. 2:7).
In fact,
it
Is urged to
for it
seek for
fact, it
urged to seek
2:7). In
is
the
faithful
at
the
second
coming
of
is promised to
of
the
at
the
second
to
faithful
coming
promised
Christ:
not all
but we shall
all
Christ: "We shall
shall all
shall not
all sleep
sleep [die],
[die], but
a moment,
moment, in
in the
of an
eye,
be changed,
changed, in
be
in a
an eye,
the twinkling
twinkling of
the
at
at the
the last
last trump:
trump: for
the trumpet
trumpet shall
sound, and the
for the
shall sound,
incorruptible, and we shall
be
dead shall
be raised
shall be
shall be
raised incorruptible,
changed.
For
this
corruptible
must
put
on
incorruption,
For
this
changed.
incorruption,
corruptible
put
mortal must put
(1 Cor.
I!):
and this
this mortal
Cor. 15:
immortality" (1
put on immortality"
In
I
it
!)I-53).
In
I
Thessalonians
4:
16
the
apostle
makes
it
4:16
the
Thessalonians
51-53).
apostle
clear that
that the
the "last
trump" and the
the raising
raising of
of the
the dead
clear
"last trump"
are at
are
at the
the second advent.
advent.
If
urged to
to seek
for immortality,
is clear
If man is
is urged
seek for
it is
clear
immortality, it
that
does not
it.
the
creation
of
man
that he does
it.
At
the
of
not now possess
creation
possess
in
the beginning,
beginning, death was
was set
before him as
as the
the sure
in the
sure
set before
the day
that thou
thou eatest
result of
of disobedience:
result
"In the
eatest
disobedience: "In
day that
mortal"
mortal"
518
QUESTIONS
shalt
thereof [the
fruit of
forbidden tree]
tree] thou shalt
thereof
of the
the forbidden
[the fruit
that
man
was
not
die" (Gen.
17). It
is obvious that
not
surely
It is
surely die"
2:17).
(Gen. 2:
the
created incapable
incapable of
Is equally clear
It is
created
of dying.
equally dear from the
dying. It
account
the Fall
could have
have lived
lived forever
forever
that man could
account of
of the
Fall that
if he
he had
had continued
continued to
partake of
of the
the tree
tree of
of life.
After
life. After
if
to partake
Adam's sin
sin God said,
"Now,
lest
he
put
forth
his
hand,
said, "Now, lest
put forth his hand,
and take
the tree
eat, and live
live for
for
of life,
tree of
and
of the
take also
also of
life, and eat,
the
It
is
to
deduce
from
the
ever" (Gen.
(Gen. 3:22).
is simple to
It
ever"
simple
3:22).
fall of
of the
of man,
account
of creation
man, that
that God
the fall
creation and of
account of
promised him eternal
life on condition
condition of
of obedience,
eternal life
obedience,
promised
death if
and death
if he disobeyed.
disobeyed.
If
be thought
use of
that the
the New Testament use
of such
If it
it be
thought that
expressions
as
"body
and
soul"
"body,
soul,
and
as
soul"
"body, soul, and
"body
expressions
spirit"
may indicate
that man really
really is
is composed
of
indicate that
spirit" may
composed of
three
divisible, component
parts,
that
at
least
least
three divisible,
and
that
at
one
component parts,
of
is immortal,
consider the
the following:
of them is
immortal, we must consider
following:
1.
Christ
declared
that
both
soul
and
body can
1. Christ declared that
soul
can be
body
hell: "Fear not
kill the
the body,
destroyed
in hell:
not them which kill
destroyed in
body,
but are
are not
not able
to kill
the soul:
but rather
rather fear
but
kill the
fear him
able to
soul: but
which is
able to
both soul
body in
in hell"
hell"
which
is able
to destroy
soul and body
destroy both
(Matt.
(Matt. 10:28).
10:28).
2. A careful
of all
the adjectives
adjectives used
in
all the
careful study
used in
2.
study of
Scripture
to
qualify
the
"spirit,"
as
applied
to
to
the
word
as
Scripture
qualify
"spirit,"
applied to
man,
indicates
that
not
one
even
remotely
approaches
that
indicates
even
man,
remotely approaches
the
of the
the qualities
qualities of
the
the idea
idea of
of immortality
as one of
of the
immortality as
human "spirit."
"spirit."
3.
the only
3. The Spirit
only spirit
that has
has the
of God is
is the
the
Spirit of
spirit that
appellative
"eternal"
(Reb.
9:
14).
"eternal"
appellative
(Heb. 9:14).
not believe
believe that
that the
the
Seventh-day
Adventists do not
whole man or
part
of
is
inherently
immortal.
or any
him
of
is
immortal.
any part
inherently
believe the
Bible picture
picture of
of man is
We believe
the Bible
of a
is of
a creature
creature
subject
to death,
the possibility
possibility of
of eternal
only
eternal life
life only
death, with the
subject to
519
Christ has
has paid
paid the
the penalty
penalty for
for sin
sin and offers
because Christ
because
offers
His life
to the
the repentant
repentant sinner.
Christ
"hath
Christ
sinner. Jesus
life to
Jesus
abolished
brought life
Immorabolished death,
life and immordeath, and hath brought
tality
to
light
through
the
gospel"
(2
I:
10). In
to
Tim.
the
tality
light through
1:10).
gospel" (2
Him is
only
hope.
is our hope-our
our
only hope.
hope
in Death
'[he
Death
Man in
Tk Condition
Condition of
of
QUESTION
QUESTION
41
Why
you not
not accept
the commonly
commonly held
accept the
Why do you
belief
that
at
death
man
goes
either
to heaven
to
either
at
that
belief
goes
Christians
or to
to hell?
so widely
widely held
held by
by Christians
This is
is so
or
hell? This
of most
most denominations
denominations tha.t
it has become one
that it
of
of
the
doctrines
of
orthodoxy
the minds of
in the
doctrines
the
of
of orthodoxy in
of
most church leaders
leaders today.
today.
The condition
condition of
death has
has intrigued
intrigued Chrisin death
Chrisof man in
throughout
the
centuries.
Many
illustrious
illustrious
the
centuries.
Many
throughout
leaders,
back through
the years,
differed with
with
leaders, back
years, have differed
through the
one another
another over
this
doctrine,
not
a
dissenting
a
few
this
not
over
doctrine,
dissenting
from the
the popular
view. (See
44.)
(See under Question
Question 44.)
popular view.
to follow
follow what they
Adventists have endeavored to
Adventzsts
bethey believe
to be
be the
teaching of
of Sacred Scripture
Scripture as
to
lieve to
the teaching
as to
whether, at
at death,
goes to
to his
his reward immediately
immediately
whether,
death, man goes
or rests
rests in
in the
the grave
the resurrecor
the morn of
of the
resurrecawaiting the
grave awaiting
tion.
tion.
We, as
Adventists, have reached the
the definite
definite conas Adventists,
conclusion that
that man rests
rests in
in the
the tomb until
until the
the resurrecresurrecclusion
tion
tion morning.
morning. Then,
the first
20:
at the
first resurrection
resurrection (Rev.
Then, at
(Rev. 20:
of the
4,5),
resurrection of
the just
just (Acts
(Acts 24:
24: 15),
the
rightthe
4, 5), the resurrection
15),
righteous come forth
forth immortalized,
eouS
at the
the call
call of
of Christ
Christ
immortalized, at
the
the Life-giver.
then enter
everlasting,
enter into
into life
life everlasting,
Life-giver. And they
they then
in
their eternal
in their
eternal home in
the kingdom
of glory.
glory. Such
in the
Such is
is
kingdom of
our understanding.
understanding.
tian scholars
tian
scholars
520
520
CONDITION OF MAN IN DEATH
521
521
I. Death as
I.
Forth In
in Scripture
as Set
Set Forth
Scripture
In the
refers althe Old Testament the
the term "death"
al"death'' refers
to
physical
death.
In
the
Testamost exclusively
to
death.
In
the
New
Testaexclusively
physical
ment there
there are
of meaning,
as seen
seen in
In the
the
are other
other shades
shades of
meaning, as
term most
most frequently
frequently
various Greek words
words used.
various
used. The term
used is
is thanatoSj
thanatos> which means either
either physical
physical death,
a
death, a
carnal indifference
carnal
indifference to
to spirit\lal
matters,
or
an
insensior
insensispiritual matters,
bility to
to divine
divine things.
things. The Greek words for
for "sleep"bility
"sleep"
such
koimao, katheudo>
hupnos-quite
such as
as koimao,
often
katheudo, and hupnos
quite often
rendered "sleep,"
refer
in
many
instances
to
the
sleep
refer
in
instances
the
to
"sleep,"
many
sleep
of
death.
of death.
W. E.
E. Vine (Expository
Dictionary of
of New TestaTesta(Expository Dictionary
vol. 1,
p. 81)
remarks:
ment Words,
remarks:
Words, 1939,
1939, vol.
1, p.
81)
This metaphorical
metaphorical use
the word sleep
sleep is
is appropriate,
appropriate, bebeThis
use of
of the
of the
a sleeping
cause
the similarity
in appearance
sleeping body
cause of
similarity in
body
appearance between a
and aa dead body.
body.
Referring
to meanings
meanings of
of "death"
than that
that
"death" other
other than
Referring to
of
physical death,
writers state
that
state that
of physical
death, New Testament writers
those who indulge
in
the
pleasures
of
wickedness
are
in
the
of
wickedness
are
those
indulge
pleasures
"dead"
while they
they live
Tim.
5:6);
those
who
are
are
those
"dead" while
live (1
5:6);
(1
in
outside
of
Christ
are
"dead
in
trespasses
and
sins"
sins"
are
Christ
outside of
trespasses
(Eph.
2:
1);
those
are
converted
to God pass
pass "from
who
are
to
those
2:1);
(Eph.
death unto
unto life"
5:24);
those
have been
those
who
have
life" (John
death
(John 5:24);
sin"
born again
are
"dead
indeed
sin"
(Rom.
unto
are
now
born
(Rom.
again
"shall
sons
God
6:
II); and those
truly the
the sons of
of
"shall
are truly
those who are
6:11);
never
see death"
death" (John
never see
8:51).*
(John 8:51).*
II. Condition
of Man In
in Death
Condition of
II.
The Scriptures
the condition
condition of
set forth
forth the
of
clearly set
Scriptures clearly
*We recognize
recognize that
that all
wicked, die.
die. But what is
is here
here
all men,
men, both righteous
righjeous and wicked,
death.
meant is
that the
the children
of God will
will not experience
the second
srcond death.
children of
is that
meant
experience the
522
522
ON DOCTRINE
QUESTIONS
DOCTRINE
QUESTIONS ON
man in
in death.
death. The
man
The following
texts answer
answer many
of the
the
following texts
many of
that come
mind.
come to
to mind.
questions
questions that
Psalm 6:5-"In
Psalm
6:5
"In death
death there
Is no
remembrance .of
there is
no remembrance
thee: in
.of thee:
in
the grave
who shall
the
shall give
thanks?"
thee thanks?"
grave who
give thee
Psalm 30:9-"What
Psalm
30:9 "What profit
is there
there ... when
when I1 go
down to
to the
the
go down
profit is
Shall the
the dust
dust praise
pit?
thee? shall
shall it
it declare
declare thy
truth?"
pit? Shall
praise thee?
thy truth?"
Psalm 88:
100"Wilt
Psalm
88:10
"Wilt thou
thou shew
shew wonders
wonders to
to the
the dead?
dead? shall
shall the
the
dead arise
arise and
and praise
thee?"
dead
praise thee?"
Psalm 115:
17-"The
115:17
"The dead
dead praise
not the
the Lord,
neither any
Lord, neither
praise not
any
Into silence."
silence."
that go
go down into
146:4
"His breath
Psalm 146:4-"His
breath goeth
returneth to
to his
his
forth, he returnetll
goeth forth,
in that
that very
his thoughts
earth;
earth; in
very day
day his
thoughts perish."
perish."
Ecclesiastes 9:5,
Ecclesiastes
6
"The dead know not
not any
neither
9:5, 6-"The
any thing,
thing, neither
the memory
have they
for the
of them
them is
is forgotreward; for
they any
any more aa reward;
memory of
forgotten. Also their
their love,
their hatred,
ten.
their envy.
is now
love, and their
hatred, and their
envy, is
a portion
perished;
for ever
ever in
in any
perished; neither have they
they any
any more a
portion for
any
is done under the
the sun."
sun."
thing
thing that is
19
"The grave
praise thee,
thee, death
Isaiah 38:18,
cannot praise
38:18, 19-"The
death can
can
grave cannot
that go
go down into
into the
the pit
pit cannot
not celebrate
celebrate thee:
thee: they
they that
cannot hope
hope
for thy
thy truth.
truth. The living
praise thee."
thee."
shall praise
living ... shall
1
Christ be
be not
not raised,
raised, your
your
I Corinthians
Corinthians 15:17,
18
"If Christ
15:17, 18-"If
faith
they also
also which
which are
are fallen
fallen asleep
asleep in
in
faith is
is vain.
vain. . . . Then they
Christ
Christ are
are perished."
perished."
.
III. The Resurrection,

Resurrection, Not Death,
Death, the
the Hope
Hope of
of the
the Saints
Saints
III.
All
All through
through the
the apostolic
apostolic letters
letters one
one is
is impressed
impressed
with
the
with the fact
fact that
that the
the groundwork
groundwork of
of the
the gospel
gospel mesmes-
sage was
was that
that Jesus,
Jesus, the
the Messiah,
Messiah, had
had risen
risen from
from the
the
sage
dead.
dead. Nowhere
Nowhere do the
the apostles
apostles refer
refer to
to His
His soul
soul as
as
coming back
back from heaven.
heaven. They
They distinctly
distinctly mention
mention that
that
coming
He
He was
was raised
raised from
from the
the dead
dead (Luke
(Luke 24:3-6).
24: 3-6). This
This is
is
iterated
iterated again
again and
and again.
again. His
His soul
soul was
was "not
"not left
left in
in hell
hell
(Greek hades,
hades, "the
"the grave")"
grave")" (Acts
(Acts 2:31;
2:31;
(Greek
brews, sheol,
sheol, "the
"the grave"),
grave"), though
though
brews,
soul
unto death"
death" (Isa.
(Isa. 53:12).
53: 12).
soul unto
Ps. 16:10, HeHeHe "poured

"poured out
out his
his
He
Ps. 16:10,
The
The resurrection
resurrection isis called
called the
the hope
hope of
of the
the ChrisChristian. (Notice
(Notice John
John 6:39,
6:39, 40;
40; Luke
Luke 20:37;
20:37; compare
compare Matt.
Matt.
tian.
523
523
11:5;
Job declared:
that my
declared: "I
"I know that
re11:5; Luke 7:22.)
7:22.) Job
my redeemer liveth,
that he
he shall
stand at
at the
the latter
liveth, and that
shall stand
latter
the earth"
day
upon the
the psalmist
psalmist
earth" (Job
day upon
(Job 19:25).
19:25). And the
David,
his
hope
for
the
future,
declared,
his
for
the
"I
David, expressing
future,
declared, "I
expressing
hope
shall be satisfied,
shall
satisfied, when II awake,
with
thy
likeness"
with
awake,
thy likeness"
(Ps.
(Ps. 17:15).
17:15).
Even in
the days
in the
Jesus, when the
the Pharisees
Pharisees were
of Jesus,
were
days of
questioning
Him
about
matters
pertaining
to
the
future,
matters
to
the
future,
questioning
pertaining
did not
not discuss
the question
question of
but rather
they
discuss the
of death,
rather
death, but
they did
the
of the
the matter
matter of
the resurrection
resurrection (Matt.
(Matt. 22:28-30).
22: 28-30). Paul's
Paul's
hope
definitely
fixed
on
this
climactic
event.
Writwas
fixed
event.
this
climactic
Writhope
definitely
to
the
Philippian
church,
he
expressed
the
longing
ing
to
the
the
ing
Philippian church,
expressed
longing
of his
his soul
he exclaimed,
by any
of
soul when he
"If by
exclaimed, "If
any means II
might
unto the
the dead" (Phil.
attain unto
the resurrection
resurrection of
of the
might attain
(Phil.
3:
11).
(See
also
I
Cor.
15:
18,
22,
23;
11 Thess.
Thess. 4:14,
4: 14,
also
1
Cor.
23;
22,
15:18,
3:11). (See
17.)
In
the
New
Testament
the
resurrection
of
the
the
the resurrection of the
17.)
Christian
referred to
resurrectio.n of
is referred
Christian is
as "the
life"
to as
"the resurrection
of life"
(John
5:29),
and
"the
resurrection
of
Jesus
Christ"
"the
resurrection
Christ"
of
(John 5:29),
Jesus
(1 Peter 3:21).
(1 Peter 3:21).
Rewards are
given to
saints, not
not at
death but
the saints,
at death
at
are given
to the
but at
resurrection of
of the
the righteous
righteous
the
second advent.
the second
advent. The resurrection
takes place
place at
the time
returns from heaven
heaven
at the
time our Saviour
Saviour returns
takes
gather His people
(Matt.
16:27;
Isa.
40:
10;
2
Tim.
to gather
Isa.
to
2
40:10;
people (Matt. 16:27;
4:8; et
et cetera).
4:8;
cetera).
at death,
that, at
is that,
the saints
saints
factor is
Another important
death, the
important factor
will
live
but
to
go
to
the
grave.
They
will
live
again,
they
come
to
the
to
they
again,
grave. They
go
after they
with Jesus
Jesus after
they are raised
raised from the
the
life
live with
life and live
child of
of God knows
in the
dead. While asleep
the tomb the child
dead.
asleep in
he should be
If
not
matters
not
to
him.
If
nothing.
matters
to
Time
nothing.
as but
would
be
there aa thousand
thousand years,
the
time
to him as
but
to
the
time
there
years,
aa moment. One who serves
closes his
his eyes
in
serves God closes
eyes in
death,
years elapse,
elapse,
death, and whether one day
day or two thousand years
QUESTIONS
524
524
the next
next instant
in his
his consciousness
will be
be
the
consciousness will
Instant In
opens
his eyes
beholds his
blessed Lord.
Lord.
his blessed
eyes and beholds
opens his
is
death-then
glory.
Is death
then sudden glory.
when he
To him it
it
IV.
First and Second Deaths
IV. The First
"the first
''''hile
the expression
first death"
death" does
does not
not
While the
expression "the
appear
in
the
Bible,
the
term
"the
second
death"
is
"the
second
Is
the
in
the
Bible,
appear
used (Rev.
(Rev. 2:11;
20:6,
14;
21:8).
This
second
death
second
This
death
used
14;
2:11; 20:6,
21:8).
is associated
with the
punishment of
of the
the wicked,
wicked,
the final
final punishment
is
associated with
Is no
and really
death from which there
there is
a death
indicates a
really indicates
resurrection. The first
obviously the
the death
first death is
is obviously
death
resurrection.
resulting from Adam's transgression.
first
this first
transgression. From this
resulting
death, or
sleep, there
there is
is to
to be
be aa resurrection
all manresurrection for
for all
or sleep,
death,
This applies
to
all,
whether
righteous
or
wicked,
kind.
whether
or
kind. This
to
wicked,
all,
righteous
applies
as
the Scriptures
clearly
declare
that
there
will
be aa
will
that
declare
there
be
as the
Scriptures clearly
"resurrection
both of
of the
the just
just and unjust"
unjust"
the dead both
"resurrection of
of the
(Acts
24:15). Albert
Barnes (on
(on John
well
Albert Barnes
(Acts 24:15).
John II:ll)
11:11) well
remarks:
remarks:
In
the Scriptures
that death
will
it [sleep] is
In the
used to
to intimate
intimate that
death will
Scriptures it
[sleep] is used
not
be final:
final: that
that there
will be
be an awakening
awakening out
out of
this sleep,
or aa
there will
of this
not be
sleep, or
expression, removing
resurrection.
It is
is a
a beautiful
beautiful and tender
tender expression,
resurrection. It
removing
in death,
filling the
with the
the idea
all
the mind with
all that
that is
is dreadful
dreadful in
idea of
of
death, and filling
calm repose
repose after
life of
of toil,
toil, with
with aa reference
reference to
to aa future
after a
resa life
future resurrection in
in increased
renovated powers.
powers.
urrection
increased vigor
vigor and renovated
V.
V.
Some Have Returned From the

the Grave
or spirit
a conscious
soul or
If,
spirit immediately
at death,
conscious soul
If, at
death, a
immediately
leaves the
heaven or
or hell,
hell, then
then what
leaves
the body
body for
for either
either heaven
about those
were raised
raised from the
the dead?
about
died and were
those who died
dead?
Did they
have anything
tell us?
us? There are
least
to tell
are at
at least
they have
anything to
the dead:
seven
raised from the
seven instances
those who were raised
instances of
of those
dead:
The widow's
widow's son (1
the Shunammite's
Shunammite's son
son
(1 Kings
Kings 17);
17); the
(2
Kings 4);
4); the
the widow's son
at Nain (Luke
11-15);
son at
(2 Kings
(Luke 7:
7:11-15);
525
525
the
the daughter
daughter of
42, 49-56);
49-56); Tabitha
of Jairus
8:41, 42,
(Luke 8:41,
Jairas (Luke
(Acts
9:36-41); Eutychus
Laza(Acts 9:36-41);
Eutychus (Acts
(Acts 20:9-12);
20:9-12); and Laza-
(John
1-44; 12:
1, 9).
11:1-44;
12:1,
(John 11:
9).
Doubtless
were dead for
for but
but aa short
Doubtless some of
short
of these
these were
time, for
according to
to Jewish
custom,
burial
took
place
for according
took
burial
time,
custom,
place
Jewish
the day
day of
T. Robertson,
on the
of death.
death. (See
A. T.
Robertson, Word
(See A.
Pictures) on John
Lazarus had been dead longer,
Pictures,,
longer,
John 12.)
12.) Lazarus
however-"four
however ''four days,"
to Martha.
Martha.
days/' according
according to
HIS
rus
the
The question
that naturally
is this:
this: Did the
arises is
naturally arises
question that
immediately
at
death
to
souls
these individuals
to
of these
souls of
at
death
individuals go
go immediately
either
hell? If
it
surely
be
too
either heaven or
bad
too
or hell?
If so,
it
be
would
so,
surely
to bring
to
bring one back from heaven,
heaven, where,
where, having
having once
arrived, he
he would naturally
expect
to
forever.
remain
forever,
to
arrived,
naturally expect
To bring
bring one back
realms of
of bliss
bliss to
to this
this vale
vale of
of
the realms
back from the
and
tears
would
be
to
his sinning
again,
tears
a risk
of his
to run a
risk of
sinning again,
if
so
losing his
his eternal
the other
so of
of losing
reward. On the
other hand,
eternal reward.
hand, if
brought back from hell,
hell, as
as popularly
popularly conone were brought
conreleased
ceived,
he would doubtless
be very
very glad
glad to
to be released
doubtless be
ceived, he
punishment and would have
opportunity
from punishment
another opportunity
have another
of
the
gospel
of
the
grace
of
of
God.
of accepting
the
the
of
grace
accepting
gospel
If
to either
hell at
at death,
or hell
If the
soul goes
either heaven or
the soul
death,
goes to
surely
those
have
been
resurrected
talk
of
talk
resurrected
of
have
would
those
who
surely
warn
the
glories
of
the
heavenly
land,
or they
they would
the glories of the heavenly land, or
the
sinners in
in no uncertain
uncertain tones
tones of
of the
torments of
of the
the torments
sinners
a
said a
Yet there
record of
of their
their having
having said
there is
is no record
damned. Yet
survives
single
word.
How
strange,
if
the
soul
or
spirit
survives
if
soul
or
word.
the
strange,
single
spirit
at all
all
death
as a~ conscious
that we have no word at
death as
conscious entity,
entity, that
aforementioned
individuals
concerning
from any
of
the
individuals
the
of
concerning
any
what happened
happened during
the period
period they
they were dead!
during the
An excellent
the W. Robertson
Robertson
in the
excellent statement
statement appears
appears in
Nichol's Expositor's
Expositor'S Bible
Bible on this
question:
this question:
Nichol's
526
526
QUESTIONS
was the
of Lazarus during
these four days?
What was
the experience
during these
days?
experience of
To speculate
or heard
heard or
or experienced,
experienced, to
to trace
trace
saw or
speculate on what he saw
of his
through the
the gates
gates of
of death
death to
to the
the presence
presence of
of
the
the flight
his soul
soul through
flight of
as to
God,
perhaps seem to
to some as
as foolish
foolish as
to go
those
God, may
go with those
may perhaps
curious
Jews who flocked
out to
to Bethany
Bethany to
to set
set eyes
this
flocked out
curious Jews
eyes on this
marvel, aa man who had passed
passed to
to the
the unseen
unseen world and yet
marvel,
yet
returned. But
But although
good and great
purposes are
are
returned.
great purposes
although no doubt good
served
by the
the obscurity
that involves
our endeavour to
involves death,
to
served by
death, our
obscurity that
life we must
penetrate the
the gloom,
of a
a life
catch some glimpses
glimpses of
gloom, and catch
penetrate
shortly
judged altogether
altogether idle.
Unfortunately,
idle. Unfortunately,
cannot be judged
enter, cannot
shortly enter,
it
little we can
Lazarus.-Volume
John, p.
p.
Volume 1,
learn from Lazarus.
can learn
it is
is little
1, on John,
360.
360.
probability is,
nothing to
to reveal.
reveal. As Jesus
The probability
said,
is, he had nothing
Jesus said,
He carne
came "to
of sleep."
learned anything
out of
"to awake him out
anything
sleep." Had he learned
of
the spirit
spirit world,
oozed out.
out. The burden of
of aa
have oozed
it must have
of the
world, it
secret
which all
to know,
know, and which the
the scribes
scribes and
all men craved
craved to
secret which
in their
lawyers from
from Jerusalem
all in
their power
power to
to elicit
elicit
lawyers
Jerusalem would do all
from him,
him, would have damaged
his mind and oppressed
his
life.
his
life.
damaged his
oppressed
be as
awaking of
of aa man from deep
His rising
rising would be
His
the awaking
as the
deep sleep,
sleep,
scarcely
knowing what he
he was doing,
doing, tripping
tripping and stumbling
in
scarcely knowing
stumbling in
the grave-clothes
grave-clothes and wondering
wondering at
at the
crowd. What Mary
the
the crowd.
Mary and
prize would be
be the
the unchanged
unchanged love
love that
that shone in
Martha would prize
in
his face
face as
recognized them,
them, the
the same familiar
tones and enenhis
familiar tones
as he recognized
dearments,-all
that showed how little
little change
change death
death brings,
all that
dearments,
brings, how
rupture of
or of
any good
thing, how truly
truly he was
little
little rupture
of affection
affection or
of any
good thing,
their
brother still.-Ibid.,
their own brother
362.
still.
Ibid., p.
p. 362.
Mention might
might well
well be made of
of one of
of the
the saints
saints of
of
ancient
He
died,
in
the
regular
course
of
events,
in
ancient days.
the
of
course
died,
events,
days.
regular
and was buried
buried as
before him.
him. The
his fathers
as were his
fathers before
divine
record says:
is both
both dead and buried,
divine record
... is
buried,
says: "David ...
his sepulchre
us
and his
is
unto
this
day"
(Acts
this
is with us
unto
day" (Acts 2:29).
sepulchre
2:29).
that
David's
To say
that
it
was
David's
body
that
buried, and
it
that
was buried,
say
body
the realms of
that
of bliss,
bliss, would certhat his
his soul
to the
soul went to
certainly not
not be in
the teaching
teaching of
the
in accordance
of the
accordance with the
tainly
Word of
of God. This might
with
accord
with
popular
theology,
accord
might
popular theology,
but the
Divine Word definitely
that "David
but
the Divine
declares that
definitely declares
never went up
up to
heaven"
(verse
34,
Knox
translation),
never
to
(verse 34,
translation),
527
527
or "did not
or
not ascend
the heavens"
heavens" (R.S.V.;
(R.S.V.; compare
ascend into
into the
compare
et cetera).
Weymouth, et
the Cambridge
Bible has
has
Weymouth,
Cambridge Bible
cetera). And the
the
the following
following note:
note: "For David
David is
is not
not ascended.
ascended. Better
Better
ascended not.
not. He went down to
to the
grave, and 'slept
ascended
the grave,
'slept
"
with his
his fathers.'
fathers/ "
VI.
VI. Departing,
Departing,
and Being
Christ
Being With Christ
Quite
present the
the consideraconsideraQuite frequently,
frequently, when we present
advanced here,
words of
the apostle
apostle Paul
the words
Paul are
are
of the
here, the
referred
in regard
referred to
to in
to
departing,
being
with
and
with
to
regard
departing,
being
Christ. If
Christ.
the saints
not go
go to
to heaven
heaven at
If the
saints do not
at death,
death, what
does the
the great
great apostle
speaking of
himself,
of himself,
when, speaking
apostle mean when,
he says
specifically
that
he
has
"a
desire
to
depart,
that
he
"a
has
to
desire
says specifically
depart, and
to
to be
be with Christ;
which
is
far
better"
(Phil.
23)? Of
is
far
better"
Christ;
(Phil. 1:
1:23)?
course it
will be better
better to
to be
be with
with Christ.
why, it
it
it will
course
Christ. But why,
be asked,
conclude from
from this
this remark
must be
should we conclude
asked, should
that the
that
the apostle
apostle expects,
immediately upon
upon death,
go
to go
death, to
expects, immediately
at once
at
into
the
presence
of
Christ?
The
Bible
does
not
into
not
once
the presence of Christ?
Bible does
say
merely states
his desire
desire to
to depart,
to be
be
It merely
so. It
states his
say so.
depart, and to
with Christ.
Christ.
the
One might
might reason
reason that
that the
the implication
implication is
is to
to the
effect
that being
with Christ
be immediately
effect that
Christ would be
immediately on
being with
his departure.
be admitted that
that such is
is not
his
it must be
departure. But it
aa necessary
necessary implication,
and
it
certainly
is
not
a
definot
a
it
is
deficertainly
implication,
nite statement
the text.
text. In
In this
this particular
particular passage
passage
nite
of the
statement of
Paul does
does not tell
tell us
be with
with his
his Lord.
Lord. In
In
us when he will
will be
Paul
in
this
similar
to
other
places he
he uses
uses an expression
similar
to
one
in
this
other places
expression
passage. For instance,
of my
my deparinstance, he says,
deparsays, "The time of
passage.
in
ture is
is at
at hand" (2
4:6). The Greek word used
used in
ture
(2 Tim. 4:6).
in the
the
these two
two texts,
texts, analu6,
not used
used very
very often
is not
often in
these
analuo, is
Greek New Testament,
the word has
has the
the meaning
meaning
Greek
Testament, but the
metaphor drawn
"to
be loosened
It is
a metaphor
like an anchor."
anchor." It
is a
loosened like
"to be
tions
tions
528
528
QUESTIONS
sail.
from the
the loosened
preparatory to
to setting
loosened moorings
setting sail.
moorings preparatory
E. Vine,
Expository Dictionary,
Dictionary, vol.
vol. 1,
(Compare
1,
Vine, Expository
(Compare W. E.
pp.
294,
295.)
294,
pp.
295.)
It
be observed
that Paul
Paul does
does not
not tell
tell us
us that
that
It should
observed that
should be
it
is
his
soul
or
his
spirit
that
will
depart.
merely
He
will
that
his
it is his soul or
merely
depart.
spirit
is at
have aa desire;
desire; the
of "my"
departure is
says
the time of
at
"I" have
"my" departure
says "I"
hand. That is
anyone
express
himself
if
himself
would
if
is the
the way
hand.
express
way anyone
he were
leaving for
journey. When the
the time
time of
of leavleava journey.
for a
he
were leaving
the whole person
ing
person goes.
goes.
he departs,
comes, he
departs, and the
ing comes,
and
soul.
There is
of
body
soul.
should
of
is no separation
body
Why
separation
this
concept be changed
soon as
as we think
think of
as soon
of death?
this concept
changed as
There is
time when Paul
Paul could go
go to
to be
be with
with his
his
a time
is a
There
Lord as
as aa whole
whole man
man-body,
soul,
and
spirit-and
that
and
that
soul,
body,
spirit
is
at the
coming of
of the
Lord. This
This he stresses
the coming
the time
time of
the Lord.
stresses
is at
of the
in
1
Thessalonians
5:23.
Then-body,
soul,
and
spirit
in 1 Thessalonians 5:23. Then
body, soul,
spirit
-he,
the redeemed,
either rise
rise from their
their
all the
shall either
redeemed, shall
he, and all
graves
to
Christ,
or
if
living
be
translated
and
if
or
be
translated
to
meet
Christ,
living
graves
caught
up
in
the
clouds
to
the
in
the
air.
in
in
the
to
meet
the
Lord
the
air.
clouds
caught up
This will
be at
the time
time of
His glorious
glorious second
second appearwill be
at the
of His
appearing
for
His
saints.
This
is
the
concept
hold,
and
we
His
is
the
for
saints.
we
hold,
concept
ing
harmony with the
the teaching
teaching of
Holy
believe it
is in
in full
full harmony
it is
believe
of Holy
Writ.
Writ.
VII.
Absent From the
the Body
Body-Present
the Lord
VII. Absent
Present With the
There is
2 Corinthians
Corinthians 5:8,
is another
another expression,
in 2
5:8,
expression, in
that is
is often
often used
that
used in
considering this
this subject.
subject. The
in considering
of the
statement of
the apostle
is, "We are
are confident,
confident, II say,
apostle is,
say,
and willing
willing rather
rather to
from
the
body, and to
be
to be absent
absent
the body,
to be
present with
with the
be recognized
recognized that
the Lord."
Lord." It
It must be
that
present
in this
there is
nothing in
text to
justify our coming
coming to
to the
the
there
is nothing
this text
to justify
that the
the being
"present
with
the
will
conclusion that
conclusion
the
Lord"
with
will
being "present
occur immediately
upon being
from the
the body."
body."
"absent from
immediately upon
being "absent
529
529
The text
text does
not indicate
these experiences
does not
indicate when these
experiences
take
take place.
place. We simply
recognize the
the interval
interval of
of death
simply recognize
the two
two experiences.
This
is
just
as
logical
between the
as
as
is
logical as
experiences.
just
to
believe that
that one immediately
follows
the
other-and
to believe
and
follows
the
other
immediately
of what the
has
even more so,
in the
the light
the same apostle
so, in
light of
apostle has
taught concerning
the resurrection
at the
the second
second coming
resurrection at
taught
coming
concerning the
of
of our Lord. Let us
us observe
passage and note
note
observe the
the entire
entire passage
its obvious teachings.
its
teachings.
1. REFERENCE TO THE EARTHLY HousE.-Evidentty
1.
HOUSE. Evidently
making
reference
to
the
body,
Paul
writes in
2 Coto
Paul
writes
in 2
reference
the
Comaking
body,
rinthians 5:1
5: 1 of
the "earthly
house."
he
continrinthians
of the
Then
he
house."
contin"earthly
ues, in
in verse
verse 2,
this we groan."
Again
"in this
that "in
ues,
2, stating
stating that
groan." Again
referring to
to the
calls it
taberthe earthly
it "this
"this taberhouse, he calls
referring
earthly house,
nacle"
(verse 4).
4). He states
that while
while we are
nacle" (verse
in verse
6 that
are
states in
verse 6
absent from the
the Lord,
Lord, "we are
in the
the body."
body."
absent
are at
at home in
2. REFERENCE TO THE HEAVENLY HOUSE.
HousE.-MakMak2.
ing
reference
to
the
future
state,
Paul
speaks
of aa
reference
future
Paul
to
the
state,
ing
speaks of
"building
of
God
...
eternal
in
the
heavens"
(verse
in
of
the
heavens"
eternal
"building
(verse I),
1),
that
this
is
"our
house
is
heaven"
that
and says
this
is
which
is
from
says
the change
(verse
takes place
place and we put
put on
(verse 2).
change takes
2). When the
that
immortality,
he
remarks
that
it
is
in
order
that
"morit
is
in
that
immortality,
it
tality
might
be
swallowed
up
of
life"
(verse
4).
Then
it
life"
of
be
(verse 4).
tality might
up
is
at
the
resurrection,
it
seems
to
us,
that
Paul
expected
it
that
Paul
is at the resurrection,
to us,
expected
to be
be "present
with
the
(verse
8),
for
with
the
he says
to
Lord"
for
says
(verse 8),
"present
in 11 Corinthians
Corinthians 15:53
that at
coming of
at the
the second coming
of
in
15:53 that
Christ
put on immortality."
immortality."
Christ "this
"this mortal
mortal must put
That
3.
PERIOD.-That
3. REFERENCE TO THE INTERVENING PERIOD.
the apostle
apostle Paul
Paul has
has in
intervening period
bein mind an intervening
the
period between the
of
being
in
the
"earthly
house"
the
house"
of
in
tween
the experience
"earthly
being
experience
and that
that of
putting on the
the "house which is
is from heaven,"
of putting
heaven,"
is evident
evident from what he mentions in
the same passage.
in the
is
passage.
his remarks:
remarks: We do not wish
wish to
to "be found
Note his
.
530
530
QUESTIONS
of being
naked" (2
being "unare not desirous
desirous of
Cor. 5:3);
(2 Cor.
5:3); we are
clothed"
4). This Intervening
intervening period
period we bebeclothed" (verse
(verse 4).
desire is
lieve to
to be
be the
really desire
is
death. What we really
lieve
the state
of death.
state of
"to
be clothed
clothed upon
upon with our house
house which is
is from
"to be
heaven" (verse
(verse 2;
verse 4).
heaven"
2; compare
4).
compare verse
It
is in
this connection
he declares
declares that
that mormorthat he
in this
It is
connection that
tality
is
to
be
"swallowed
up
of
life"
(verse
4).
Thus
life"
of
is
to
be
"swallowed
(verse 4).
up
tality
the
whole passage,
passage, when carefully
considered, makes
the whole
carefully considered,
clear
the apostle
in mind.
mind. He is
is thinking,
thinking, not
not
has in
clear what the
apostle has
when
"this
of
death, but
but of
resurrection day,
"this
mortal
mortal
the resurrection
of death,
of the
day,
must put
put on immortality"
corruptible must
"this corruptible
must
immortality" and "this
put on incorruption"
Cor. 15:53).
(1 Cor.
15:53).
incorruption" (1
put
This reveals
reveals the
the importance
importance of
a careful
careful study
of
of a
This
study of
arrive at
of
the context
to arrive
at a sound exegesis
of
aa
in order
the
context in
order to
exegesis
passage of
of Scripture.
passage
Scripture.
An Appropriate
Appropriate Word of
of Caution
Every
precaution was taken
taken by
by our beneficent
beneficent CreaCreaEvery precaution
in the
the beginning
beginning that
that there
there should not
not be
be an imimtor in
tor
mortal sinner.
was given
given free
access to
to the
the tree
of
mortal
sinner. Man was
tree of
free access
life. But when he sinned,
that
continuing
access
was
life.
that
sinned,
continuing access was
denied him.
him. No longer
pluck its
its wonderful
wonderful
could he pluck
longer could
fruit. He was barred
fruit.
barred from the
of Eden (Gen.
the Garden of
(Gen.
3:24).
why? "Lest
put forth
his hand,
hand, and take
take
"Lest he put
forth his
3:24). And why?
live for
also
of the
tree of
also of
the tree
of life,
ever" (verse
for ever"
eat, and live
life, and eat,
(verse
22).
Hence,
it
is
evident
that
never
intended
there
it
is
evident
that
God
never
intended
there
Hence,
22).
should be an immortal sinner.
Immortality is
is promised
sinner. Immortality
promised
to sinful
to
sinful men only
that they
been
condition that
only on condition
they have been
saved
saved by
grace and live
fellowship with
with God.
live in
in -fellowship
by grace
Satan,
the other
the responsible
responsible author
other hand,
is the
author
Satan, on the
hand, is
of
the doctrine
of the
the sinner
will live
live forever.
doctrine that
that the
sinner will
find
forever. We find
him announcing
announcing this
Eve at
at the
the time
time of
of the
the Fall.
Fall. God
this to
to Eve
VIII.
VIII.
531
531
'In the
had said,
the day
eatest thereof
thereof thou
that thou eatest
shalt
thou shalt
said, "In
day that
die"
surely
die"
(Gen.
2:
17).
The
devil,
however,
flatly
devil, however, flatly
surely
(Gen. 2:17).
contradicted
not surely
contradicted God,
shall not
die"
God, and said,
said, "Ye shall
surely die"
(Gen.
3:4).
In
the
Hebrew
this
is
actually
stronger,
In
the
this
is
(Gen. 3:4).
actually stronger,
and might
might be
be read:
ye shall
not die."
die."
read: "It
"It is
is certain
certain ye
shall not
in commenting
upon this,
this, pointpointMatthew Henry,
Henry, in
commenting upon
edly remarks:
remarks: "This was
was aa lie,
a downright
lie;
for
...
for
...
lie, a
lie;
edly
downright
it was contrary to
it
to
the
word
of
God."
Unfortunately
this
the
of
God."
this
contrary
Unfortunately
teaching that
that the
will not
words,
the sinner
sinner will
die in other
other words,
not die-in
teaching
that
that he will
will live
irrespective of
his character
characterlive forever,
of his
forever, irrespective
clearly
has
its
origin
with
who
is
"a
liar,
and the
the
has
its
with
him
"a
is
liar,
clearly
origin
it" (John
8:44).
Saviour
said
not
only
father
of it"
The
said
not
father of
Saviour
only
(John 8:44).
that the
the evil
evil one is
liar," but
but that
that he
he was
was "a
that
is "a
"a liar,"
"a murderer
from the
beginning." He evidently
reference to
the beginning."
to the
the
evidently had reference
experience
just
noted.
noted.
experience just
Another caution
to be
be observed.
caution needs
needs to
In speaking
observed. In
speaking
for God,
be careful
that we do not
not give
for
God, we must be
careful that
the
give the
sinner
the impression
that
he
may
obtain
eternal
life
sinner the
life
that
obtain
eternal
may
impression
without turning
turning to
to God,
of his
his sins,
God, repenting
sins, and
repenting of
becoming
a
new
creature
in
Christ
J
estiS.
Eternal
life
life
a
in
creature
Eternal
Christ
becoming
Jesus.
is a
a gift
is
I John 5: 12).
6:23; 1
gift from God (Rom.
John 5:12).
(Rom. 6:23;
Years ago
the
prophet
Ezekiel
referred to
to some in
in
Years
the
Ezekiel
referred
ago
prophet
his
to
his day,
day, men who were false
prophets, who were out to
false prophets,
deceive
the people.
deceivers,
said
Ezekiel,
deceive the
These
said
Ezekiel,
deceivers,
people.
promise life
life to
to the
sinner even though
he continues
continues in
in
the sinner
though he
promise
that
the
his
thank
God
his iniquity
iniquity (Eze.
13:22).
that
the
We
(Eze. 13:22).
Christian
to a world perishing
perishing in
in sin,
Christian can go
sin, and carry
carry
go to
the
wonderful
offer
of
life
salvation
through
Christ
life
and
salvation
the
offer of
through Christ
our
blessed Lord.
proclaim with
with full
full assurance
assurance
can proclaim
our blessed
Lord. We can
and
that if
if men accept
Him,
turn
to
God,
are
born
to
are born
turn
that
God,
Him,
accept
the
is
again,
they
may
"everlasting
life."
This
is
the
have
"everlasting life."
again, they may
in
message
of John
16: "Whosoever believeth
believeth in him
3:16:
message of
John 3:
532
QUESTIONS
should not perish,

life." This is
Is a
a
everlasting life."
perish, but have everlasting
remarkable offer,
but
we
are
also
ever
to
remember
that
to
also
are
that
offer,
those who believe
"shall not see
see iife"
life" (John
believe not the
the Son "shall
(John
3:.36).
3:-36).
'The Punishment
Punishment of
the
the Wicked
Wicked
of
QUESTION
QUESTION
42
What Biblical
Biblical reasons
reasons have you
you for
for teachteaching
not suffer
suffer conscious
conscious
that the
the wicked will
will not
ing that
punishment throughout
eternity? As you
you know,
know,
punishment
throughout eternity?
the
bodies today,
today, believing
the majority
Christian bodies
of Christian
majority of
believing
that
the soul
soul of
teach that
that the
that the
is immortal,
the
immortal, teach
of man is
punishment of
be conscious
torthe ungodly
conscious torwill be
of the
punishment
ungodly will
aU eternity.
eternity. Kindly
Kindly
ment in hell
hell throughout
throughout all
state the
the reasons
for your
your belief.
state
reasons for
belief.
Everlasting
Everlasting
bliss
the righteous,
eternal
bliss for
for the
righteous, and eternal
punishment for
the ungodly,
ungodly, are
are plainly
plainly taught
taught in
the
for the
in the
punishment
Scriptures.
people with
Scriptures. That God should reward His people
eternal
just retribution
to the
the wicked
retribution to
eternal life,
life, and mete out just
for
their evil
to
most
as
reasonable
for their
evil deeds,
to
men
as
reasonable
deeds, appears
appears
and
in
harmony
the
love
the
in
with
both
love and
and equitable,
harmony
equitable,
of
the
justice of God.
the justice
In certain
certain scriptures
are given
glimpses of
of the
the
given glimpses
scriptures we are
glory
land,
and
are
able,
at
least
to
some
extent,
to
form
to
least
are
at
to
extent,
land,
able,
glory
an idea
like. However,
However, no
of what heaven will
will be like.
idea of
it
matter how glorious
the
picture
may
appear
to be,
the
be, it
glorious
picture may appear to
not
nor
ear
will still
that "eye
hath
seen,
ear
heard,
hath
true that
will
still be true
heard,
seen,
"eye
the things
neither
have entered
heart of
of man,
man, the
the heart
into the
entered into
neither have
things
love him"
hath prepared
for them that
that love
which God hath
prepared for
(1 Cor.
Cor. 2:9).
2:9).
(1
533
533
534
QUESTIONS
fate of
the unrighteous
is likewise
emphasized
likewise emphasized
The fate
of the
unrighteous is
will
in
many places
Holy Writ.
Writ. There will surely
in many
in Holy
surely be
places in
will also
punishment,
according
to
the
Word,
and
there
will
there
the
also
to
Word,
punishment, according
be degrees
of
punishment.
this
punishment,
morethis
And
be
moreof
punishment,
degrees
punishment.
over,
will not
be remedial,
remedial, but
but punitive
punitive and final.
final.
not be
over, will
I.
Future, Not Now Going
Going On
Yet Future,
I. Punishment Yet
It is
is commonly
commonly believed
believed that
that at
at death
death the
the righteous
righteous
It
forthwith
go
immediately
to
heaven,
the
wicked
forthwith
to
and
the
wicked
to
to
heaven,
go immediately
hell,
where
they
are
punished.
There
are
persons,
howare
are
hell,
persons,
they
punished.
in this
the wicked
wicked are
are punished
punished in
this
ever,
believe that
that the
ever, who believe
man
life for
their sins.
argue
that
a
is
when
a
is cast
cast
that
sins. They
life
for their
They argue
into prison,
prison, or
perhaps is
is executed on the
the gallows,
gallows, he is
is
or perhaps
into
a
then
way
his iniquities.
then suffering
for his
suffering punishment
iniquities. In a way
punishment for
this is
is true,
true, but not
not strictly
so.
That
he
thus
suffers,
he
thus
so.
this
suffers,
strictly
but such
is not
not primarily
there can
be no doubt,
can be
such suffering
there
doubt, but
suffering is
primarily
life the
the penalty
penalty for
his sins.
sins. He suffers
this life
the
suffers in
in this
the
for his
infracpenalty for
his crimes.
punishes for
crimes. The state
for infracfor his
state punishes
penalty
but its
its punishments
punishments are
are meted out
tion of
of human laws,
out
tion
laws, but
for crimes,
not
sins.
Sin
is
infringement
of
the
divine
the
divine
for
is
of
not
sins.
Sin
crimes,
infringement
law, the
the commandments of
of God. And
the Decalogue,
law,
Decalogue, the
will be
be the
the judge,
judge, and will
will mete out
out punishment
punishment
God will
according
to
His
justice.
to
according
justice.
It
is, of
that in
in this
this life
It is,
of course,
true that
life men may
lose
course, true
may lose
wrong habits
of living.
living. Men
their health
health because
because of
their
of wrong
habits of
may
all
drink
to
excess
and
not
only
suffer
all
kinds
drink
suffer
kinds of
of
to
excess
not
may
only
sickness but
death. But these
sickness
but also
premature death.
these
also incur
incur premature
actual punishment
consequences
punishment for
for
constitute actual
consequences do not constitute
sin. They
sin.
physical results
results of
wrongdoing. Punare the
the physical
of wrongdoing.
They are
ishment for
for sin,
will finally
be meted out when
ishment
as such,
sin, as
such, will
finally be
the wicked
wicked stand
before the
the bar
bar of
receive
the
stand before
of God and receive
the
just rewards
rewards of
their deeds.
the just
deeds.
of their
PUNISHMENT OF THE WICKED

Neither
nor wicked
wicked
N either evil
evil angels
angels nor
535
reare now remen are
ceiving
their transgressions.
transgressions. Such
final punishment
for their
ceiving final
punishment for
punishments are
In the
the days
Jesus
are still
still future.
future. In
punishments
days when Jesus
was on earth,
the devils
asked Him,
Him, "Art
thou come
devils asked
"Art thou
earth, the
hither
hither to
to torment
torment us
us before
before the
the time?"
(Matt. 8:29).
time?" (Matt.
8:29).
Evil
unto judgment"
judgment" (2
Evil angels
are "reserved
"reserved unto
Peter 2:
2:
angels are
(2 Peter
4),
or
"unto
the
judgment
of
the
great
day"
(Jude
6).
or
the
the
"unto
of
4),
great day" (Jude 6).
judgment
Concerning the
that God reserves
reserves "the
the wicked we read
read that
"the
Concerning
unjust unto
unto the
the day
judgment to
to be punished"
punished" (2
of judgment
day of
unjust
(2
Peter
Peter 2:9).
2:9).
II. What Constitutes
II.
the Wicked?
of the
the Punishment of
Constitutes the
The only
of information
safe and reliable
reliable source
source of
information on
only safe
this question
question is,
dieof course,
the Word of
of God. No diccourse, the
is, of
tums from tradition,
the writings
writings of
of heathen
turns
heathen
tradition, from the
authors,
or even from the
writings of
of either
either
the apocryphal
authors, or
apocryphal writings
the Hebrews or
whether exexthe
or the
the early
Christians, whether
early Christians,
this
us
in
pressed
in
prose
or
in
verse,
should
influence
us
in
this
in
in
influence
or
verse,
pressed
prose
matter. Unless
Unless the
the contentions
are based
based
matter.
contentions expressed
expressed are
upon
they should
should have
of God they
authoritative Word of
the authoritative
upon the
weight with
with us.
us. We therefore
therefore note
note some of
of the
the expresno weight
expresthat
sions
used by
by the
the Lord in
this connection.
connection. We read
read that
sions used
in this
their
as
final penalty
for
their
transgressions
and
their
as the
the final
for
their
transgressions
penalty
rejection of
the Son of
of the
of GodGod
rejection
this
1.
DIE.-On
On more than one
1. THE WICKED WILL DIE.
it shall
shall
told that
that sinneth,
sinneth, it
that "the
"the soul
soul that
we are
are told
in
the
is
die"
(Eze.
18:4).
But
some
may
say,
"That
is
in
the
die" (Eze. 18:4).
may say,
Old Testament."
Testament." True;
not the
the Old Testament
is not
Old
True; but is
fact is
as much the
the Word of
as is
the New? The fact
is
of God as
is the
as
that
the same
same truth
in
the
Testament,
in
the
New
is taught
truth is
that the
Testament,
taught
for
of sin
is death" (Rom.
(Rom. 6:23).
sin is
for we read,
read, "The wages
6:23).
wages of
occasion
occasion
536
536
QUESTIONS
in this
this verse
verse aa unique
unique contrast
contrast is
is drawn. Life
Life is
is
And In
to
the
promised
to
the
righteous;
death
to
the
unrighteous.
death
unrighteous.
promised to the righteous;
Over and
and over
over again
again death
death is
is emphasized
emphasized as
as the
the
Over
are
punishment
of
the
wicked.
Sinners
are
declared
Sinners
declared
wicked.
of
the
punishment
"worthy of
of death"
death" (Rom.
(Rom. 1:32);
1: 32); the
the end of
of sin
sin is
is death
death
"worthy
6:
21
);
and
"sin,
it
is
finished,
bringeth
(Rom,
it
is
when
finished, bringeth
"sin,
(Rom. 6:21);
forth death"
death" (James
(James 1:15).
1: 15). In
In ancient
ancient days
days God in
in His
His
forth
love and
and mercy
mercy pleaded
pleaded with
with Israel
Israel through
through His servservlove
ants the
the prophets.
prophets. Time after
after time
time His appeal
appeal was,
was,
ants
"Why will
will ye
ye die,
die, O
0 house
house of
of Israel?
Israel? ...
. . . II have
have no
"Why
pleasure
in
the
death
of
that
dieth"
(Eze.
18:31,
him
that
dieth"
of
death
the
in
18:31,
(Eze.
pleasure
32).
32).
2. THE WICKED WILL BE CUT OFF.
OFF.-This
This
2.
in the
thought is
is emphasized
repeatedly, especially
especially in
the
thought
emphasized repeatedly,
Old Testament.
Testament. The psalmist,
psalmist, looking
looking forward
forward to
to the
the
Old
time when sin
be abolished,
declares, "Evildoers
sin would be
"Evildoers
time
abolished, declares,
shall
be
cut
off"
(Ps.
37
:9);
and
again,
"The
wicked
wicked
off"
shall be cut
again,
(Ps. 37:9);
in the
are
cut off"
words "cut
off" are,
are, in
the
"cut off"
off" (verse
are cut
34). The words
(verse 34).
karath.
main, rendered
rendered from the
the Hebrew word karat
h. This
main,
is
is several
several times
times translated
translated "deis a
"dea strong
word, and is
strong word,
stroy,"
as
in
Ezekiel
28:
16.
stroy," as in Ezekiel 28:16.
3.
WICKED WILL PERISH.-This
expresPERISH.
This
3. THE
expression
in
relation
to
the
destruction
of
used
in
relation
to
the
destruction
of
sion is
is repeatedly used
repeatedly
the
is
translated
from
the wicked
is
translated
hosts. The word "perish"
wicked hosts.
"perish"
the
"to be cut
cut off"
off" or
or "to
the Hebrew abad
"to be
abad,J and means "to
in the
cut
It will
will be observed
observed in
the following
cut down."
down/' It
texts:
following texts:
shall perish"
"The wicked shall
perish" (Ps.
37:20);
"The
wicked
(Ps. 37:20);
of God" (Ps.
perish at
2). Another
the presence
at the
presence of
perish
(Ps. 68:
68:2).
significant
10, where we
occurs in
in Psalm 37:
37:10,
significant expression
expression occurs
be." This is
read,
shall not be."
is paralleled
in
read, "The wicked shall
paralleled in
the
our
Lord's
statement
that
"whothe New Testament by
Lord's
statement
that
"whoby
in him should not perish"
soever
soever believeth
believeth in
3: 16).
perish" (John
(John 3:
16).
537
537
4. THE WICKED WILL BE BURNED UP.

UP.-This
also
This also
is
is aa strong
strong expression,
expression, and
and is
is used
used on many
many occasions.
occasions.
Malachi speaks
speaks of
of the
the day
day when the
the wicked
wicked shall
shall be
be
Malachi
burned up
up (Mai.
(MaL 4:1).
4: 1). Matthew writes
writes of
of their
their being
being
"in bundles
bundles to
to burn
burn them" (Matt.
(Matt. 13:30),
13:30), and
bound "in
mentions also
also that
that "the
"the tares
tares are
are gathered
gathered and burned"
burned"
mentions
(verse
40).
Peter
declares
that
"the
earth
also
the
and the
Peter
earth
also
that
"the
declares
(verse 40).
works that
that are
are therein
therein shall
shall be
be burned up"
up" (2
(2 Peter
Peter
3: 10). We read
read of
of the
the final
final destination
destination of
of the
the unrightunright3:10).
eous as
as being
being in
in "the
"the lake
lake of
of fire"
fire" (Rev.
(Rev. 20:15),
20: 15), and
eous
this the
the revelator
revelator calls
calls "the
"the second
death" (Rev.
21:
this
second death"
(Rev. 21:
8).
8).
4.
This
5. THE WICKED SHALL BE DESTROYED.
DESTROYED.-This
5.
thought
occurs
in
a
of
instances.
"All
the
"All
the
in
a
number
of
instances.
occurs
thought
wicked will
will be destroyed"
Evil angels
wicked
angels
destroyed" (Ps.
(Ps. 145:20).
145:20). Evil
once declared,
of
Jesus,
"Art
thou
come
in the
the presence
thou
once
of
declared, in
Jesus,
presence
will
be
to
destroy us?"
us?" (Mark
1:24).
Again,
the
will
be
the
wicked
to destroy
(Mark 1:24). Again,
I:
Thess.
"punished
with
everlasting
destruction"
(2
Thess.
I:
"punished with everlasting destruction" (2
9);
even the devil himself, the one who introduced
introduced
9); and even the devil himself, the
iniquity
into
our
fair
world,
will
be
destroyed
will
fair
be
into
world,
destroyed (Heb.
(Heb.
iniquity
2:
14).
2:14).
it seems,
Some of
of the
the strongest
seems, were used by
words, it
by
strongest words,
wicked,
the
to emphasize
the
fate
of
the
wicked.
fate
the
the
of
writers to
sacred writers
the sacred
emphasize
21:
They
kaid (Rev.
will not
not only
19:20; 21:
Greek, kaio
burn, Greek,
(Rev. 19:20;
only burn,
They will
8),
but they shall be burned up,
Greek, katakaio
up, Greek,
8), but they shall
shall
(2
Peter
3:
10;
Matt.
3:
12).
They
shall
not only
Matt.
Peter
3:10;
only be
3:12). They
(2
destroyed,
apollumi
(Matt.
21:41;
Mark
1:24),
1:24), but be
destroyed, apollumi (Matt. 21:41;
"utterly
exolothreud (Acts
3:23, R.V.).
R.V.).
(Acts 3:23,
destroyed," exolothreuo
"utterly destroyed,"
104:
They
shall
not
only
be
"consumed,"
tamam
(Ps.
be
not
shall
"consumed,"
(Ps. 104:
only
They
35)
and
"consume
away,"
kalah
(Ps.
37:20),
but
be
kalah
and
(Ps. 37:20),
away,"
35)
"utterly
consumed,"
apollurni
(Ps.
73:
19;
LXX
72:
19).
72:19).
"utterly consumed," apollumi (Ps. 73:19;
538
538
QUESTIONS
III.
Figures and Similes
Illustrate Fate
Fate of
of Wicked
III. Figures
Similes Illustrate
clear and plain

plain does
the Lord
does the
in language
Not only
only in
language clear
reveal
to man the
the fate
of the
ungodly, but
but He has
has
the ungodly,
reveal to
fate of
us
in
sought
to
bring
this
truth
home
to
us
in
familiar
illusto
familiar
illusto
this
truth
sought
bring
trations, figures
figures of
various similes.
similes. Observe:
Observe:
of speech,
trations,
speech, and various
l.
1. THE WICKED ARE LIKENED TO COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS.-The
the wicked to
to something
something
likens the
TERIALS.
The psalmist
psalmist likens
of
ancient
he saw repeatedly
repeatedly in
the Temple
of
ancient
daysin the
days
Temple
"The enemies
enemies of
the Lord shall
be as
as the
the fat
fat of
shall be
of lambs"
of the
(Ps.
the ungodly
are likened
likened to
to
Furthermore, the
ungodly are
(Ps. 37:20).
37:20). Furthermore,
driveth away"
"the
chaff which the
the wind driveth
(Ps.
1:4).
"the chaff
away" (Ps. 1:4).
Isaiah
that "the
take them away
as
shall take
"the whirlwind shall
Isaiah says
says that
away as
stubble"
(Isa. 40:24).
Malachi
also
declared
that
And
declared
that
also
stubble" (Isa.
40:24).
in that
that day
wicked "shall
be stubble"
4: 1).
"shall be
in
the wicked
stubble" (Mal.
day the
(Mai. 4:1).
2.
OVERTHROW
OF
SODOM
GOMORRAH
Is
AND
Is
2.
DESTRUCTION OF
OF WICKED.-The
WICKED. The fate
fate of
TYPE OF
OF DESTRUCTION
of
Sodom and Gomorrah,
days of
of old,
is graphically
in days
Gomorrah, in
old, is
graphically
described in
record. We read
read that
that they
they
in the
described
the Biblical
Biblical record.
were overthrown
overthrown (Deut.
29:23; Isa.
Isa. 13:
19), and that
were
that
(Deut. 29:23;
13:19),
the cities
were destroyed
(Gen.
19:29).
The
destructhe
cities were
destrucdestroyed (Gen. 19:29).
tion
was complete,
the fire
read that
that the
fire "destroyed
tion was
for we read
"destroyed
complete, for
all" (Luke
17:
29).
them all"
(Luke 17:29).
punishment meted out
out to
to Sodom and GomorThe punishment
rah
rah was not
not of
read that
that they
they were
of long
for we read
duration, for
long duration,
in a
4:6). Further"overthrown as
as in
a moment" (Lam.
Further(Lam. 4:6).
more,
another Biblical
Biblical writer
writer tells
us how utterly
utterly they
tells us
more, another
they
were overthrown
overthrown-they
turned "into
were
ashes" (2
"into ashes"
they were turned
(2
Peter 2:6).
2:6). And Peter
declares that
that this
this experiPeter
Peter further
further declares
experience
was "an ensample
that after
after should
ence was
unto those
those that
should
ensample unto
live
live ungodly."
ungodly." Jude
added
a
unique
expression,
which
a
Jude
unique expression, which
indicates that
that the
the destruction
was not
not only
only complete
complete but
but
indicates
destruction was
539
It was "the
"the vengeance
it
eternal fire"
fire" (Jude
(Jude 7).
This
of eternal
vengeance of
7).
could
could not
not mean fire
that would be
be eternally
eternally burning,
fire that
burning,
for the
for
cities are
not burning
the cities
are not
this fire
fire
Rather, this
today. Rather,
burning today.
would be
be eternal
eternal in
in its
its results.
results.
IV. The Terms "Everlasting"

IV.
"Eternal"
"Everlasting" and "Eternal"
These words are

used in
the Old Testament in
in
are not
in the
not used
relation
the wicked;
they are
found, howhowrelation to
the fate
to the
fate of
of the
are found,
wicked; they
in the
the New Testament in
in the
the following
texts:
ever,
texts:
ever, in
following
"Depart
. . ye
ye cursed,
into everlasting
everlasting fire"
fire" (Matt.
cursed, into
"Depart ....
(Matt.
25:41); "and these
these shall
go away
everlasting
into everlasting
shall go
25:41);
away into
punishment" (Matt.
with everlasteverlastpunishment"
(Matt. 25:46);
25:46); "punished
"punished with
destruction"
(2
Thess.
1
:9);
"in
danger
of
eternal
ing
eternal
destruction"
"in
Thess.
of
ing
(2
danger
1:9);
damnation" (Mark
3:29);
"suffering
the
vengeance
of
(Mark 3:29); "suffering the vengeance of
eternal fire"
eternal
fire" (Jude
In each instance, whether transtrans(Jude 7).
7). In each instance, whether
lated
or
"eternal,"
the
words
are
from
the
lated "everlasting"
are
the
the
words
or
"eternal,"
"everlasting"
For instance,
in
25:46,
Greek aionios.
aidnios. For
in
the
Matthew
25:46, the
instance,
punishment is
with
"everlasting"
is contrasted
contrasted with
"everlasting" (aionios)
(aidnios) punishment
"eternal"
life
in
the
same
verse.
"eternal" (aionios)
life
in
the
verse.
(aidnios)
In view
view of
might be observed
that if
if the
the
In
of this,
it might
observed that
this, it
"eternal
life" referred
referred to
to is
ever, will
not
will not
"eternal life"
is forever
forever and ever,
the
punishment"
be
for
the
same
duration,
the "everlasting
the
be
for
duration,
"everlasting punishment"
inasmuch as
in
is used in
as precisely
inasmuch
the same Greek word is
precisely the
conwill conboth instances?
instances? Decidedly
Decidedly so!
eternal life
life will
both
so! The eternal
tinue
throughout the
the ceaseless
ages of
of eternity;
eternity; and the
the
tinue throughout
ceaseless ages
punishment
will
also
be
eternal-not
eternal
duration
eternal
not
will
eternal
also
punishment
that
of conscious
conscious suffering,
however, but
but punishment
punishment that
of
suffering, however,
thus
suffer
is
complete
and
final.
The
end
of
those
who
thus
suffer
of those
final.
is
complete
is
This death will
will be
be eternal,
is the
the second
second death.
death. This
eternal, from
which there
not, and cannot,
be any
any resurrection.
resurrection.
will not,
there will
cannot, be
this is
can
be
seen
in
the
use
of the
the word
in
of
the
use
seen
be
is so,
can
That this
so,
eternal
"eternal"
relationships. We read
read of
of eternal
in other
other relationships.
"eternal" in
QUESTIONS
540
redemption (Heb.
(Heb. 9:12)
9: 12) and of
of eternal
eternal judgment
judgment
redemption
(Heb. 6:2).
6:2). Surely
Surely this
this does
does not
not mean redemption
redemption
(Heb.
going
through
all
eternity,
or
unending
of
an
or
all
on
eternity,
unending work of
going
through
is
judgment.
No!
of
redemption
is
complete
of
work
No!
The
redemption
complete
judgment.
eternal in
in its
its results.
results. The same will
will be
be true
true of
of the
the
and eternal
judgment. The same
same principle
principle applies
applies concerning
concerning "eter"eterjudgment.
damnation" (Mark
(Mark 3:29),
3:29), "eternal
"eternal fire"
fire" (Jude
(Jude 7),
7),
nal damnation"
nal
"eternal punishment"
punishment"
"eternal
(Matt. 25:46,
25:46, R.S.V.).
R.S.V.) ...
(Matt.
Let us
us repeat:
repeat: In
In the
the expression
expression "eternal
"eternal punishpunishLet
ment,"
just
as
in
"eternal
redemption"
"eternal
and
"eternal
"eternal
in
as
ment," just
redemption"
judgment," the
the Bible
Bible is
is referring
referring to
to all
all eternity
eternity-not
not
judgment,"
as of
of process.,
process) but
but as
as of
result. It
is not
not an endless
endless procprocof result.
It is
as
ess of
of punishment,
punishment, but
but an effectual
effectual punishment,
punishment, which
ess
will be
be final
final and forever
forever (aidnios).*
(aionios). *
will
v.
V.
The Expressions
"Forever and Ever"
"Forever" and "Forever
Expressions "Forever"
in Holy
many times
times in
Holy
are found many
These expressions
expressions are
are
in
Scripture.
In
the
Old
they
are
in
the
main
the
In
Testament
the
they
Scripture.
from the
quite often
often
is translated
translated quite
the Hebrew olam)
olam, which is
by the
It does
several other
does have several
the word "everlasting."
by
"everlasting." It
renderings,
however,
such
as
"ancient
time," "old
such
as
"ancient
"old
time,"
however,
renderings,
time,"
of
the
world,"
et
cetera.
et
the
cetera.
of
world,"
time," "beginning
"beginning
is netsach ("forAnother expression
in the
the Hebrew is
("forexpression in
ever"),
and
lenetsach
netsachim
("forever
lenetsach
("forever and ever").
ever"),
ever").
Netsach is
is variously
as "always,"
rendered as
"constantly,"
"always," "constantly,"
variously rendered
"ever,"
"evermore," and "perpetually."
"ever," "evermore,"
"perpetually."
"for ever,"
et
In the
the New Testament the
the words "for
ever," et
*SchoIars
or aiiinios,
us:
the Greek words
a/on or
tell us:
words ai5n
aionios, tell
*SchoIarSj discussing
discussing the
uThe
eatof a
Paul contemplates
"The word aiiin
can be
used of
a man's lifetime,
as when Paul
cuon can
be used
lifetime, as
contemplates eating
'no flesh
flesh for
for evermore'
Cor. 8:13)."-ALAN
evermore' (1
ing 'no
(1 Cor.
8:13)." ALAN RrcHARDsON,
RICHARDSON, A Theological
Theological Word
Book of
th.
Bible,
1950,
art.
"Time,"
p.
266.
(The
K.J.V.
reads,
"
.
.
.
while
the
the
"...
the
of
Bible, 1950, art. "Time," p. 266. (The K.J.V. reads,
world
world standeth.")
standeth.")
"Describes
duration
.
.
.
not
endless."-W.
E.
VINE,
Dictionary
of
New
TestaTesta"Describes duration
not endless." W. E. VINE, Dictionary of
ment Words,
"Eternal."
Words, on "Eternal."
j
541
541
cetera,
the Greek eis
ton ai~nion,
eis taus
aidnas ton
tons aionas
cetera, came from the
aionion,
literally,
"to
the
ages
of
the
ages,"
and
is
uniformly
"to
the
of
the
Is
literally,
ages
uniformly
ages/'
rendered "for
rendered
"for ever
ever and ever."
ever."
It must be
It
be recognized
recognized that
that these
these words
words are
are used
used at
at
times with
with limitations,
the only
only way
way to
to understand
understand
times
limitations, and the
them is
in the
the light
the context.
context. If
they are
are applied
applied to
is in
If they
to
of the
light of
is
as they
they are
many occasions,
occasions, the
the meaning
meaning is
God, as
are on so
so many
God,
but if
they can
can apply
apply only
as
long
as
obvious; but
as
as
if to
to man,
obvious;
man, they
only
long
he lives.
other words,
the term
term must be"
be" understood
understood
lives. In
In other
words, the
according
to the
the object
to which it
is applied.
applied. That this
it is
this
according to
object to
is
will be
be seen
in the
the following
is recognized by scholars
seen in
recognized by scholars will
following
the Hebrew word olam:
olam:
comments on the
It more often
It
future time,
a manner,
manner, that
that
often refers
refers to
to future
such a
in such
time, in
what is
is called
called the
the terminus
ad quem,
is always
always defined
defined from
terminus ad
the
from the
quern, is
nature of
of the
the thing
thing itself.
it is
is applied
to human affairs,
itself. When it
affairs,
applied to
and specially
to individual
specially ... to
men, it
it commonly
commonly signifies
signifies all
the
individual men,
all the
oj life.-GESENIUs,
in Hebrew and Chaldee
Chaldee LexiLexidays
Olam., in
GESENIUS, on Olam,
life.
days of
con of
the Old Testament Scriptures
Scriptures (1846),
(1846), S.
S. P.
P. Tregelles,
tr.
of the
Tregelles, tr.
jor ever]
ever] i.e.
till his
his life's
end: d.
ever" in
S. i.
i.e. till
life's end:
1 S.
cf. "for
in 1
i. 22,
"for ever"
22, and
for
esp. in
in the
the expression,
for ever,"
xxvii. 12,
Job xli,
xli. 44
"servant for
ever," xxvii.
12, Job
esp.
expression, "servant
28 Heb.]-Cambridge
Bible, on Ex.
[xl.
Ex. 21:6.
21:6.
Cambridge Bible,
[xl. 28 Heb.]
limitation in
use of
of these
terms will
will be
be seen
in the
the use
The limitation
these terms
seen
The
Passover
was
to
be
observed
by
the
following:
the
was
to
be
observed
Passover
by
following:
forever (Ex.
(Ex. 12:17),
his master
master forthe slave
slave to
to serve
serve his
forever
for12:17), the
ever
the child
to abide
the
abide in
in the
ever (Ex.
child Samuel to
(Ex. 21:6),
21:6), the
to
in
the
tabernacle forever
Sam.
1:
22),
Jonah
to
be
in
the
be
tabernacle
forever (1
(1
1:22), Jonah
fish
forever
(Jonah
2:6),
and
leprosy
belly
of
the
great
the
fish
of
forever (Jonah 2:6),
belly
leprosy
great
his seed
seed forever
forever (2
(2 Kings
Kings 5:27).
to cleave
to Gehazi and his
to
cleave to
5:27).
his Commentary,
has well
well said:
said:
Clarke,
in his
Clarke, in
Commentary., has
Some have
have thought,
because of
the prophet's
prophet's curse,
of the
curse, The lep
lepthought, because
of Naaman shall
unto thee
seed for
for ever,
rosy of
cleave unto
thee and thy
shall cleave
ever,
thy seed
rosy
that there
persons still
this man's
man's real
dealive who are
are this
real de
are persons
still alive
that
there are
scendants,
horrible disease.
Maundrell
this horrible
disease. Mr. Maundrell
afflicted with this
scendants, and afHicted
he was
was in
concerning this,
in Judea
when he
this,
diligent inquiry
inquiry concerning
Judea made diligent
but could
could not
not ascertain
of the
the supposition.
supposition. To me it
it
the truth
truth of
ascertain the
but
QUESTIONS
542
542
in the
appears absurd;
absurd; the
the denunciation
took place
place in
the' posterity
posterity of
of
denunciation took
appears
the influence
influence of
of
Gehazi till
till it
extinct, and under the
Gehazi
it should
should become extinct,
this
disorder this
soon have
taken place.
place. The for
for ever
imever imhave taken
this disorder
this must soon
plies as
as long
his posterity
should remain'.
remain: This is
is the
as any
of his
the
any of
long as
posterity should
plies
import of
of the
takes in
in the
the whole
whole extent
or
It takes
extent or
the word,
leolam. It
word, leolam.
import
duration
of the
which it
it is
for ever
of
is applied. The for
ever of
to which
the thing
duration of
thing to
applied.
Gehazi was
was till
his posterity
posterity became extinct.
extinct.
till his
Gehazi
limitation in
that the
in meaning
meaning applies
the same limitation
We find
find that
applies
the Greek words

words ai6n
aion
to the
New Testament
Testament also,
also, to
to
receive
and aionios-Philemon
was
counseled
to
receive
Onesicounseled
Onesiaidnios Philemon
ever" (Philemon
"for ever"
mus "for
15).
(Philemon 15).
The Apocalypse
Apocalypse also
concerning Babylon,
also declares,
declares, concerning
Babylon,
that
rose up
for
ever
and
ever"
(Rev.
ever
ever"
19:
"her smoke rose
that "her
up for
(Rev. 19:
3);
that
the
wicked
"shall
be
tormented
day
and
night
"shall
be
wicked
the
that
day
night
3);
tor
10); and that
that "the
"the smoke
ever" (Rev.
ever and ever"
for ever
(Rev. 20:
20:10);
of their
torment ascended
for ever
ever" (Rev.
ever and ever"
ascended up
their torment
of
up for
(Rev.
14:
11
).
These
are
strong
expressions,
can
and
are
can be
These
be
strong expressions,
14:11).
rightly
understood
only
in
the
light
of
Biblical
usage.
rightly understood only in the light of Biblical usage.
A good
good illustration
illustration of
in Isa.
Isa. 34:8-10:
34:8-10:
of this
this appears
appears in
in the
in
the
For it
it is
is the
the day
of the
the Lord's
the year
of
Lord's vengeance,
For
vengeance, and the
year of
day of
the streams
streams thereof
thereof
recompences for
the controversy
Zion. And the
of Zion.
for the
controversy of
recompences
the dust
dust thereof
thereof into
into brimstone,
brimstone,
shall
be turned
turned into
into pitch,
shall be
pitch, and the
and the
burning pitch.
pitch. It
shall not
not be
shall become burning
It shall
the land
land thereof
thereof shall
and
be
quenched
night nor day;
thereof shall
shall go
go up
up for
the smoke thereof
for ever:
ever:
day; the
quenched night
from
generation to
generation it
it shall
waste; none shall
shall pass
pass
shall lie
lie waste;
to generation
from generation
through
through
ever.
it
ever and ever.
it for
for ever
This had
had aa local
in days
local application
of long
days of
application in
long ago;
ago;
it will
and undoubtedly
undoub~edly it
will have aa second application
application in
in the
the
of
the
last
great
conflagration
of
the
last
days.
think
of
its
But
think
of
its
days.
great conflagration
of
in
the
Israel.
application
in
the
days
of
Israel.
What
a
picture
of
a
days
application
picture of
absolute destruction
destruction-brimstone
burning pitch,
brimstone and burning
absolute
pitch,
it
not
burning
so
fiercely
it
could
not
be
quenched!
so
be
fiercely
burning
quenched! The
the divine
smoke ascended,
ascended, and the
divine record
record is
is that
that it
it asascended
note that
that this
unquenchable fire
ever." But note
this unquenchable
cended "for
"for ever."
fire

543
543
in waste
ended in
waste and desolation.
desolation. Who would contend
contend
that the
is still
that
the fire
fire is
behold here
here is
still burning? What we behold
a
is a
burning?
of absolute,
picture of
destruction.
So
shall
it
destruction.
shall
it
So
absolute, complete
picture
complete
in the
be
be in
the day
judgment, when the
the
the executive
of the
executive judgment,
day of
wicked are
are destroyed.
"They
shall
be
destroyed
shall
be
for
destroyed. ''They
destroyed for
ever" (Ps.
ever"
(Ps. 92:7).
92:7).
VI.
VI. Reasons for
for Rejecting
Eternal
Rejecting Eternal
Torment
the doctrine
We reject
reject the
of eternal
torment for
the
doctrine of
eternal torment
for the
following
major
reasons:
reasons:
following major
1. Because
1.
Because everlasting
a gift
of God (Rom.
life is
is a
everlasting life
gift of
(Rom.
6:23).
The
do
not
possess
this-they
not
wicked
not
this
"shall not
they "shall
6:23).
possess
see life''
see
life" (John
(John 3:36);
"no
murderer
hath
eternal
hath eternal life
life
3:36);
him'* (l
abiding in
in him"
John 3:
15).
abiding
(1 John
3:15).
2. Because eternal
torment would perpetuate
perpetuate and
2.
eternal torment
immortalize sin,
suffering,
and
woe,
contradict,
immortalize
and
sin, suffering,
woe,
contradict, we
believe,
divine
revelation,
which
envisions
time
the time
envisions the
believe, divine revelation,
when these
these things
things shall
21:4).
shall be no more (Rev.
(Rev. 21:4).
it seems to
in
3.
to us
us to
to provide
provide aa plague
plague spot
3. Because it
spot in
the
universe of
throughout eternity,
eternity, and would
the universe
of God throughout
that it
seem to
it is
is impossible for
to indicate
indicate that
impossible for God Himself
ever
to abolish
it.
ever to
abolish it.
4. Because
in our thinking,
thinking, it
detract from
4.
it would detract
Because in
the
the character
in the
of God,
as seen
seen in
character of
of love
love as
the attribute
attribute of
God,
postulates the
a wrath which is
never
is never
the concept
of a
and postulates
concept of
appeased.
appeased.
5.
Because the
the Scriptures
teach that
that the
the atoning
5. Because
atoning
Scriptures teach
first
sin"
work of
of Christ
Christ is
is to
away
sin"
(Heb.
to "put
(Heb. 9:26)-first
9:26)
"put away
from
ultimately from the
the universe.
universe.
the individual,
from the
individual, and ultimately
will
work
full fruition
fruition of
will
Christ's sacrificial,
of Christ's
The full
sacrificial, atoning
atoning
in
a
restored
be seen
not only
in
a
redeemed
people
in
a
restored
but
a
in
seen not
be
people
only
earth (Eph.
14).
heaven and earth
heaven
1:14).
(Eph. 1:
'The
Rich Man and
Lazarus
Tfte Riclt
and Lazarus
QUESTION
QUESTION
43
Believing, as
as Adventists
Adventists do,
do, in
in the
unconthe uncon~
Believing,
man
in
death,
you
explain
sciousness of
do
how
in
sciousness
death,
of
you explain
rich man
our Lord's
Lord's statement
concerning the
the rich
statement concerning
Lazarus? If
If this
does not teach
teach that
that men
and Lazarus?
this does
enter
rewards at
at death,
death, then what does
enter into
into their
their rewards
it
teach? What is
purpose of
of the
the story?
story? Please
Please
is the
the purpose
it teach?
your
position.
your position.
state
state
Theological
concerning the
the story
story of
of the
the
Theological comment concerning
rich
man
and
Lazarus
has
differed
throughout
the
cenhas
differed
Lazarus
rich
throughout the centuries, with
with scholars
piety on both
scholars of
of eminence and piety
turies,
sides
the question.
The
majority,
however,
seem to
sides of
of the
to
however,
majority,
question.
have regarded
regarded the
as
a
parable,
while
have
a
the story
as
while
some
have
story
parable,
maintained it
to be
be historical
historical narrative.
Adventists, for
it to
narrative. Adventists,
maintained
for
numerous reasons,
believe
it
to
be
a
parable.
it
be
a
believe
to
reasons,
parable.
the Greek paraparaThe word "parable"
"parable" comes from the
bole, which means "to
place beside,"
beside," or
up
"to place
or "to
"to draw up
bole,,
unfold
~longside."
Jesus
used
parables
to
great
truths.
to
truths.
great
parables
Alongside." Jesus
He placed
placed aa simple
alongside aa profound
profound truth,
truth,
story alongside
simple story
and the
the profound
profound was illumined by
by the
the simple.
simple.
I. Setting
Intent of
of the
the Parable
Parable
Setting and Intent
I.
rich man and Lazarus

Lazarus is
is one of
a
The story
the rich
of the
of a
story of
group
of
parables
addressed
particularly
to
the
Phariof
addressed
to
the
Pharigroup
parables
particularly
544
544
RICH MAN AND LAZARUS
545
545
sees,
pressinners" were also
also pressees, although
although "publicans
"publicans and sinners"
ent. The fact
fact that
ent.
that Jesus
talked
with
outcasts
and
sintalked
with
outcasts
sinJesus
ners
censure
from
the
scribes
Pharisees.
ners drew sharp
censure
the
and
scribes
Pharisees.
sharp
They murmured,
murmured, saying,
receiveth
th sinners,
sinners,
They
saying, "This man receive
and eateth
eateth with them" (Luke
15:2).
Their
attitude
attitude
(Luke 15:2).
the occasion for
became th.e
group of
moving stories,
for a
a group
of moving
stories, one
is the
of which is
the parable
parable of
Lazarus.
of the
the rich
rich man and Lazarus.
The first
first of
is the
the story
of
the
lost
sheep,
of these
these is
of
the
lost
folstory
sheep, followed by
by that
that of
the lost
coin, next
next of
of the
the lost
lost son,
of the
lost coin,
son, and
then
then of
unjust steward.
of the
the unjust
steward.
While each of
vital points
points
of these
these stories
stories emphasizes
emphasizes vital
of
of our Lord's
Lord's gospel,
the underlying
underlying lesson
of each
lesson of
gospel, the
is
the same. Coming
is the
to the
the climax
climax of
of the
the story
story of
the
of the
Coining to
lost sheep,
lost
our
says,
"Even
so,
I
tell
you,
there
Lord
tell
I
there
so,
sheep,
says,
you,
will
in heaven over one sinner
will be more joy
joy in
sinner who rerethan
pents
over
ninety-nine
righteous
persons
who
pents
ninety-nine righteous persons
need no repentance"
repentance" (Luke
R.S.V.). One cancan15:7, R.S.V.).
(Luke 15:7,
not fail
to see
the satire
His reference
reference to
to the
the "ninetynot
fail to
in His
see the
satire in
"ninetynine righteous
righteous persons."
persons." He emphasizes
emphasizes the
the same
thought
at
the
conclusion
of
the
story
of
the
lost
coin,
at
the
the
conclusion
the
of
of
lost coin,
thought
story
the same in
of
the
lost
son.
In
all,
there
and the
In
in the
the story
of
the
lost
son.
there
all,
story
was rejoicing
the recovery
of that
that which was lost.
lost.
over the
recovery of
rejoicing over
truth of
by
Pharisees
The truth
of His words was grasped
both
Pharisees
grasped by
multitude, but the
the Pharisees
Pharisees resisted
resisted His message.
and multitude,
message.
In
In His effort
to unfold His message
of love,
Jesus
effort to
love, Jesus
message of
in
illustrated the
the kingdom
of
in
many
ways.
More
of
God
illustrated
kingdom
many ways.
find the
in the
than one hundred times
times in
the Gospels
Gospels we find
the
than
of
expression
"the
kingdom
of
God,"
or
the
"kingdom
the
of
or
"the
God,"
"kingdom of
kingdom
expression
that
heaven,"
always
Jesus
impressed
the
thought
that
the
and
heaven,"
thought
always Jesus impressed
His kingdom
filled
joy and rejoicing.
rejoicing. But
filled with joy
is
kingdom is
these Pharisees,
Pharisees, surrounded as
they were by
by stultifying
as they
these
stultifying
rules,
regulations, and traditions,
traditions, found no place
rules, regulations,
place in
18
18
546
QUESTIONS
their
religion for
joy-least
of all
the recovery
recovery of
their religion
all for
for the
for joy
least of
of
the
lost. In
the lost.
In fact,
their pride
those
fact, their
separated them from those
pride separated
of
compassion.
who should
the objects
of
should have
have been
been the
objects
compassion.
So, to
lesson of
the kingdom
kingdom home to
to
of the
the lesson
to bring
So,
bring the
these self-righteous
men,
Jesus
spoke
the
parable
of
the
of
these
parable
self-righteous men, Jesus spoke
the unjust
unjust steward.
of aa certain
certain rich
rich man who
the
steward. He told
told of
had aa steward.
wasted his
his master's
master's
steward had wasted
steward. The steward
goods
and
was
called
to
account
therefor.
Unjust
as
to
account
therefor.
and
was
called
Unjust as
goods
this man
m~n was,
was, he
he took
took aa course
action that
that was likelikeof action
this
course of
looking out
out for
for his
his fuwise
uncommendable. He was looking
fuwise uncommendable.
ture,
ingratiate himself
himself with
with those
those
so in
in an effort
effort to
to ingratiate
ture, and so
he had served,
by one
one and barto them one by
he
barserved, he went to
gained
with
them.
with
them.
gained
To those
those who owed his
master money,
money, he
he suggested
his master
suggested
this method of
his master
master aa
settlement: If
this
If one owed his
of set.tlement:
measures of
the
steward
counseled
the
hundred measures
of wheat,
steward
the
the
counseled
wheat,
debtor to
was one hundred
write eighty.
to write
the debt
debt was
debtor
If the
eighty. If
measures of
was counseled
counseled to
the debtor
to write
measures
of oil,
debtor was
write
oil, the
fifty.
This
was,
of
course,
dishonest
and
wrong.
This
of
dishonest
was,
course,
fifty.
wrong. But
being
a
shrewd
man,
he
was
building
friendships
a
was
for
man,
being
building friendships for
the
future. No one would contend
contend that
that in
in this
this parable
parable
the future.
Jesus
condoning the
the steward's
steward's dishonesty
trickdishonesty and trickJesus was condoning
a
ery.
was,
however,
drawing
a
vital
lesson
from
this
He
vital
lesson
this
was,
however,
ery.
drawing
man's shrewdness.
wicked man makes
makes provision
man's
shrewdness. Even a
a wicked
provision
for his
for
his earthly
earthly future;
that
future; how much more important
important that
the child
of God take
take account
the life
life to
to come!
the
child of
account of
of the
come! Then
the
this world
world
the Master Teacher adds,
children of
of this
adds, "The children
are
are in
in their
their generation
wiser
than
the
children
wiser
than
the
children of
of
generation
light"
(Luke 16:8).
light" (Luke
16:8).
not welcomed by
by the
the Pharisees,
Pharisees,
These lessons
lessons were not
for they
for
they "were covetous,"
they
heard
these
and
heard
when
these
covetous,"
they
things
"they
derided
(Luke
16:
14).
That
is,
they
him"
is, they
things "they
(Luke 16:14).
547
547
sought
Jesus' teachings
into contempt.
to bring
sought to
bring Jesus'
teachings into
contempt. Their
actions drew aa stern
rebuke
from
our
Lord:
are
actions
stern
Lord: "Ye are
men; but
they which justify
justify yourselves
before men;
but God
they
yourselves before
your hearts:
that which is
highly esteemed
knoweth your
hearts: for
for that
is highly
esteemed
among
is
abomination
in
the
sight
of
(verse
men
is
the
in
of
God"
among
sight
(verse
15).
was in
this setting
uttered one of
It was
in this
that Jesus
the
of the
15). It
setting that
Jesus uttered
most illuminating
all of
illuminating statements
of His
His teachings.
statements in
in all
teachings.
He said:
said: "The law and the
the prophets
prophets were
were until
until John:
John:
since
time the
of God is
is preached,
preached, and
since that
that time
the kingdom
kingdom of
every
presseth into
puts it,
it." Weymouth
into it."
"All
it, "All
every man presseth
Weymouth puts
classes have
have been forcing
their
way
into
it"
(verse
classes
it"
their
into
way
forcing
(verse 16).
16).
of
Christ
is
as
as
the
world,
and
The gospel
of
Christ
as
wide
as
the
is
world,
gospel
in His
His kingdom
kingdom everyone
may find
a welcome,
welcome, iririn
find a
everyone may
respective of
position, education,
education, nationality,
nationality,
his social
of his
social position,
respective
or financial
different
the teachteachHow
or
financial standing.
different
the
from
standing.
ings
of
the
scribes
and
Pharisees!
They
contended
that
of
the
scribes
Pharisees!
contended
that
ings
They
the
poverty
was
the
evidence
of
the
curse
of
God,
while
evidence
the
of
curse of God, while
poverty
a passport
Lord's message
message
riches
passport to
to glory.
glory. Our Lord's
riches were a
found ready
ready response
response among
the
multitudes,
especially
the
multitudes,
among
especially
among
those whom the
Pharisees despised.
despised. We read,
the Pharisees
read,
among those
"The common people
heard him gladly"
12:
gladly" (Mark
people heard
(Mark 12:
37).
People
of
all
ranks-the
members
all
ranks
the
of
downtrodden
People
37).
of society
well as
of the
the more privileged
privilegedas many
as well
of
many of
society as
were pressing
pressing into
the kingdom.
But
the
Pharisees,
into the
the
were
Pharisees, by
kingdom.
by
their very
very attitude
toward the
the great
attitude toward
totheir
great Teacher and toward those
those who believed
believed His
His message,
message, were
were actually
actually
shutting
themselves
out
of
the
kingdom.
of
the
themselves
kingdom.
shutting
said: "But woe to
scribes and
To such Jesus
Jesus said:
to you,
you, scribes
Pharisees,
because you
you shut
the kingdom
shut the
Pharisees, hypocrites!
kingdom
hypocrites! because
of heaven
heaven against
men;
for
ye
neither
enter
yourfor
neither
enter
of
men;
ye
youragainst
selves,
nor
allow
those
who
enter
to
go
in"
those
enter
would
to
allow
nor
selves,
go in"
(Matt.
23:
13,
R.S.V.).
And
again,
"The
publicans
and
again,
publicans
(Matt. 23:13, R.S.V.).
548
548
QUESTIONS
the
harlots go
the kingdom
before you"
you"
the harlots
into the
of God before
go into
kingdom of
(Matt.
21:31). Outcasts,
without aa knowledge
knowledge of
the
of the
Outcasts, without
(Matt 21:31).
law and the
prophets, were
were pressing
pressing into
the kingkinglaw
the prophets,
into the
but those
the Sacred
Writings-knew
dom, but
those who knew the
Sacred Writings
knew
dom,
every
jot
and
tittle
of
them-were
refusing
the
were
of
them
tittle
every jot
refusing the good
good
news of
news
of salvation.
salvation.
Jesus, in
parab les, denounced the
the selfishness
in His parables,
selfishness
Jesus,
and avarice
among
the
religionists
the
and
of that
avarice so
so rampant
that
religionists of
rampant among
day.
The
Pharisees
were
covetous,
covetousness
and
were
Pharisees
covetousness
covetous,
day.
springs
t springs
It
base selfishness.
selfishness. I
a dedesprings from a
springs from base
at
the
expense
of
othtermination
to obtain
the
obtain something
at
termination to
of
othsomething
expense
ers.
It lowers
lowers and enslaves
the soul.
enslaves the
soul. It
It destroys
ers. It
the
destroys the
judgment and leads
mischievous
leads men into
into wrong
wrong and mischievous
judgment
courses of
of action.
righteousness in
in order
to
action. To feign
courses
order to
feign righteousness
accomplish
wicked
ends
is
diabolical
in
the
extreme.
wicked
is diabolical
in
the
extreme.
accomplish
that is
these men were
were doing.
doing. They
But that
is just what these
just
They
were proud
proud and covetous,
eager to
to justify
justify themthemcovetous, yet
yet eager
selves
before men. At the
time, they
they derided
derided the
selves before
the same time,
the
greatest
Teacher
of
all
time.
They
the
law
of
God
Teacher
of
all
time.
the
had
law
of
greatest
They
in their
in
their hands,
hands, but the
law of
their hearts.
the law
of sin
sin was in
in their
hearts.
They were
were perfectly
with the
the jots
jots and tittles
familiar with
tittles
They
perfectly familiar
of the
the written
of
written Word,
Word, but they
did
not
the
living
did
know
the
not
they
living
Word, the
the Author of
truth. In
spite of
their exall truth.
of all
In spite
of their
exWord,
ternal piety,
piety, they
they were actually
rejecting
the
Holy
One
ternal
actually rejecting the Holy
of God. Their religion
religion was
was all
all on the
the outside,
of
outside, and
their
their attitude
attitude drew from our
our Lord these
these scathing
rescathing rebukes.
of religion
being
a
joy,
they
turned
it
bukes. Instead
Instead of
a
turned
it
religion being
joy, they
a
burden.
into
Instead of
into a burden. Instead
of recognizing
recognizing the
the kingdom
kingdom as
as
being available
an exclusive
inavailable to
to all,
it an
exclusive inall, they
being
they made it
heritance
a favored
heritance for
for a
favored few.
few.
their professed
With all
all their
professed piety
piety these
same teachers
these same
teachers
were exceedingly
matter of
morals. Divorce
Divorce
lax on the
the matter
of morals.
exceedingly lax
549
was sanctioned by
by the
for the
the most insignificant
the rabbis
rabbis for
insignificant
causes. Hillel,
Hillel, the
of
Gamaliel, taught
taught that
that
causes.
the grandfather
of
Gamaliel,
grandfather
a
man
a
might divorce
his wife
wife for
for such
trifling things
things
divorce his
such trifling
might
as
as
burning the
oversalting the
the soup.
the dinner,
or even oversalting
dinner, or
burning
soup.
a
a). The Pharisees'
(See
Gitlin
90
flagrant
Gittin
vio90
Pharisees'
Talmud
(See
flagrant vio).
lations of
of the
the eternal
principles of
of the
the great
lations
moral
eternal principles
great
law led
led our Lord to
is easier
for heaven and
to say:
"It is
easier for
say: "It
earth to
earth
to pass,
pass, than one tittle
of the
the law
law to
to fail.
tittle of
fail. Whosoever putteth
putteth away
his
wife,
marrieth
another,
his
and
marrieth
another,
wife,
away
committeth adultery:
that
and
whosoever
marrieth
her that
marrieth
adultery:
is
is put
put away
away from her husband committeth adultery"
adultery"
(Luke
16:17, 18).
(Luke 16:17,
18).
When Jesus
these words He was nearing
nearing the
the
Jesus spoke
spoke these
public ministry.
ministry. The Saviour was making
end of
of His public
making
last appeals.
His last
appeals. Before Him were publicans
publicans and sinsinners,
Pharisees and the
the multitude.
multitude. How He longed
longed
ners, Pharisees
all might
that all
might come to
to Him and find
find salvation!
salvation! The
that
particular purpose
this group
parables was to
to
of this
of parables
particular
purpose of
group of
show that
that the
the kingdom
of
He
spoke
was
more
which
of
kingdom
spoke
than form and ceremony;
fellowship with God
it was a
than
a fellowship
ceremony; it
and man.
In the
the lost
the shepherd's
shepherd's love
love is
is
In
the story
of the
lost sheep
story of
sheep the
beautifully
illustrated,
while
the
diligent
the
woman's
while
diligent
beautifully illustrated,
search
for the
the piece
piece of
pressed home the
the lesson
lesson
of silver
search for
silver pressed
is
that what was lost
of real
value. But no story
that
real value.
lost was of
story is
so
moving as
prodigal son,
son, for
for there
there we
so moving
as that
that of
of the
the prodigal
of each
see
the fatherly
the climax of
see the
love of
of God. And the
fatherly love
the
is
similar-there
was
great
rejoicing
over
the
recovery
is similar
there
recovery
great rejoicing over
of
that which was
of the
the unjust
unjust steward,
of that
was lost.
lost. The story
steward,
story of
while
understand, brought
brought home aa
difficult to
to understand,
while more difficult
great lesson
Pharisees particularly,
particularly, for
for many
many of
of
the Pharisees
to the
lesson to
great
them were keen businessmen.
550
QUESTIONS
But now the

the Master presses
presses home another great
great
truth
truth-the
ready for
for the
the day
day of
the necessity
of death.
death.
of being
necessity of
being ready
To teach
teach this
lesson He told
told the
the now-familiar
now-familiar tale
tale of
this lesson
of
the rich
the purpose
purpose of
of which was to
to
the
rich man and Lazarus,
Lazarus, the
emphasize
truth that
riches, instead
instead of
of leading
that riches,
the vital
vital truth
emphasize the
leading
with the
the saved,
saved, may
may
a man into
a
into everlasting
habitations with
everlasting habitations
indeed prove
prove aa barrier
salvation.
indeed
salvation.
barrier against
against
Most commentators agree
that this
this rather
rather unique
agree that
unique
Lazarus
parable
of
the
rich
and
Lazarus
logically
belongs
man
of
the
rich
logically
parable
belongs
where it
is, following
of the
the unjust
unjust steward.
it Is,
the story
steward.
where
story of
following the
Our Lord's
told with
rich man was told
Lord's description
of the
the rich
description of
rare
of anything
anything blameindication of
rare skill.
skill. There is
is no indication
worthy
in
his
outward
life.
He
is
not
depicted as
as vois
voin
his
life.
not
worthy
depicted
luptuous,
unjust,
or
debauched.
was
wealthy
and
was
or
debauched.
He
wealthy
luptuous, unjust,
lived In
in aa beautiful
was tolerant,
tolerant,
lived
beautiful home. Moreover,
Moreover, he was
for
he even
even permitted
Lazarus to
to beg
beg at
his gate.
at his
for he
gate. This
permitted Lazarus
rich
man's place,
place, in
of
the
Pharisees,
in the
the
rich man's
the social
social concept
of
Pharisees,
concept
was assured.
Abraham, the
the rich
rich man had
was
assured. As a
a son
son of
of Abraham,
doubtless
taken particular
pride in
in his
his lineage.
doubtless taken
lineage. But
particular pride
his life
a great
great gulf
gulf separated
when his
life account
account closed,
closed, a
separated him
from Abraham
Abraham-aa gulf
that was impassable.
gulf that
impassable. Jesus
Jesus
showed that
that his
his whole life
been lived
lived in
in false
false
life had been
security.
the man naturally
a son
of Abraham,
son of
Abraham, the
security. Being
Being a
naturally
thought
of
himself
as
being
in
the
kingdom
of
himself
as
in
of God.
the
thought
being
kingdom of
was
But Jesus
Jesus revealed
not only
he outoutrevealed the
the fact
fact that
that not
only
side the
but
he
was
outside
forside
the everlasting
kingdom,
outside
foreverlasting kingdom,
ever. That is
is the
the parable.
ever.
the point
parable.
of the
point of
II.
Analysis of
the Parable
II. An Analysis
of the
1. THE PREDICAMENT OF A
1.
LITERAL INTERPRETA-
TION.-The scene
the parable
parable is
is laid
in hades,
hades) the
TION.
scene of
of the
laid in
the
Greek equivalent
equivalent of
the Hebrew sheol.
shea!. The story
is
of the
story is
551
551
cited to
often cited
to prove
prove the
the popular
popular concept
concept of
of the
the innate
innate
of
immortality
of
the
soul.
Such
proponents
con.tend
that
the
soul.
that
contend
immortality
proponents
it
it gives
gives an authoritative
glimpse into
the future
future life,
life,
authoritative glimpse
into the
provided
by
Christ
Himself,
and
lifts
the
veil
of
the
lifts the veil of the
provided by Christ Himself,
unseen world.*
world. *
We will
will now note
of the
the problems
problems that
note some of
that conconfront
front those
those who hold this
view. In
this portrayal,
portrayal, both
both
this view.
In this
the rich
the
Lazarus had died,
died, with
with the
the rich
rich man
buried
buried on earth
with appropriate
earth with
ceremonies. Although
Although
appropriate ceremonies.
is
nothing
is
said
about
an
intangible,
said
leavsoul leavnothing
intangible, immortal soul
ing
body at
at death,
these two
two characters
the body
characters are
are often
often
death, these
ing the
regarded as
as disembodied spirits-two
two ghosts,
regarded
spirits
ghosts, feeling
feeling
their respective
respective ghostly
joy, with
with words istheir
ismisery and joy,
ghostly misery
suing
their
lips.
from
their
suing
lips.
The rich
rich man (frequently
Dives, from the
the
called Dives,
(frequently called
Latin adjective
adjective for
in
torment,
is
Latin
in
is depicted in
for "rich"),
torment,
"rich"),
depicted in
the story
as
seeing
Lazarus
afar
off
in
"Abraham's
the
Lazarus
afar
in
"Abraham's
as
off
story
seeing
bosom"-aa common concept-and
beseeching AbraAbrabosom"
concept and beseeching
relieve the
torment of
of the
the rich
rich
to send Lazarus
ham to
Lazarus to
to relieve
the torment
with aa drop
of
water
to
cool
his
tongue.
But,
in
in
man with
water
to
his
of
cool
But,
tongue.
drop
response,
is
of
the
impassable
gulf
fixed
he
is reminded of
fixed
the
impassable gulf
response,
them.
between them.
is the
the picture-the
gulf between heaven and
That is
picture the gulf
hell realistically
realistically too
too wide for
persons on opposite
for persons
hell
opposite
but
narrow
enough
to permit
permit them
sides
to
cross
over,
sides to cross over,
enough to
the
to
converse. Now,
this portrayal
portrayal is
is literal,
literal, then the
if this
to converse.
Now, if
forever
of the
the damned are
are forever
abodes of
of the
saved and of
the saved
abodes
within
of each
each other,
other, yet
yet the space
within sight
space
sight and sound of
soul
*Thus
Pool (comment
insists it
teaches the
the existence
existence of the soul
it teaches
*Thus Pool
16:22) insists
(comment on Luke 16:22)
to the
having passed
passed on to
the
having
(CommentaTY) likewise
(Commentary)
teaches that
that the
both the
the
ungodly
is
uninterruptmaintains
is
and
the
the godly
the life
life of
of both
maintains it
it teaches
uninterruptgodly
ungodly
edly
thus being
being identical
identical with the
the afterlife.
afterlife.
after death-death
death death thus
continued after
edly continued
from the
the body,
with the
the good
evil
separate
souls of
the souls
of the
good and evil
body, with
separate from
state of
of eternal
blessedness or
endless woe. Van Oosterzee
or endless
eternal blessedness
state
552
552
QUESTIONS
that concept
between them is
is unbridgeable.
It was that
that
unbridgeable. It
concept that
gave
rise to
to Jonathan
that
Edwards' strange
gave rise
strange contention that
Jonathan Edwards'
the sight
damned
enhances
the
the
of
the
enhances
the agonies
the
of the
of
the
sight of
agonies
bliss of
of the
bliss
the redeemed!
It
It must not
that Lazarus
Lazarus was carried
carried
not be
overlooked that
be overlooked
the presence
to
into the
of God.
not into
to "Abraham's bosom,"
bosom," not
presence of
(See
Part
III.)
Abraham
is
here
the
chief
personagechief
Part
is
the
here
(See
personage
III.)
and each
each of
the characters
as without
characters is
is portrayed
without a
a
of the
portrayed as
in
prior
resurrection.
But
this
concept
results
in
a
maze
this
results
concept
prior resurrection.
of absurdities
It creates
a confused
of
contradictions. It
absurdities and contradictions.
creates a
confused
jumble
of
the
literal
and
the
figurative,
and
does
vioof
the
the
literal
does
viofigurative,
jumble
lence
the plain
declarations
of
Scripture.
of
to the
declarations
lence to
Scripture.
plain
2.
NARRATI\'E-LITERAL
ALLEGORY?LITERAL PARABLE, OR ALLEGORY?
2. NARRATIVE
a. common method employed by Christ
The parable
was
a,common
parable
employed by Christ
in teaching
in
teaching truth.
the laws,
principles, of
partruth. And the
or principles,
of parlaws, or
in
in
Christ's
day,
were
a
sufficient
safeables,
familiar
familiar
Christ's
a
sufficient
safeables,
day,
guard
against misunderstanding.
particular parparguard against
misunderstanding. This particular
able, unique
unique in
Testament, has
has its
its nearest
in the
the New Testament,
nearest
able,
in the
parallel in
the Old Testament,
in the
the parabolic
Testament, in
parallel
parabolic
of
Isaiah
imagery
of
Isaiah
14:9-11,
represents
dead kings,
kings,
which
14:9-11,
imagery
represents dead
though actually
actually in
in their
their graves,
graves, rising
rising up
up and sitting
sitting
though
on thrones
in sheol
thrones in
sheal (equivalent
(equivalent of
of the
the Greek,
Greek, hades),
hades),
conversing and rejoicing
rejoicing over
over the
the mighty
mighty Babylonian
Babylonian
conversing
conqueror
who
had
put
them
to
death,
and
who himhimto death,
conqueror
put
self
death and is
is coming
coming
self has
has now been
been conquered
conquered by
by death
to
to take
take his
his throne
throne among
among them in
in the
the nether
nether regions.
regions.
Hell
Hell [margin,
[margin, "the
"the grave"]
grave"] from
from beneath
beneath is
is moved for
for thee
thee
to meet thee
thee at
at thy
thy coming:
coming: it
it stirreth
stirreth up
up the
the dead
dead for
for thee,
thee, even
even
all
it hath
hath raised
raised up
up from
from their
their
all the
the chief
chief ones
ones of
of the
the earth;
earth; it
thrones
thrones all
all the
the kings
kings of
of the
the nations.
nations. All
All they
they shall
shall speak
speak and
and
say unto thee,
thee, Art
Art thou
thou also
also become
become weak
weak as
as we?
we? art
art thou
thou become
become
say
like
us? Thy
Thy pomp
pomp is
is brought
brought down to
to the
the grave,
grave, and
and the
the
like unto us?
to
553
553
noise of
noise
of thy
thy viols:
viols: the
the worm is
is spread
thee, and the
the
spread under thee,
worms cover
cover thee.
thee.
Jotham's
story of
of the
the trees,
trees, the
the vine,
vine, and
Jotham's parabolic
parabolic story
the
bramble engaging
political discussion
discussion is
is anthe bramble
in a
a political
anengaging in
other parallel
parallel in
Testament. The episode
other
in the
the Old Testament.
episode
never
that in
in no way
denever took
took place
in reality.
way deplace in
reality. But that
tracts from the
truth emphasized
in parabolic
parabolic form.
tracts
the truth
form.
emphasized in
This parable
parable pictures
inanimate
objects
personified,
inanimate
pictures
objects personified,
and even
life and speech.
In Judges
even given
Judges 9:8-15
9:8-15 we
given life
speech. In
read, "The trees
trees went forth
time to
to anoint
anoint aa king
king
a time
forth on a
read,
said
.
.
."
Anyone
will
recognize
over them;
them; and they
said
will
."
Anyone
they
recognize
this as
as clearly
language. Parables
Parables are
this
are often
often
clearly figurative
figurative language.
akin
fables, or
In our concept
akin to
to fables,
or fictitious
fictitious narratives.
narratives. In
concept
holding rational
is like
like
of death,
death, dead men holding
of
rational discussion
discussion is
In
a
parable,
then,
the trees
trees holding
holding political
discourse.
the
a
discourse.
then,
parable,
political
there is
is often
truth in
in the
the framework of
there
of
often substantial
substantial truth
the circumstantial
circumstantial fiction.
fiction.
the
In
figuratively
is figuratively
In this
of Luke 16,
hades is
this parable
16, hades
parable of
and
of speech.
as
a
place
of
life,
of
memory,
of
portrayed
as
a
of
of
life,
memory,
speech.
place
portrayed
the dead
dead in
hades are
pictured as
alive, and seekseekare pictured
as alive,
in hades
And the
admonition
to
the
living.
It
is
intriguing
ing
to
give
an
It
is
to
the
to
admonition
intriguing
living.
ing
give
the story
story,
but to
us it
is clearly
figurative. In
In the
to us
it is
story
clearly figurative.
story, but
dead
are
to
speak
act,
those
actually
made
to
and
are
those actually
act, which
speak
all the
is
parable, for
for in
in aa parable
parable all
the
a parable,
is permissible in
permissible in a
incongruities
of
time,
place,
distance,
et
cetera,
vanish.
vanish.
et
of
cetera,
distance,
time,
incongruities
place,
In
references to
to the
the gulf,
gulf, the
the flaming
In this
this allegory,
flaming
allegory, references
fire,
the dead speaking
all understandable,
understandable,
are all
fire, and the
speaking are
to convey
convey aa moral truth.
truth. This is
is
for
is told
told to
for the
the story
story is
the dead
the
point and purpose
purpose of
the recital,
recital, though
though the
of the
the point
are the
are
not actually
actually conscious
beings, nor are
conscious living
are not
living beings,
as yet.
rewards
punishment meted out as
yet.
rewards and punishment
3.
FIGURATIVE.3. CANNOT BE BOTH LITERAL AND FIGURATIVE.
.
554
QUESTIONS
All admit that

All
that either
be literal
literal fact,
either the
the story
fact, and
story must be
the
the narrative
narrative an actual
it is
a
is merely
actual occurrence,
or it
occurrence, or
merely a
parable.
It
cannot
be
both.
If
literal,
it
be
it
must
be
It
If
both.
cannot
be
literal,
parable.
equally true
true in
if a
in detail.
a
detail. But if
in fact
fact and consistent
consistent in
equally
then
only
the
moral
truth
to
be
conveyed
is
parable,
to
be
is
then
the
moral
truth
conveyed
parable,
only
to be
be sought.
the story
then be
be subject
to
sought. And the
story would then
subject to
the recognized
the
recognized laws
limitations of
of the
the parable.
parable. Thus
laws and limitations
all is
all
understandable. As we see
the literal
literal applicaIs understandable.
see it,
it, the
application
breaks
under the
the
tion is
down
is clearly incongruous, and breaks
clearly incongruous,
is not
not here
here disdisweight of
of its
Christ is
its own absurdities.
absurdities. Christ
weight
closing
particulars
of
life
beyond
the
grave.
Rather,
life
the
of
Rather,
closing particulars
beyond
grave.
story of
of the
the times
times to
to adadHe is
is employing a
trenchant story
employing a trenchant
teachings on
refused His teachings
monish and rebuke those
those who refused
the
use of
the right
wealth.
of wealth.
right use
Contenders for
Lazafor literalism
literalism suppose
Dives and Lazasuppose Dives
rus to
to be
be in
that
is,
destitute
of
of
in a
a disembodied state,
rus
that
destitute
state,
is,
bodies. And yet
yet the
the rich
to
bodies.
rich man is
is explicitly referred
explicitly referred to
as
having "eyes"
a "tongue"
that speaks,
as having
that see,
see, and a
"eyes" that
"tongue" that
speaks,
as
as seeking
relief from the
the "finger"
of
well as
as well
seeking cooling
cooling relief
"finger" of
Lazarus-real
bodily parts.
parts. They
They are
are thus
thus portrayed
portrayed as
as
Lazarus
real bodily
going to
to their
their reward bodily,
bodily, despite
despite the
the fact
fact that
that
going
Dives's
body was duly
buried and in
in the
the grave.
Dives's body
duly buried
grave. Those
contend that,
parable, Christ
Christ was
was supportwho contend
this parable,
that, by
by this
supportwhat
we
believe
to
be
a
pagan
concept
ing
a
believe
to
be
of death,
death,
ing
pagan concept of
that He condoned the
unethical schemes
must also
hold that
also hold
the unethical
must
schemes
this no one would attempt
of
the unjust
steward. But this
unjust steward.
of the
attempt
to
to do.
do.
bosom"-noted
its inAs to
noted later-and
later
and its
to "Abraham's bosom"
inof
volvements, Dr.
L. Ives,
professor of
Dr. Charles
Charles L.
volvements,
Ives, former professor
medicine at
Bible
Doctrine
of
the
Soul,
Doctrine
at Yale (The
Bible
the
Soul,
of
(The
1877,
pp. 54,
remarks:
54, 55),
1877, pp.
pointedly remarks:
55), pointedly
It
It will
will not
not do to
as has
has been
been claimed,
that Abraham's
to say,
Abraham's
claimed, that
say, as
555
is aa figurative
figurative expression
the highest
highest celestial
bosom is
celestial felicity;
for the
felicity;
expression for
for, Abraham himself
himself in
his own person
person appears
appears on the
in his
the scene.
scene.
for,
if he
And if
he himself
himself is
a literal
literal sense,
it is
is hardly
hardly fair
to
fair to
is present in
sense, it
present in a
use
his bosom,
bosom, at
the same time,
time, in
figurative sense!
sensei If
use his
at the
in a
If his
his bosom
a figurative
is
figurative, then
then Abraham himself,
himself, and so
then the
whole
is figurative,
so then
the whole
narrative, is
is figurative.
narrative,
figurative.
All
All attempts
attempts to
to blend
the literal
literal and the
the figurative
blend the
figurative
are equally
are
believe with
with Bloomfield
futile. We believe
Bloomfield (Greek
equally futile.
(Greek
We
best Commentators,
both ancient
Testament):
ancient
Commentators, both
Testament}: "The best
and modern,
modern, with
with reason
reason consider
consider it
as a
parable."a parable"
it as
19. Constable
the "general
it the
On Luke 16:
senti16:19.
Constable calls
calls it
"general sentiphrasing
ment of
of Christendom."
Christendom." The introductory
introductory phrasing
and the
entire form and construction
exthe entire
construction correspond
correspond exas
actly
to
other
parables
of
Christ,
such
as
the
unjust
the
actly to other parables of Christ, such
unjust
steward
the prodigal
prodigal son
(Luke 15:11;
steward and the
son (Luke
15:11; 16:1),
16:1),
man
the
which immediately
precede
follow
the
rich
and
rich
follow
immediately precede
Proof must be
be offered
offered to
to sustain
sustain the
the
and Lazarus.
Lazarus. Proof
contrary.
contrary.
4. PARABLE NOT SUITABLE BASIS FOR DOCTRINE.
DOCTRINE.4.
the
absurdity of
the popular
contention
contention
becomes the
The absurdity
of the
popular
are
the
further
the
involvements
are
purthe
involvements
more apparent
the
further
purapparent
of a
a
instead of
sued.
a literal
literal instead
as a
cite this
this allegory
sued. To cite
allegory as
as
has
already
observed,
figurative
account,
would,
been
as
has
observed,
would,
account,
already
figurative
place heaven
heaven and hell
hell geographically
geographically within
within speaking
speaking
place
is incongruous.
and seeing
each other,
distance of
of each
other, which is
incongruous.
seeing distance
Saints
and sinners
holding converse!
converse! The reresinners eternally
Saints and
eternally holding
all who die in
Will
sultant
is
all
in
is inescapable:
sultant question
inescapable:
question
across
the
Christ
see
and
converse,
across
the
dividing
gulf,
see
Christ
converse,
dividing gulf,
through all
all eternity,
with their
loved ones who
their own loved
eternity, with
through
have died
of Christ?
Christ?
out of
died out
have
If
recital is
to be
be but
but aa parable,
parable, but
is conceded
conceded to
the recital
If the
torment of
the
conscious
used
to
sustain
the
concept
of
the
conscious
of
used to sustain the concept
the wicked,
wicked, then
then we are
the universally
universally
are confronted
confronted with the
the
556
556
QUESTIONS
accepted principle
principle that
that aa doctrine
doctrine cannot
cannot safely
safely be
be
accepted
built upon
upon aa parable
parable or
or an
an allegory
allegory alone,
alone, especially
especially
built
it contradicts
contradicts the
the plain
plain teachings
teachings of
of Scripture.
Scripture.
when it
do so
so involves
involves the
the one
one who attempts
attempts it
it in
in absurdity
absurdity
To do
contradiction. We
\Ve repeat
repeat that
that this
this parabolic
parabolic disdisand contradiction.
the Master
Master was
was not
not designed
designed to
to teach
teach conconcourse of
of the
course
the other
other side
side of
of death,
death, or
or in
in the
the unseen world
ditions the
ditions
in the
the intermediate
intermediate state,
state, but
but to
to convey
convey great
great moral
in
lessons.
Edersheim
(Life
of
Jesus
the MesTimes
and
lessons. Edersheim (Life
of Jesus the
siah) rightly
rightly says
says that
that doctrine
doctrine cannot
cannot be
be derived
derived from
siah)
this parable
parable concerning
concerning the
the other
other world,
world, or
or the
the charcharthis
or duration
duration of
of future
punishments, or
or the
the moral
acter or
future punishments,
acter
in Gehenna.*
Gehenna. '*' We feel
feel that
that to
to use
use
improvement of
those in
of those
improvement
at death
it as
as proof
proof that
that men receive
receive their
their rewards
rewards at
death
it
states
is squarely
to contradict
Christ Himself,
Himself, who states
is
contradict Christ
squarely to
and
the
receive
explicitly
that
the
righteous
wicked
receive
the
that
the
righteous
explicitly
in his
their reward,
reward, "when the
of man shall
shall come in
his
the Son of
their
glory"
(see
Matt.
25:31-41).
Matt.
25:3141).
glory" (see
If
converse with
with one ananhold converse
If dead men actually
actually hold
other,
the parable
contradicts the
the plainest
then the
declaraother, then
plainest declaraparable contradicts
tions of
breath
goeth
forth,
he
return"His
returnof Scripture-"His
breath
tions
forth,
goeth
Scripture
eth
his earth;
day
his
thoughts
perish"
in that
his
to his
that very
eth to
earth; in
very day
thoughts perish"
(Ps.
praise not
not the
the Lord,
neither
Lord, neither
(Ps. 146:4);
146:4); "The dead praise
any
that go
into silence"
silence" (Ps.115:17).
any that
go down into
(Ps. 115:17).
Abraham himself
his sons
himself had died
died and his
sons buried
buried
of his
him (Gen.
25:8,
9).
Nor
is
there
any
account
of
is there any
his
(Gen. 25:8, 9).
In the
resurrection.
the Biblical
resurrection. In
account (Hebrews
Biblical account
he,
(Hebrews II)
11) he,
the other
like
like the
other patriarchs,
that "better"
is awaiting
"better" resurresurawaiting that
patriarchs, is
at the
rection
of
Christ.
rection at
the second
second coming
of
Christ.
coming
the Bible,
vol. 2,
*And Dr. William Smith (Dictionary
insists: "It
"It
p. 1038)
Bible, vol.
2, p.
(Dictionary of
of the
1038) insists:
is impossible
to ground
is
the proof
of an important
doctrine on
on aa passage
impossible to
ground the
proof of
theological doctrine
important theological
passage
which confessedly
abounds in
in Jewish
confessedly abounds
Jewish metaphor."
metaphor."
557
557
So the
that the
the reward
reward is
received at
the contention
contention that
is received
death
at death
(a)
nullifies the
judgment, anticipating
the judgment,
its predicted
(a) nullifies
anticipating its
predicted
time;
believe to
to
contradicts what we believe
time; (b)
(b) completely
completely contradicts
be the
the clear
clear testimony
testimony of
of Scripture
that
the
dead
are
are
that
the
Scripture
asleep; (c)
spirits as
as possessasleep;
(c) represents
represents disembodied spirits
possessing bodily
bodily members;
members; and (d)
puts the spirits in full
ing
(d) puts the spirits in full
view of
of one another.
another.
5. UNRESTRICTED LITERALISM
5.
IN
IN CONFLICT WITH
BIBLE TRUTH.
TRUTH.-If
narrative is
then the
the
If the
the narrative
is literal,
literal, then
beggar received
received his
reward, and the
the rich
rich man his
his reward,
his punbeggar
punishment,
immediately after
death and before
before the
judgthe judgafter death
ishment, immediately
ment day.
that again
is in
direct conflict
in direct
conflict with
again is
day. But that
Paul's
that
God
"hath
appointed
Paul's declaration
a day,
declaration that
day,
appointed a
in the
the which he will
in
judge the
the world in
in righteousness"
righteousness"
will judge
(Acts
31). This day,
understand, will
will be when
(Acts 17:
day, we understand,
17:31).
"the
in his
his glory
"the Son of
of man shall
shall come in
beglory ... and before
him
shall
be
gathered
all
nations:
and
he
shall
fore
shall
shall
gathered all nations:
separate
another" (Matt.
(Matt. 25:31,
25:31, 32).
32).
separate them one from another"
A literal
interpretation also
with Christ's
Christ's promalso conflicts
conflicts with
promise: "Behold,
my reward is
is with me,
me,
ise:
"Behold, II come quickly;
quickly; and my
to
to give
give every
his work shall
be" (Rev.
as his
shall be"
every man according
(Rev.
according as
in
Luke
14:14:
22:12);
with
the
promise
of
in
14:14:
and
the
of
reward
22:12);
promise
"Thou shalt
be recompensed
recompensed at
at the
the resurrection
resurrection of
of the
the
shalt be
laid
just."
Compare
also
Paul's
statement:
"There
is
laid
is
also
Paul's
statement:
just." Compare
up
the Lord
a crown of
for me a
of righteousness,
righteousness, which the
up for
the day
that
... shall
me
at
that
day"
(2
Tim.
4:R)-the
day
at
shall give
4:8)
day" (2
give
of His appearing.
appearing.
of
This statement
is in
in harmony
harmony with Malachi 4:1-3,
4: 1-3,
statement is
which says
future eventevent
cometh" a future
that "the
"the day
day cometh"-a
says that
of conwhen the
the wicked
wicked are
torments of
consuffer the
the torments
are to
to suffer
that
Testasuming
fire.
It
seems
clear
to
us
that
the
Testathe
Old
It
clear
to
us
fire.
suming
ment, or
or "Moses and all
prophets," are
are united
united and
all the
the prophets,"
ment,
.
558
QUESTIONS
harmonious in
that the
the dead,
both the
rightthe rightIn testifying
dead, both
testifying that
in death
eous
the wicked,
lie silent
unconscious in
eous and the
silent and unconscious
wicked, lie
until the
the resurrection
resurrection day.
(See
Job
14:12-15,
20,
21;
until
20, 21;
14:12-15,
day. (See Job
17:13;
Ps.
115:17.)
Ps.
17:13; 19:25,
19:25, 27;
27;
115:17.)
Jesus
referred to
to the
fate of
the wicked.
wicked.
the fate
of the
Jesus frequently
frequently referred
"hell
He mentioned "hell"
(Matt. 10:28),
referred to
to "hell
"hell" (Matt.
10:28), referred
the
"resurrecfire"
(Matt. 5:22),
called
attention
to
the
"resurrecto
attention
fire" (Matt.
called
5:22),
tion of
to the
the "damnation of
of
tion
of damnation" (John
(John 5:29),
5:29), to
hell" (Matt.
33), and to
"eternal damnation"
hell"
to "eternal
(Matt. 23:
23:33),
(Mark
3:29).
The
Saviour
also
referred
to the
the eternal
eternal
referred
to
Saviour
also
(Mark 3:29).
the righteous.
He
called
it
it "paradise" (Luke
of the
called
home of
"paradise" (Luke
righteous.
23:43) and His
His "Father's
26:29).
"Father's kingdom"
(Matt. 26:29).
kingdom" (Matt.
23:43)
bade His followers
lay up
up treasure
treasure in
in heaven
He bade
followers lay
is
(Matt.
6:20),
and
declared
that
it
is
to
heaven,
and
that
it
to
declared
heaven,
(Matt. 6:20),
His
His "Father's
house" (John
14:2),
that
will
take
His
He
will
take
that
His
"Father's house"
(John 14:2),
time.
children
children when He comes
the second
second time.
comes the
6. DOES NOT INVOLVE CONSCIOUSNESS OF DEAD.DEAD.
6.
In
the parable,
parable, Dives
up his
"in
torments,"
In the
lifted up
his eyes
Dives lifted
"in
torments,"
eyes
"in
this flame."
to Scripture
this torment
torment
"in this
flame." But according
according to
Scripture this
does
not precede
precede the
advent (2
(2 Thess.
does not
the second
second advent
Thess. 1:7,
1:7, 8).
8),
Gehenna is
usually used
used when the
the Greek word usually
is the
the
fires
of destruction
described. But in
in this
this story
fires of
are described.
destruction are
of
story of
the
the rich
rich man the
the word "hell"
is translated
translated from hades)
"hell" is
hades,
the grave
Jews, all
and the
contains no such
fire. To all
such fire.
all Jews,
the
all the
grave contains
in hades,
dead were in
hades, the
the grave,
grave, the
the home of
of the
the dead.
dead.
So,
for us
us the
the story
of the
the rich
Lazarus
So, for
story of
in no way
in
way proves
the
consciousness
of
the
dead,
and
the
the
of
the
consciousness
the
dead,
proves
torment of
of the
wicked. Such
present and eternal
eternal torment
the wicked.
a
Such a
present
conclusion is,
believe, wholly
without
justification,
without
is, we believe,
wholly
justification,
and contradictory
to the
the clear,
plain teaching
teaching of
of the
the
clear, plain
contradictory to
Word. Death is
forth
in
Scripture
as
is consistently set
set
in
forth
a
consistently
Scripture as a

condition
condition
559
of
unconsciousness
of silence,
silence, darkness,
darkness, and unconsciousness
(Ps.
6:5;
115:17;
Isa.
38:18).
(Ps. 6:5; 115:17; Isa. 38:18).
Neither Lazarus
nor Dives
Dives has
yet received
received his
Neither
his
Lazarus nor
has as
as yet
reward. They
They are
in death,
awaiting the
voice
reward.
are silent
the voice
silent in
death, awaiting
that
that will
will call
that are
are in
in the
the graves"
graves" (John
call forth
forth "all
"all that
(John
5:28).
of judgment
judgment (2
are reserved
reserved to
the day
to the
They are
(2
5:28). They
day of
Peter
Peter 2:4,
2:4, 9;
Job
21:30).
9; compare
compare Job 21:30).
In this
this allegory
the unconscious
unconscious dead are
are fictifictiallegory the
on
a
conversation,
tiously
represented
as
carrying
but
a
as
conversation, but
tiously represented
carrying
without involving
involving the
of the
the deadthe actual
dead
actual consciousness
consciousness of
in
just
as
in
the
Old
Testament,
in
the
parable
as
in
of the
the
the
Testament,
just
parable of
trees,
they
are
parabolically
portrayed
as
holding
conare
as
trees, they
holding conparabolically portrayed
But
none
versation,
king over
over them.
them.
a king
versation, and anointing
anointing a
contend that
that this
this is
evidence that
that trees
trees talk
talk and
would contend
is evidence
king over them (Judges
9:8-15;
compare
have a
a king
2
9:8-15;
(Judges
compare 2
Kings
14:9).
Kings 14:9).
great gulf
The great
chasma, "chasm")-narrow
gulf (Greek,
"chasm") narrow
(Greek, chasma)
enough to
to allow
take place
place across
allow conversation
to take
across it,
conversation to
it,
enough
but deep
deep enough
to
prevent
passage-is
incompreis
but
to
enough
incompreprevent passage
hensible
the hypothesis
hensible on the
of immaterial beings.
beings.
hypothesis of
that
Rather, it
the irrevocable
irrevocable division
division that
it would indicate
indicate the
Rather,
death fixes
good and the
the bad at
the close
at the
close
the good
fixes between the
death
in the
of their
the
of
their earthly
earthly probation.
probation. Each must remain in
class
in
which
death
finds
him,
until
the
great
assize.
assize.
until
the
death
class in
finds him,
great
Today one may
pass from the
the state
of the
the condemned
state of
may pass
Today
(John
3: 18) to
to that
that of
of the
the pardoned.
pardoned. But when death
(John 3:18)
fixed.
late.
The gulf
is fixed.
comes,
it
is
forever
too
late.
it
is
too
forever
comes,
gulf is
7.
OBVIOUS
PURPOSE
OF
THIS
PARABLE.-A
PARABLE. A parable
7. OBVIOUS
parable
the
is
for
the
purpose
of
influencing
the
living,
and
of
the
for
is spoken
living,
influencing
purpose
spoken
of
is
the
time.
But
God's
appointed
time
of
time.
the
is adapted to
to
appointed
adapted
Retriresurrection.
grace
for
is
death
resurrection.
Retriand
death
man
is before
for
"before
grace
after death
bution comes
comes after
the resurrection.
resurrection. Life after
bution
after the
560
QUESTIONS
is always
consequent upon
upon the
resurrection. Moreover,
Moreover,
the resurrection.
always consequent
Lazarus
when the
the rich
rich man pleaded
that Lazarus
with Abraham that
pleaded with
terrors of
of
back to
his kinsfolk
the terrors
be sent
be
to warn his
kinsfolk against
sent back
against the
the
hell,
come
to
the
same
place
of
torment,
the
of
the
to
lest they
torment,
hell, lest
place
they
answer
Moses and the
the prophets;
have Moses
answer is
is explicit:
prophets;
"They have
explicit: "They
will
hear them"
them" (Luke
(Luke 16:29).
if they
they will
let
let them hear
16:29). And if
would
not heed
heed them,
then, Christ
plainly,
they
not
Christ says
them, then,
they
says plainly,
not be
be persuaded
persuaded "though
one rose
rose from the
the dead"
not
"though one
(verse
31).
(verse 31).
8.
8. WE
WE MUST THEREFORE CONCLUDE:
a.
the dialog,
parabolic personificapersonificaits parabolic
a. That the
with its
dialog, with
not
And
believe
not merely
tion,
wholly
imaginary.
we
believe
was
tion,
merely
wholly imaginary.
that
it did
not happen
happen but
it never
never could happen,
that it
that it
did not
but that
happen,
as
lost.
the lost.
as between the
the saved
saved and the
b.
the time
time is
fictitious. Not only
is
b. That the
is likewise
likewise fictitious.
only is
the dialog
dialog invented,
but
time
is
antedated.
(Men
are
is
are
antedated.
the
but
time
invented,
(Men
not to
to be
be rewarded,
to receive
receive retribution,
retribution, until
until
or to
not
rewarded, or
the
but here
here they
are
pictured
allegorically
are
the resurrection,
resurrection, but
they
pictured allegorically
as
before the
the resurrection.)
resurrection.)
as before
c. That it
is the
the only
place in
in Scripture
c.
it is
only place
Scripture where
hades
is portrayed
portrayed as
usuas a
a place
of torment.
hades is
torment. Such is
is usuplace of
gehenna.
But
Christ,
for
the
purpose
ally
reserved
for
the
for
reserved
for
Christ,
ally
gehenna.
purpose
of parable,
parable, and utilizing
current concepts,
here anteof
anteutilizing current
concepts, here
portrays Dives
Dives and Lazarus
Lazarus as
as alive
alive in
dates
dates and portrays
in hades
before the
just as
as Isaiah
raises up
before
Isaiah raises
his
the resurrection,
resurrection, just
up his
in hades to
utter aa taunt
upon Babylon.
dead kings
kings in
to utter
taunt upon
Babylon.
the teaching
of Jesus
Jesus in
in other
paraAccording
to the
other paraAccording to
teaching of
the
is
the
recompense
is
at
the
resurrection
of
the
bles,
at the resurrection of the
bles,
recompense
just-the
the "end of
the
the "time
"time of
of harvest"
harvest" and the
of the
just
world," when God's people
are
gathered
into
His
garare
into
His
world,"
gathered
people
garner, and the
the wicked,
bundled for
for burning
as tares,
are bundled
ner,
wicked, as
tares, are
burning
(Matt.
49; Luke 14:
14).
13:30, 49;
(Matt. 13:30,
14:14).
is
561
561
Such we understand
understand to
to be
be the
limithe intent
intent and the
the limitations
of this
this parable.
parable.
tations of
III.
III.
Contemporary
Jewish Concept
of "Abraham's Bosom"
Contemporary Jewish
Concept of
It
is evident,
Jewish writings,
writings, that
that the
the PhariPhariIt is
evident, from Jewish
sees and various
various others
of Christ's
believed
in
the
sees
in
others of
the
Christ's day
believed
day
idea
idea of
of consciousness
after
death.
Their
concept
of
consciousness after death.
concept of
hades had greatly
the days
days of
of the
the papahades
since the
greatly changed
changed since
the close
the Old Testament canon.
triarchs and the
triarchs
close of
of the
canon.
And in
the time
time of
Jesus they
believed much as
did
in the
as did
of Jesus
they believed
the Greeks
the
Greeks and others
them.
others around them.
made, in
the parable
parable just
just noted,
noted, to
Reference is
is made,
Reference
in the
to
"Abraham's bosom" (Luke
16:22),
an
expression
(Luke 16:22),
expression
in Scripture.
far as
as the
the Bible
found no other
Bible
other place
So far
place in
Scripture. So
is concerned,
there is
nothing to
to indicate
indicate where "Abra"Abrais
is nothing
concerned, there
or
it signifies.
ham's bosom" is,
ham's
or what it
is,
signifies.
find, however,
however, that
that the
the expression
in
We find,
expression appears
appears in
extra-Biblical
that it
was apparently
it was
a
extra-Biblical literature,
literature, and that
apparently a
current concept,
concept, or
tradition, of
the Jewish
people.
current
or tradition,
of the
Jewish people.
Josephus, in
Hades," states
in his
states
his "Discourse
"Discourse Concerning
Concerning Hades,"
Josephus,
that they
call
"Abraham's
bosom"
the
place
of
felicity
the
of
that
call
felicity
they
place
to which
which the
the righteous
death. The Talmud refers
refers
at death.
to
righteous go
go at
b ). It
b
was
evias "Abraham's lap"
(Kiddushin
72
evito it
It
to
it as
72
).
lap" (Kiddushin
in
the
of
of
many
in
the
days
of
Jesus.
dently
the
common
belief
of
the
belief
days
many
Jesus.
dently
In
the description
as given
by Joof hades,
In fact,
fact, the
hades, as
given by
Jodescription of
the
of
rich
narrative
the
the
narrative
of
the
rich
sephus,
parallels
very
closely
closely
sephus, parallels very
quoted in
in additional
man and Lazarus.
Lazarus. (Full
(Full statement quoted
of
the
note
on
p.
565.)
There
read
of
the
great
we
note
fixed,
great gulf
gulf fixed,
p. 565.)
of
the chamber of
righteous being
being within sight
of the
the righteous
of the
sight
where
the
and speaking
distance
of
the
the
chamber
the
distance
of
and
speaking
to
details
referred
wicked
and
of
other
details
referred
to
other
of
are tormented,
wicked are
tormented,
these
do
Not
in
the story
by Jesus.
only
these
narrated by
as narrated
in the
only
Jesus.
story as
QUESTIONS
562
562
concepts appear
appear in
the writings
writings of
but they
they
of Josephus,
in the
Josephus, but
concepts
are to
to be
be found in
Jewish literature.
literature. Thus we
are
in other
other Jewish
read
concerning hades:
hades: (1)
(1) that
hades was
was composed
read concerning
that hades
composed
of
chambers (2
Esdras
4:41);
(2)
that one of
of
of- two
Esdras
two chambers
4:41); (2) that
(2
these
chambers
was
for
the
righteous;
the
other
for
the
the
for
the
other
the
these chambers was for
righteous;
wicked (Midrash,
1); (3)
that the
the righteous
righteous
wicked
(3) that
(Midrash, on Ruth 1:
1:1);
inhabit one
of
Solomon
3:1);
the
of
one chamber (Wisdom
inhabit
3:1); the
(Wisdom
,vicked
the other,
where
they
are
accursed,
scourged,
are
wicked the
accursed,
other,
scourged,
they
and tormented
22:9-13; Talmud Erubin
tormented (Enoch
(Enoch 22:9-13;
are
19
);
(4)
the inhabitants
inhabitants of
19 aa );
of one chamber are
that the
(4) that
visible to,
to, and within
distance
of,
the
inthe
indistance
within speaking
visible
of,
speaking
habitants
the other
on
Ecel.
Eccl.
of the
habitants of
other chamber (Midrash,
(Midrash,
7: 14); (5)
(5) that
the righteous
into hades
are welcomed into
that the
righteous are
7:14);
by
companies
of
ministering
angels
(Talmud
of
by companies
ministering angels (Talmud Kethuboth
7:85-87, 91-95);
that the
the righteous
righteous
104 aa ; 4 Ezra
Ezra 7:85-87,
both l04
91-95); (6)
(6) that
are
received
into
hades
by
Abraham,
Isaac,
and
Jacob
are received into hades by Abraham, Isaac,
Jacob
as
the
(4
and
(7)
that
the
righteous,
as
that
Maccabees 13:17);
righteous,
(4 Maccabees
(7)
13:17);
part
of
their
reward,
sit
Abraham's
lap"
(Talmu<;l
sit "in
"in
their
of
reward,
lap" (Talmud
part
Kiddushin 72
this testimony:
testimony:
And Josephus
Kiddushin
72 bb).
).
Josephus gives
gives this
;
They also
believe that
have an immortal vigour
vigour in
in
souls have
also believe
that souls
They
them,
that under
under the
the earth
will be rewards
rewards or
or punishearth there
there will
them, and that
punishthey have lived
lived virtuously
virtuously or
or viciously
viciously in
in
ments, according
as they
ments,
according as
this life;
life; and the
the latter
are to
to be
be detained
detained in
in an everlasting
this
latter are
everlasting
but that
the former
have power
power to
to revive
revive and live
prison, but
that the
shall have
live
former shall
prison,
1. 3.
again.-Antiquities
3.
xviii. 1.
again.
Antiquities xviii.
Such was
was the
of current
current concepts,
concepts, or
tradithe setting
or tradisetting of
tions,
concerning
hades
as
the
home
of
the
dead,
at
as the
the
of the dead, at the
tions, concerning
it in
time that
referred to
to it
in the
parable.
that Jesus
the parable.
time
Jesus referred
IV. Obvious Lessons
Parable
IV.
the Parable
Lessons of
of the
Important
taught in
in this
this parable:
parable: (1)
are taught
lessons are
Important lessons
(1)
that earthly
that
earthly blessings
blessings at
best are
uncertain and transiat best
are uncertain
transitory;
(2) that
that rich
responsible not
not only
are responsible
rich men are
for
tory; (2)
only for
563
563
but also
they do
do not
not do with
what they
they do but
also for
with
for what they
their
their wealth;
wealth; (3)
that this
this present
present life
is the
the onlyoplife is
only -op(3) that
portunity we will
will be
be given
given to
to make preparation
preparation for
for
portunity
the future;
future; (4)
that
selfish
inhumanity,
the
wrong
that
and
the
selfish
inhumanity,
(4)
wrong
of riches,
riches, disqualifies
from aa place
place in
use of
in God's
God's
disqualifies one from
eternal kingdom;
eternal
kingdom; (5)
that
clear teachings
teachings of
of
the clear
that the
(5)
make
us
wise
unto
salvation.
Scripture
are
sufficient
to
are
sufficient
us
unto
salvation.
to
wise
Scripture
The rich
rich man was not
not separated
separated from Abraham
because he
he was
was rich,
rich, for
Abraham
himself was aa man
because
for
himself
of
of wealth,
wealth, but
but because
he had disregarded
disregarded the
the fundafundabecause he
mental teachings
teachings of
prophets, which
of the
the law and the
the prophets,
are
said that
that on
are love
love to
to God and love
to man. Jesus
love to
Jesus said
these two hang
all the
the law and the
these
prophets (Matt.
the prophets
hang all
(Matt.
22:40).
22:40).
this series
the phiphiBy
parables Jesus
Jesus unmasked the
series of
of parables
By this
the
Pharisees
and
revealed
the
utter
worthlosophy
of
of
the
Pharisees
revealed
the
utter
worthlosophy
stood conconlessness
of certain
lessness of
certain of
of their
their teachings.
They stood
teachings. They
before the
the judgment
judgment seat
of the
the Eternal.
Eternal. In
demned before
In
seat of
the
the very
Scriptures
they
professed
to
teach-Moses
and
Moses
to
teach
very Scriptures they professed
the
the prophets
prophets-witness
borne against
against the
the things
things
witness was borne
they were
were doing.
shall exexthey
righteousness shall
doing. "Except
'Except your
your righteousness
ceed
the righteousness
of
the
scribes
and
Pharisees,
ceed the
of
the
scribes
Pharisees,
righteousness
ye shall
in no case
into the
the kingdom
kingdom of
of heaven/'
heaven,"
shall in
case enter
enter into
ye
is a
a kingkingdom is
declared Jesus
declared
kingJesus (Matt.
(Matt. 5:20).
5:20). His kingdom
dom of
fellowship, where love
joy abound. When
of fellowship,
love and joy
of God
enter that
the children
children of
we enter
that kingdom
are the
kingdom we are
a family
family relationship
relationship
It is
is a
and members one of
of another.
another. It
all are
the bond.
bond. These basic
basic
is the
are equal
love is
where all
equal and love
failed
to
principles
of
the
kingdom
the
Pharisees
failed
to
unPharisees
the
the
of
kingdom
principles
derstand.
derstand.
The parable
parable also
presses home the
the truth
truth that
that while
also presses
eternal
life or
choice set
before everyone
set before
is a
a choice
death is
eternal life
or death
every one
'
564
QUESTIONS
of us,
fitness for
for that
in this
that
reveal in
this life
life our fitness
us, yet
yet we reveal
life to
to come. The rich
life
for
rich man was not condemned for
his riches,
his
the beggar
his selfishness;
for his
riches, but for
selfishness; nor was the
beggar
saved because
his earthly
sufferbecause of
his poverty
of his
or even his
earthly sufferpoverty or
Our
Lord
was
not
condemning
wealth,
but
its
ings.
its
not condemning wealth,
ings.
misuse;
a virtue.
as a
neither was He extolling
virtue.
misuse; neither
poverty as
extolling poverty
He confounded the
their own teachteachPharisees from their
the Pharisees
as it
it
ings,
thus
preventing
them
from
throwing
dust,
thus
ings,
throwing dust, as
preventing
were,
the eyes
of the
multitude.
into the
the multitude.
were, into
eyes of
in the
the form of
This parable,
framed
as
it
it is
is in
of an
as
parable,
argumentum
ad
hominem)
is,
as
we
have
already
as
hominem, is,
argumentum
already
of the
the
noted,
the Pharisees'
Pharisees' own concepts
noted, based upon
upon the
concepts of
of the
has recondition of
dead. On this
this Ellen
Ellen G.
rethe dead.
G. White has
marked:
In this
their own
this parable
parable Christ
the people
people on their
Christ was meeting
meeting the
ground. The doctrine
conscious state
state of
of existence
between
doctrine of
of a
a conscious
existence between
ground.
death and the
the resurrection
held by
by many
many of
those who were
resurrection was held
of those
listening to
to Christ's
words. The Saviour
of their
their ideas,
ideas, and
Christ's words.
Saviour knew of
listening
He framed His parable
parable so
so as
inculcate important
as to
truths
to inculcate
important truths
through these
these preconceived
preconceived opinions.
opinions. He held
held up
up before
before His
through
hearers
hearers aa mirror
mirror wherein
wherein they
they might
might see
see themselves
themselves in
in their
their true
true
relation
relation to
to God. He used
used the
the prevailing
prevailing opinion
opinion to
to convey
the
convey the
idea
idea He wished
wished to
to make prominent
prominent to
to all
all-that
is
that no man is
valued for
for his
his possessions;
possessions; for
for all
all he
he has
has belongs
belongs to
to him only
only as
as
lent
lent by
by the
the Lord. A misuse
misuse of
of these
these gifts
gifts will
will place
place him below the
the
poorest and most
most afflicted
loves God and trusts
trusts in
in
afflicted man who loves
poorest
Him.
Christ's Object
Him.-Christ's
Object Lessons,
Lessons, p.
p. 263.
263.
to
to
It was brought
It
brought to
to this
this group
group of
of critics,
critics, then,
then, not
not
condone their
their errors
errors but
but to
to illustrate
illustrate from their
their
own teachings
teachings the
the unsoundness
unsoundness of
of their
their position.
position. Our
entrance
entrance into
into the
the kingdom
kingdom of
of God is
is by
by grace,
grace, and
grace alone;
alone; but once in
in the
the kingdom
kingdom we are
are to
to live
live as
as
grace
citizens
citizens of
of the
the kingdom,
kingdom, according
according to
to the
the principles
principles of
of
that
that kingdom,
kingdom, as
as revealed
revealed in
in Scripture.
Scripture. If
If men turn
565
565
from this
this clear
revelation of
of God in
in His
His Word,
Word, they
clear revelation
they
will not
will
not believe
believe though
one were to
to rise
rise from the
the
though one
dead.
dead.
event, or
or even
even an
an accumulation
accumulation of
A supernatural
of
supernatural event,
such
events, will
will not suffice
to convince
those who resuch events,
suffice to
convince those
reject the
the 'Word
'Word of
God.
of God.
ject
In this
parable Jesus
Jesus was revealing
to His
His hearers
hearers
this parable
revealing to
(some
of
were
tax
gatherers
notable
sintax
and
whom
sinof
notable
gatherers
(some
ners),
not only
that the
the philosophy
philosophy of
of the
the Pharisees
Pharisees is
is
only that
ners), not
that it
it can be
but that
be justly
justly condemned even
unsound but
from
their own literature.
literature.
from their
Additional Note
Additional
following paragraphs
paragraphs are
are taken from the
the Works
The following
of Josephus,
] osephus, his
his "Discourse
the Greeks Concerning
'Discourse to
of
to the
Concerning
Hades":
Hades":
'
a place
the world not
1.
in the
not regularly
regularly finished;
is a
1. ... Hades is
finished;
place in
subterraneous region,
region, wherein the
the light
light of
of this
this world
world does
does not
not
a subterraneous
a
shine;
that in
in this
this region
region the
the light
from which circumstance,
circumstance, that
shine; from
light
does not
not shine,
but there
there must be
be in
it perit cannot be
be but
in it
does
shine, it
peris allotted
darkness. This region
allotted as
as aa place
place of
petual darkness.
of custody
region is
custody
petual
for souls,
which angels
are appointed
as guardians
guardians to
in which
to them,
for
souls, in
them,
angels are
appointed as
who distribute
distribute to
to them temporary
punishments, agreeable
agreeable to
to
temporary punishments,
everyone's
manners.
behavior and manners.
one's behavior
every
certain place
2.
In this
this region
is aa certain
place set
set apart,
apart, as
a lake
lake
there is
as a
2. In
region there
of unquenchable
unquenchable fire,
fire, whereinto
whereinto we suppose
no one
one hath
hath hitherto
hitherto
of
suppose no
been cast;
cast; but
is prepared for
but it
a day
day afore-determined
afore-determined by
it is
been
God,
by God,
prepared for a
shall deservedly
be passed
passed upon
upon
in which
which one
righteous sentence
deservedly be
sentence shall
one righteous
in
that have
the unjust,
all
unjust, and those
those that
have been disobedient
disobedient
all men;
men; when the
to such idols
idols as
to God,
as have
have been
been the
have given
the
to
God, and have
given honour to
the hands of
as to
of men as
to God himself,
himself, shall
vain operations
of the
shall
vain
operations of
be adjudged
adjudged to
l)unishment, as
as having
having been
been the
the
to this
this everlasting
be
everlasting punishment,
the just
just shall
shall obtain
obtain an incorruptible
incorruptible
causes of
while the
of defilement;
causes
defilement; while
are now indeed
and never-fading
neverfading kingdom.
kingdom. These are
indeed confined
confined
and
in
but not
place wherein
wherein the
the unjust
in the
the same place
not in
are
in Hades,
Hades, but
unjust are
confined.
confined.
566
QUESTIONS
3. For
there is
descent into
region, at
at whose gate
gate
into this
this region,
is one descent
For there
3.
. when those
those pass
pass through
through that
that are
are conducted down by
the
by the
angels appointed
appointed over
the same way;
over souls,
souls, they
way; but
go the
they do not go
angels
the just
just are
are guided
right hand,
hymns
the right
to the
the
hand, and are led with hymns
guided to
sung
by the
the angels
place, unto a region
region
angels appointed
appointed over that place,
sung by
of
light, in
in which the
the just
just have dwelt from
frolJ1 the
the beginning
beginning of
of the
of light,
world;
not constrained
constrained by
world; not
enjoying the
necessity, but ever enjoying
by necessity,
prospect of
things they
rejoicing in the
the expecthe good
of the
see, and rejoicing
they see,
expecgood things
prospect
tation
those new enjoyments
will be peculiar
peculiar to
to ever)
ever)
tation of
of those
enjoyments which will
one
them, and esteeming
beyond what we have
those things
of them,
one of
things beyond
esteeming those
here; with
with whom there
is no place
place of
of toil,
toil, no burning
burning heat,
heat, no
there is
here;
piercing cold,
cold, nor
nor are
briers there;
there; but the
the countenance
are any
any briers
piercing
of the
the fathers,
fathers, and of
just, which they
they see,
see, always
smiles
the just,
of the
of
always smiles
upon them,
them, while
they wait
for that
that rest
rest and eternal new life
wait for
while they
life
upon
in heaven,
succeed this
region. This place
place we call
this region.
call
in
is to
to succeed
heaven, which is
The Bosom Of
of Abraham.
4. But as
to the
unjust, they
are dragged
dragged by
by force
the
to the
force to
as to
the unjust,
4.
they are
left hand by
by the
the angels
for punishment,
punishment, no longer
longer going
going
allotted for
left
angels allotted
as prisoners
with aa good-will,
prisoners driven by
by violence;
violence; to
to whom
with
good-will, but as
are sent
sent the
the angels
to reproach
reproach them and
are
angels appointed
appointed over them to
threaten
their terrible
looks, and to
to thrust
thrust them
terrible looks,
threaten them with their
still
those angels
angels that
set over
over these
that are
are set
these souls
still downwards. Now those
souls
drag them into
neighbourhood of
of hell
hell itself;
who, when
into the
the neighbourhood
itself; who,
drag
they are
are hard by
continually
the noise
noise of
of it,
it, and do
it,
continually hear the
by it,
they
not stand
stand clear
clear of
the hot vapour
have
not
of the
itself; but when they
vapour itself;
they have
a
a near view of
this spectacle,
as of a terrible
terrible and exceeding
of this
spectacle, as
exceeding
great
prospect of
a fearful
fearful expectation
of fire,
are struck
struck with a
fire, they
great prospect
they are
expectation
of
a future
future judgment,
judgment, and in
in effect
punished thereby:
thereby: and not
not
effect punished
of a
see the
only
so, but where they
the place
place [or
choir] of
of the
fathers
the fathers
only so,
they see
[or choir]
of the
the just,
just, even hereby
are they
they punished;
punished; for
a chaos
deep
and of
for a
chaos deep
hereby are
is fixed
and large
large is
them; insomuch that
that aa just
just man
fixed between them;
that
that hath compassion
can
nor can
admitted, nor
compassion upon
upon them cannot be admitted,
one that
that is
bold enough
to attempt
attempt it,
it, pass
is unjust, if
unjust, if he were bold
enough to
pass
it.
over it.-The
Complete Works of
of Flavins
Flavius Josephus,
Josephus, Whiston
The Complete
translation (John
Philadelphia), p.
p. 901.
901.
(John C. Winston: Philadelphia),
.
Champions
Conditional
Immortality
Champions of
of
Span
Span
QUESTION
the
the Centuries
Centuries
44
Yau
allude to
others who,
through the
the cencenYou allude
to others
who, through
turies,
is
received
that immortality
is
not
received
turies, have held that
immortality
until the
until
the resurrection,
that the
the righteous
resurrection, that
righteous dead
sleep
during
the
interim
of
death
until
the
interim
until
awakened
of
sleep during
by
Life-giver at
at the
resurrection, also
also that
the resurrection,
that the
the
by the Life-giver
wicked will
destroyed. Who are
are
will ultimately
ultimately be destroyed.
these
they not obscure
obscure
these "conditionalists"?
"conditionalists"? Are they
heretics,
for practically
practically all
scholars
all orthodox scholars
heretics, for
Kindly name
have held to
to innate immortality?
immortality? Kindly
to whom you
you allude,
allude, and
some of
the advocates to
of the
cite
cite some of
their writings.
of their
writings.
not, and never

never has
has been,
been, established
by
Truth is
is not,
established by
majorities. Theological
truth
is
ever,
and
only,
is
human majorities.
truth
ever,
Theological
only,
based upon
upon the
the immutable Word of
of God and deterdeterbased
alby its
precepts and principles.
principles. But alits inspired
mined by
inspired precepts
ways
there
have
godly
and
scholarly
champions
of
been
there
have
scholarly champions of
godly
ways
genuine truth.
truth. And this
is definitely
definitely the
the case
this is
case with the
the
genuine
doctrine of
of immortality
in, and only
in and through,
doctrine
immortality in,
only in
through,
is a gift,
Jesus Christ
at His second advent. Immortality
Christ at
Immortality is
gift,
Jesus
the righteous
believe, bestowed
bestowed upon
upon the
righteous only,
only, who
we believe,
eternal life
life in
3:
have
by faith
faith accepted
in Christ (John
have by
(John 3:
accepted eternal
at
of
16,
36;
John
11:25,
26),
at
the
appearing
of
our
Lord
the
16, 36; John 11:25, 26),
appearing
(1 John 5:11; I1 Cor.
Cor. 15:51,53).
15:51,53).
(1 John 5:11;
567
567
568
568
QUESTIONS
line of
of adherents
adherents to
to this
this great
great Biblical
Biblical truth
truth
The line
has been
been more constant,
constant, stronger,
stronger, and more illustrious
illustrious
has
than most
most oof us
us have
have been
been aware.
aware. In
In fact,
fact, the
the line
line of
of
than
advocates has
has been
been virtually
virtually continuous
continuous from Reformaadvocates
tion times
times onward.
onward. The names of
of these
these pious
pious Christian
Christian
tion
leaders and brilliant
brilliant scholars,
scholars, found in
in every
every generageneraleaders
tion, are
are spread
spread over
over the
the centuries.
centuries. Because
Because of
of space
space
tion,
be cited
cited here;
here; but the
the historihistorilimitations only
only aa few
few can
can be
limitations
cal record
record is
is astonishing.
astonishing. Full
Full documented evidence
evidence can
cal
be compassed
compassed only
only in
in book form,
form, but the
the examples
examples that
that
be
follow indicate
indicate the
the high
high caliber
caliber of,
of, and often
often the
the key
key
follow
positions
held
by,
these
adherents
to
conditionalism,
to
adherents
these
held
conditionalism,
by,
positions
Christ through
as it
it is
is often
often called
called-or
only in
in Christ
through the
the
or life
as
life only
resurrection. Examples
Examples must be limited
limited to
to men from
resurrection.
Protestant Reformation times
times onward.*
onward. '*'
Protestant
The brilliance
brilliance of
the
assemblage
of names that
that
the
of
assemblage of
follow
epithet "heretic,"
in
that the
the epithet
indicates that
follow surely
"heretic," in
surely indicates
the
contrast
to the
the "orthodoxy"
of
the
majority,
cannot
of
contrast to
"orthodoxy"
majority,
of ChrisChrisjustly be
be applied
to this
this notable
notable company
company of
applied to
justly
tian
leaders-bishops,
archbishops,
archdeacons,
deans,
tian leaders
bishops, archbishops, archdeacons, deans,
canons,
Bible translators,
teachers, linguists,
translators,
canons, presbyters,
linguists, Bible
presbyters, teachers,
exegetes,
administrators,
principals,
pastors,
editors,
administrators,
principals, pastors, editors,
exegetes,
and
even aa
poets,
scientists,
barristers,
philosophers,
poets, scientists, barristers, philosophers,
the roster
prime
minister-whose
whose names have adorned the
roster
prime minister
the confidence
of
of the
the Christian
Christian church and have held the
and respect
their fellows.
fellows.
of their
respect of
all
These men were,
throughout all
were, moreover,
moreover, spread
spread throughout
*These
twelfth century
earlier exceptions,
noted: The twelfth
Pied*These earlier
however, must be noted:
exceptions, however,
century Pied
montese
for the
the in!{tTuC"ting
of their
in their
Catechism for
their youth
their Caterhism
montese Waldenses,
instructing of
youth (MorWaldenses, in
land,
The
History
0/
the
Evangelical
Churches
0/
the
Valleys
of
the
Piedmont,
the
the
the
History
Evangelical
of
Valleys of
Piedmont,
land,
of
is hut "mortal." And John
1658,
that man is
declared that
derived
John Wyclil'fe-who
WyclifTe who rlerivro
75), declared
1658, p.
p. 75),
many
them likewise held
held that
of his
that "immortalitie
his evangelical
or
"immortalitie or
concepts from them-likewise
many of
evangelical concepts
at the
the resurrection,
undedlynesse"
that the
the dead cannot
to be
be bestowed
bestowed at
cannot now
resurrection, and that
undedlynesse" was to
be
prayers,
but
are
"all
dead"
and
are
"clepid
slepyng"
(called
sleep
"all
are
are
benefited by
be benefited
"clepid slepyng" (called sleepby prayers,
ing).
ing).
CHAMPIONS
569
569
faiths-Lutheran,
Reformed, Anglican,
Baptist, Confaiths
Lutheran, Reformed,
Anglican, Baptist,
gregationalist,
Presbyterian, Methodist,
Methodist, et
et cetera.
cetera. And
gregationalist, Presbyterian,
not only
only do they
they extend
over these
these four
four centuries,
centuries, but
but
extend over
they
exist
today
in
high
church
circles.
submit
that
exist
in
that
church
circles.
We
submit
they
today
high
if they, whose names continue
if
be revered,
revered, honored,
continue to
to be
honored,
they,
and unchallenged
unchallenged in
respective church affiliations,
in their
their respective
affiliations,
were not
not considered
considered heretics
heretics for
for so
so believing
believing and
teaching,
then
by
the
same
token
neither
we, nor
nor others
then
others
the
neither
token
we,
teaching,
by
the
late
Archbishop
of
Canterbury,
today
(like
Dr.
the
late
of
today (like
Canterbury, Dr.
Archbishop
Temple, Anglican
Anglican primate
primate of
of Great Britain),
Britain),
William Temple,
conscientiously hold
hold the
can justly
justly be
who conscientiously
the same,
same, can
charged
with "heresy"
believing.
for so
so believing.
charged with
"heresy" for
The Historical
Historical Setting
Setting
in connection with the
the
On December 19,
19, 1513,
1513, in
eighth
Lateran Council,
Council, Pope
Pope Leo
fifth Lateran
session of
of the
the fifth
eighth session
X
issued aa Bull
regimis)
declaring,
X issued
Bull (Apostolici
(Apostolici regimis) declaring, "We do
condemn and reprobate
that the
the intelliintelliall who assert
assert that
reprobate all
gent
soul
is
mortal"
(Damnamus
et
reprobamus
gent soul is mortal" (Damnamus et reprobamus omnes
mortal em esse).
esse). This
assertentes animam intellectivam
intellectivam mortalem
assertentes
of
those
was directed
directed against
the
growing
"heresy"
of
those who
the
against
growing "heresy"
denied the
of
the
soul,
and
avowed
the
denied
the natural
natural immortality
of
soul,
immortality
the
conditional immortality
immortality of
of man. The Bull
Bull also
dealso dethe conditional
creed
like erroneous
asser"all who adhere
adhere to
the like
erroneous asserthat "all
to the
creed that
tions
be shunned and punished
punished as
as heretics."
heretics." The
shall be
tions shall
all
it
decrees
of
this
Council,
it
should
noted,
be
decrees of this Council,
noted, were all
Bulls or
issued in
constitutions (H.
J.
in the
the form of
of Bulls
or constitutions
issued
(H. J.
Schroeder,
Disciplinary Decrees
Decrees of
the
General
Counthe
Schroeder, Disciplinary
of
cils,
pp. 483,
487).
483, 487).
1937, pp.
cils, 1937,
In 1516
of Mantua,
Mantua, noted
Pietro Pomponatius,
In
1516 Pietro
Pomponatius, of
the
Italian
professor and leader
leader among
Averrorists
Italian professor
among the Averrorists
a
issued a
denied
the
immortality
of
the
soul),
(who
the
the
of
soul), issued
immortality
(who denied
570
QUESTIONS
Treatise on
in opposition
this position
position called
book in
called Treatise
to this
opposition to
the
Immortality of
This was
was widely
widely read,
the Immortality
the Soul.
SouL This
read,
of the
especially
in
the
Italian
universities.
a
result,
he
was
As
a
he
in
the
Italian
universities.
result,
especially
haled before
before the
the Inquisition,
Inquisition, and his
his book publicly
publicly
haled
burned in
in Venice.
Venice.
Then, on October
posted his
his fafaOctober 31,
31, 1517,
1517, Luther posted
Then,
in
In
church
door
in
Wittenberg.
In
his
door
mous Theses on the
his
the church
Wittenberg.
41 of
1520
published Defence of
of 41
of his
his propositions,
propositions, Luther
Luther
1520 published
cited the
the pope's
immortality
declaration,
as
among
as
cited
declaration,
among
pope's immortality
in
"those
monstrous opinions
to
be
found
in
the
Roman
be
the
to
"those monstrous
opinions
dunghill of
of decretals"
27). In
In the
the twentydecretals" (proposition
dunghill
twenty(proposition 27).
seventh
proposition of
said:
of his
his Defence Luther said:
seventh proposition
However,
permit the
the Pope
establish articles
of faith
articles of
faith for
to establish
for
However, II permit
Pope to
such are:
are: That the
himself
the bread
bread and
his own faithful-such
faithful
himself and for
for his
wine are
are transubstantiated
transubstantiated in
the sacrament;
that the
the essence
of
in the
essence of
sacrament; that
God neither
neither generates
that the
the soul
soul is
is the
the subis generated;
subnor is
generated; that
generates nor
that he
he [the
pope] is
is emperor
stantial
form of
stantial form
of the
the human body;
body; that
[the pope]
emperor
of the
the world
world and king
of heaven,
earthly god;
that the
soul
the soul
of
heaven, and earthly
god; that
king of
is immortal;
immortal; and all
monstrosities in
in the
the Roman
is
all these
these endless
endless monstrosities
dunghill of
of decretals-in
order that
that such
such as
as his
his faith
faith is,
is, such
in order
decretals
such may
dunghill
may
be his
gospel, such
faithful, and such his
his church,
church, and that
that
be
his gospel,
such also
also his
his faithful,
the lips
lips may
may have
have suitable
lettuce and the
the lid
lid may
may be
be worthy
of
the
suitable lettuce
worthy of
the dish.
dish.-Martin
Assertio Omnium Articulorum
Articulorum M.
Martin Luther,
the
Luther, Assertio
Lutheri per
per Bullam Leonis
Leonis X.
X. Novissimam Damnatorum (AsserLutheri
(Asserof all
all the
the articles
by the
the latest
latest Bull
tion
articles of
of M. Luther condemned by
Bull
tion of
of
X), article
27, Weimar edition
Luther's Works,
Works, vol.
vol. 7,
7,
of Luther's
of Leo X),
edition of
article 27,
pp. 131,
point-by-point exposition
exposition of
of his
his position,
position, written
written
132 (a
131, 132
(a point-by-point
pp.
Dec. 1,
to requests
for aa fuller
fuller treatment
treatment than
in response
Dec.
than
1520, in
I, 1520,
response to
requests for
in his
his Adversus
execrabilem Antichristi
that
Adversus execrabilem
Antichristi Bullam
Bullam, and
that given
given in
Wider die
die Bulle
Bulle des
des Endchrists).
Endchrists).
,
Archdeacon Francis
Francis Blackburne
Blackburne states
in his
Short
states in
his Short
Historical View of
of the
an InInHistorical
the Controversy
Controversy Concerning
Concerning an
of 1765:
termediate
State) of
termediate State,
1765:
espoused the
the doctrine
the sleep
of the
the soul,
soul, upon
upon aa
Luther espoused
doctrine of
of the
sleep of
Scripture
use of
of it
as aa confutaconfutathen he made use
it as
foundation, and then
Scripture foundation,
CHAMPIONS
571
571
rtion
iClI! of
of purgatory,
purgatory, and saint
worship, and
and continucd
in that
belief
saint worship,
that belief
continued in
to the
last moment
momcnt of
his 1ife.-Page
to
the 1a&t
of his
life.
14.
Page 14.
In support,
Blackburne has
extended Appendix
has an extended
support, Blackburne
Appendix
section dealing
with Luther's
Luther's teaching
as set
set forth
in
forth in
dealing with
teaching as
his writings,
his
charges and counterdiscusses the
the charges
counterwritings, and discusses
*
charges.
*
charges.
Here follow
the leading
leading witnesses
witnesses of
follow certain
certain of
reof the
of recent centuries,
centuries, with Luther
Luther and Tyndale
Tyndale in
in some detail.
detail.
Sixteenth
Century
Sixteenth Century
MARTIN LUTHER (1493-1546),
Reformer and
(1493-1546), German Reformer
Bible
translator
Bible translator
The immediate
immediate cause
of Luther's
stand on the
the
cause of
Luther's stand
soul was the
issue of
purgatory, with its
sleep
of the
the soul
its
the issue
of purgatory,
sleep of
postulate of
torment of
of anguished
souls.
of the
the conscious
conscious torment
souls.
postulate
anguished
While Luther is
the predomipredomiis not
not always
consistent, the
always consistent,
nant note
note running
running all
through his
writings is
that souls
all through
his writings
is that
souls
in peace,
without consciousness
pain. The
sleep
or pain.
consciousness or
sleep in
peace, without
Christian
Christian dead are
not aware of
of anything
anything-see
are not
feel
see not,
not, feel
understand not,
not, and are
not conscious
conscious of
not,
of passing
are not
not, understand
passing
events. Luther held
periodically stated
stated that
that in
in the
the
events.
held and periodically
sleep
in normal
normal physical
physical sleep,
there
is
comof death,
is
as in
there
death, as
sleep of
sleep,
of the
the condiplete unconsciousness
unconsciousness and unawareness of
condiplete
a
tion
tion of
of death or
of
time.t
is
a
deep,
or the
of
Death
is
the passage
time.f
deep,
passage
sound,
will remain asleep
sweet sleep.:!:
the dead will
sound, sweet
asleep
sleep.J And the
*The Lutheran
Lutheran scholar
Dr. T.
T. A.
A.. Kantonen (The
Christian Hope,
Hope, 1594,
p. 37),
scholar Dr.
37),
1594, p.
(The Christian
to Luther's
Luther's position
position in
in these
words,:r
these words
to
with a greater
the resurrection,
preferred to
to concentrate
concentrate on
"Luther,
greater emphasis
resurrection, preferred
"Luther, with
emphasis on the
the scriptural
scriptural metaphor
metallhor of
'For just
just as
as one who falls
falls asleep
of sleep.
the
asleep and reaches
sleep. 'For
to him
morning unexpectedly
unexpectedly when he awakes,
awakes, without
without knowing
knowinlf what has
has happened
happened to
morning
into
so
the last
last day
without knowing
knowing how we
We have come into
so we shall
rise on the
shall suddenly
day without
suddenly rise
little
death and through
throus:h death.'
until He comes and knocks
knocks on the little
shall sleep,
death.' 'We shall
death
sleep, until
be
and
I
in
grave
says,
Doctor
Martin,
get
up!
I
shall
rise
in
a
moment,
shall
rise
Then
and
moment,
says,
Martin,
get
up!
grave
likewise referred
referred
likewise
"
happy with
with Him forever.'
forever.' "
happy
tSee "Auslegung
"Auslegung des
(1544), in
in Schriften,
Schriften, vol.
vol. 1,
col. 1756;
des ersten
ersten Buches
Buches Mose" (1544),
1756;
1, col.
fSee
vol. 2,
"Kirchen-Pastille"
Schriften, vol.
col.
vol. 11,
col. 1143;
in Schri/ten,
"Kirchen-Postille" (1528),
2, col.
11, col.
1143; Schriften,
Schriften, vol.
(1528), in
373.
1069;
Deutsche Schriften
ed.), vol.
p. 142ff.;
vol. 41
41 (1525),
p. SiS.
vol. 11,
142ff.; vol.
(1525), p.
Schriften (Erlanllen
(Erlangen ed.),
11, p.
1069; Deutsche
(1542), in
in Schriften,
vol. 11,
pp. 287,
287, 288.
288.
:j:"Catechetische
Schriften" (1542),
11, pp.
Schriften, vol.
$"Catechetische Schriften"
572
572
QUESTIONS
until
the day
resurrection, * which resurrection
resl:rrection emuntil the
of resurrection,*
day of
will
braces
both
body
and
soul,
when
both
will come totobraces
soul,
body
gether
again.t
gether again.f
citations. In the
the quaint
Here are
are sample
quaint
sample Luther citations.
1573
English translation
read:
translation we read:
1573 English
Salomon iudgeth
the dead
dead are
are aa sleepe,
slcepe, and feele
nothing
feele nothing
that the
iudgeth that
all. For
For the
the dead lye
there accompting
neyther dayes
nor
accompting neyther
dayes nor
lye there
yeares, but
but when they
to haue slept
shall seeme to
are awaked,
awaked, they
yeares,
they shall
slept
they are
scarce
one minute.-An
Exposition of
Salomon's Booke,
Booke, called
called
scarce one
minute. An Exposition
of Salomon's
Ecclesiastes or
Preacher, 1573,
folio 151v.
or the
151 v.
Ecdesiastes
the Preacher,
1573, folio
all this
But we Christians,
have been
been redeemed from all
this
Christians, who have
through the
the precious
precious blood
blood of
of God's
God's Son,
should train
train and accus
accusSon, should
through
tom ourselves
ourselves in
death and regard
regard it
it as
as aa deep,
deep,
in faith
faith to
to despise
despise death
as nothing
nothing other
than
strong,
sweet sleep;
to consider
the coffin
other than
consider the
coffin as
strong, sweet
sleep; to
our Lord
Lord Jesus'
or Paradise,
nothing other
other
as nothing
our
the grave
Paradise, the
grave as
Jesus' bosom or
than aa soft
rest. As verily,
before God,
God, it
it truly
ease or
or rest.
than
of ease
soft couch of
truly
verily, before
is just
just this;
this; for
he testifies,
11: Lazarus,
friend sleeps;
is
11:11:
for he
Lazarus, our friend
testifies, John
John 11:
sleeps;
not dead,
she sleeps.
too,
Matthew 9:24:
is not
9:24: The maiden is
Thus, too,
dead, she
sleeps. Thus,
St.
in I1 Corinthians
removes from
from sight
sight all
all hateful
hateful aspects
aspects
Paul in
St. Paul
Corinthians 15,
15, removes
as related
related to
mortal body
body and brings
brings forward nothing
nothing
of death as
of
to our mortal
but
but charming
joyful aspects
of the
promised life.
life. He says
says there
there
the promised
charming and joyful
aspects of
in
[vv.
It
is
corruption
and
will
rise
in
incorruption;
It
is sown in
will
rise
in
[vv. 42ff]:
incorruption;
42ff]:
corruption
it is
is sown in
in dishonor
is, aa hateful,
hateful, shameful form)
will
it
dishonor (that
(that is,
form) and will
in weakness
weakness and will
will rise
rise in
it
is
rise
in glory;
glory; it
rise in
it
it is
is sown in
in strength;
is
strength;
sown in
natural body
will rise
rise aa spiritual
body.-"Christian
in natural
"Christian
body and will
spiritual body.
in Works of
Song
at Funerals,"
of
for Use at
German, for
Funerals," 1542,
1542, in
Song Latin and German,
Luther
louther (1932),
vol. 6,
pp. 287,
287, 288.
288.
6, pp.
(3932), vol.
after death the
goes to
to its
its bedchamber and to
to its
Thus after
the soul
soul goes
its
while it
not realize
realize its
peace, and while
is sleeping it
it is
its sleep,
does not
peace,
sleeping it does
sleep, and
preserves indeed the
awakening souL
able to
God preserves
the awakening
to awake
soul. God is
is able
control them,
them, so
that they
will
Elijah, Moses,
Moses, and others,
so control
so that
others, and so
Elijah,
they will
live. But how can that
that be?
be? That we do not
not know;
know; we satisfy
our
live.
satisfy ourselves with
selves
with the
the example
of bodily
with what God says:
bodily sleep,
example of
says:
sleep, and with
it is
it
is aa sleep,
sleep, aa rest,
rest, and aa peace.
naturally knows
knows
peace. He who sleeps
sleeps naturally
nothing of
of that
that which happens
in his
his neighbor's
neighbor's house;
house; and
nothing
happens in
at
at
all.
* "Au,Iegungen liber die Psalmen [3J" in 1533 in Schri/ten, vol. 4, pp. 323, 324.
t "Am Zweiten Sonntage nach Trinitatis," "Haus.. PostiIle,U in Schriften, vol. 13,
col. 2153; "Predigt liber I Cor. 15: (54-57)," (1533), "Auslegung des neuen Testament," in Schrijten, vol. 8, ("01. 1340.
CHAMPIONS
573
nevertheless, he still
the nature
still is
is living, even though, contrary to
nature
nevertheless,
living,
though, contrary to the
of life,
life, he is
is unconscious in
in his
Exactly the
the same
same will
his sleep.
will hapsleep. Exactly
happen also
in that
but in
in another
another and aa better
better way.*
way. "'-"Auslealso in
that life,
"Auslelife, but
pen
ersten Buches Mose,"
gung des ersten
Mose," in
Schritten, vol.
vol. 1,
in Schriften,
cols. 1759,
1760.
1, cols.
1759, 1760.
gung
is another
Here is
another sample:
sample:
We should learn
to view our
our death
death in
in the
the right
right light,
light, so
that
learn to
so that
we need not
not become alarmed on account of
it, as
as unbelief
unbelief does;
does;
of it,
because
because in
in Christ
is indeed
indeed not
death, but
but aa fine,
Christ it
it is
not death,
sweet and
fine, sweet
brief
brief sleep,
us release
release from this
this vale
vale of
of tears,
tears, from
from
sleep, which brings
brings us
sin and from the
sin
the fear
extremity of
real death
death and from
from all
fear and extremity
of real
all the
the
misfortunes
misfortunes of
this life,
be secure
secure and without
without care,
care,
of this
shall be
life, and we shall
rest sweetly
a brief
rest
sweetly and gently
brief moment,
moment, as
as on aa sofa,
sofa, until
for a
until
gently for
the
calI and awaken us
us together
together with
the time
time when he shall
shall call
with all
all his
his
dear children
to his
joy. For
since we call
it aa
children to
his eternal
eternal glory
For since
call it
glory and joy.
sleep, we know that
that we shall
not remain in
in it,
it, but
but be
be again
again
shall not
sleep,
awakened and live,
that the
the time during
during which we sleep,
shall
live, and that
sleep, shall
if we had just fallen
seem no longer
asleep. Hence,
Hence, we shall
shall
longer than if
just fallen asleep.
that we were surprised
or alarmed at
censure ourselves
ourselves that
at such
a
such a
surprised or
in
the
hour
of
death,
suddenly
alive
out
of
the
sleep
in
the
and
hour
of
come
alive
out
of the
death,
suddenly
sleep
well, fresh,
fresh, with
a
grave and from decomposition,
with a
grave
entirely well,
decomposition, and entirely
pure,
clear,
glorified
life,
our
Savior
Jesus
Christ
meet
our
Lord
and
Savior
Christ
clear,
life,
glorified
pure,
Jesus
in the
the clouds
in
clouds.....
Scripture
of
affords such
such consolation,
consolation, which speaks
Scripture everywhere
everywhere affords
speaks of
the death
death of
of the
they fell
to
the
fell asleep
the saints,
as if
if they
saints, as
gathered to
asleep and were gathered
their fathers,
fathers, that
through this
this faith
their
that is,
faith and
is, had overcome death through
the
comfort in
Christ, and awaited the
the resurrection,
resurrection, together
together with the
in Christ,
saints
them
in
death.-A
Compend
of
Luther's
Luther's
saints who preceded
in
A
death.
of
Compend
preceded
edited by
p. 242.
Theology,
Ker, Jr.,
Theology, edited
by Hugh
Hugh Thomson Ker,
Jr., p. 242.
.
English Bible
Bible translatranslaWILLIAM TYNDALE (1484-1536),
(1484-1536), English
tor
tor and martyr
martyr
In Britain
William Tyndale,
Tyndale, translator
translator of
the Bible
Bible
of the
In
Britain William
into
English, came to
the revived
of the
to the
the defense of
into English,
*In
his Master
thesis (1946),
(1946), "A Study
of Martin Luther's
Luther's Teaching
of Arts
Arts thesis
*In his
Master of
Teaching
Study of
Ketola, tabulating
tabulating Luther's
Luther's references
references
Concerning the
the State
of the
the Dead,"
State of
Dead," T. N. Ketola,
Concerning
to
death as
as aa sleep-as
in Luther's
Schriften, Walsh's
Walsh's Concordia,
Luther's Sammtliche Schriften,
as found
found in
to death
Concordia,
sleep
cites another
ed.-lists
references to
to death
death as
a sleep.
sleep. Ketola
Ketola cites
another
1904
as a
125 specific
lists 125
1904 ed.
specific Luther references
references showing
believed in
in the
the periodic
periodic consciousness
consciousness
smaller group
group of
of references
smaller
showing Luther believed
are unconsciousunconscious
of some.
the main point
that, while
the dead live,
tliey are
while the
is that,
of
some. But
But the
live, they
point is
times.
which is
is stated
stated some seven times.
574
QUESTIONS
teaching of
This, as
as
of conditional
conditional immortality.
immortality. This,
teaching
into direct
as other
brought him into
direct
as
other teachings,
teachings, brought
well
well
conconflict
with the
the papal
papal champion,
Sir
More,
likeThomas
Sir
flict with
likeMore,
champion,
strongly objected
wise of
England. In
of England.
In 1529
wise
1529 More had strongly
objected
Tyndale and
to
the
"pestilential
sect"
represented
by Tyndale
to the "pestilential sect" represented by
lie and sleep
Luther,
because they
that "all
souls lie
"all souls
held that
Luther, because
they held
sleep
till
doomsday." In
responded
vigorously,
In 1530
1530 Tyndale
till doomsday."
Tyndale responded vigorously,
declaring:
declaring:
in heaven,
And ye,
ye, in
putting them [the
departed souls]
souls] in
heaven, hell,
in putting
hell,
[the departed
wherewith
and purgatory,
purgatory, destroy
the
arguments
Christ
and Paul
Christ
Paul
and
the
arguments
destroy
if the
in heaven,
prove the
the resurrection.
resurrection .... And again,
the souls
souls be
be in
heaven,
again, if
prove
as the
in as
as good
not in
good case
case as
the angels
be?
tell me why
why they
they be
be?
And
tell
be not
angels
William Tyndale,
then
what cause
cause is
the resurrection?
resurrection?-William
there of
is there
of the
then what
Tyndale,
Sir Thomas More's
More's Dialogue
Dialogue (Parker's
reAn Answer to
to Sir
1850 re(Parker's 1850
.
print), bk.
bk_ 4,
4, ch_
pp. 180,
181.
ch. 4,
180, 181.
4, pp.
print),
Tyndale went to
the heart
heart of
the issue
issue in
in pointing
of the
to the
Tyndale
pointing
out
the papacy's
papacy's draft
upon the
teachings of
the teachings
draft upon
of "heathen
"heathen
out the
philosophers" in
of
in seeking
to establish
its contention
establish its
contention of
seeking to
philosophers"
innate
immortality.
innate immortality.
Thus:
Thus:
true faith
putteth [setteth
the resurrection,
resurrection, which
which
The true
faith putteth
[setteth forth]
forth] the
be warned to
heathen philosophers,
philosophers,
to look
we be
look for
for every
hour. The heathen
every hour.
that the
the souls
live. And
denying
that, did
did put
souls did
did ever
ever live.
denying that,
put [set
[set forth]
forth] that
the
pope joineth
joineth the
of Christ
the fleshly
the spiritual
the pope
doctrine of
Christ and the
spiritual doctrine
fleshly
so contrary
that they
doctrine of
of philosophers
together; things
things so
doctrine
contrary that
philosophers together;
they
the flesh
flesh do in
in aa Chriscannot agree,
than the
the Spirit
cannot
Chrisagree, no more than
Spirit and the
tian man. And because
the fleshly-minded
fleshly-minded pope
pope consenteth
tian
because the
consenteth unto
unto
therefore he corrupteth
the Scripture
heathen doctrine,
corrupteth the
to stablish
stablish
doctrine, therefore
Scripture to
it.
180.
it.-Ibid.,
p. 180.
Ibid., p.
In yet
of the
In
yet another section
the same treatise,
treatise, dealing
section of
dealing
with the
the "invocation
"invocation of
of saints,"
uses the
the
saints," Tyndale
Tyndale uses
same reasoning,
pointing
out
that
the
doctrine
of
dethat
the
doctrine
of
dereasoning, pointing
in
saints
heaven
parted
saints
being
in
had
not
yet
been
intronot
been
introbeing
parted
yet
in Christ's
duced in
Christ's day:
day:
575
575
CHAMPIONS
And when he [More]

that the
the saints
saints be
be in
in heaven
in
heaven in
[More] proveth
proveth that
Christ already,
be their
their God,
they be
be in
glory with
with Christ
in
"If God be
God, they
glory
already, saying,
saying, "If
for he
is not
heaven,
he is
not the
there he
he stealeth
away
the God of
of the
the dead;"
stealeth away
heaven, for
dead;" there
Christ's
Christ's
argument, wherewith he
proveth the
the resurrection:
resurrection: that
that
he proveth
argument,
Abraham and all

not that
that their
their souls
all saints
saints should
should rise
rise again,
souls
again, and not
were in
in heaven;
heaven; which doctrine
was not
not yet
yet in
in the
the world.
world. And
doctrine was
with that
that doctrine
resurrection quite,
quite, and
doctrine he taketh
taketh away
the resurrection
away the
maketh Christ's
Christ's argument
of none effect.-Ibid.,
p. 118.
118.
effect.
Ibid., p.
argument of
Tyndale
his contention
by showstill further
further by
showcontention still
Tyndale presses
presses his
the
ing
the
conflict
of
papal
teaching
with
St.
Paul,
as
he
says
conflict
of
he
St.
as
Paul,
ing
says
papal teaching
in
in slightly
sarcastic
vein:
sarcastic
vein:
slightly
"Nay,
to Master
Master More,
thou art
art unlearned;
Paul, thou
unlearned; go
More, and
"Nay, Paul,
go to
learn a
learn
a new way.
way. We be
be not
most miserable,
miserable, though
though we rise
not
rise not
not most
for our souls
again; for
to heaven as
soon as
dead, and are
are
souls go
as soon
as we be dead,
again;
go to
there in
there
in as
great joy
joy as
risen again."
I
marvel
as great
I
as Christ
that is
is risen
marvel
Christ that
And
again."
that Paul
Paul had not
Thessalonians with
with that
that doctrine,
that
not comforted
comforted the
the Thessalonians
doctrine,
if
wist it,
that the
the souls
of their
been in
in joy;
joy; as
as
if he had wist
souls of
their dead had been
it, that
he
the resurrection,
he did with
with the
resurrection, that
that their
their dead should rise
rise again.
If
again. If
the
be in
in as
glory as
the angels,
the souls
souls be
in heaven,
as great
as the
after your
heaven, in
your
great glory
angels, after
cause should
the resurrection?
resurrection?doctrine,
should be of
of the
doctrine, shew me what cause
Ibid.
Ibid.
JOHN
of Tyndale
Tyndale and fellow
fellow
associate of
JOHN FRITH (1503-33),
(1503-33), associate
martyr
martyr
Disputacyon of
Purgatorie ... divided
divided into
three
A Disputacyon
into three
of Purgatorie
Bokes) c.
c. 1530
1530
Bokes,
John Fisher,
Fisher) Bishop
Bishop of
of Rochester
Rochester
An Answer to
to John
.
Notwithstanding, let
it him that
that some are
are already
let me grant
already
grant it
Notwithstanding,
in
heaven, which thing
thing he shall
never be
be able
able
in heaven,
shall never
in hell
hell and some in
to prove
prove by
by the
yea, and which plainly
plainly destroy
the resresthe Scriptures,
to
destroy the
Scriptures, yea,
Christ and
urrection, and taketh
the arguments
arguments wherewith Christ
taketh away
urrection,
away the
Paul
do prove
prove that
that we shall
rise; . . . and as
as touching
touching this
this
shall rise;
Paul do
that
are
in
the
point
where
they
rest,
I
dare
be
bold
to
say
that
they
are
in
the
bold
to
dare
I
be
where
rest,
say
they
they
point
hand of
John Fisher.
Fisher.
to John
God. An Answer to
of God.-An
.
friend
Greek scholar,
GEORGE WISHART (1500-1546),
scholar, friend
(1500-1546), Greet
and
tutor of
John Knox,
Knox,
martyr
of Latimer,
Latimer, tutor
of John
of
martyr
576
QUESTIONS
Wishart
with attacking
auricular conconWlshart was charged
attacking auricular
charged with
fession,
transubstantiation,
extreme
unction,
holy
unction, holy
fession,
transubstantiation,
water, invocation
invocation of
couldn't
hear their
hear
their
couldn't
of saints
saints (who
water,
(who
supplications
anyway),
and
purgatory.
Charge
"XVI"
purgatory. Charge
supplications anyway),
was for
for promulgating
promulgating the
the sleep
sleep of
the
doctrine of
the doctrine
was
of the
of the
soul.
soul.
Charge
heretic has
has preached
preached openly
false heretic
"XVI": Thou false
openly saying,
saying,
Charge "XVI";
latter day
the latter
to the
of judgment
judgment and
shall sleep
man shall
day of
sleep to
shall
not obtain
obtain life
immortal until
that day.-Blackburne,
Hisuntil that
life immortal
shall not
Blackburne, Hisday.
torical
21.
torical View,
View, p.
p. 21.
that the
that
the soul
soul of
of
"GENERAL BAPTISTS"
In
his Institutes
Institutes of
Ecclesiastical History,
History) chancellor
chancellor
In his
of Ecclesiastical
of
University of
Johann L.
L. von
of Gottingen,
of the
the University
Gottingen, Johann
Baptists" were
Mosheim, records
records that
the "General Baptists"
that the
Mosheim,
the
of
spread
in
large
over
many
of
the
provinces of
numbers
over
of
in
many
provinces
large
spread
England
(Murdock
tr.,
bk.
IV,
cent.
XVI,
sec.
III,
pt.
bk.
sec.
cent.
XVI,
Ill, pt.
IV,
England (Murdock tr.,
2,
ch. III,
23). As one
one article
faith they
they held
held
article of
of faith
2, ch.
Ill, par.
par. 23).
"that
between death
death and the
the resurrection
resurrection at
at
the soul,
"that the
soul, between
the
last day,
day, has
has neither
pleasure nor pain,
pain, but is
is in
in aa
neither pleasure
the last
state
insensibility."-Ibid.
Ibid.
state of
of insensibility."
the other
deeply disturbed
disturbed over
over
other hand,
On the
Calvin, deeply
hand, Calvin,
the spread
of
this
teaching
in
different
lands,
in
1534
in
in
of
this
different
the
lands,
teaching
spread
wrote aa militant
militant tract,
tract, Psychopannychia
Psychopannychia (Soul
(Soul Sleep).
wrote
Sleep).
It
was issued
to refute
refute the
the teaching
teaching that
that the
the "soul
"soul dies
dies
It was
issued to
or
and
stated
that
this
concept
"already
that
had
stated
this
or sleeps,"
"already
sleeps,"
concept
thousands" into
its acceptance,
into its
drawn thousands"
acceptance.
that many
many of
of
Dr. Joseph
observing that
Dr.
after observing
Priestley, after
Joseph Priestley,
the
reformers
held
to
"soul-sleep,"
declared:
reformers
held
to
declared:
the early
early
"soul-sleep,"
Had it
it not been for
authority of
of Calvin,
Calvin, who wrote
exfor the
the authority
wrote expressly
against
it
[soul
sleep],
the
doctrine
of
intermediate
it
the
doctrine
an
of
intermediate
[soul sleep],
pressly against
all probability,
probability, have
have been
been as
as effectually
conscious
state would,
in all
conscious slate
would, in
effectually
exploded as
as the
the doctrine
of purgatory
purgatory itself.-Corruptions
of
doctrine of
itself.
Corruptions of
exploded
Christianity,
5, p.
p. 229.
229.
in Works (1818),
vol. 5,
Christianity, in
(1818), vol.
CHAMPIONS
577
577
Seventeenth Century
Century
"R.
O. [Richard
(or
[Richard
(or Robert)
Robert)
soldier,
pamphleteer
soldier, and pamphleteer
Man's Mortality,
Mortality) 1643
1643
Overton],
Overton],
scholar,
scholar,
Title
page reads:
reads:
Title page
A Treatise
Treatise wherein 'T is
is proved,
proved, both
both Theologically
Theologically and
Philosophically, That as
sinned, so
so whole
whole man died;
died;
as whole man sinned,
Philosophically,
contrary to
to that
that common distinction
of Soul
Soul and Body:
Body: And that
that
distinction of
contrary
the present
present going
of
the
Soul
into
heaven
or
hell,
is
a
of
the
is
Soul
into
heaven
or
a
meer
hell,
going
Fiction:
Fiction: And that
that at
the Resurrection
Resurrection is
the beginning
beginning of
of our
at the
is the
immortality;
then actual
Salvation, and
actual Condemnation and Salvation,
immortality; and then
not
before.
not before.
SAMUEL RICHARDSON (fl.

1633-1658), pastor, First
First ParticPartic(fl. 1633-1658), pastor,
ular
ular Baptist
Church,
of
of
London
Baptist Church,
A Discourse
Discourse on the
Hell: the
the Torments of
the Foundaof Hell:
tions and Pillars
Pillars thereof
discover'd)
search'd)
tions
search'd,
discovered,
thereof
shaken)
and
remov'd.
With
Infallible
Proofs
remov'd.
that
shaken,
Infallible Proofs that
there
be aa Punishment after
after this
this Life,
Life) for
for
is not
not to
to be
there is
any
to
endure
that
shall
end)
1658
to
never
that shall
end,
any
JOHN
the Sacred
"Greatest of
of the
Sacred
JOHN MILTON (1608-1674),
(1608-1674), "Greatest
Poets";
to Cromwell
Latin secretary
Poets"; Latin
secretary to
Treatise
Doctrine, vol.
vol. 1,
ch. 13
Treatise of
13
Christian Doctrine,
1, ch.
of Christian
in death
(Taught totally
totally unconscious
unconscious sleep
of man in
(Taught
sleep of
coming
of
Christ
and
resurrection.)
of
Christ
coming
resurrection.)
of
the whole man is
is uniformly
uniformly said
said to
to consist
as the
consist of
Inasmuch then as
distinct provinces
body, and soul
be the
the distinct
provinces assigned
soul (whatever
assigned
may be
body,
(whatever may
to
these divisions),
divisions), II will
will show,
that in
in death,
death, first,
first, the
the whole
to these
show, that
man, and secondly,
secondly, each
part, suffers
suffers privation
privation of
life..
of life
each component
man,
component part,
. . . The grave
guardian of
all till
till the
the day
judgof all
of judgis the
the common guardian
day of
grave is
ment.-Chapter
13.
ment. Chapter 13.
until
until
588-lfi(7), "The Christian Poet,"

Poet,"
GEORGE WITHER (1
(1588-1667),
19
QUESTIONS
578
578
English translation
Nemesius) [early]
Bishop of
of
translation of
of Nemesius,
[early] Bishop
English
Emesa) 1636
1636
Emesa,
(Contends
soul
conditional immortality;
for conditional
immortality; soul
(Contends for
asleep in
in death.)
asleep
death.)
IS
is
of Rossington
JOHN
JACKSON (1686-1763),
rector of
Rossington
JOHN JACKSON
(1686-1763), rector
Dissertation on Matter
Matter and Spirit,
Spirit) 1735
A Dissertation
The Belief
Belief of
a Future
Future State)
1745
State, 1745
of a
A Clear
Distinction Between True and False
False ReReClear Distinction
ligion)
1750
ligion, 1750
(Doctrine
coneternal torment confuted and conof eternal
(Doctrine of
demned.)
demned.)
JOHN CANNE (1590-1667),

printer of
R. Overton's work;
of R.
work;
(1590-1667), printer
JOHN
Bristol
pastor,
Broadmead
Baptist
Church,
Bristol
Church,
Baptist
pastor,
Reference Bible,
Bible, 1682
1682
Reference
(Held essentially
the same
essentially the
(Held
as
R. Overton.)
Overton.)
as R.
ARCHBISHOP JOHN
JOHN TILLOTSON (1630-1694),
of CanterCanter(1630-1694), of
bury
bury
Works,
1683
Works, 1683
I do
not find
that the
of the
the immortality
immortality of
the soul
find that
the doctrine
do not
doctrine of
of the
soul
is
anywhere expressly
delivered in
in Scripture,
but taken
taken for
for
is
expressly delivered
anywhere
Scripture, but
granted.-Works,
p. 749.
749.
vol. 1,
1717 ed.,
1, p.
Works, 1717
ed., vol.
granted.
DR. ISAAC
ISAAC BARROW (1630-1677),
professor of
of Greek,
Greek,
(1630-1677), professor
Cambridge
University
Cambridge University
Duration of
Future Punishment,
Punishment, in
in Works
Duration
of Future
eternal
is
(Maintained
eternal
life
is
conditional;
held to
to
life
conditional; held
(Maintained
final
destruction of
final destruction
of wicked.)
wicked.)
Eighteenth
Century
Eighteenth Century
DR. WILLIAM
cian,
cian,
COWARD (1657-1725),
practicing physiphysi(1657-1725), practicing
London
CHAMPIONS
579
579
A Survey
Survey of
After Souls
Souls
the Search
Search After
of the
Second Thoughts
Soul,
the Human Soul,
Thoughts Concerning
Concerning the
demonstrating the
the Notion of
as
Soul, as
of Human Soul,
demonstrating
believ'd to
a Spiritual
Spiritual and Immortal
Immortal Subbeliev'd
to be
be a
Substance, united to
a Human Body,
Body, to
be plain
plain
to a
to be
stance,
Heathenish
Invention, and not
Heathenish Invention,
not Consonant to
to the
the
Principles of
Philosophy, Reason
Reason or
or Religion,
Religion,
of Philosophy,
Principles
1702
1702
Further
Further Thoughts
the Human Soul,
Soul,
Thoughts Concerning
Concerning the
1703
1703
HENRY LAYTON (1670-1706),
Anglican, author
author of
of
(1670-1706), Anglican,
twelve books
books on conditionalism
twelve
condltionalism
Arguments and Replies,
Replies, in
dispute concerning
concerning the
in a
a dispute
the
Arguments
nature
Soul, 1703
nature of
the Soul,
1703
of the
A Search
After Souls,
Souls, 1706
Search After
1706
(Contends
that during
life, we live
in
live and move in
(Contends that
during life,
Christ;
when
die
rest
sleep
in
Him,
die
and
and
we
rest
in
in
we
Christ;
Him, in
sleep
expectation
being raised
of being
raised at
at His second
second coming.)
expectation of
coming.)
JOSEPH
NICOL SCOTT,
minister, asasSCOTT, M.D. (1703-1769),
(1703-1769), minister,
JOSEPH NIGOL
sisting
his
father,
Thomas
Scott
Scott
his
father,
sisting
Sermons Preached
Preached in
Defence of
of All
All Religion,
Religion, 1743
in Defence
1743
18
that
life
is
(Maintains-vol.
2,
sermons
17,
I8-that
life
is
for
vol.
for
17,
2,
(Maintains
the
with destruction
the wicked.)
wicked.)
destruction for
for the
the righteous
only, with
righteous only,
scienDR.
Unitarian, scienDR. JOSEPH
(1733-1804), Unitarian,
JOSEPH PRIESTLEY (1733-1804),
tist, and philosopher
tist,
philosopher
to Matter and Spirit,"
Relating to
in
"Disquisitions
Spirit," in
"Disquisitions Relating
Works,
vol.
3
3
vol.
Works,
The History
History of
Opinion Concerning
the State
State of
of the
the
of Opinion
Concerning the
Dead
580
QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS ON DOCTRINES
(The
the soul
death" is
of utter
Is one of
soul in
in death"
"state of
of the
utter
(The "state
itself while it
insensibility,
the body
body itself
it
as the
as much dead as
insensibility, as
continues in
death.)
in the
continues
the state
state of
of death.)
BISHOP
master of
of St.
St. Peter's
Peter's
BISHOP EDMUND LAW (1703-1787),
(1703-1787), master
College,
archdeacon
of
Staffordshire,
bishop
of
of
archdeacon
Staffordshire,
bishop of
College,
Carlisle
Carlisle
the Theory
Considemtions
.. the
Religion, 1749
1749
Considerations on ....
of Religion,
Theory of
The State
State of
the
Dead,
1765
(Appendix
to
the
the
to
the
1765
Dead,
of
(Appendix
foregoing)
foregoing)
(Challenged
conscious intermediate
intermediate
of conscious
doctrine of
(Challenged doctrine
a
state;
held death
to be
be aa sleep,
a
negation
of all
life,
all life,
death to
state; held
negation of
sleep,
thought,
or
action-a
state
of
rest,
silence,
oblivion.)
a
state
of
or
action
rest, silence, oblivion.)
thought,
PETER PECARD (c.
1718-1797), master of
of Magdalen
Magdalen ColColPETER
(c. 1718-1797),
of
lege,
Cambridge,
dean
of
Peterborough
Peterborough
lege, Cambridge,
Observations
Doctrine of
of an Intermediate
Intermediate
the Doctrine
Observations on the
State,
the
Resurrection,
Death
and
the
Between
1756
Resurrection, 1756
State,
a
(Immortality
not innate,
but a gift
through Christ.)
innate, but
gift through
(Immortality not
Christ.)
ARCHDEACON FRANCIS BLACKBURNE (1705-1787),
(1705-1787), of
of
Richmond
Cleveland;
rector
of
rector
of
Cleveland;
Short Historical
Historical View of
the Controversy
ConA Short
of the
Controversy Concerning
the
Intermediate
State)
1765
Intermediate
State, 1765
cerning the
the
of
the
topic
in 18th
(Most
complete
history
of
18th century.)
(Most complete history
topic in
century.)
BISHOP WILLIAM WARBURTON (1698-1779),
(1698-1779), of
of GloucesGloucester,
controversialist
controversialist
ter, theological
theological
Divine Legation
Legation of
Moses, 1738-41
Divine
1738-41
of Moses,
in
militant
believers
in
everlasting torment
torment as
(Styled
militant
believers
as
(Styled
everlasting
the "unmerciful
the
"unmerciful doctors.")
doctors.")
SAMUEL BOURN (1714-1796),
dissenter, Rivington,
Lan(1714-1796), dissenter,
Rivington, Lancashire
cashire
CHAMPIONS
581
581
Christian Doctrine
Christian
Doctrine of
of Future Punishment,
Punishment, 1759
1759
(Stresses
"total
destruction,
or
annihilati"on
or
or annihilation or
(Stresses "total destruction,
ceasing to
to exist"
incorrigibly wicked.)
wicked.)
exist" for
for the
the incorrigibly
ceasing
DR. WILLIAM WHISTON
(1667-1752),
Baptist theolotheolo(1667-1752), Baptist
gian,
professor
of
mathematics,
Cambridge
Univerof
Univermathematics, Cambridge
gian, professor
sity
sity
The Eternity
Eternity of
1740
Considered, 1740
of Hell-Torments Considered,
(Denied
doctrine
of
eternal
torment;
held
wicked
of
held
doctrine
eternal
torment;
(Denied
to be
to
be totally
totally destroyed.)
destroyed.)
DR. JOHN
JOHN TOTTIE (fl.
1772),
Christ Church,
of Christ
Church,
1772), canon of
(fl.
Oxford;
of Worcester
Worcester
Oxford; archdeacon of
Preached Before
Before University
Sermons Preached
1775
of Oxford,
Oxford, 1775
University of
(Opposed doctrine
doctrine of
of natural
natural immortality
of soul.)
immortality of
(Opposed
soul.)
PROF.
PROF.
HENRY DODWELL (1641-1711),

classical scholar,
scholar,
(1641-1711), classical
professor
at
Oxford
(the
"learned
Dodwell")
at
"learned
professor
(the
Dodwell")
Letter Concerning
the
Immortality
of the
Letter
the
the Soul,
Soul,
Concerning
Immortality of
1703
1703
The Natural
Natural Mortality
Mortality of
Souls, 1708
1708
of Human Souls,
An Epistolary
EjJistolary Discourse,
Discourse, Proving
Proving From the
Scripthe Scripthe Soul
Soul Is
Is aa
tures and the
First Fathers,
Fathers, That the
the First
tures
PrincijJie
Naturally
Mortal,
but
Immortalized
but
Immortalized
Principle Naturally Mortal;
the Pleasure
Actually by
Pleasure of
of God,
1706
God, 1706
by the
Actually
Nineteenth Century
Century
BISHOP TIMOTHY KENDRICK,

KENDRICK, Anglican
Anglican
Sermons,
1805
1805
Serm.ons,
(The
soul of
body, and is
is restored
restored
the body,
of man dies
dies with the
(The soul
to
life
at
the
resurrection
and
second
advent.)
to life at the resurrection
second advent.)
QUESTIONS
582
DR. WILLIAM THOMSON
(1819-1890),
of
archbishop of
(1819-1890), archbishop
York
The Thought
Death (Bampton
1862
of Death
Lecture), 1862
(Bampton Lecture),
Thought of
Life to
to the
must be
the beginning
beginning of
of destruction
destruction
be the
Life
the godless
godless most
since
nothing but
but God and that
that which pleases
pleases Him can persince nothing
permanently exist.
exist.
manently
(1819-1887),
Congregationalism
(1819-1887), Congregationalist,
pastor
of
St.
Paul's
Chapel;
of the
the ConSt.
Paul's
of
Chapel; chairman of
pastor
was
gregational
Union.
For
over
forty
years
leading
Union.
For
over
leading
forty years
gregational
advocate
of conditional
advocate of
immortality.
DR. EDWARD WHITE
Life in
in Christ,
Christ, 1846
Life
That Unknown Country
Country (Symposium)
(Symposium)
Immortality, aa Clerical
Clerical Symposium
Symposium
Immortality,
In 1883
he declared:
In
1883 he
declared:
II steadfastly
steadfastly maintain,
forty years
years of
matter,
the matter,
after forty
of study
of the
maintain, after
study of
in body
that
is the
the notion
the infliction
of aa torment
torment in
body and soul
that it
it is
of the
infliction of
soul
notion of
that shall
be absolutely
foot of
that
a foot
standshall be
alone gives
of standendless, which alone
absolutely endless,
gives a
ing
America, or
in England.
England.
in America,
to Ingersoll
or Bradlaugh
ground to
Bradlaugh In
Ingersoll in
ing ground
than ever
that it
is aa doctrine
doctrine as
as contrary
I believe
believe more firmly
I
ever that
it is
to
firmly than
contrary to
as it
every line
line of
it is
is contrary
to every
moral instinct
instinct of
the Bible
Bible as
of the
of
every
contrary to
every moral
humanity.-Introduction
to J.
J. H. Pettingell's
Introduction to
humanity.
Unspeakable
PettingelFs The Unspeakable
p. 22.
22.
Gift
Gift (1884),
(1884), p.
In the
In
the following
added:
following year
year he added:
is consistent
throughout with
with the
the belief
The Old Testament is
consistent throughout
belief of
of
the eternal
life of
the
the eternal
eternal life
of the
the servants
servants of
of God,
of the
eternal destrucdestrucGod, and of
tion of
of the
the wicked.
wicked. And it
it is
is consistent,
consistent, when taken
taken in
its simple
tion
In its
simple
sense
with no other
sense with
other belief
belief,....
The Gospels
Epistles with
with equal
equal pertinacity
pertinacity adhere
Gospels and Epistles
almost uniformly
to language
respecting the
the doom of
of the
the unsaved
unsaved
uniformly to
language respecting
which taken
taken in
the Old Testament,
Testament,
in its
its simple
as does
does the
sense, teaches,
teaches, as
simple sense,
that they
that
they shall
shall die,
die, perish,
perish, be
be destroyed,
not see
see life,
life, but
but suffer
suffer
destroyed, not
destruction, everlasting
destruction,
"destruction,"
says
Christ,
destruction,
"destruction,"
Christ,
destruction,
everlasting
says
"of body
"of
body and soul
Monthly (England),
in Gehenna."-Homiletic
soul in
Gehenna/' Homiletic Monthly
(England),
March, 1885.
1885.
March,
.
CHAMPIONS
583
DR. JOHN
JOHN THOMAS (1805-1871),
Apostolic Adeditor, Apostolic
(1805-1871), editor,
vocate;
founder
of
Christadelphians
of Christadelphians
vocate;
(Final extinction
immortality aa gift
extinction of
of wicked;
wicked; immortality
(Final
gift
through
Christ.)
through Christ.)
H. H. DOBNEY (1809-1883),
Baptist pastor,
pastor, Maidstone,
Maidstone,
(1809-1883), Baptist
England
England
Notes
Notes ot
Lectures on
on Future
Future Punishment,,
Punishment, 1844
1844
of Lectures
ARCHBISHOP RICHARD WHATELY (1787-1863),

of Dub(1787-1863), of
lin;
professor and principal
principal
lin; Oxford professor
Scriptural Revelations
Revelations Concerning
a
A View of
the Scriptural
of the
Concerning a
Future State
State
Future
(The
of as
as being
being kept
kept alive,
wicked are
are never spoken
alive,
(The :wicked
spoken of
life.
Taught
their
final
destruction.)
final
but as
as forfeiting
their
life.
Taught
forfeiting
destruction.)
of Canterbury,
BibDEAN HENRY ALFORD (1810-1871),
Canterbury, Bib(1810-1871), of
scholar
lical
lical scholar
Greek New Testament
(Eternal fixity
belong only
only to
to those
those
(Eternal
fixity and duration belong
are in
who are
in accordance with God.)
God.)
JAMES
minister, Bristol
Bristol
JAMES PANTON HAM, Congregationalist
Congregationalist minister,
in
Life and Death;
Death; or,
or, The Theology
of the
Bible in
the Bible
Life
Theology of
Relation to
Relation
to
Mortality) 1849
1849
Human Mortality,
F. HUDSON (1821-1867),
CHARLES F.
Congregationalist min(1821-1867), Congregationalist
ister
ister and Greek scholar
scholar
a
as Related
Related to
to the
the Doctrine
Doctrine of
Debt and Grace
Grace as
of a
Future Life,
Life) 1857
1857
Christ
Life. The Scriptural
Scriptural Argument
Argument for
for ImChrist Our Life.
mortality
Through
Christ
Alone)
1860
Christ
Alone,
mortality Through
DR. ROBERT W. DALE
DR.
(1829-1895),
Congregationalist
(1829-1895), Congregationalist
QUESTIONS
584
pastor,
pastor,
Carr's Lane Church,

Church, Birmingham;
Birmingham; editor,
editor,
Can's
Congregationalist; chairman,
chairman, Congregational
Congregational
The Congregationalist;
of England
England and
and Wales;
Wales; and president
president of
of the
the
Union of
First International
International Council
Council of
of Congregational
Congregational
First
his
Churches
in
1891.
He
announced
his
acceptance of
of
Churches in 1891.
acceptance
conditionalism in
in aa paper
paper before
before the
the Congregational
Congregational
conditionalism
of 1874.
Union of
1874.
Eternal
Eternal
life, as
as II believe,
believe, is
is the
the inheritance
inheritance of
of those
those who are
are
life,
in Christ.
Christ.
in
Those who are

are not
not in
in Him will
will die
die the
the Second Death
Those
from which
which there
there will
will be
be no
no resurrection,
resurrection ....
from
.
I
I
not conscious
conscious that
that they
they [the
positions of
of Conditionalism]
Conditionalism]
am not
[the positions
at all
all impaired
the authority
authority in
in my
my teaching
teaching of
of any
of the
the
have at
have
any of
impaired the
great central
central doctrines
of the
the Christian
Christian faith.
faith. The doctrine
doctrine of
of the
the
doctrines of
great
Trinity remains
remains untouched;
untouched; and the
the doctrine
doctrine of
of the
the incarnation,
incarnation,
Trinity
the doctrine
doctrine of
of the
the atonement in
in its
its evangelical
evangelical sense,
and the
sense, and
the doctrine
doctrine of
of justification
justification by
by faith,
faith, and the
the doctrine
doctrine of
of judgejudg:'!the
by works,
works, and the
the doctrine
doctrine of
of regeneration
regeneration have
have received,
ment by
received, II
believe, from these
these conclusions
conclusions a
a new and intenser
intenser illustration.illustration.
believe,
Recorded in
in Freer's
Freer's Edward White,
Life and Work (1902),
White, His Life
(1902),
pp. 354,
355.
354, 355.
pp.
(1.831-1903), canon of
DEAN FREDERICK W. FARRAR (1831-1903),
of
Westminster Abbey;
dean
of
Canterbury
of
Abbey;
Canterbury
Eternal
1877
Eternal Hope,
1877
Hope,
Faith
Mercy
Faith and Mercy
Mercy
and
Judgment, 1881
1881
Judgment,
Mercy
(Denounced
of endless,
conscious suffering;
endless, conscious
dogma of
(Denounced dogma
suffering;
find one single
text
in
all
could not find
text
in
all
Scripture
that,
single
Scripture that,
when fairly
interpreted,
teaches
the
common
views
teaches
the
views
fairly interpreted,
about endless
endless torment.)
torment.)
HERMANN OLSHAUSEN (1796-1839),
of theoltheol(1796-1839), professor
professor of
0gy
at Konigsberg
ogy at
Konigsberg
Biblical Commentary
Biblical
the New Testament,
vol.
Testament, vol.
Commentary on the
4,
1860
4, 1860
CHAMPIONS
585
5R5
The doctrine
doctrine of
of the
the immortality
immortality of
of the
the soul
soul and the
the name are
arc
in the
the entire
entire Bible.
Bible.-Biblical
Commentary on
on
unknown in
Biblical Commentary
the
the New Testament
Testament (1860),
(1860), vol.
vol. 4,
4, p.
p. 381.
381.
alike
alike
CANON HENRY CONSTABLE (died

(died 1894),
1894), prebendary
prebendary of
of
Ireland
Cork, Ireland
Cork,
Hades:Hades: or
or the
the Intermediate
Intermediate State
State of
of
Restitution of
of All
A II Things
Things
Restitution
Man
The Duration and Nature of

of Future
Future Punishment
(The immortality
immortality of.
of the
the soul,
soul, and the
the name,
name, are
are
(The
alike
alike
in the
the entire
entire Bible.)
Bible.)
unknown in
WILLIAM E.
E. GLADSTONE
(1809-1898),
(1809-1898),
British
British
pnme
prime
minister and theologian

theologian
minister
Studies Subsidiary
Subsidiary to
the
Studies
to the
1896
1896 ed.
ed.
Works of
of Bishop
Bishop Butler,
Butler,
In aa searching
of Bishop
Bishop Butler's
Analogy
In
criticism of
Butler's Analogy
searching criticism
its defense
defense of
immortality, Gladstone
Gladstone conconand its
innate immortality,
of innate
tended:
tended:
[It
is only] from the
the time
time of
that we are
to regard
the
are to
of Origen
regard the
Origen that
[It is only]
as
idea
as opposed
that of
of Christian,
idea of
of natural,
to that
Christian, immortality
natural, as
immortality as
opposed to
beginning
Church.
a firm
firm foothold
in the
Christian Church.to gain
foothold in
the Christian
gain a
beginning to
Studies
p.
Butler (1896
Studies Subsidiary
to the
the Works of
of Bishop
ed.), p.
Bishop Butler
(1896 ed.),
Subsidiary to
184.
184.
The doctrine
of natural,
as distinguished
doctrine of
Christian,
natural, as
distinguished from Christian,
of wide
immortality
to the
the severer
tests of
severer tests
not been subjected
subjected to
immortality had not
into
and
resolute
controversy,
but
had
crept
into
the
Church,
publicity
resolute
crept
controversy,
publicity
effective process;
by
silent though
it were;
as it
back door
door as
were; by
though effective
process;
by aa silent
by aa back
tacit prescription.a title
title by
and was
of obtaining
course of
was in
in course
by tacit
obtaining a
prescription.
Ibid.,
195.
Ibid., p.
p. 195.
is that the
Another
the highest
of the
consideration of
Another consideration
highest importance
importance is
to
is a
a doctrine
doctrine wholly
natural
the soul
soul is
of the
natural immortality
wholly unknown to
immortality of
that
the
Scriptures,
and
standing
on
no
higher
plane
than
that
the Holy
standing
higher plane
Holy Scriptures,
of
of an
an ingeniously
sustained, but gravely
formidably congravely and formidably
ingeniously sustained,
tested,
197.
tested, philosophical
p. 197.
opinion. Ibid., p.
philosophical opinion.-Ibid.,
to charges
liable to
The character
is rendered liable
the Almighty
of the
character of
charges
Almighty is
586
586
QUESTIONS
which cannot
cannot be
be repelled
repelled so
so long
long as
as the
the Idea
idea remains that
that there
there
which
may by
by His
His ordinance
ordinance be
be such
such aa thing
thing as
as never-ending
never-ending punishpunishmay
ment, but
but that
that it
it will
will have
have been
been sufficiently
sufficiently vindicated
vindicated at
at the
the bar
bar
ment,
of human judgment,
judgment, so
so soon
soon as
as it
it has
has been established
established and allowed
allowed
of
that punishment,
punishment, whatever
whatever else
else it
it may
may be,
be, cannot
cannot be never-endnever-endthat
ing.-Ibid.,
p. 241.
241.
/&&., p.
ing.
JOSEPH PARKER (1
(1830-1902),
Congregationalist, pastor,
pastor,
830-1902), Congregationalist,
JOSEPH
the City
City Temple,
Temple, London
the
People's Bible,,
Bible, vol.
vol. 1,
1, on Genesis
Genesis
People's
Glorious to
to me is
is this
this idea
idea (so
(so like
like all
all we know of
of the
the Divine
Divine
Glorious
goodness) of
of asking
asking man whether
whether he will
will accept
accept life
life and be
be like
like
goodness)
for ever.
or whether
whether he
he will
will choose
choose death
death and darkness
darkness for
ever.
God, or
God,
does not
not say
to man,
man, "I
"I will
will make you
you immortal and indeindeGod does
say to
structible whether
whether you
you will
will or
or not;
not; live
live for
for ever
ever you
you shall."
No;
shall." No;
structible
of living;
living; he
he constitutes
constitutes him with a view to
to
he makes him capable
he
capable of
immortality; he
he urges,
urges. beseeches,
beseeches, implores
implores him to
to work out
out this
this
immortality;
grand purpose,
purpose. assuring
assuring him,
him, with
with infinite
infinite pathos,
pathos, that
that he
he has
has no
grand
pleasure in
rather that
the sinner,
that he
in the
the death
death of
of the
sinner, but would rather
pleasure
should
this which in
in my
my view
view simplifies
doctrine this
should LIVE. A doctrine
simplifies and
glorifies human history
related in
in the
the Bible.
Life and death
are
as related
Bible. Life
death are
glorifies
history as
not
set before
before any
but life
are distinctly
distinctly set
beset belife and death are
not set
beast; but
any beast;
fore
he was
was meant to
live. he
he is
is besought
besought to
to live;
can live.
to live,
fore man-he
man he can
live, he
live;
the whole
whole scheme
scheme of
Providence and redemption
redemption is
is arranged
the
of Providence
to
arranged to
help
People's Bible,
Bible,
will ye
die?
The People's
live
to live-why.
then, will
ye die?-The
why, then,
help him to
vol.
vol. 1.
126.
1, p.
p. 126.
Discussing
banishment of
the ultimate
sin from the
ultimate banishment
of sin
the
Discussing the
universe,
adds:
Parker adds:
universe, Parker
it up by itself
By
not mean locking
evil II do not
in a
a
By destroying
destroying evil
locking it
up by itself in
moral
which
shall
be
enlarged
through
shall
moral prison,
enlarged through ages
ages and generageneraprison,
it shall
tions
shall become the
the abode of
countless millions
tions until
until it
of countless
millions of
of
rebels,
its utter,
but its
so that
that at
at last
last the
the
final, everlasting
utter, final,
rebels, but
extinction, so
everlasting extinction,
universe
universe shall
shall be "without spot
or wrinkle,
or any
wrinkle, or
spot or
any such thing"thing"
creation.
the
the pure
of a pure
160.
Ibid., p.
pure creation.-Ibid.,
p. 160.
pure home of
the "Destruction
Commenting
"Destruction of
of Sodom,"
ParSodom/* ParCommenting on the
"in giving
ker
life
God
has
put
it
absolutely
that "in
life
ker denies
denies that
has
it
giving
put
absolutely
out
to reclaim
reclaim or
out of
of his
his own power
or withdraw it."
it." He
power to
comments on the
implications:
the implications:
CHAMPIONS
587
587
Having once
once given
you life
life you
you are
are as
immortal as
as he himas Immortal
Having
given you
self is,
self
is, and you
you can defy
with his
his own work!
to interfere
interfere with
work! The
defy him to
doctrine
seems to
a palpable
palpable absurdity,
and
hardly
doctrine seems
to me to
to involve
involve a
absurdity,
hardly
to escape
escape the
the charge
charge of
blasphemy. Throughout
the whole
whole Bible,
Bible,
to
of blasphemy.
Throughout the
God has
has reserved
reserved to
to himself
himself the
to
take
back
whatever
he
the right
take
to
back
whatever
right
has
has given,
because all
his gifts
have been offered
upon conditions
all his
offered upon
conditions
given, because
gifts have
about which there
be no
no mistake.
mistake.-Ibid.,
p. 222.
222.
there can
can be
Ibid., p.
In this
this case
Sodom]
have
an
instance
of utter
utter and
In
case [of
we
have
of
instance
[of Sodom]
everlasting
is meant by
by "everlastdestruction. We see
see here
here what is
"everlasteverlasting destruction.
are told
in the
the New Testament that
ing
punishment," for
for we are
told in
that
ing punishment,"
"Sodom suffered
suffered the
the vengeance
that is
fire,
eternal fire,"
of eternal
is of
of fire,
fire," that
vengeance of
which made an utter
of its
existence and perfectly
perfectly accomits existence
which
utter end of
accomplished the
the purpose
was "eternal,"
yet Sodom
"fire" was
of God.
God. The "fire"
"eternal," yet
plished
purpose of
is
not literally
literally burning
burning still;
torment, being
the
of its
is not
the smoke of
its torment,
still; the
being the
an eternal
ascended up
up for
ever, yet
smoke of
for ever
of an
eternal fire,
ever and ever,
fire, ascended
yet no
smoke now rises
rises from the
the plain,-"eternal
does not
involve
"eternal fire"
fire" does
not involve
plain,
the
element of
it means thorough,
thorough, absolute,
call "time":
"time": it
the element
of what we call
absolute,
which is
or given
given once
once for
for all.
all.-Ibid.,
complete, final:
final: that
that which
is done or
Ibid.,
complete,
p.223.
223.
p.
S. PEROWNE
J.J. S.
(1823-1904),
(1823-1904), Hebrew
scholar,
Anglican
bishop
of
Worcester
of
scholar, Anglican bishop
JOHN
BISHOP JOHN
Immortality, 1868
Hulsean Lectures
Lectures on Immortality,
1868
Hulsean
immortality of
the soul
neither argued
affirmed
soul is
is neither
of the
The immortality
argued nor affirmed
Old Testament.-Hulsean
Lectures on Immortality,
Immortality, p.
p. 31.
31.
Testament. Hulsean Lectures
Old
in the
the
in
eludes your
immortality of
the soul
is aa phantom
phantom which eludes
your
soul is
of the
The immortality
Ibid.
eager
grasp.-Ibid.
eager grasp.
SIR GEORGE G. STOKES (1820-1903),

professor of
mathof math(1820-1903), professor
of
Royal
Society;
ematics,
Cambridge;
president
of
ematics, Cambridge; president
Royal Society;
M.
P.
M.P.
That
Symposium), 1889
(A Symposium),
Country (A
Immortality,
a
Clerical
Symposium
a
Clerical
Symposium
Immortality,
It
was natural
natural that,
after the
forfeiture of
of immortality
the forfeiture
It was
that, after
immortality
his
seek
should
seek
to
satisfy
his craving
for
through
transgression,
to
man
should
craving for
satisfy
through transgression,
in his
his
immortality by
by imagining
he had something
that he
something immortal in
imagining that
immortality
QUESTIONS
588
588
nature. It
It
nature.
find out
out
find
is, then,
then, to
to revelation
revelation that
that we
we must
must look,
look, if
if we
we are
are to
to
is,
about man's
man's condition
condition in
in the
the intermediate
intermediate
something about
something
state.-That
Country, p.
p. 829.
829.
That Unknown Country,
Man's whole
whole being
being was
was forfeited
forfeited by
by the
the Fall,
Fall, and the
the future
future
Man's
is not
not his
his birthright,
birthright, but
but depends
depends on aa supernatural
supernatural dispendispenlife is
life
look to
to man's
man's bodily
bodily frame for
for indications
indications of
of
sation of
of grace.
grace. To look
sation
immortality,
to
look
even
to
his
lofty
mental
powers-lofty,
inmental
inhis
to
look
even
to
lofty
powers
lofty,
immortality,
but sadly
sadly misused
misused-is
to seek
seek the
the living
living among
among the
the dead.
dead.
deed, but
is to
deed,
into himself,
himself, but
but out
out of
of himself
himself for
for assurance
assurance
must look
look not
not into
Man must
immortality.-Immortality,
a Clerical
Clerical Symposium,
Symposium, p.
p. 123.
123.
of immortality.
of
Immortality, a
state.
A. BROWN
DR. W. A.
(1865-1943), of
of Union Seminary,
Seminary,
(18654943),
York
New York
Christian Hope,
Hope) 1912
1912
The Christian
(From Israel
the doctrine
doctrine of
of the
the resurrection,
resurrection,
Israel came the
(From
and of
of the
the advent;
from Greece,
Greece, the
the doctrine
doctrine of
of natural
natural
and
advent; from
immortality.)
immortality.)
DR.
J.
J. AGAR
professor
BEET (1840-1924),
Wesleyan professor
(1840-1924), Wesleyan
Last Things
Last
Things
the Soul:
Soul: A Protest,
Preface
to The Immortality
Preface to
of the
Protest,
Immortality of
5th
1902
5th ed.,
cd., 1902
a doctrine
The following
. . aa protest
are ....
doctrine
protest against
against a
pages are
following pages
has been almost universally
which,
accenturies, has
which, during
long centuries,
during long
universally acin the
the Bible,
cepted
truth taught
seems to
divine truth
to me
as divine
Bible, but which seems
taught in
cepted as
altogether
it in
in both phrase
to it
alien to
derived
thought, and derived
phrase and thought,
altogether alien
recent times,
this alien
only
alien docfrom Greek Philosophy.
doctimes, this
Philosophy. Until recent
only from
harmless. But,
trine
as II have here
here shown,
has been comparatively
trine has
But, as
shown,
comparatively harmless.
it
serious results
results.....
it is
is now producing most serious
producing
.
this as
of this
of some other
It
as of
of course
course be said,
other doctrines,
will of
It will
said, of
doctrines,
in the
that,
the Bible,
it is
is implied and
if not
not explicitly
asBible, it
that, if
taught in
explicitly taught
implied and asclaim for
sumed there
for their
their teaching
the authority
there..... They
They who claim
teaching the
authority
it comes from Him. Such proof in
that it
of
of God must prove
this
prove that
proof in this
the Soul
case,
The Immortality
never seen.-The
seen.
Soul (5th
case, II have never
ed.,
of the
Immortality ot
(5th ed.,
1902),
Preface.
1902), Preface.
.
589
589
CHAMPIONS
F. WEYMOUTH
DR. R.
R. F.
WEYMOUTH
(1822-1902),
headmaster of
Mill
of Mill
(1822-1902), headmaster
Hill School,
of New Testament
Hill
in Modtranslator of
Testament in
School, translator
ern Speech
Speech
lanMy
to conceive
a grosser
of lanfails to
conceive a
My mind fails
grosser misrepresentation
misrepresentation of
the
guage
than when five
of the
the strongest
strongest words
words which the
five or
six of
or six
guage than
or destruction,
destruction, are
are
Greek tongue
tongue possesses,
possesses, signifying
to destroy
Greek
destroy or
signifying to
everlasting but
but wretched
wretched
explained
to mean "maintaining
explained to
"maintaining an everlasting
Cited
translate black
black as
white is
is nothing
nothing to
to this.
this.-Cited
existence."
existence." To translate
as white
by
in
Life
in
Christ
(1878),
p.
365.
Edward
in
in
Christ
White
365.
by
Life
(1878), p.
New Testament in
SPeech, note
note on 1 Coin .A1odern
Modern Speech,
1
rinthians 15:
18:
rinthians
15:18:
By "perish"
the Apostle
Apostle here
apparently means "pass
"pass out of
of
here apparently
By
"perish" the
existence."*
existence."*
On Hebrews 9:28:
9:28:
use in
the N.T. of
as "death,"
in the
The use
such words
words as
"destruction,"
of such
"death," "destruction,"
Retribution, point
point to
to the
the
"fire,"
to describe
describe Future
Future Retribution,
"fire," "perish,"
"perish," to
as
likelihood of
of fearful
by extinction
extinction of
being, as
of being,
likelihood
fearful anguish,
followed by
anguish, followed
the doom which
which awaits
those who by
by persistent
persistent rejection
rejection of the
the
the
awaits those
Saviour
prove themselves
themselves utterly,
utterly, and therefore
therefore irremediably,
irremediably,
Saviour prove
bad.*
bad. *
11:
On Revelation
14:11:
Revelation 14:
There is
this verse
verse that
that necessarily
necessarily implies
implies an
an
is nothing in
nothing in this
the word "punishment"
"punishment" or
or
eternity
of suffering.
suffering. In aa similar
similar way
eternity of
way the
"correction" in
xxv. 46
46 gives
gives in
in itself
itself no indication
time.
in Matt.
indication of
of time.
"correction"
Matt. xxv.
On Revelation
10:
Revelation 20:
20:10:
The Lake of
of fire]
fire] Implying
awful pain
pain and complete,
complete,
Implying awful
remediable ruin
ruin and destruction.'"
remediable
destruction.*
ir-
ir-
LYM AN ABBOTT (1835-1922),

DR. LYMAN
Congregationalist paspas(1835-1922), Congregationalist
tor, and editor,
Christian Union and The Outlook
editor, Christian
tor,

1889
Country (Symposium),
(Symposium), 1889
Outside
the walls
walls of
of Jerusalem,
Jerusalem, in
the valley
valley of
of Gehenna,
of the
Outside of
in the
Gehenna,
*Notes by
by Earnest
Earnest Hampden-Cook,
Hampden-Cook~ editor
editor and reviser
reviser of
third edition
edition of
of The
of third
New Testament in
Weymouth.
in Modern Speech,
Richard Francis
Francis Weymouth.
Speech, by
by 1<.ichard
QUESTIONS
590
590
was kept
of the
perpetually burning
a fire,
fire, on
on which the
the offal
offal of
the city
dty
burning a
kept perpetually
of the
was thrown
thrown to
to be
This is
is the
the hell
hell fire
fire of
the New
was
be destroyed.
destroyed. This
that persistence
persistence in
in sin
Testament. Christ
warns his
sin will
will
his auditors
Testament.
auditors that
Christ warns
out from the
holy city,
dty, to
to be
be destroyed.
make them offal
the holy
offal to
to be
be cast
cast out
destroyed.
that dieth
the worm devouring
devouring the
the carcasses,
The worm that
was the
dieth not
not was
carcasses,
and is
is equally
equally clearly
not of
of torture
torture but
but of
of destruction.
destruction.
a symbol
symbol not
clearly a
-That
That Unknown Country,
72.
Country, p.
p. 72.
is continuance
notion that
the final
continuance in
sin is
in
of sin
The notion
final punishment
that the
punishment of
a false
sin
suffering is
in part
part on,
seems to
to me,
sin and suffering
false
is also
based in
also based
me, a
on, what seems
to man. This
This philosophy
philosophy is
is that
that man is
is by
philosophy as
nature
as to
by nature
philosophy
immortal. The conviction
has grown
grown on me,
me, that
that according
the
to the
immortal.
conviction has
according to
man
teaching
both
of
science
and
Scripture,
is
by
nature
an
is
nature
and
both
of
science
by
teaching
Scripture,
animal, and like

animals mortal;
mortal; that
that immortality
immortality bebeother animals
like all
all other
animal,
life
is
longs
only
to
the
spiritual
life;
that
spiritual
life
is
possible
that
and
the
to
life;
possible
spiritual
longs only
spiritual
imin communion and contact
God; that,
that, in
in short,
only in
contact with
with God;
short, imonly
it
was
not
conferred
upon
the
race
in
creation
whether
it
mortality
creation
the
race
in
not
conferred
was
mortality
upon
all those
in redemption,
those of
would or
no, but
upon all
of
or no,
but is
is conferred
conferred in
redemption, upon
through Jesus
Jesus Christ
Christ
the race
race who choose
immortality through
the
life and immortality
choose life
our Lord.
Lord.-Ibid.
Ibid.
DR.
DR.
EDWARD BEECHER (1803-1895),

Congregational(1803-1895), Congregationalist theologian;
president,
Illinois
College
Illinois
College
theologian; president,
ist
Doctrine of
Retribution
Doctrine
of Scriptural
Scriptural Retribution
It
Bible] does
not recognize,
nay, it
it expressly
the
does not
denies the
It [the
recognize, nay,
expressly denies
[the Bible]
immortality of
of the
the souL
assures us
It assures
us that
that
and inherent
inherent immortality
soul. It
God only
hath immortality.
vi, 16). By this
underonly hath
immortality. (1
(1 Tim. vi, 16). By this we underin the
the highest
highest sense
sense-that
stand
has immortality
stand that
that He has
that is,
inis, inimmortality in
herent immortality.
immortality. All
All existence
besides Himself He created,
herent
existence besides
created, and
upholds. Men are
as Plato
taught, self-existent,
self-existent, eternal
He upholds.
are not,
eternal
Plato taught,
not, as
in
their
very
nature
.
.
.
.
is
inherent
beings,
immortal
their
is
in
nature.
There
no
inherent
immortal
beings,
very
immortality of
the soul
created He sustains
as such.
sustains
soul as
such. What God created
of the
immortality
in being,
being, and can
of Scriptural
Scriptural
in
can annihilate
annihilate at
at will.-Doctrine
will.
Doctrine of
p. 58.
Retribution> p.
58.
Retribution.,
natural
natural
DR. EMMANUEL PETAVEL-OLLIFF (1836-1910),

(1836-1910), Swiss
Swiss
theologian;
lecturer,
University
of
Geneva
of
lecturer,
theologian;
University
The Struggle
Struggle for
for Eternal
Eternal Life
Life (La
Fin du Mai)
Mal)
(La Fin
The Extinction
Extinction of
Evil,
1889
1889
of Evil,
The Problem of
Immortality
of Immortality
CHAMPIONS
DR. FRANZ DELITZSCH
591
591
(1813-1890),
Hebraist, professor,
1
(1 8 13- 890), Hebraist, professor,
Rostock, Erlangen,
Leipsic
Rostock,
Erlangen, Leipsic
A New Commentary
on Genesis
Genesis
Commentary on
is nothing in
There is
all the
the Bible
Bible which
which implies
implies aa native
native
nothing in all
immortality.-Comment
Gen. 3:22.
3:22.
on Gen.
immortality. Comment on
From the
Biblical point
the Biblical
point of
the soul
soul can
can be
be put
put to
of view the
to death,
death,
it ismortal. Comment on Num. 23:10.
it
ismortal.-Comment
23:10.
BISHOP CHARLES
J.
J.
ELLICOTT (1820-1905),
(1820-1905), of
of Bristol,
ELLIGOTT
Bristol,
chairman, English
Revision Committee
chairman,
English Revision
The Ceylon
Evangelist) October,
1893
October, 1893
Ceylon Evangelist,
It seems inconceivable
It
that when God is
is all
inconceivable that
there
all in
in all,
all, there
should be
amid endless
endless self-inflicted
self-inflicted
should
be some dark spot,
where amid
spot, where
in the
the enhancement of
ever-enduring hate,
hate, rebel
suffering,
of ever-enduring
rebel
suffering, or in
forever raised
hands should be
be forever
the Eternal
Eternal Father
Father and
raised against
against the
God of
of Everlasting
Everlasting Love.
Love.-The
Evangelist, October,
The Ceylon
October,
Ceylon Evangelist,
1893.
1893.
DR.
DANA BOARDMAN (1828-1903),

(1828-1903), pastor,
pastor,
Baptist
Church
of
Philadelphia;
established
of
established
Baptist
Philadelphia;
Foundation of
of Christian
Ethics, UniBoardman Foundation
Christian Ethics,
versity
of Pennsylvania
versity of
Pennsylvania
GEORGE
First
First
Studies
in the
Studies in
the Creative
Creative Week)
1880
Week, 1880
Writing
on
the
issue
of
immortality
states:
the
of
issue
Writing
immortality he states:
single passage
Writ, from Genesis
Genesis to
to RevelaRevelaNot aa single
of Holy
Holy Writ,
passage of
I am aware,
the doctrine
doctrine of
Man's natural
natural
tion, teaches,
as I
far as
of Man's
so far
teaches, so
aware, the
tion,
am
the other
Holy Writ emphatically
emphatically declares
declares
immortality. On the
other hand,
hand, Holy
immortality.
vi.
is
to
that God only
vi.
16):
that
is
to say:
that
Tim.
that
say:
16):
only hath immortality
immortality (1
(1
naGod alone
naturally, inherently,
in His
His own essence
essence and naalone is
is naturally,
inherently, in
immortal.-Studies
pp. 215,
in the
immortal.
the Creative
Creative Week,
216.
Studies in
215, 216.
Week, pp.
because immortality
been
If,
then, Man is
is immortal,
has been
is because
it is
immortal, it
If, then,
immortality has
bestowed on him.
him. He is
is immortal,
immortal, not
because he
he was created
created so,
not because
bestowed
so,
but because
because he
he has
has become
become so,
his deathlessness
deathlessness from
but
so, deriving
deriving his
of
fact the
Him Who alone
hath immortality.
immortality. And of
of this
this fact
the Tree of
alone hath
ture,
ture,
QUESTIONS
592
592
Life
Life in
in the
the midst
midst of
of the
the
seems to
to have
have been the
the appointed
appointed
Garden seems
symbol and pledge.
pledge. That this
this is
is the
the meaning
meaning of
of the
the Tree of
of Life
Life
symbol
evident from
from the
the closing
closing words
words of
of the
the Archive
Archive of
of the
the Fall:
Fall:
is evident
hath become as
as one
one of
of Us,
Us,
"Jehovah God said:
said: 'Behold,
'Behold, the
the Man hath
"Jehovah
to know good
good and evil;
evil; and
al1d now,
now, lest
lest he
he stretch
stretch forth
forth his
his hand,
hand,
to
take also
also of
of the
the Tree
Tree of
of Life,
Life, and eat,
eat, and live
live forever:'
forever:'
and take
forth from Eden,
Eden, and
therefore Jehovah
Jehovah God drove
drove the
the Man forth
therefore
stationed on
on the
the East
East of
of the
the Garden the
the Cherubim,
Cherubim, and the
the FlamFlamstationed
ing Sword
Sword which
which turned
turned every
every way,
way, to
to guard
guard the
the way
way to
to the
the Tree
Tree
ing
is
of Life"
Life"
of
(Gen. iii.
iii. 22-24).
22-24). If
is inherently
inherently immortal,
immortal, what
If Man is
(Gen.
need was
was there
there of
of any
any Tree of
of Life
Life at
at all?
all? This
This much,
much, then,
then,
need
was somehow parabolically
parabolically condicondiseems to
to be
be clear:
clear: Immortality
Immortality was
seems
the eating
eating of
of this
this mysterious
mysterious Tree,
Tree, and the
the Immortality
Immortality
tioned on the
tioned
was for
for the
the entire
Man-spirit
soul and body.
body.-Ibid.,
p. 216.
216.
was
entire Man
Ibid., p.
spirit and soul
J.
J.
PETIINGELL (1815-1887),
Congregationalist, disdisH. PETTINGELL
(1815-1887), Congregationalism
trict secretary
secretary of
of Congregationalist
of Foreign
Foreign
trict
Congregationalist Board of
Missions
Missions
The Theological
(Endless Misery)
Misery)
Theological Trilemma (Endless
Universal
or Conditional
Immortality,
Universal Salvation,
Conditional Immortality,
Salvation, or
1878
1878
Platonism versus
Platonism
versus Christianity,
1881
Christianity, 1881
The Life
Life Everlasting:
Everlasting: What Is
Is It?
It? Whence Is
Is It?
It?
Whose Is
Is Ia
It? 1882
1882
The Unspeakable
1884
Gift, 1884
Unspeakable Gift,
It
of eternal
eternal torment
that the
the doctrine
doctrine of
is worthy of
It is
remark, that
worthy of remark,
is
the Nicene Creed,
the Apostles'
neither in
in the
is found
found neither
Creed, nor
Creed, nor the
Apostles' Creed,
in
Faith of
of the sixteenth
sixteenth
of Faith
the principal
Confessions of
in two
of the
two of
principal Confessions
the French Reformed
of the
century,
the otherwise
otherwise rigid
viz., the
rigid Creed of
century, viz.,
the Anglican
Church
Articles of
of the
the Thirty-nine
Church and the
Anglican Church. And
has been handed down throughout
we believe
believe that
that if
if this
this dogma
throughout
dogma has
inheritance from the
the
the
it is
is simply as
the Protestant
Protestant Churches,
Churches, it
simply as an inheritance
errors
theories of
of
the speculative
the middle
of the
middle ages
errors of
speculative theories
ages and from the
Platonism.
of
the
earlier
Fathers,
the
earlier
the writings
If we examine the
of
Platonism. If
Fathers,
writings
Barnabas,
of Rome,
Hernias, Ignatius,
Rome, Hermas,
Barnabas, Clement of
Ignatius, Polycarp,
Polycarp, Justin
Justin
AlexMartyr,
of Alexof Antioch,
Antioch, Irenaeus,
Irenaeus, and Clement of
Martyr, Theophilus
Theophilus of
andria,
all faithful
faithful to
to the
the apostolic
doctrine of
of the
the
find them all
andria, we.
we, find
apostolic doctrine
CHAMPIONS
final destruction
destruction of
of the
the
final
wicked.
wicked.
593
593
dogma of
of everlasting
everlasting tortorThe dogma
did not
not creep
creep into
into the
the Church until
until she
she yielded
yielded to
to the
the ininment did
fluence
fluence
lasting,
philosophy.-Pettingell's,
of Platonic
Platonic philosophy.
of
Pettingell's,
The Life
Life EverEver-
pp. 66,
66, 67.
67.
lasting, pp.
Conferences on Conditionalisnt
Conditionalism
Conferences
In the
the nineteenth
nineteenth century,
century, in
in addition
addition to
to aa great
great rereIn
vival
individual exponents
exponents of
of conditionalism,
conditionalism, conconvival of
of individual
ferences were
were held,
held, such
such as
as the
the large
large London Conference
Conference
ferences
Immortality, May
May 15,
15, 1876,
with its
its
on Conditional
1876, with
the
chairmanship
published
report.
under
the
Convened
chairmanship
published report.
of Lieutenant-General
Lieutenant-General
of
Goodwyn, the
the attendance
attendance ininGoodwyn,
prominent adherents
adherents as
as Henry
Henry Constable,
Constable,
cluded such prominent
cluded
White, Minton,
Minton, Heard,
Heard, Howard,
Howard, Leask,
Leask, TinEdward White,
ling,
Barrett,
with
messages
Dr.
Petavel of
of
Dr.
Petavel
and
with
from
Barrett,
ling,
messages
Switzerland,
Dr. Weymouth
Weymouth of
of Mill
Mill Hill
Hill School,
et
School, et
Switzerland, Dr.
cetera.
The
gist
of
the
conference
report
was:
"The
was:
cetera.
gist of the conference report
Bible nowhere teaches
teaches an inherent
immortality; but
inherent immortality;
Bible
teaches that
that it
of
redemption
to impart
it .
the object
teaches
of
is the
it is
impart it.
redemption to
object
a
. . . The communication of
it requires
a
regeneration
of
of it
regeneration of
requires
the
of
man,
by the
the Holy
resurrection of the
a resurrection
man, by
Holy Spirit,
Spirit, and a
of
dead."-Page
the enjoyment
It declared
that the
declared that
dead/' Page 28.
28. It
enjoyment of
will
immortality
is
conditionalj
and
that
those
who
will
not
that
those
is
conditional;
immortality
return
perish everlastingly.
everlastingly. "Out
will die
die and perish
return to
to God will
of
there is
life eternal."
eternal.'*
is no life
of Christ
Christ there
Dr.
Dr. White there
there declared:
declared:
.
are the
the ideas
ideas which have brought
us together
this mornThese are
together this
brought us
are
ing.
They
are
now
firmly
held
by
an
immense
multitude
of
ing. They
firmly
by
all lands,
are but a
a little
little
thoughtful
of all
for although
lands, for
thoughtful people
although we are
people of
in
company
here assembled,
assembled, we represent
army in
represent an immense army
company here
Europe
are spreading
America. These views
views are
day
every day
spreading every
Europe and America.
amongst
of
their adherents
adherents some of
the churches;
churches; and number among
among their
amongst the
the
of science,
the foremost
foremost men of
missionaries, philoloscience, theologians,
philolotheologians, missionaries,
gers,
statesmen. Report, London
gers, philosophers,
philosophers, preachers,
preachers, and statesmen.-Report,
Conference
29.
28, 29.
Conference on Conditional
Immortality, pp.
pp. 28,
594
QUESTIONS
Important
Appear
Symposiums Appear
Important Symposiums
Several
symposiums-Life
Everlasting
Several important
Life Everlasting
Important symposiums
(199
pages,
1882),
with
twenty
contributors;
That
with
contributors;
twenty
(199 pages, 1882),
Unknown Country
(943
pages,
1889),
a
pro
and
con
a
pro
Country (943 pages, 1889),
discussion with
a
well-known contributors;
discussion
with 52
52 well-known
contributors; and a
in
Britain
third, Immortality:
Immortality: aa Symposium,
published
in
Britain
third,
Symposium, published
-were
within aa decade.
These, appearing
decade. These,
were all
all issued
issued within
appearing on
both sides
the Atlantic,
Atlantic, indicate
indicate the
the widespread
widespread interinterboth
sides of
of the
denominational
in this
this vital
vital
Interest In
international interest
denominational and international
theme. Note
Note the
the first
in 1882,
published in
Philain Philatheme.
first one,
one, in
1882, published
delphia.
delphia.
PEITINGELL'S "THE LIFE EVERLASTING" SYMPOSIUM.
PETTINGELL'S
-A
symposium (appearing
as aa supplement
supplement to
to
A 199-page
(appearing as
199-page symposium
J.
PettingeU's
The
Life
Everlasting
of
1882),
was
of
H.
Life Everlasting
Pettingell's
1882),
J.
prepared by
by the
the following
contributors:
following contributors:
prepared
Bacon, pastor,
pastor, Park Congregational
Dr. Leonard Bacon,
Dr.
Congregational
Church, Norwich,
Norwich, Conn.;
Dr. Edward White,
White, CongreConn.; Dr.
Church,
Congregationalist,
St.
Paul's
Chapel,
London;
Samuel
Minton,
Paul's
St.
London;
MInton,
gationalist,
Chapel,
Anglican, Eaton Chapel,
London; George
R. Kramer,
Kramer,
Anglican,
Chapel, London;
George R.
Independent
pastor,
Household
of
Faith
Church,
Wilof
Faith
Church, WilIndependent pastor,
mington, Del.;
Joseph D. Wilson,
Wilson, rector,
rector, St.
John's
St. John's
Del.; Joseph
mington,
Church,
Chicago;
A.
A.
Phelps,
A.
Reformed Episcopal
A.
Church,
Chicago;
Episcopal
Phelps,
pastor, Congregational
Congregational Church,
Church, Rochester,
York;
Rochester, New York;
pastor,
editor,
Bible Banner;
Banner; Dr.
Dr. A.
A. M. B.
B. Graham,
Graham, presieditor, The Bible
presiChristian Conference
dent Arkansas
Arkansas Christian
Conference and president
president
Christian
Christian Temperance
of Arkansas;
Arkansas; William
Temperance Union of
B.
B. Hart,
Leask,
Dr. Willam Leask,
Hart, layman,
layman, Philadelphia;
Philadelphia; Dr.
Congregationalist
Maberly Chapel,
London;
Congregationalist pastor,
pastor, Maberly
Chapel, London;
editor,
Rainbow; Dr.
Dr. Emmanuel P^tavel
Petavel (Petaveleditor, The Rainbow;
(PetavelOlliff),
Geneva, Switzerland,
author of
Fin du Mai,
Mal,
of La Fin
Switzerland, author
Olliff), Geneva,
translated into
translated
English as
Struggle for
for Eternal
Eternal
into English
as The Struggle
CHAMPIONS
Life;
Life;
595
J.
J.
H. Kellogg,
M.D., superintendent
of Battle
Battle
Kellogg, M.D.,
superintendent of
author of
Soul and
Creek,
Michigan, Sanitarium,
of The Soul
Creek, Michigan,
Sanitarium, author
the Resurrection;
the
Resurrection; Prof.
Prof. D. H. Chase,
Methodist, MiddleMiddleChase, Methodist,
town,
Conn.; Charles
Byse, pastor,
pastor, Free
Evangelical
Free Evangelical
Charles Byse,
town, Conn.;
Church,
Brussels, Belgium,
Belgium, and editor
Eglise Chreof Eglise
Chreeditor of
Church, Brussels,
tienne Missionnaire
tienne
Missionnaire Beige
Belge and Journal
Journal du Protantisme
Protantisme
Francoise; William Lang,
Lang, author,
Edinburgh; M. W.
author, Edinburgh;
Francoise;
Strang,
editor,
The
Messenger)
Glasgow;
Prof. HerHerStrang, editor,
Messenger, Glasgow; Prof.
mann Schutz,
University of
author
of Gottingen,
Schutz, University
Germany, author
Gottingen, Germany,
of Die Voraussetzungen
der
christ
lichen
Lehre
von
der
of
der
der
christlichen
Lehre
von
Voraussetzungen
Unsterblithkeit
Principles
of
the
Christian
Docof
Unsterblichkeit [The
the
Christian
(The Principles
trine of
Immortality); Dr.
Butler, rector
rector
trine
of Immortality);
Dr. Clement M. Butler,
of Trinity
Washington, D.C.,
D.C., and professor
professor of
of
of
Church, Washington,
Trinity Church,
Dr.
history,
Episcopal
Divinity
School,
Philadelphia;
Dr.
School,
history, Episcopal Divinity
Philadelphia;
Matson Meier-Smith,
pastor and
Meier-Smith, Congregationalist
Congregationalist pastor
professor of
pastoral cares,
cares, Episcopal
of homiletics
homiletlcs and pastoral
professor
Episcopal
Philadelphia;
Canon
Henry
Constable,
Divinity
School,
Constable,
School,
Henry
Divinity
Philadelphia;
Anglican
Dr. C.
pasC. R. Hendrickson,
Hendrlckson, pasLondon; Dr.
author, London;
Anglican author,
tor,
Baptist
Church,
Jackson,
Tenn.;
Dr.
R.
HuntDr.
W.
R.
tor, Baptist Church, Jackson, Tenn.;
ington, rector,
rector, All-Saints
All-Saints Church,
Mass.
Worcester, Mass.
Church, Worcester,
ington,
"
PHELPS' INDICTMENT OF INNATE IMMORTALITY.

DR. PHELPS*
-Dr.
by Nature Im"Is Man by
Dr. Phelps,
in discussing
discussing "Is
Phelps, in
mortal?"
(pp.
639-650),
presents
twelve
counts against
mortal?" (pp. 639-650), presents twelve counts
against
the
immortality:
innate Immortality:
the doctrine
of innate
doctrine of
it was introduced
1.
has aa bad history;
history; it
introduced by
by the
the
1. It
It has
a
heathen
from
serpent
in
Eden,
and
springs
a
philosin
Eden,
philossprings
serpent
is a compromise
ophy; it
in Jewish
Jewish belief;
belief; is
it is
not found in
is not
compromise
ophy;
with Platonism;
authenticated by
the
with
Platonism; adopted
by the
adopted and authenticated
Church of
of Rome.
2.
It is
is at
account of
of
the scriptural
at variance
variance with the
2. It
scriptural account
man's creation.
man's
creation.
fall.
with the
Bible statement
of man's fall.
3.
statement of
the Bible
It clashes
clashes with
3. It
QUESTIONS
596
of death.
4. It
It is
is opposed
to the
doctrine of
death.
the scriptural
scriptural doctrine
opposed to
5.
is equally
to physiological
physiological facts.
facts.
5. It
It is
equally opposed
opposed to
6. Immortality
is
nowhere
ascribed
to
in
his
man
in his
to
ascribed
6.
is
Immortality
present
state
of
existence.
state
of
existence.
present
7. Immortality
Immortality is
to be sought,
sought, and not
a blessing
is a
7.
blessing to
a
a birthright
birthright legacy.
legacy.
8.
is opposed
to the
the scriptural
8. Inherent
Inherent immortality
immortality is
opposed to
scriptural
the wicked.
doom of
of the
wicked.
9. It
necessity of
resurrection. '
a resurrection.
of a
the necessity
It supersedes
9.
supersedes the
scene to
10.
It reduces
judgment scene
to aa solemn farce.
farce.
the judgment
10. It
reduces the
11.
It subverts
of Christ's
doctrine of
Christ's second
the Bible
Bible doctrine
11. It
subverts the
coming.
coming.
error Mohammedan12.
It is
a prolific
source of
of error-Mohammedanis a
12. It
prolific source
ism,
PurShakerism, Swedenborgianism,
ism, Shakerism,
Swedenborgianism, Spiritualism,
Spiritualism, Purgatory,
Mariolatry,
Universalism,
Eternal-Tormentism.
Eternal-Tormentism.
Universalism,
gatory, Mariolatry,
4.
Twentieth Century
Century
M. HAY
(1841-1927), AnHAY AITKEN (1841-1927),
glican
mission
organizer
mission
glican
organizer
CANON WILLIAM H.
The doctrine
Eternal Torment has
has lost
its hold
hold on the
lost its
the
doctrine of
of Eternal
common sense
of mankind. People
People don't
don't
sensibilities of
sense and moral sensibilities
and won't
won't believe
believe that
infinitely good
good and merciful
merciful God can
that an infinitely
can
to measureless
measureless
consign
xvii. 28,
28, 29)
consign His own offspring
offspring (Acts
29) to
(Acts xvii.
in retribution
retribution for
the sins
sins and weaknesses
weaknesses of
of aa
aeons
torture in
aeons of
for the
of torture
Lewis'
Eric Lewis'
few swiftly
here on earth.-Foreward,
earth.
Foreward, Eric
years here
swiftly passing
passing years
Life and Immortality,
Immortality, 1949,
f.
1949, p.
Life
p. f.
ERIC LEWIS
ERIC
(1864-1948),
University, mismisCambridge University,
(1864-1948), Cambridge
sionary
to
Sudan
and
India
to
sionary
Life
Immortality, 1949
1949
Life and Immortality,
Christ,
the
First
Fruits,
the
First
1949
Christ,
Fruits, 1949
Lewis' summary:
Lewis'
summary:
1.
mortal. That immortality
immortality is
is not
not his
by nana1. That man is
is mortal.
his by
but
of God to
but aa gift
in Christ,
Christ, conditioned
to him in
faith and
conditioned on faith
gift of
ture,
ture,
CHAMPIONS
597
597
obedience, the
the earnest
of which immortality,
immortality, is
is the
the indwelling
indwelling
earnest of
obedience,
of God. And this
Spirit
is put
put on at
at the
the resurrecresurrecthis immortality
Spirit of
immortality is
tion.
tion.
2. That at
at death,
physical organism,
his physical
death, man's soul,
soul, his
dies, and
organism, dies,
returns to
man returns
to dust.
dust.
3.
is not a personal entity
3. That at
at death,
his spirit,
death, his
spirit, which Is not a personal entity
apart
his body,
returns to
gave it,
it, while
while the
to God who gave
the man
apart from his
body, returns
himself passes
passes into
unconscious sleep
until the
the resurrection.
resurrection.
into unconscious
sleep until
4.
4. That at
calls the
the dead man back
back to
at resurrection,
to life,
life,
resurrection, God calls
breathing into
resurrection body,
into him again
body,
breathing
again His Spirit
Spirit.. . . . The resurrection
given to
the righteous
righteous at
coming of
Christ, will
will be
be aa spiritual
spiritual
the coming
to the
at the
of Christ,
given
body, aa glorified
glorified body,
like His own after
His resurrection.
resurrection.
after His
body, like
body,
There will
will be aa resurrection
unto judgment,
judgment, as
as well
well as
as unto
resurrection unto
life.
whose names are
written in
the book of
of
in the
are not found written
life. Those whose
life, will
will be
be cast
the lake
lake of
there to
to perish
perish ultimately,
cast into
into the
of fire,
fire, there
life,
ultimately,
burned up
up like
the chaff.
their sufferings
is
will last,
like the
chaff. How long
burned
last, is
long their
sufferings will
to God alone;
alone; His judgment
judgment will
will be
be according
to the
the
known to
according to
will
desert of
of each.
each. This is
is "the
death," from which there
"the second
there will
second death,"
desert
be no resurrection.-Christ
First Fruits,
Fruits, p.
p. 79.
the First
be
Christ the
79.
resurrection.
2.
the
the
DR. WILLIAM TEMPLE (1881-1944),

Archbishop of
of
late Archbishop
(1881-1944), late
Primate
of
Great
Britain
Canterbury,
Primate
of
Great
Britain
Canterbury,
Christian
Faith and Life,
Life, 1931;
impression,
16th impression,
Christian Faith
1931; 16th
1954
1954
Lecture on Immortality
Immortality, 1931
1931
Drew Lecture
and
Nature,
God,
1953
Man
God,
Nature,
,
[The]
doctrine of
the future
life [will]
involve our first
disfirst disof the
future life
[will] involve
[The] doctrine
entangling
the authentic
teaching of
the classical
classical Scriptures
of the
authentic teaching
Scriptures from
entangling the
began to
to obscure
obscure this.
this.-Nature,
accretions which very
very quickly
quickly began
accretions
Nature,
p. 460.
460.
Man and God,
God, p.
is capable
of right;
not immortal by
by nature
nature or
or of
right; but he is
is not
Man is
capable
of
immortali ty and there
is offered
offered to
to him resurrection
the
there is
of immortality
it from God and on God's
dead
and life
will receive
if he will
receive it
life eternal
eternal if
dead and
terms.-Ibid.,
p. 472.
terms.
472.
Ibid., p.
Are
there not,
not, however,
however,
Are there
endless
torment of
the lost?
lost?
of the
endless torment
the
many
passages which speak
of the
speak of
many passages
No; as
far as
as my
my knowledge
knowledge goes,
goes,
as far
No;
p. 464.
there is
464.
all.
at all.-Ibid.,
is none at
there
Ibid., p.
After
everlasting punishment
punishment though
though it
it
is an everlasting
annihilation is
After all,
all, annihilation
is not
not unending
unending torment.-Ibid.
torment. Ibid.
is
QUESTIONS
598
598
thing we can
everlasting torment is
is
with confidence:
One thing
can say
confidence: everlasting
say with
be ruled
ruled out.
had not
not imported
imported the
the Greek and unbibliunbiblibe
out. If
If men had
notion of
indestruction of
the individual soul,
cal notion
cal
of the
the natural
of the
natural indestruction
soul,
and then
then read
read the
the New Testament with
with that
that already
in their
their
already in
it aa belief,
belief, not
not in
in everlasting
minds, they
they would have
have drawn from it
minds,
everlasting
torment, but
but in
in annihilation.
that is
is called
called aeonian,
fire that
It is
is the
the fire
annihilation. It
aeonian,
torment,
81.
not the
the life
Faith and Life,
Life, p.
p. 81.
Christian Faith
it.
not
life cast
cast into
into it.-Christian
How can
be the
for any
any while
while there
there is
is Hell,
Hell, conconParadise for
there be
the Paradise
can there
as unending
unending torment,
torment, for
ceived
for some?
some? Each supposedly
ceived as
supposedly damned
soul.
was born
born into
the world
world as
a mother's
child, and Paradise
Paradise
as a
mother's child,
soul was
into the
cannot be
be Paradise
Paradise for
her if
if her
her child
child is
such aa Hell.
Hell.-Ibid.,
in such
is in
cannot
for her
Ibid.,
to
to
p.454.
p. 454.
DR. GERARDUS VAN DER LEEUW
(1890-1950),
professor,
(1890-1950), professor,
University of
of Groningen
Groningen
University
or ResOnsterfelijkheid
Opstanding (Immortality
(Immortality or
Resof Opstanding
Onsterfelijkheid of
urrection), 1947
1947
urrection),
19-21, he comments:
comments:
After
Eccl. 3:
After quoting
3:19-21,
quoting Ecc!.
a
[Innate]
a conception
conception which fits
fits into
into the
the
is
Immortality is
[Innate] Immortality
philosophy of
pantheism. With death
death belongs
belongs not
not immortality,
immortality,
of pantheism.
philosophy
but Resurrection,
Resurrection.-Onsterfelijkheid
of Opstanding,
p. 30.
but
30.
Onsterfelijkheid of
Opstanding, p.
The Church has
has-no
Hellenized it
may be
be
it may
matter how much Hellenized
no matter
in
the resurrection
resurrection of
of
in doctrine
doctrine and practice-always
practice always maintained the
the
body. . . . The body
dies, death is
is not
not being
being denied at
at all.
all.
the body.
body dies,
that II am,
will not
not exist.
exist. The soul
the Spirit,
the soul
soul that
soul will
Even the
will
am, will
Spirit, the
of man will
be renewed by
by God. God
also
die. But the
the whole life
life of
will be
also die.
will raise
raise me up
p. 32.
32.
will
latter day."-Ibid.,
"in the
the latter
day." Ibid., p.
up "in
God alone
he has
has given
given
is immortal (1 Tim. 6:16). To man he
alone is
(1
6:16).
Resurrection. . . .
the promise
promise of
the
of Resurrection.
Creation
re-creation is
resurinto re-creation.
will change
re-creation. And re-creation
is resurCreation will
change into
a raising
God. Ibid., p.
p. 36.
36.
1'ection,
rection, a
raising up
up by
by God.-Ibid.,
Many preachers
preachers of
recent times
are rather
rather hesitant
hesitant to
preach
of recent
times are
to preach
Many
about immortality.
immortality. But in
in former days,
preaching about
about
days, when preaching
eternal
without effort
effort that
that they
they dwelt
upon imaginadwelt upon
eternal life,
it was without
life, it
imaginabody and an immortal
immortal soul.
soul. The older
tions of
tions
of a corruptible
older
corruptible body
are full
full of
devotional books
books and church hymns
hymns are
of it.
it. Even now
devotional
in the
people in
the house
house of
the graveyards
graveyards are
of bereavement and on the
are
people
being comforted
comforted from the
the same source-yet
these representations
representations
source yet these
being
.
CHAMPIONS
599
599
are not in any

but purely
purely Grecian
Grecian and conconChristian, but
any respect
respect Christian,
the essence
trary to
to the
faith.-Ibid.,
20.
essence of
Christian faith.
Ibid.> p.
of Christian
trary
p. 20.
DR. AUBREY R.
R. VINE
(1900), editor, The ConCon(1900), editor,

professor at
at Yorkshire
Yorkshire United
United
gregational Quarterly;
gregational
Quarterly; professor
Independent
College
Independent College
An Approach
Approach to
to Christoiogy,
1948
Christology, 1948
The natural
natural immortality
the spirit
is aa Greek rather
rather than
than aa
of the
immortality of
spirit is
Christian
Christian concept.-An
Approach
to
Christology
(1948),
p.
An
to
314.
concept.
Approach
Christology (1948), p. 314.
Against
the
idea
of
the
natural
immortality
of
the
spirit
the
idea
of
the
natural
of
the
Against
immortality
spirit we
that God is
is the
only self-existent
self-existent and that
that nothset the
the fact
must set
fact that
the only
nothexis~s or
or continues
to exist
by His grace
ing exists
continues to
exist except
will,
ing
grace and will,
except by
within this
this schema or
within any
any other.
other. God only
only is
is exoschematic.
exoschematic.
within
or within
use the
therefore, of
anything but
but
When we use
the word "immortal,"
of anything
"immortal/' therefore,
God,
that none but
but God is
is immortal
immortal by
by
realize that
God, we must always
always realize
nature and without
without qualification.
qualification.-Ibid.,
p. 315.
315.
own nature
Ibid., p.
"Immortal" should only
be applied
applied to
to aa human spirit
if we
only be
spirit if
clearly
recognize that
that it
it is
is only
only immortal
immortal at
at God's grace
grace and
clearly recognize
pleasure. Only
is immortal
immortal by
by His own nature
nature and without
pleasure.
Only God is
qualification.-Ibid.,
footnote.
311, footnote.
Ibid., p.
p. 311,
qualification.
his
his
of systemJ.
professor of
(n.d.), professor
systemJ. HEINECKEN (n.d.),
atic
theology, Lutheran
Lutheran Theological
Philatic theology,
Seminary, Philadelphia
adelphia
DR. MARTIN
Basic Christian
Basic
Christian Teachings,
1949
Teachings, 1949
Speaking of
unit, he declares:
of man as
a unit,
declares:
as a
Speaking
are told
In
the Biblical
Biblical account
creation we are
told that
that God
of creation
account of
In the
formed man of
the dust
dust and of
of the
the earth,
earth, and that
that he
he then
then
formed
of the
a living
is
breathed into
soul. This is
his nostrils
nostrils and man became a
into his
breathed
living soul.
is the
usually
interpreted to
to mean that
that God made aa soul,
the
soul, which is
usually interpreted
real
person, and that
that he then
then gave
this soul
soul aa temporary
temporary home
real person,
gave this
is a
false
in aa body,
body, made of
dust of
of the
the earth.
earth. But this
this is
a false
the dust
of the
in
Basic Christian
dualism . . . . Man must be
a unity.-Basic
Christian
considered a
be considered
dualism.
unity.
37.
Teachings,
pp. 36,
36, 37.
Teachings, pp.
with aa unified
unified being,
being, aa person,
person, and not
not with
are dealing
We are
dealing with
dwells in
called
something that
that is
in aa house
house called
a soul
soul and which dwells
called a
is called
something
.
600
600
QUESTIONS
to emthe
body, as
as though
were just
just aa tool
tool for
for the
the soul
soul to
the body,
the body
body were
though the
ploy, but
but not
not really
part of
the person.
person.-Ibid.,
p. 38.
38.
a part
of the
Ibid., p.
really a
ploy,
Coming
then to
to the
the issue
issue of
immortality of
the
the immortality
of the
of the
Coming then
soul
says:
soul he says:
It
is held
held by
by some
people that
that there
there is
is within
within every
It is
some people
every man an
its own right.
unchanging
and
indestructible
core,
immortal
in
its
in
indestructible
core,
right.
unchanging
It is
unaffected by
by time;
it had no
no beginning,
beginning, neither
neither can it
it have
have
It
is unaffected
time; it
an end.
end. It
has always
will be.
be. It
It came into
into this
this
an
It has
always will
always been and always
world
things from the
the realm
realm of
of eternity
eternity and will
will
of changing
world of
changing things
return to
to it.-Ibid.,
133.
return
it
Ibid., p.
p. 133.
The Christian
Christian view
view is
to be identified
identified with the
is by no means to
the
by
above belief
belief in
of the
the soul.
soul. The Christian
belief is
is
in the
Christian belief
the immortality
above
immortality of
in
the immortality
in the
the resurrection.
resurrection.
in the
of the
the God-relationship,
God-relationship, and in
immortality of
The Christian
Christian dualism
is not
not that
that of
body, eternal
eternal mind
of soul
soul and body,
dualism is
and passing
passing things,
but the
dualism of
of Creator
creature. Man
the dualism
Creator and creature.
and
things, but
is aa person,
person, aa unified
a center
center of
of responsibility,
responsibility, standing
is
unified being,
being, a
standing
over against
his Creator
Judge. He has
has no life
life or
or immortality
immortality
over
Creator and Judge.
against his
into being
being through
through God's
God's creative
within himself.
himself. He came into
within
creative
spends as
many years
as in
this earth
power. He spends
earth as
in God's
God's provias many
years on this
power.
provihim. He faces
faces death
death as
the wages
wages of
dence are
sin.
as the
of sin.dence
are allotted
allotted to
to him.
Ibid., pp.
pp. 133,
134.
133, 134.
Ibid.,
have speculated
like this:
the soul
soul is
is sepdeath the
Men have
this: At death
sepspeculated like
appears then
before God in
in aa preprearated
from the
the body.
body. It
then before
It appears
arated from
judgment (mentioned
in Scripture)
Scripture) and enenliminary judgment
(mentioned nowhere in
liminary
of blessedness
blessedness or
or condemnaters
into aa preliminary
preliminary state
state either
either of
ters into
Then, when the
the last
last trumpet
trumpet sounds,
the body
body is
is resurrected
tion.
tion. Then,
resurrected
sounds, the
and rejoined
rejoined with
with the
the soul,
complete once
once more,
more, the
the reunited
reunited
soul, and complete
for the
body and soul
soul appear
the final,
final, public
public judgment
judgment scene,
scene, from
appear for
body
enter either
bliss or
condemnation. It
is
there to
to enter
or final
final condemnation.
either into
into final
final bliss
there
It is
no wonder that,
that, with
with this
this view,
little use
use for
for a
a
view, men have had little
the notion
notion altogether
altogether and
resurrection,
resurrection, and have finally
finally dropped
dropped the
have been satisfied
the redemption
of only
only the
the soul.
soul.-Ibid.,
satisfied with
with the
have
Ibid.,
redemption of
135.
p. 135.
p.
die then
then means to
to pass
pass to
the resurrection
resurrection and the
judgto the
To die
the judgat the
the end of
if someone should say
that all
of time.
time. Even if
all men
ment at
say that
until the
the final
what is
the passage
passage of
of time
sleep
final trumpet
is the
time
sounds, what
trumpet sounds,
sleep until
are asleep?
transition from the
the moment of
of
for those
those who are
for
asleep? The transition
still be
death
to the
the resurrection
be instantaneous
instantaneous for
resurrection would still
for them.
death to
them,
It
be no different
going to
to bed at
night and being
different from going
at night
It would be
being
waked in
the morning.-Ibid.,
in the
136.
morning. Ibid., p.
p. 136.
CHAMPIONS
601
601
DAVID R. DA
VIES (1889DAVIES
(1889-
),
rector, St.
Mary MagSt. Mary
), rector,
MagBritain
dalen, St.
St. Leonard-on-Sea,
dalen,
Leonard-on-Sea, Britain
The Art of
Dodging Repentance,
Repentance, 1952
1952
of Dodging
The soul
soul of man is
is not
not necessarily
necessarily automatically
automatically immortal.
immortal. It
It
is capable of
is
being destroyed.
Bible offers
offers no ground
whatcapable of being
destroyed. The Bible
ground whatthat the
soul is
is immune from
soever for
for believing
believing that
the soul
death and
from death
and
destruction. The soul
destruction.
can be
be destroyed.
soul can
destroyed.
The immortality
the soul
immortality of
not aa Biblical
Biblical doctrine,
of the
is not
soul is
but
doctrine, but
Greek philosophy.
philosophy. The Biblical
Biblical doctrine
doctrine about
about the
the soul
is the
the
soul is
being. God created
resurrection
the dead.
dead. Man is
is a
a created
created being.
created
of nothing.
him out of
nothing. Man was created
created for
for immortality,
immortality, but
but by
his
by his
himself mortal.
mortal.-The
Art of
of
own rebellion
rebellion against
he made himself
The Art
against God he
Dodging
Repentance (1952),
84.
Dodging Repentance
(1952), p.
p. 84.
The idea
idea of
the immortality
of the
the soul
derives from Greek
Greek
of the
soul derives
immortality of
Hades, aa ghostly,
philosophy which
which conceived
the after-life
afterlife of
conceived the
of Hades,
philosophy
ghostly,
in which the
twilight existence.
shadowy
underworld, in
the soul
soul lived
lived a
a twilight
existence.
shadowy underworld,
We have
have translated
translated the
the Greek
Greek word,
by our English
English
word, Hades,
Hades, by
think of
place of
pain and torment.
torment. But
word Hell,
Hell, which we think
a place
as a
of pain
of as
the Greek
Greek Hades was
was not
not aa place
of torment.
torment. Hell
Hell as
torment is
is
the
as torment
place of
derived
the Hebrew Gehenna than
than from the
derived more from the
the Greek
Hades,
which was
was aa lower,
passion
of passion
Hades, which
existence, denuded of
lower, shadowy
shadowy existence,
and suffering.
suffering. It
the product
of men as
a
It was the
as a
of the
the Greek view of
product of
compound
of
matter
and
soul,
which
death
severed,
releasing
death
of
matter
severed,
soul,
compound
releasing
of matter
into an independent
independent
the
prison-house of
the soul
the prison-house
matter into
soul from
from the
existence.
existence.
The Hebrew view
In the
the
different. In
view of
of man was entirely
entirely different.
is regarded
unity of
spirit, which manifests
Bible
"life" or
manifests
a unity
Bible man is
of "life"
or spirit,
as a
regarded as
itself as
both soul
body. Since
has made himself
himself mortal,
mortal,
Since man has
itself
as both
soul and body.
is not
his
mortality. Man is
in consequence,
also partakes
of mortality.
his soul,
soul, in
partakes of
consequence, also
aa compound
two separate
matter and spirit,
spirit, but
but aa
of two
entities, matter
compound of
separate entities,
that
soul. It
unity
of spirit
as matter
matter and soul.
It is
is the
the unity
unity that
functioning as
unity of
spirit functioning
85.
is
mortal.-Ibid.,
pp. 84,
is mortal.
84, 85.
Ibid., pp.
F.
under-librarian of
of Cambridge
F. C.
C. ATKINSON, under-librarian
Cambridge
University
University
The Pocket
Pocket Commentary
the Bible,
Bible, Part
Part One:
of the
Commentary of
1954
of Genesis,
Book of
Genesis,
Comment on Gen. 2:7:
2:7:
DR. BASIL
602
602
QUESTIONS
the
It
has sometimes
been thought
thought that
the Impartation
impartation of
of the
that the
It has
sometimes been
life principle,
principle, as
brought before
before us
us in
this verse,
verse, entailed
in this
entailed
as it
it is
is brought
said that
immortality
the spirit
It has
been said
that to
to be
be made
soul. It
has been
or soul.
of the
immortality of
spirit or
involves immortality.
Bible never says
in
in- the
the image
of God involves
says
immortality. The Bible
image of
so.
it involves
involves immortality,
does it
it not
not also
also involve
omnisinvolve omnisso. If
If it
why does
immortality, why
or omnipresence,
omnipresence, or
or any
other quality
attribute of
cience or
or attribute
of
cience
quality or
any other
the Infinite?
Infinite? Why
Why should
one alone
be singled
out? The breath
breath of
of
alone be
the
should one
singled out?
life was
was not
not breathed
heart, but
but into
his nostrils.
nostrils. It
into his
It
life
breathed into
into man's heart,
involved physical
physical life.
Throughout the
man, apart
the Bible
Bible man,
life. Throughout
involved
apart from
Christ,
conceived of
physical
dust and ashes,
as made of
of dust
is conceived
of as
ashes, a physical
Christ, is
by God aa principle
principle of
life. The Greek
creature, to
to whom is
of life.
is lent
lent by
creature,
as an immortal
immortal soul
thinkers
tended to
to think
think of
soul imprisoned
thinkers tended
of man as
imprisoned
of the
in
body. This emphasis
the opposite
to that
that of
the Bible,
but
in a
a body.
is the
Bible, but
opposite to
emphasis is
has found
found aa wide
wide place
place in
in Christian
thought.-The
Pocket ComThe Pocket
has
Christian thought.
of the
Bible, Part
Part 1,
of Genesis,
Genesis, p.
p. 32.
mentary
the Bible,
32.
1, Book of
mentary of
life
EMIL BRUNNER (1889), professor

professor of
of systemsystem(1889),
atic
practical theology,
University of
atic and practical
of Zurich,
Zurich,
theology, University
guest professor
Princeton, and International
International
at Princeton,
guest
professor at
Christian University,
Tokyo
Christian
University, Tokyo
Eternal Hope
Hope (English
by Harold
Eternal
translation by
(English translation
Knight), 1954
Knight),
After discussing
widespread, historic
historic concept
After
discussing the
the widespread,
o
concept of
the
death" as
"the separation
separation
the "survival
of the
the soul
soul after
"survival of
after death"
as "the
of
body," he states:
of soul
soul from body/*
states:
DR.
For the
the history
the Platonic
Platonic teaching
of Western thought,
o
history of
thought, the
teaching of
the
the immortality
immortality of
became of
significance. It
of the
the soul
soul became
of special
It
special significance.
penetrated so
into
the
thought
of
because.
man
so deeply
into
the
of
Western
because,
penetrated
deeply
thought
it was
was assimilated
assimilated by
although
with certain
certain modifications,
Chrismodifications, it
although with
by Christian theology
tian
and
church
teaching,
was
even
declared
by
the
was
declared
theology
teaching,
by the
Lateran
Lateran Council of
be aa dogma,
dogma, to
to contradict
of 1512
to be
1512 [1513]
contradict
[1513] to
which was a
a heresy.-Eternal
Hope, p.
p. 100.
Eternal Hope,
100.
heresy
.
Then he
he adds:
adds:
Only
recently, as
a deepened
deepened understanding
understanding of
of
as a result
result of
of a
Only recently,
the New Testament,
Testament, have
have strong
doubts arisen
to its
its compatibilarisen as
as to
strong doubts
compatibilGoel
ity
with the
the Christian
conception of
the relation
relation between
between God
Christian conception
of the
ity with
and man.-Ibid.
man. Ibid.
CHAMPIONS
603
603
According
Platonism:
to Platonlsm:
According to
The body
body is
is mortal,
mortal, the
the soul
immortal. The mortal
mortal husk
husk concon
soul immortal.
which in
in death
death is
is freed
from its
its outer
outer
freed from
which
shelL-Ibid.,
p. 101.
shell.
101.
Ibid., p.
ceals this
ceals
this eternal
eternal essence
essence
After observing
that "this
dualistic conception
of
After
"this dualistic
observing that
conception of
man does
to
the
Christian
outlook,"
he
does not
not correspond
he
to
the
Christian
outlook/'
correspond
then remarks:
then
remarks:
Since
this mode of
evil of
sting runs
runs necessarily
Since this
of robbing
of its
its sting
necessarily
robbing evil
innocuous of
of death
death through
through the
the teachteach
innocuous
ing about immortality,
immortality, this
this solution
the problem
problem of
of death
solution of
of the
ing
stands
to Christian
Christian thought.-Ibid.
stands in
in irreconcilable
irreconcilable opposition
thought. Ibid.
opposition to
rendering
parallel with
with the
the rendering
parallel
Commenting
the "doctrine
the imimfurther on the
"doctrine of
of the
Commenting further
mortality
of
the
soul"
(p.
105),
which
medieval
ChrisChrisof
the
soul"
medieval
mortality
(p. 105),
tianity
philosophy," he obobover" from "Greek philosophy,"
"took over"
tianity "took
serves
was "utterly
to its
it was
serves that
its [Christianity's]
that it
"utterly foreign
foreign to
[Christianity's]
own essential
essential teaching."
he
adds:
And
adds:
he
teaching."
opinion that
that we men are
are immortal because
because our
our soul
soul is
is of
The opinion
of
irfor all,
an indestructible,
divine, essence
essence is,
all, ir
because divine,
is, once for
indestructible, because
reconcilable
the Biblical
view of
of God and man.
man.-Ibid.,
with the
Biblical view
reconcilable with
Ibid.,
pp.
105,
106.
106.
105,
pp.
The philosophical
philosophical belief
belief in
like an echo,
in immortality
is like
echo, both
immortality is
reproducing
and
falsifying
the
primal
Word
of
this
divine
Crea
this
divine
Creathe
of
reproducing
falsifying
primal
tor.
is false
because it
the real
real loss
loss of
of
into account the
tor. It
It is
it does
take into
false because
does not
not take
this original
original destiny
through sin.
sin.-Ibid.,
p. 107.
this
107.
Ibid., p.
destiny through
DR. REINHOLD NIEBUHR (1892), professor at

at Union
), professor
(1892Theological
Seminary
The Nature
Nature and Destiny
Destiny of
(Scribners), 1955
of Man (Scribners),
(Gifford
Lectures
at
Edinburgh,
Lectures
at
Edinburgh, 1939)
1939)
(Gifford
After
contrasting the
the "classical"
of
of man,
"classical" view of
After contrasting
man, of
Nieand
the
"Biblical"
view,
NieGraeco-Roman antiquity,
the "Biblical" view,
antiquity,
buhr states
that the
merged in
in the
the
the two "were actually
buhr
states that
actually merged
and
The
Nature
thought
of
medieval
Catholicism."-The
medieval
Catholicism."
of
thought
that the
Destiny of
of Man,
Man, vol.
vol. 1,
p. 5.
view, that
classical view,
5. The classical
1, p.
Destiny
604
QUESTIONS
"mind" or
inseparably tied
tied
or "spirit"
is "immortal" was inseparably
"spirit" is
to the
to
dualistic concept
(p. 7).
the dualistic
of man (p.
7). But among
among
concept of
the Hebrews,
Hebrews, he observes,
the
observes,
the
concept of
of an immortal
in aa mortal
mortal body
body remains
remains un
the concept
unimmortal mind in
known to
to the
the encl.-Ibid.,
13.
end. Ibid., p.
13.
p.
Origen's
the Biblical
Biblical sense
of
sense of
Platonism completely
destroys the
completely destroys
Origen's Platonism
the unity
unity of
of man.-Ibid.,
153,
footnote.
the
footnote.
man. Ibid., p.
153,
p.
Platonic conception
conception of
of the
Gregory's [of
thoroughly Platonic
the
Gregory's
[of Nyssa]
Nyssa] thoroughly
in
is vividly expressed
relation
of the
the soul
to the
body is
in
his
the body
his
relation of
soul to
vividly expressed
metaphor of
of the
the alloy.
alloy.-Ibid.,
p. 172.
the gold
172.
Ibid., p.
gold and the
metaphor
The idea
resurrection of
of the
body is
is aa Biblical
Biblical symbol
the body
idea of
of the
the resurrection
symbol
in which
which modern minds take
the greatest
greatest offense
offense and which has
has
in
take the
long since
since been
been displaced
in most
most modern versions
versions of
Chris
of the
the Chrislong
displaced in
soul. The latter
tian
faith by
by the
the immortality
the soul.
latter
tian faith
the idea
idea of
of the
of the
immortality of
idea
is regarded
regarded as
a more plausible
of the
the hope
of
idea is
as a
expression of
plausible expression
hope of
everlasting
vol. 2,
2, p.
294.
life.
Ibid., vol.
everlasting life.-Ibid.,
p. 294.
The resurrection
resurrection is
is not
not aa human possibility
possibility in
the sense
that
in the
sense that
the immortality
immortality of
of the
the soul
is thought
to be
be so.
All the
the plausible
the
soul is
so. All
thought to
plausible
implausible proofs
proofs for
immortality of
of the
the soul
are
and implausible
the immortality
soul are
for the
efforts
the part
part of
the human mind to
to master
master and to
to control
control
efforts on the
of the
the
life. They
all try
to prove
prove in
in one way
the consummation of
of life.
or
They all
way or
try to
another that
that an eternal
in the
nature of
eternal element in
is worthy
another
the nature
of man is
worthy
and capable
capable of
beyond death."
death."-Ibid.,
p. 295.
295.
of survival
survival beyond
Ibid., p.
The Christian
Christian hope
the consummation of
history is
of life
life and history
of the
is
hope of
than alternate
doctrines which seek
to comprehend
less
absurd than
less absurd
seek to
alternate doctrines
comprehend
and to
of life
life by
by some power
power or
or capacity
into effect
the completion
effect the
completion of
capacity inherent
his history.-Ibid.,
p. 298.
298.
in man and his
herent in
Ibid.,, p.
history.
DR. T. A.
A. KANTONEN (1900DR.
(1900-
),
Lutheran professor,
professor,
),
Divinity School,
Hamma Divinity
School, American Member Lutheran
Federation Commission on Theology
theran World Federation
Theology
Christian Hope,
The Christian
Hope, 1954
1954
influence of
Hellenic philosophy,
philosophy, represented
represented by
the
The influence
of Hellenic
by the
Alexandrian fathers
fathers in
in particular,
particular, tended to
to spiritualize
spiritualize eschaeschainner purification
purification and immortality
immortality of
tology into
into a
a continuing
of
tology
continuing inner
the
the soul.
soul.-The
The Christian
Christian
Hope, p.
p. 20.
20.
Hope,
Primitive animism with

Primitive
its notion
notion of
a detachable
ghost-soul
of a
detachable ghost-soul
its
to lead
a shadowy
shadowy existence
which continues
continues after
after death
lead a
death to
existence and to
to
enter
enter interaction
with the
the living
underlies much of
interaction with
still underlies
of popular
living still
popular
CHAMPIONS
605
religious
thinking on the
the subject.
influential
religious thinking
subject. More important
important and influential
from the
the theological
theological point
point of
view is
the Greek idea
the imof view
is the
idea of
imof the
of
the
soul
of
the
soul
which
its
classical
formulation
in
mortality
found
its
classical
formulation
in
mortality
Plato's
Plato's dialogues
before Christ.
Christ. Since
Platonism
four centuries
centuries before
Since Platonism
dialogues four
furnished the
the sublimest
thought forms
forms for
the formative
period
furnished
sublimest thought
for the
formative period
of
of Christian
Christian theology,
theology, it
it is
that many
many of
of the
is not
not surprising
the
surprising that
Fathers
with
Fathers identified
identified the
the Christian
Christian doctrine
doctrine of
of eternal
eternal life
life with
Platonic immortality
immortality and that
that finally
finally the
Lateran Council
Platonic
the Fifth
Fifth Lateran
Council
it as
a dogma
dogma of
the church.-Ibid.,
(1512-17) adopted
as a
of the
church. Ibid., p.
27.
(1512-17)
adopted it
p. 27.
It has
It
has been characteristic
of Western thought
thought ever
ever since
characteristic of
since Plato
Plato
to
to distinguish
distinguish sharply
between the
the body.
body. The body
body is
is
the soul
soul and the
sharply between
supposed
to be
be composed
of matter,
matter, and the
the soul
soul of
of spirit.
supposed to
composed of
spirit. The
body is
a prison
prison from which
which the
the soul
is liberated
death to
is a
liberated at
soul is
at death
to carry
body
carry
its own proper
proper nonphysical
existence. Because
its immateimmateon its
Because of
of its
nonphysical existence.
nature the
the soul
indestructible.
rial
spiritual nature
rial spiritual
has been considered
considered indestructible.
soul has
the question
of
life
after
death
has
been
the
question
of
life after
death
has
Hence the
of
been
the
question
question of
demonstrating
the immortality,
the death-defying
death-defying capacity,
of the
the
immortality, the
demonstrating the
capacity, of
soul.
body is
soul. The body
is of
of little
little consequence.
consequence.
This way
way of
thinking is
to the
the Bible.
Bible. True to
to
is entirely foreign
of thinking
entirely foreign to
Scripture
definitely
rejecting
the
Greek
view,
the
Christian
and
the
the
Christian
view,
definitely rejecting
Scripture
creed
not "I believe in the immortality of the soul," but "I
creed says,
says, not "I believe in the immortality of the soul," but "I
believe in
the resurrection
p. 28.
28.
the body."-Ibid.,
in the
resurrection of
of the
believe
body." Ibid., p.
The soul
not aa separate
part of
of man,
man, constituting
constituting aa subsubsoul is
is not
separate part
p. 29.
29.
stance
of its
its own.-Ibid.,
own. Ibid., p.
stance of
"The Christian
faith knows nothing
nothing about an immortality
of
Christian faith
immortality of
denial of
of death,
death, not
not recognizing
recognizing it
it
the person.
person. That would mean aa denial
the
as
judgment of
only an awakening
awakening from real
real death
death
It knows only
of God.
God. It
as judgment
through
the power
power of
is existence
after death
death only
existence after
of God. There is
only by
by
through the
way of
awakening, resurrection."*
resurrection."* There is
the
is no immortality
of the
of awakening,
immortality of
way
soul
but aa resurrection
resurrection of
person, body
body and soul,
from
the whole person,
of the
soul but
soul, from
death. The only
recognizes is
the Bible
is the
Bible recognizes
the
death.
immortality which the
only immortality
in Christ.immortality of
Christ.
a personal
of a
relationship with God in
immortality
Ibid., p.
p. 33.
33.
Ibid.,
The Bible
distinguish between man and the
the beasts
beasts on
not distinguish
does not
Bible does
immortal
the
soul
while
beasts
do not.
the
that
has
an
soul
while
the
beasts
not.
has
man
that
the ground
ground
are alike
in death.
death. We do not
not need to
to
Men,
beasts, even plants,
plants, are
alike in
Men, beasts,
of any
concern
about spiritualism
or hypotheses
hypotheses of
kind
ourselves about
concern ourselves
any kind
spiritualism or
concerning
of death
death and life
life
existence. The whole matter of
future existence.
concerning future
is
faith
in
after death
only
concern
is
faith
in
God
is simplified when our only
death is
after
simplified
*From Paul
Althaus, Die
Die lel{len
Dinge (Gutersloh:
(Gutersloh: Bertelsmann,
Bertelsmann, 1933),
p. 126.
126.
letzten Dinge
Paul Althaus,
1933), p.
*From
606
QUESTIONS
who can
can destroy
can resurrect.
sense and
Life makes no sense
resurrect. Life
destroy and who can
death and
holds
hope except
of Christ's
victory over
over death
holds no hope
terms of
Christ's victory
in terms
except in
the
in that
victory.
the assurance
that we share
share in
assurance that
that victory.
that
There is
for the
the view that
in Scripture
There
is considerable
considerable support
support in
Scripture for
body is
destructible. This evidence
evidence has
has
the soul
the
as well
soul as
is destructible.
well as
as the
the body
imbeen obscured
obscured because
the Greek
Greek conception
conception of
of the
the inherent
inherent im
been
because the
of Scripture.mortality
of the
the soul
the teaching
teaching of
has supplanted
soul has
Scripture.
mortality of
supplanted the
Ibid., p.
p. 34.
34.
Ibid.,
Tliere are
two indisputable
realities in
in the
the scriptural
docThere
are two
scriptural docindisputable realities
and the
the fact
fact of
of resurrection
the
trine, the
the fact
of death
death and
fact of
trine,
dead at
at Christ's
Christ's second
the death
death of
of an indiindidead
second coming.
coming. But between the
Christ is
is an interval,
which from the
vidual
vidual and the
return of
of Christ
the
the return
interval, which
point of
in the
the case
of most
most men,
men, is
is aa long
human point
case of
of view,
view, in
long period
period
of time.-Ibid.,
p. 36.
of
time. Ibid.j p.
36.
Against
purgatory, Limbo,
Limbo,
Catholic purgatory,
such speculation
[Roman Catholic
Against such
speculation [Roman
the
whole,
denied
all
concepetc.]
Protestant
orthodoxy
has,
on
the
all
Protestant
has,
whole,
orthodoxy
concepetc.]
held that
that souls
imtions of
of aa neutral
neutral state
of waiting
souls pass
state of
tions
waiting and held
pass immediately
into
a
state
of
misery
or
of
blessedness.-Ibid.,
p.
a
state
of
blessedness.
or
of
into
37.
Ibid.,
misery
p. 37.
mediately
If
death means entrance
heaven, then
then resurrection
resurrection and
into heaven,
entrance into
If death
judgment lose
lose their
significance_-Ibid.,
p. 38.
38.
their significance.
Ibid., p.
judgment
The soul
soul has
has no existence
from the
the body.
body. The whole
existence apart
apart from
the whole
whole man,
man, body
body and soul,
man,
body and soul
soul dies,
man, body
soul,
dies, and the
is resurrected
the last
day. At death
proceeds directly
death man proceeds
last day.
is
resurrected on the
to
directly to
judgment. There is
is no period
period of
waitthe final
resurrection and judgment.
of waitfinal resurrection
the
beyond death time
time no longer
ing, for
for waiting
waiting implies
time, and beypnd
longer
ing,
implies time,
temporal point
point of
has any
significance. From our own temporal
of view we
has
any significance.
may speak
the dead as
then say
with Luther
as being
of the
say with
asleep and then
being asleep
may
speak of
that
for one
one in
the passage
passage of
of centuries
is as
centuries is
in deep
slumber the
as an
that for
deep slumber
are at
at home with
instant. We may
that departed
departed believers
believers are
instant.
with
may even say
say that
in the
the sense
waiting are
are over and
the Lord in
their striving
the
that their
sense that
striving and waiting
they have
have reached
reached their
their final
goal.-Ibid.,
pp. 96,
96, 97.*
97.'"
final goal.
Ibid., pp.
they
is that
that the
the fate
fate of
the wicked
wicked is
is neither
neither
of the
alternative solution
solution is
An alternative
eventual
redemption nor
nor endless
torment but
but simply
annihilaendless torment
eventual redemption
simply annihilato the
contion. Eternal
Eternal death would conform to
the New Testament contion.
in general,
of death
apoleia, destruction.
destruction. Proponents
Proponents of
notation of
death in
notation
of
general, apoleia,
this view
view claim
that the
the idea
idea of
of eternal
eternal punishment
punishment rests
rests on the
the
claim that
this
of the
the inherent
the soul
Platonic
conception of
inherent indestructibility
Platonic conception
of the
soul
indestructibility of
the reasoning
reasoning used to
to disprove
it applies
applies here
here also.
that the
and that
also. On
disprove it
"Dr.
has since
modified his
his view,
according with
with Walter
Walter Kuenneth
Kuenneth
*Dr. Kantonen
since modified
Kaittonen has
view, according
(Theolocis
Au/erstehung) that
that the
the dead are
not non-existent.
non-existent. (See
(See p.
p. 39.)
39.)
are not
der Auferstehung)
(Theologie dey
CHAMPIONS
607
607
this ground
this
the nature
to be
be vindicated.
vindicated.nature of
of God also
also appears
ground the
appears to
p.
When Christ,
then, in
in the
the end destroys
destroys "every
rule and every
Christ, then,
every
"every rule
Ibid., p. 107.
107.
Ibid.,
authority
power," he
he will
vestige of
will wipe
out every
of opposition
authority and power,"
every vestige
wipe out
opposition
to
both human and superhuman.
view, unlike
unlike univerto God,
univerGod, both
superhuman. This view,
judgment taught
taught in
sal
restoration, preserves
preserves the
twofold judgment
sal restoration,
the twofold
in ScripScripto be
be completely
off from God,
God, the
the source
source of
of life,
life,
ture. And to
ture.
cut off
completely cut
into
to
imply
nonexistence.
Such
a
lapse
would seem logically
to
a
nonexistence.
Such
into
logically
imply
lapse
nothingness
hopes and values
values makes perdition
perdition aa
of all
all of
life's hopes
of life's
nothingness of
without the
added feature
feature of
prolonged tortorterrible reality
reality even
terrible
even without
the added
of prolonged
ture.-Ibid.,
p. 108.
ture.
108.
Ibid., p.
hope of
the individual
at death does
does not
lie in
in
The hope
individual Christian
Christian at
of the
not lie
man's power
power to
to defy
but in
God's power
power to
to raise
raise man from
man's
in God's
defy death but
has no inherent capacity
the dead.
dead. Death is
is real,
to leap
the
real, and man has
capacity to
leap
over
the grave
grave into
existence.-Ibid.,
p. 111.
Ill.
into another
another existence.
over the
Ibid., p.
ultimate significance
triumph over
death will
will
of Christ's
Christ's triumph
over death
The ultimate
significance of
the resurrection
the dead.
dead.-Ibid.,
become manifest
manifest in
in the
of the
resurrection of
become
112.
Ibid., p.
p. 112.
DR. D.
D. R.
professor of
religious knowledge,
knowledge,
of religious
G. OWEN, professor
R. G.
Trinity
College;
lecturer,
philosophy
and
religion,
lecturer,
Trinity College;
religion,
philosophy
Wycliffe
College,
Toronto
Wycliffe College,
Body and Soul,
1956
Soul, 1956
Body
points at
revolve around the
of "body"
the concepts
at issue
issue revolve
The points
concepts of
"body" and
"soul."
contradistinction to
the
to the
"soul." The "religious"
"religious" anthropology
anthropology [in
[in contradistinction
dualism, asserting
asserting that
that the
the body
body
Biblical] adopts
Biblical]
adopts an extreme dualism,
and the
soul are
different and distinct
claims
It claims
distinct substances.
substances. It
are two
the soul
two different
and
that
origin and immortal by
by nature
nature and
in origin
is divine
divine in
the soul
soul is
that the
that the
the corruptible
body is
of all
sin and wickedness.
wickedness.
all sin
the source
is the
source of
that
corruptible body
It
the cultivation
soul in
in detachment from
of the
the soul
cultivation of
It recommends the
all physical
of all
physical appetites
appetites
the body,
body, and advocates
the suppression
advocates the
the
suppression of
as
tomb
or
and natural
natural impulses.
It
regards
the
body
as
the
or
prison
the
the
It
body
prison
regards
impulses.
it tends
tends to
of
the soul
soul from which it
longs to
get free.
free. Finally,
Finally, it
to
to get
it longs
of the
is
enin
its earth-bound existence,
that
the
soul,
even
in
its
is
ensuppose
even
the
that
existence,
soul,
suppose
of choice
tirely independent of the body and so
so enjoys
enjoys a freedom of
tirely independent of the body
in
the
and action
action untrammeled by
the
laws
that
reign
in
the
physical
laws
that
the
and
physical
reign
by
realm.-Body
Soul, p.
26. (Copyright,
(Copyright, 1956,
by U. L. Jenkins,
Jenkins,
realm. Body and Soul,
1956, by
p. 26.
Press. Used by
by permission.)
permission.)
The Westminster
Westminster Press.
find
shall later,
as we shall
If
we turn
turn to
to the
Bible, however,
however, as
later, we find
the Bible,
If we
that aa quite
quite different
view of
is assumed throughout.
throughout. Here
of man is
different view
that
QUESTIONS
608
there is
is no dualism
dualism and scarcely
idea of
of the
the immortality
immortality of
of aa
there
any idea
scarcely any
detached and independent
soul.-Ibid.,
p. 29.
detached
29.
Ibid., p.
independent soul.
is he,
It is
Plato
remains to
to the
the end an
an antiphysical
antiphysical dualist.
dualist. It
he, and
Plato remains
for imposing
his followers,
followers, who most of
of all
all are
responsible for
imposing the
the
his
are responsible
"religious"
thought.-Ibid.,
p. 41.
41.
Ibid., p.
"religious" anthropology
anthropology on Western thought.
This
belief especially-the
that the
the soul
exist
soul can exist
the idea
idea that
latter belief
This latter
especially
apart
from the
implies some form of
of body-soul
the body--obviously
body-soul
body obviously implies
apart from
of
was aa necessary
necessary implicate
implicate of
dualism .... This
dualism.
dualism was
This body-soul
body-soul dualism
the Greek
Greek doctrine
doctrine of
the immortality
immortality of
of the
the soul.
soul.-Ibid.,
p. 59.
59.
the
of the
Ibid., p.
there are
passages that
that may
may sugisolated Scriptural
Now there
a few isolated
are a
sugScriptural passages
gest the
the idea
idea of
of the
soul in
in the
the Greek sense,
the soul
of the
the immortality
sense, but
immortality of
gest
in the
the
normal Biblical
of view is
is quite
different: in
the New
the normal
Biblical point
quite different:
point of
is stressed,
Testament it
the resurrection
the body
body that
that is
stressed, and
of the
it is
is the
Testament
resurrection of
this doctrine
doctrine is
is almost
contradiction of
the "Orphic"
"Orphic" esesof the
a direct
direct contradiction
this
almost a
this largely
chatology. Why,
Why, then,
then, did
Fathers lean
largely
lean toward this
did the
the Fathers
chatology.
un-Biblical
un-Biblical notion?-Ibid.
notion? Ibid.
idea
fact is
the Fathers'
adoption of
of the
the "religious"
"religious" idea
that the
Fathers' adoption
The fact
is that
of the
immortality of
detachable soul
into the
the
soul forced
the detachable
forced them into
of
of the
the immortality
doctrine of
dualism.-Ibid.,
p. 61.
61.
doctrine
of body-soul
Ibid., p.
body-soul dualism.
The idea
the intermediate
eventually developed
developed into
into
intermediate state
state eventually
idea of
of the
the doctrine
doctrine of
purgatory.-Ibid.
Ibid.
the
of purgatory.
Fathers were
impressed by
by the
the force
force of
the arguarguof the
were no doubt impressed
The Fathers
of
the immortality
immortality of
ments advanced
advanced by
by Greek philosophy
to prove
prove the
ments
philosophy to
the
And, finally,
the idea
of an
an intermediate
idea of
intermediate state
state
of course,
soul. And,
the soul.
course, the
finally, of
being another chance
chance to
to be
be purged
purged of
of his
his sins
sins
gave
the human being
gave the
the last
judgment. It
It was
was the
development of
this notion
before the
the development
of this
notion
before
last judgment.
all the
that led
to the
of purgatory,
purgatory, with
with all
the superstitions
that
the doctrine
led to
doctrine of
superstitions
objectionable practices
practices that
up the
the purpurand objectionable
that eventually
eventually made up
the end,
end, furnished
furnished part
part of
of the
the immediate
gatorial
in the
and, in
gatorial system
system and,
of the
the Reformation.
Reformation.-Ibid.,
p. 62.
cause of
62.
cause
Ibid., p.
Their [Church
Fathers] resulting
resulting anthropology
anthropology was aa mix[Church Fathers]
ture of
of Biblical
Biblical and Greek ideas.
They added to
to the
the New Testaideas. They
Testature
doctrine of
the body
body the
the idea
of the
the resurrection
resurrection of
of the
idea of
ment doctrine
of an interinterin which the
mediate state
state in
the soul
exists apart
apart from the
the body,
body,
mediate
soul exists
end. Ibid., p.
at the
the end.-Ibid.,
p. 77.
77.
awaiting
its recovery
recovery at
awaiting its
as
The "religious"
anthropology,
as
far
as
thought is
is
far
as
Western thought
"religious" anthropology,
concerned, is
not Biblical
Biblical in
It is
is also
also typical
is Greek and not
in origin.
concerned,
origin. It
typical
of
religions in
in general,
general, such
Buddhism.
of Eastern
Eastern religions
such as
as Hinduism and Buddhism.
It
It seems to
to be characteristically
characteristically "religious,"
this and other
for this
other
"religious," and for
reasons
has tended
tended to
to creep
into and corrupt
corrupt the
the Christian
view of
of
reasons has
Christian view
creep into
man. This happened,
happened, as
patristic and medieval
medieval
as we saw,
in the
the patristic
saw, in
.
CHAMPIONS
609
609
periods, and modern Catholicism

Protestantism have
have tended
tended
Catholicism and Protestantism
periods,
to perpetuate
perpetuate this
this early
mistake.-Ibid.,
p.
163.
to
mistake.
163.
Ibid.,
early
p.
The Biblical
Biblical view
view of
is entirely
the "reUof man is
different from the
"relientirely different
gious."-Ibid.,
p. 164.
164.
Ibid., p.
gious."
idea of
the immortality
immortality of
of the
the soul
soul in
in the
the Greek sense
The idea
of the
sense
may be suggested
passages in
in the
the wisdom literature
in some passages
literature and
may
suggested in
is definitely found in
is
in the
Apocrypha. This line
line of
of
in places
the Apocrypha.
definitely
places in
of the
thought
in the
the Hellenistic
Hellenistic Judaism
Judaism of
the
later developed
thought was later
developed in
Alexandrine School,
period, of
of which
in the
inter-Testamental period,
the inter-Testamental
School, in
the
religious philosopher
outstanding example.the religious
is the
the outstanding
Philo is
example.
philosopher Philo
Ibid., p.
p. 178.
178.
Ibid.,
Such are
of
are some of
immortality,
or
life
life
or
immortality,
mate destruction
destruction of
of
20
the host
host of
of advocates
advocates of
of conditional
conditional
the
of
only
in
Christ,
andlor
of the
the ultiultiin
and/or
Christ,
only
unrepentant
sinners.
sinners.
unrepentant
x. Miscellaneous Questions
X* Miscellaneous Questions
Intent of
the
Gospel"
the Cferm
Term "Everlasting
of
"Everlasting Gospel*
Intent
QUESTION
QUESTION
45
What do Adventists
Adventists mean by
contheir conby their
stant
emphasis
gospel" oj
stant emphasis on the
the "everlasting
of
"everlasting gospel"
Revelation
Revelation 14:6?
Is this
special gospel
gospel you
you are
14:61 Is
this a special
are
preach, which differs
differs from,
from the
the gospel
gospel
seeking to
to preach,
seeking
emphasized
by
Protestants
generally?
Please
clarProtestants
Please
claremphasized by
generally?
ify
ify.
We
\Ve do not understand the
the "everlasting
of
"everlasting gospel"
gospel" of
Revelation 14:6
be
a
new
or
different
gospel
from
14:6 to
to
a
or different gospel
that which our Lord,
Lord, the
the apostles,
the early
early church
that
apostles, and the
preached,
and
is
to
be
re-emphasized
in worldis
which
to
be
preached,
re-emphasized in
proportions in
these latter
latter days.
days. It
wide proportions
It is
is the
the same
in these
unchanged
and
unchangeable
good
that
God has
has
news
that
unchangeable good
unchanged
man
ever
since
sin
entered
the
world,
conveyed
to
sin
the
to
ever
since
entered
world,
conveyed
though
of clarity
clarity and
varying degrees
degrees of
though discerned with varying
emphasis
in different
different ages.
emphasis in
ages.
in the
the promise
promise of
the
Its foregleams
foregleams were first
of the
Its
first seen
seen in
"seed,"
promise given
given while man was still
within the
still within
a promise
"seed," a
to
gates
of Eden (Gen.
gospel, according
according to
gates of
(Gen. 3:15).
3:15). The gospel,
the
Holy
Writ,
even
preached
to
"And
the
to
Abraham:
was
Holy Writ,
preached
scripture,
that God would justify
justify the
the heathen
foreseeing that
scripture, foreseeing
through faith,
preached before
before the
the gospel
faith, preached
gospel unto Abrathrough
ham,
In
thee
shall
all
nations
blessed" (Gal.
be blessed"
nations
all
In
shall
thee
ham, saying,
(Gal.
saying,
3:8).
3:8).
613
614
QUESTIONS
The apostle
apostle Peter
Peter referred
referred to
to this
this same gospel
gospel when
enthe prophets
he wrote:
wrote: "Of which
which salvation
prophets have enhe
salvation the
of the
quired and searched
prophesied of
the
searched diligently,
diligently, who prophesied
quired
or
grace
that
should
come
unto
you:
searching
what,
or
unto
that
should
what,
you: searching
grace
which
was
in
what
time the
the Spirit
of
Christ
in
of
Christ
o time
what manner of
Spirit
the
them did
it testified
testified beforehand the
did signify,
them
signify, when it
that
follow"
sufferings
of
Christ,
and
the
glory
that should
should follow"
the
of
Christ,
glory
sufferings
(1
Peter
1:
10,
11).
Peter
1:10,
(1
11).
the
Clearly, then,
then, that
preached before
before the
that which was preached
Clearly,
in type,
cross was
was gospel,
gospel, but
but in
in shadow.
shadow. The
in figure,
cross
type, in
figure, in
Christ. Thus
full
Jesus
in and through
full revelation
revelation came in
through Jesus Christ.
and
in divers
times
divers
times
in
at sundry
we read:
read: "God,
"God, who at
sundry
manners spake
spake in
past unto the
the fathers
fathers by
the
in time
time past
manners
by the
us by
prophets, hath
hath in
days spoken
by his
last days
his
these last
in these
spoken unto us
prophets,
Son" (Heb.
(Heb. I:
1, 2).
2).
1:1,
faith-aa tragic
tragic and
But aa grave
the faith
But
grave departure
departure from the
basic
"falling
away"
from
the
pure
apostolic
the
basic "falling away"
pure apostolic gospel
gospel
faith-developed
the great
the domiin the
faith
great Latin apostasy,
apostasy, the
developed in
nant papal
papal perversion
perversion of
the Middle Ages.
Ages. Yet,
Yet, this
this was
was
of the
nant
all
foretold
by
the
apostle
Paul
in
2
ThessaPaul
in
the
all expressly
Thessaforetold
2
by
apostle
expressly
lonians 2:340:
2:3-10:
lonians
Let no man deceive
you by
any means: for
for that
that day
deceive you
Let
by any
day [the
[the
coming of
the Lord
Lord and our
gathering unto
unto Him,
Him, verses
verses 1,
2]
our gathering
of the
1, 2]
coming
shall
not come,
there
a
falling
away
first,
and
that
shall not
there
come
a
that
come, except
first,
falling
away
except
the son
perdition; who opposeth
man of
sin be revealed,
of perdition;
of sin
son of
revealed, the
opposeth and
exalteth
himself above
that is
is called
that is
is worcalled God,
exalteth himself
or that
above all
all that
worGod, or
that he
he as
in the
the temple
temple of
shipped;
as God sitteth
sitteth in
of God,
so that
God, shewing
shipped; so
shewing
himself
that he
he is
ye not,
not, that,
that, when II was
was yet
yet
himself that
is God. Remember ye
with you,
you, II told
told you
these things?
with
things?
you these
And now ye
know
withholdeth that
that he might
might be
be rerewhat withholdeth
ye
vealed in
in his
his time.
the mystery
of iniquity
iniquity doth
doth already
already work:
work:
vealed
time. For the
mystery of
he who now letteth
until he be
be taken
taken out
of the
the
only he
letteth will
will let,
out of
let, until
only
shall that
way. And then
then shall
that Wicked be
be revealed,
revealed, whom the
Lord
the Lord
way.
shall
the spirit
his mouth,
mouth, and shall
shall consume with the
of his
shall destroy
spirit of
destroy
brightness of
his coming:
coming: even him,
him, whose
whose coming
is
with the
the brightness
of his
coming is
"EVERLASTING GOSPEL"
615
after
after the working
working of
power and signs
lying
of Satan
Satan with
with all
all power
signs and lying
wonders, and with
with all
ness of
unrighteousness in
all deceivable
deceivableness
of unrighteousness
in them
wonders,
that perish;
that
perish; because
because they
they received
the love
love of
the truth,
truth, that
that
received not
not the
of the
they
might be
be saved.
saved.
they might
In due time
time the
the Protestant
Reformation arose,
arose, which
was a
a noble
noble revival
revival of
of the
that had been
of much of
the gospel
gospel that
perverted
and
lost.
The
great
basic
principle
of the
the gosgoslost.
basic
perverted
great
principle of
pel-justification
by
faith-was
restored,
simple
faith
was
and
restored,
pel justification by
simple
dependence
the once-for-all
atoning sacrifice
sacrifice and
once-for-all atoning
dependence upon
upon the
all-sufficient
mediatorial priesthood
priesthood of
of Jesus
Jesus Christ
Christ was
all-sufficient mediatorial
reinstated. Many
papal
perversions*
repudiated
were
reinstated.
Many papal perversions*
repudiated
abandoned.
and abandoned.
glorious return
to most of
the
While there
there was a
a glorious
return to
of the
the
saints,
yet
cergospel,
the
faith
once
delivered
to
the
faith
once
delivered
to
the
cersaints, yet
gospel,
tain
tain aspects
aspects of
the gospel
message were not
not emphasized
emphasized
of the
gospel message
at that
at
that time.
time. These included
baptism by
by immersion,
included baptism
immersion,
as
immortality
as
a
gift
bestowed
by
Christ
at
the
resurrecat
a
the
resurrecbestowed
Christ
immortality
by
gift
tion,
revival
of
the
seventh
day
as
the
Sabbath,
revival
of
the
the
seventh
as
tion,
Sabbath, and
day
various other
truths.
various
Bible truths.
other Bible
We,
as
Adventists,
profoundly believe
believe that
that in
in these
as
these
We,
Adventists, profoundly
last days
days God is
the completion
the arlast
aris calling
for the
of the
calling for
completion of
final
rested Protestant
Reformation and for
the full
full and final
rested
for the
in
restoration
truth. Just
Just as
as the
the Baptists
arose in
restoration of
of gospel
Baptists arose
gospel truth.
the seventeenth
to
emphasize,
among
other
other
the
seventeenth century
to
century
emphasize, among
forgotten
trampled truths,
truths, baptism
baptism by
by immersion,
immersion,
forgotten and trampled
stressed
and as
the eighteenth-century
Wesleyans
stressed
God's
as the
eighteenth-century Wesleyans
free grace,
grace, so
so today,
believe,
the
Christian
church
we
the
Christian
free
believe,
today,
is being
being called
called to
to return
return to
the full,
full, original,
untainted
to the
is
original, untainted
gospel-the
gospel," unchanged
unchanged and unthe "everlasting
"everlasting gospel,"
gospel
*These
include: Prayers
the sign
the cross,
cross, veneration
veneration of saints,
saints,
of the
for the
the dead,
*These include:
dead, the
sign of
Prayers for
celebration of
the mass,
worship of
of Mary,
purgatory, veneration
veneration of
of relics,
relics, penance,
penance,
of the
celebration
Mary, purgatory,
mass, worship
of
the
priesthood,
the
rosary,
the
inquisition,
transubstantiation,
holy
water,
celibacy
the
the
the
of
inquisition, transubstantiation,
holy water, celibacy
priesthood,
rosary,
extreme unction,
unction, dependence
tradition.
dependence upon
upon tradition.
616
616
QUESTIONS
changeable in
in the
the plan
plan and
and purpose
purpose of
of God,
God. This,
This, as
as
changeable
of
understand it,
it, is
is all
all involved
involved in
in the
the preparation
preparation of
we understand
the church
church of
of the
the last
last days
days to
to meet her
her returning
returning Lord.
Lord.
the
This same
same principle
principle of
of adherence
adherence to
to the
the everlasting
everlasting
This
deall
ecclesiastical
gospel
also
involves
rejection
of
all
ecclesiastical
deof
gospel also involves rejection
were
partures and
and innovations
innovations of
of "latter
"latter times,"
times," that
that
partures
likewise foretold
foretold by
by the
the same
same apostle
apostle Paul,
Paul, for
for we read:
read:
likewise
the Spirit
Spirit speaketh
speaketh expressly,
expressly, that
that in
in the
the latter
latter
"Now the
times some shall
shall depart
depart from the
the faith,
faith, giving
giving heed to
to
times
seducing spirits,
spirits, and
and doctrines
doctrines of
of devils*'
devils" (1
(1 Tim. 4:1).
4: 1).
seducing
portrayal of
of this
this peril
peril is
is developed
developed in
in 2 Timothy
Timothy
The portrayal
3 and
and 4,
4, where
where it
it is
is prophesied
prpphesied that
that "perilous
"perilous times"
times"
3
of
will
come,
in
which
men
will
have
"a
of
godli"a
form
have
will
will come, in
godliness," but
but will
will deny
power thereof"
thereof" (2
(2 Tim. 3:
1-5).
"the power
ness,"
3:1-5).
deny "the
"will not
enThis is
is the
the time
time foretold
foretold when men "will
not enThis
ears
their
dure
will "turn away
their
ears
doctrine" and will
sound doctrine"
dure sound
away
from
truth, and shall
fables" (2
be turned unto fables"
shall be
the truth,
from the
(2 Tim.
of the
4:3,
Surely this is aa portrayal
the sundry
isms,
4:3, 4).
sundry isms,
portrayal of
4). Surely this is
and
religious
perversions
pseudo-Christian
movements,
movements,
religious perversions
pseudo-Christian
the general
fold
of
claim sanctuary
times that
that claim
of the
the times
sanctuary within the
general fold
of
this is
is not to
to mention modernof Protestantism.
Protestantism. And this
ism-the
departure
in
Protestantism-evolution,
in
Protestantism
ism the great
evolution,
great departure
the
spiritism,
the
denial
of
the
inspirathe
denial
of
the
the "social
"social gospel,"
inspiragospel," spiritism,
the
of
tion
the
denial
of
the
deity
of
the
Son of
denial
of
the
the
of
the Bible,
tion of
of the
Bible,
deity
God,
the day.
of the
other subtle
subtle religious
God, and other
religious philosophies
day.
philosophies of
and
current
enticements
we
Against
all
these
historic
all
current
enticements
these
historic
Against
are
1:8,
9).
We
are
to
hold
steadfastly
are
are warned (Gal.
to
1:8,
steadfastly
(Gal.
9).
to
faith and sound doctrine,
the apostolic
to the
the
to the
doctrine, and to
apostolic faith
true
based on the
the Bible
Bible only,
true gospel,
as presented
only, as
by
presented by
gospel, based
Christ,
(1
Tim.
4:
13the other
other apostles
4:13Christ, and Paul,
Paul, and the
apostles (1
16;
2 Tim. 3:14-16).
16; 2
8:14-16).
of the
In the
the history
the church there
there have been special
history of
special
"EVERLASTIN
G GOSPEL"
''EVERLASTING
617
emphases and applications

of the
the truth
truth of
of the
the gospel
gospel
emphases
applications of
suited to specific
periods.
true
prior
to
and
in
This
was
true
to
in
specific periods.
prior
the days
days of
of Jesus,
in
the
days
of
the
early
church,
during
of
the
church,
Jesus,
days
early
during
the Middle Ages,
Ages, and in
in the
the Reformation period,
period, and
it is
now it
is true
true in
in these
days. These spiritual
spiritual emthese last
last days.
phases
constitute
present
truths
to
the
generation
constitute
truths
to
the
phases
present
generation to
which they
are
given
(2
I:
12).
believe that
that
Peter
We
believe
they
given (2
1:12).
we are
are now living
in
the
hour,
or
time,
of
God's
in
the
or
of
God's
time,
hour,
living
judgment. We therefore
therefore believe
believe there is
is to
to be aa fullfulljudgment.
ness of
of understanding
understanding and emphasis
emphasis corresponding
ness
to
corresponding to
the fullness
last hour.
hour. We believe
believe in
in aa purity
purity
the
time's last
fullness of
of time's
of
of faith
faith matching
matching the expectations
of God for
for His
expectations of
people
in
these
last
climactic
days
of
earth's
history,
in
last
earth's
these
climactic
of
history,
days
people
when the
to meet their
their Lord face
the redeemed are
are soon to
face to
to
face.
face.
So,
to differ
in emif Seventh-day
differ in
So, if
Seventh-day Adventists seem to
phasis
from
some
of
our
of
other
Protestant
of
brethren
other
Protestant
of
phasis
faiths, it
it is
is because
because we believe
believe we have a
a special
message
faiths,
special message
for this
this hour.
hour. We hold the
the "everlasting
gospel"
of
for
''everlasting gospel" of
Revelation 14:6
to be the
apostolic gospel,
gospel, understood
14:6 to
the apostolic
and emphasized
setting of
of God's great
great last-day
in the
the setting
last-day
emphasized in
judgment
hour)
and
designed
for
the
preparation
a
the
for
designed
preparation of a
judgment hour,
people
completely
clad
in
the
righteousness
of
Christ
in
the
of
clad
righteousness
people completely
revealed will
will of
they
as they
and fully
of God as
the revealed
fully following
following the
His
prepare
to
stand
in
presence
at
imminent
in
His
at
to
presence
prepare
glorious
glorious appearing.
appearing.
Satan, Demons, and Angels
Satan, Demons, and Angels
QUESTION
QUESTION
46
What do
do Adventists
Adventists believe
regarding ananbelieve regarding
gels
and
demons'!
you
consider
to
to
be
consider
them
Do
demons?
you
gels
the departed
departed spirits
spirits of
of the
dead? And what about
the deadf
the
evil
the devil
devil-is
personality, or
or simply
simply an evil
the
is he a personality,
influence;
a
reality,
or
myth?
or
a
influence;
myth?
reality,
Seventh-day
Adventists uniformly
uniformly believe
believe that
that angels
angels
are created
created beings
of
an
order
higher
than
(Heb.
man
of
than
are
beings
higher
(Heb.
2:7).
They
were
created
before
man,
by
the
Son
and
the
created
before
man,
by
2:7). They
of God (Col.
of
1:
16).
They
are
greater
in
power
are
in
greater
power and
(Col. 1:16). They
might
Peter 2:
11). They
They are
are glorious
glorious beings
beings
might than man (2
(2 Peter
2:11).
(Matt.
28: 2, 3),
is their
their abode (Matt.
(Matt. 18:
10).
(Matt. 28:2,
3), and heaven is
18:10).
understand that
part
of
the
"whole
We understand
that they
of
form
the
they
part
family"
(Eph. 3:
14, 15).
"in heaven and earth"
of God "in
earth" (Eph.
3:14,
family" of
15).
Different orders
orders of
are
named,
such
as
cherubim
of angels
Different
are
as
such
named,
angels
and seraphim
19, 20;
Isa. 6:2,
6:2, 6).
6). And the
the
20; Isa.
10:19,
seraphim (Eze.
(Eze. 10:
apostle Paul refers
principalities, powers,
powers, rulers
of
to principalities,
refers to
rulers of
apostle
this
world, and spiritual
hosts of
wickedness (Eph.
6:
this world,
of wickedness
6:
spiritual hosts
(Eph.
Col. 2:
12;
compare Col.
15). Some of
of the
the angels
angels were
were led
led
12; compare
2:15).
into
as a
a result
into rebellion,
rebellion, and as
result were cast
cast out of
of heaven
fallen angels
(2
angels are
called demons,
are called
demons,
2:4). These fallen
(2 Peter 2:4).
or
"unclean
spirits"
(Matt.
8:
16,
28-32; Mark
"devils,"
or
"devils,"
spirits" (Matt. 8:16, 28-32;
5:
13; I1 Cor.
Cor. 10:20,
10:20, 21).
5:13;
21).
As to
to Satan,
the devil,
hold the
the uniform
uniform teachteachSatan, or the
devil, we hold
618
SATAN, DEMONS, AND ANGELS
619
619
of the
the Word to
to be
be that
that he
he is
is definitely
definitely aa personal
personal
ing of
Ing
the supreme
being-the
supreme adversary
adversary oor God and man. Christ
Christ
being
the "wicked
"wicked one"
one" (Matt.
(Matt. 13:19).
13: 19). He was,
was,
called him the
called
however, once
once an angel
angel of
or light,
light, the
the highest
highest of
or the
the
however,
angels.
was
"Lucifer,
son
of
the
morning"
He
was
named
the
of
son
''Lucifer,
morning"
angels.
(Isa. 14: 1244).
12-14). But he
he fell
fell from his
his high
high estate
estate (Eze.
(Eze.28:
28:
13-18;
18; John
John 8:44),
8:44), and drew down with
with
1348; Luke 10:
10:18;
him aa host
host of
of angels,
angels, first
first into
into disaffection
disaffection and then
then into
into
open
rebellion
against
His
government
(2
and
His
rebellion
God
open
against
government (2
Peter 2:4;
2:4; Jude
Jude 6).
6). He is
is now the
the prince
prince of
of devils
devils
Peter
with
(Matt.
12:24),
and
heads
opposing
kingdom,
with
an
heads
kingdom,
(Matt. 12:24),
opposing
legions
of
evil
angels,
in
deadly
conflict
with
the
kingwith
the
of
in
conflict
evil
kingdeadly
angels,
legions
of God and Christ
(Rev. 12:7-10).
dom of
Christ (Rev.
12:7-10).
believe Satan
to be
be but
but aa created
created being,
being,
Thus we believe
Satan to
the
called
though
of
the
highest
rank.
was
once
called
the
rank.
the
He
was
once
of
though
highest
"anointed
that covereth"
(Eze. 28:14).
28: 14). He was
"anointed cherub that
covereth" (Eze.
described as
perfect in
in beauty"
"full of
as "full
of wisdom,
described
wisdom, and perfect
beauty"
(verse
was the
the embodiment of
of created
created perfecperfec(verse 12).
12). He was
He
universe.
the
apparently led
the worship
of
the
universe.
tion,
led the
of
tion, and apparently
worship
was
manifests His
of God,"
was in
in the
the "mountain of
God," where God manifests
until "iniquity"
glory,
in his
his ways
ways until
"iniquity"
"perfect" in
glory, and was "perfect"
developed
heart became
in him (verses
14, 15).
(verses 14,
15). His heart
developed in
up because
his wisdom was
lifted
his beauty,
of his
because of
lifted up
beauty, and his
corrupted
because
of
his
brightness
(verse
of
his
because
Unholy
17). Unholy
brightness (verse 17).
corrupted
of
led
host of
ambition
and
jealousy
ruined
him,
and
he
led
a host
ambition
him,
jealousy
12:
Christ (Rev.
angels
in rebellion
rebellion against
(Rev. 12:
against God and Christ
angels in
of
7-9).
As
a
result
he
was
"cast"
out
of
the
mountain
of
"cast"
result
a
7-9).
to
God (Eze.
28:
16),
and
down
to
the
"ground,"
or
"ground,"
(Eze. 28:16),
leader of the
is now leader
earth
Isa. 14:12).
earth (verse
17; Isa.
14:12). He is
(verse 17;
realm
of demons (Luke
realm of
11:1448, A.R.V.).
A.R.V.).
(Luke 1l:14-18,
the truth"
in the
This
who
"abode
not in
celestial being,
This celestial
being,
of God"
in
(Johp.
8:44),
appeared
in
"Eden
the
garden
garden of
(John 8:44), appeared
(Isa. 14:
QUESTIONS
620
620
(Eze.
28: 13), and accomplished
the fall
fall of
of Adam and
(Eze. 28:13),
accomplished the
Eve by
by insinuating
doubt
as
to
God's
and His
His
as
to
word
Eve
God's
insinuating
goodness (Gen.
1-5).
goodness
3:1-5).
(Gen. 3:
fell and death came as

as
Adam fell
5:
a consequence
consequence of
disobedience (Rom.
a
his sin
sin and disobedience
of his
(Rom. 5:
12).
Satan,
as
the
arch
tempter,
goes
"to
fro
in
"to
and
fto
in
as
the
arch
tempter, goes
12). Satan,
the earth"
the
earth'
(Job
is
I Peter
Peter 5:8),
1:7; compare
compare 1
5:8), which is
(Job 1:7;
the field
his special
the cause
is the
cause of
of
now the
field of
of his
activity. He is
special activity.
sin
with its
its fruitage
of
sickness
death
(Eze.
28:
15;
death
sin with
and
sickness
of
28:15;
(Eze.
fruitage
Luke 13:
16; John
2:14).
Acts 10:38;
10:38; Heb. 2:14).
13:16;
8:44; Acts
John 8:44;
In
the "Holy
(Acts 2:27;
2:27;
In contrast
contrast to
to Christ,
Christ, the
"Holy One" (Acts
13:35),
Satan
is
called
the
"wicked
one"
(Matt.
13:19).
is
the
Satan
called
(Matt.
13:19).
13:35),
He is
is the
the embodiment of
wickedness. He
of consummate wickedness.
was the
the original
original sinner,
and
is
the
father
of lies
lies (John
the
was
is
of
father
sinner,
(John
of the
the power
power of
the
8:44).
the "prince
called the
is called
of the
8:44). He is
'prince of
air" (Eph.
2:
2),
the
"prince
of
this
world"
(John
air"
of
the
this
world
12:
(Eph. 2:2),
"prince
(John 12:
31;
the
"god
of
this
world"
(2
Cor.
4:
of
this
world"
4:
the
Cor.
14:30; 16:11),
31; 14:30;
"god
16:11),
(2
4;
or
"age,"
A.R.V.).
is
mighty,
but
not
almighty.
He
or
is
but
not
4;
"age," A.R.V.).
mighty,
almighty.
cannot successfully
successfully
without divine
power man cannot
But without
divine power
is to
to be resisted
by surrendering
surrendering to
to
overcome him.
him. He is
overcome
resisted by
God (Rom.
(Rom. 6:17-21;
James
4:7),
by
putting
our
conour
con6:17-21; James 4:7), by putting
in the
strength of
might, and by
by putting
putting
fidence
the strength
fidence in
of God's
God's might,
on the
the whole armor of
6: 10-17).
of God (Eph.
(Eph. 6:10-17).
are in
in the
The unsaved are
the "power
of
Satan"
of
Satan" (Acts
26:
"power
(Acts 26:
the
18),
and
the
wicked
world
lies
in
his
evil
embrace
wicked
lies
in
his
evil
embrace
18),
(1
John 5:19,
5: 19, R.S.V.).
has many
many subtle
subtle "devices"
"devices"
(1 John
R.S.V.). He has
Cor. 2:11),
(2
2: II), even transforming
himself into
into an angel
(2 Cor.
transforming himself
angel
of
14). He blinds
blinds the
the eyes
eyes of
of men so
of light
light (2
Cor. 11:
so
(2 Cor.
11:14).
of
the
of
the light
of
the
gospel
of
is
not
perceived
(2
Cor.
God
is
not
light
gospel
perceived (2 Cor.
the Word of
of God out
4:4, A.R.V.).
snatches the
4:4,
out of
of
A.R.V.). And he snatches
hearts
it has
has been
been sown (Luke
(Luke 8:
12).
hearts where it
8:12).
snares for
for men (1
Satan lays
2:26),
2 Tim. 2:26),
3:7; 2
lays snares
(I Tim. 3:7;
into
putting
wicked
purposes
into
their
hearts
(John
wicked
their
hearts
13:2;
putting
purposes
(John }3:2;
5
5 '
SATAN, DEMONS, AND ANGELS
621
621
Acts 5:3),
22:3).
into men (Luke
5:3), and even entering
entering into
(Luke 22:3).
He sows
sows tares
tares in
39), and
in God's
God's field
field (Matt.
13:25, 39),
(Matt. 13:25:
works with
with signs
lying wonders
wonders in
in order
order to
to insininsinsigns and lying
uate
Thess.
2:9,
10).
Satan
has
"minisuate false
views (2
false views
Thess.
"minishas
Satan
2:9,
(2
10).
ters" to
his bidding
bidding (2
(2 Cor.
and
ters"
to do his
Cor. 1l:14,
11:14, 15),
15),
churches
his work (Rev.
churches to
to carryon
3:9). 1\.nd
And he
carry on his
(Rev. 3:9).
accuses
the "brethren"
before God day
accuses and slanders
slanders the
"brethren" before
day
and night
night (Job
1-6; Rev_
Rev. 12:9,
1:642; 2:
2:1-6;
12:9, 10).
(Job 1:6-12;
10).
But Satan has
has been under aa perpetual
perpetual curse
ever
curse ever
since he seduced man in
in Eden
(Gen. 3:15).
3: 15). His
His
since
(Gen.
is
destiny
is
fixed.
Everlasting
fire
has
been
prepared
for
fixed.
fire
has
been
destiny
Everlasting
prepared for
him and his
his angels
(Matt.
25:41;
Rev.
20:
10).
Christ
Rev.
Christ
angels (Matt. 25:41;
20:10).
to earth
took our nature
order to
to destroy
came to
earth and took
in order
nature in
the
destroy the
devil and his
1
devil
his works (Heb.
2:14;
1
John
3:8).
Satan
Satan
2:14;
(Heb.
John 3:8).
sought
to overwhelm Christ
to reclaim
Christ when He came to
sought to
(Mark 1:
12,
13),
and
has
since
persecuted
the
man (Mark
has
since
1:12, 13),
persecuted the
church (Rev.
12, 17).
his power
power and dominchurch
12:12,
(Rev. 12:
17). But his
a conion
received aa death
Calvary, and he
he is
conis a
ion received
death blow at
at Calvary,
1 John 3:8). He will
quered
foe
(John
12:31;
16:11;
1
will
foe
12:31;
16:11;
(John
John 3:8).
quered
be bruised
bruised under the
of the
the saints
soon
the feet
saints (Rom.
feet of
soon be
(Rom.
16:20).
16:20).
Just
before the
of the
his sinister
sinister "spirits
the age
the end of
"spirits
age his
Just before
of
nations, gathering
gathering them totothe nations,
influence the
of demons"
demons*' influence
16:
gether
for
the
great
day
of
Almighty
(Rev.
16:
of
God
the
for
Almighty (Rev.
great day
gether
for
14,
A.R.V.). At the
advent he
he will
will be
be bound for
the second
second advent
14, A.R.V.).
brief
for
a
Loosed
brief
aa thousand years
(Rev.
20:
1-3).
for
a
years (Rev. 20:1-3).
lake of
of
into the
cast into
season
its close,
will then
then be cast
the lake
at its
season at
close, he will
is
fire,
where
his
destruction
is
final
(verse
10).
He,
final
his destruction
fire,
(verse 10). He,
will
with
brought to
to "ashes,"
will be brought
evil angels,
his evil
with his
"ashes," and will
angels, will
Matt.
not "be
(Eze.
28:
18,
19;
Matt.
25:41).
more"
not
"be any
28:18,
19;
25:41).
(Eze.
any
as porof Satan as
That,
understand, is
the biography
biography of
poris the
That, we understand,
trayed
in the
the Book of
of God.
trayed in
'[he
U
ndean Foods
Foods
Unclean
The Q.uestion
ûesdon of
of
QUESTION
QUESTION
47
Adventists believe
believe that
that
Do Seventh-day
all
et
foods
such
as
lobsters,
crabs,
pork,
et
cetera,
all
as
such
cetera,
crabs,
lobsters,
pork,
foods
are
still
forbidden
under
the
law,
are
still
forMosaic
the
law,
forforbidden
bidden, binding
the Christian,
Christian, and hence
bidden,
upon the
binding upon
not
to be
penalty of
of sinf
sin?
eaten under penalty
not to
be eaten
This query
query opens
up an important
important question-that
question that
opens up
ot
of the
the relationship
relationship of
the Christian
to the
the law of Moses.
of
Christian to
of the
It
old question,
and
as
is
well
known,
it has been
is an old
is
well
It is
as
known, it
question,
debated from time
time to
time through
through the
the ages.
ages.
to time
debated
Answering first
the second part
part of
the query,
reof the
first the
Answering
query, we regard
the Decalogue
Decalogue as
distinct from the
the law of
of
as being
gard the
being distinct
Moses,
though we hold that
both are
are revelations
revelations from
that both
Moses, though
God. But one was the
the expression
of eternal
principles,
eternal principles,
expression of
while the
in
the
main,
up
of
laws
perin
of
the other
the
made
laws perother was,
was,
main,
up
taining
to the
or sacrificial,
the ceremonial,
ceremonial, or
sacrificial, system,
taining to
system, which
pointed forward
forward to
to the great
antitype, Jesus
Jesus our Lord.
Lord.
great antitype,
pointed
We believe
believe that
that the
the law of
in
of commandments contained
contained in
the ceremonial and sacrificial
ordinances-the
preceptsordinances
sacrificial precepts
its complete
met its
complete fulfillment
in Christ
is
fulfillment in
Christ on Calvary,
as is
Calvary, as
in
explicitly
emphasized
in
Ephesians
2:
14,
15
and
Colos
15
Colosexplicitly emphasized
Ephesians 2:14,
sians 2:14-17.
sians
2:14-17. (See
also Questions
12, 13.)
(See also
Questions 12,
13.)
contained counsel
counsel on huThe law of
of Moses also
also contained
human relationships,
relationships, on civil
judgments, on health
health ques
civil judgments,
ques-
622
622
UNCLEAN FOODS
623
623
tions, and on many

many other
principles of
of faith
other vital
vital principles
faith and
practice. That many
these important
important counsels
counsels were
were
of these
practice.
many of
integral part
part of
of the
the Christian
carried
carried over
over and made an
an integral
Christian
faith can
faith
can be
be seen
in the
the following:
seen in
following:
1. That we should
1.
with all
all the
the heart,
heart, and
should love
love God with
neighbors as
6:5; 10:
12; 30:6;
our neighbors
as ourselves
ourselves (Deut.
10:12;
30:6;
(Deut. 6:5;
compare
Matt.
19:
19;
22:39;
13:9;
Gal.
5:
14).
Matt.
Gal.
Rom.
19:19;
22:39;
13:9;
compare
5:14).
2. That we should "be holy,"
holy," for
holy" saith
saith
"I am holy"
2.
for "I
the
the Lord (Lev.
cetera; compare
et cetera;
11:44; 19:2;
19:2; 20:7,
20:7, et
(Lev. 1l:44;
compare
Peter 1:15,16).
I1 Peter
1:15, 16).
3. That we are
to know sanctification
of life
3.
life (Ex.
are to
sanctification of
(Ex.
texts
31:13;
Lev. 20:8;
compare
texts
Eze. 20:12;
numerous
31:13; Lev.
20:8; Eze.
20:12; compare
in
in the
the New Testament).
Testament).
These truths
truths formed aa vital
vital part
part of
of the
the law
law of
of Moses
and certainly
certainly were
were not
the cross
cross of
at the
not abolished
abolished at
of Calvary.
Calvary.
Rather,
they were
were re-emphasized
in the
the teachings
teachings of
of
Rather, they
re-emphasized in
Jesus Christ,
Christ, and thus
the norm of
of our life
life
thus become the
Jesus
today
in
and
through
in
and
Him.
today
through
laws
The same principle
principle applies
the dietary
to the
dietary laws
applies to
given
to
Israel
of
old.
It
is
true
we
refrain
eating
It
refrain
from
to
true
Israel
of
old.
is
eating
given
the query,
but not bebecertain
indicated in
in the
as indicated
certain articles,
articles, as
query, but
claims
cause the
the law of
has any
binding
claims
upon
cause
of Moses has
any binding
upon
us.
Far from it.
fast in
the liberty
with which
in the
it. We stand
stand fast
us. Far
liberty with
has set
that
It must be remembered that
free. It
God has
set us
us free.
God recognized
animals at
the
at the
"clean" and "unclean"
"unclean" animals
recognized "clean"
law
was
a
of
time
of the
before
there
a
of
Moses.
there
time of
before
the Flood,
Flood, long
long
at that
We reason
reason that
that if
fit at
that time to
to counsel
if God saw fit
these
articles of
His people
people against
of diet,
certain articles
His
diet, these things
things
against certain
since we
not best
were not
for human consumption;
best for
were
consumption; and since
are the
are physically
physically constituted
in the
the same way
way as
as are
the
constituted in
are
are
such
Jews
all
other
peoples,
we
believe
such
things
believe
all
other
and
things are
peoples,
Jews
use today.
not the
the best
best for
to use
today.
us to
for us
not
tions,
624
QUESTIONS
us, the
foods is
To us,
the whole matter of
Is priof unclean foods
primarily aa question
health, for
believe that
that "God
of health,
for we believe
marily
question of
is
truly the
of physical
physical laws
laws as
is the
as truly
is as
as He is
the
the author of
author of
of the
G. WHITE,
WHITE, Christ's
the moral law."-ELLEN
law/' ELLEN G.
Christ's
Object
Lessons)} p.
347.
Object Lessons
p. 347.
Our health
health teaching
teaching is
not a matter
matter of
of religious
religious
is not
taboos; in
in fact,
than careful
selection in
in
it is
is much more than
careful selection
taboos;
fact, it
diet.
It
is,
to
us,
the
following
of
a
well-balanced
health
diet. It is, to us, the following of
well-balanced health
program. We feel
to be
be our Christian
Christian duty
to preserve
it to
feel it
program.
duty to
preserve
in the
our bodies
bodies in
of health
health for
the service
the best
best of
for the
service and
glory
believe that
bodies are
the temtemthat our bodies
of God. We believe
are the
glory of
of
the
Holy
Spirit
(l
Cor.
3:16;
6:19;
2
Cor.
ples
of
the
Cor.
Cor.
2
3:16;
6:19;
Holy Spirit (1
ples
that
whether
therefore
eat,
or
drink,
or
6:
16),
and
that
therefore
we
or
or
eat,
drink,
6:16),
we
whatsoever we do,
should
"do
all
to
the
glory
all
to
the
of
do,
glory of
God" (1
Cor.
10:31).
Cor.
(1
10:31).
Relationship to
to
World
Missions Program
Program
World Missions
Adventist
QUESTION
QUESTION
48
What is
is your
your attitude
attitude as
as Christians
Christians toward
the
the general
general missionary
missionary program
program for
for the
the evangeevangeof the
the non-Christian
non-Christian world?
world? Do you
you acaclization of
lization
cept
responsibility
for
assigned
areas,
leaving
the
the
areas,
cept responsibility for assigned
leaving
rest for
for other
other Christian
bodies?
rest
Christian bodies?
position can
can best
best be shown by
by quoting
quoting from the
the
Our position
Working
Policy
of
the
denomination,
the
section
enenthe
section
of
the
denomination,
Working Policy
titled
"Statement
of
Relationship
to
Other
Societies,"
of Relationship to
titled
Societies/'
first
by the
the General Conference Autumn
first adopted
adopted by
Council,
in 1926.
later revised
revised and enlarged.
1926. This was later
Council, in
enlarged.
of
this
is
in
the
of
every
missionary
of
is placed
in
the
hands
A copy
this
of
every missionary
placed
copy
stateis the
sent
the complete
sent out to
mission fields.
fields. Here is
to mission
complete statement from our instruction
entitled
"Informainstruction manual,
entitled
manual,
tion
tion for
for Outgoing
Missionaries," pages
pages
Furloughing Missionaries,"
Outgoing and Furloughing
61-63.
61-63.
STATEMENT OF RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER SOCIETIES
fricor fricIn the
desire to
to avoid occasion
occasion for
for misunderstanding
the desire
misunderstanding or
the work of other [mission]
tion
the matter of
of relationship
to the
in the
tion in
relationship to
[mission]
as a
is set
set forth
forth as
societies,
of principles
the following
statement of
societies, the
following statement
principles is
in their
contacts with
their contacts
guidance
in mission fields
fields in
workers in
to our workers
guidance to
other
other religious
organizations:
religious organizations:
as
1.
lifts up Christ
that lifts
1, We recognize
every agency
agency that
up Christ before men as
recognize every
aa part
of the world,
the evangelization
for the
divine plan
the divine
of the
world, and
evangelization of
plan for
part of
625
626
626
QUESTIONS
hold in
in high
high esteem
esteem the
the Christian
Christian men and women in
in other
other
we tiold
are engaged
engaged in
in winning
winning souls
souls to
to Christ.
Christ.
communions who are
2. Wherever
Wherever the
the prosecution
prosecution of
of the
the Gospel
Gospel work brings
brings us
us
2.
into touch
touch with
with other
other societies
societies and their
their work,
work, the
the spirit
spirit of
of
into
Christian courtesy,
courtesy, frankness,
frankness, and
and fairness
fairness should
should at
at all
all times
times
Christian
guide in
in dealing
dealing with
with mission
mission problems.
problems.
guide
3. We recognize
recognize that
that the
the essence
essence of
of true
true religion
religion is
is that
that rere3.
is
therefore
It
to
is
based
upon
conscience
conviction.
It
is
therefore
to
ligion
conviction.
and
is
based
conscience
ligion
upon
our purpose
purpose that
that no
no selfish
selfish interest
interest or
or temporal
temporal adadbe constantly
constantly our
be
our communion,
communion, and that
that no
vantage shall
shall draw
draw any
any person
person to
to our
vantage
tie shall
shall hold
hold any
any member save
save the
the belief
belief and conviction
conviction that
that in
in
tie
this way
way he
he finds
finds true
true connection
connection with
with Christ.
Christ. When change
change of
of
this
of our
our society
society to
to feel
feel no longer
longer in
in
conviction leads
leads any
any member of
conviction
accord with
with us
us in
in faith
faith and practice,
practice, we recognize
recognize not
not only
his
accord
only his
right but
but his
his duty
duty to
to change
his religious
religious affiliation
affiliation to
to accord
accord
change his
right
with his
his belief.
belief.
with
admitting to
to church
church membership
membership anyone
anyone who is
is
4. Before
Before admitting
4.
a member of
of another
another church,
every care
care shall
shall be exercised
exercised to
to
a
church, every
that the
the candidate
is moved to
to change
change his
his religious
religious
ascertain that
ascertain
candidate is
affiliation only
by force
of religious
religious conviction
conviction and out of
regard
of regard
affiliation
force of
only by
his God;
wherever possible,
possible,
to
to his
his personal
to his
God; and wherever
relationship to
or
with those
charge of
of the
the church or
consultation
be had with
in charge
shall be
those in
consultation shall
mission with
with which
the applicant
connected.
is connected.
mission
which the
applicant is
estab5. Persons
mission for
for clearly
5.
Persons under ceD5ure
of another
another mission
censure of
clearly established
fault in
Christian morals
morals or
character shall
shall not
not be conconlished fault
in Christian
or character
mission until
sidered
for membership
in our mission
until they
sidered eligible
they have
eligible for
membership in
given
evidence of
of repentance
reformation.
given evidence
repentance and reformation.
6.
helper, etc.1
6. An agent
teacher, compound
agent [colporteur,
compound helper,
etc.]
[colporteur, teacher,
employed
or recently
another church
church or
or mission
mission
employed or
recently employed
by another
employed by
not be employed
mission without
without prelimshall
shall not
or mission
by our church or
employed by
prelimor mission
with which the
inary
the church or
consultation with the
mission with
the
inary consultation
agent
is or
or was formerly
connected.
agent is
formerly connected.
7.
are advised
mission auditing
to give
7. The local
local mission
committees are
advised to
auditing committees
give
consideration,
the salaries
to the
salaries paid
other
salaries, to
consideration, when setting
setting salaries,
by other
paid by
missions
missions operating
in the
the same field.
field.
operating in
8. As to
to the
S.
the matter of
the restriction
of territorial
territorial divisions
divisions and the
restriction
of operations
of
by
to designated
attitude must
must be shaped
areas, our attitude
designated areas,
operations to
shaped by
these
these considerations:
considerations:
a. As in
in generations
a.
in
in the
the providence
the
of God and the
generations past,
providence of
past,
historical development
historical
for men,
of His work for
denominational bodbodmen, denominational
development of
ies and religious
ies
arisen to
to give
religious movements have arisen
give special
emphasis
special emphasis
WORLD MISSIONS PROGRAM
627
627
to
to different
different phases
truth, so
so we find
in the
the origin
of gospel
find in
phases of
origin and
gospel truth,
rise of
rise
of the
the Seventh-day
people, the
the burden laid
laid upon
upon
Adventist people,
us
to emphasize
us to
the
gospel
of
Christ's
second
coming
as
an
the
as
Christ's
second
of
emphasize
gospel
coming
event "even
calling for
the proclamation
proclamation of
"even at
at the
the door,"
the
for the
of the
door," calling
preparation of
way of
the Lord
Lord as
revealed
special
message of
of preparation
the way
as revealed
of the
of the
special message
in
in Holy
Holy Scripture.
Scripture.
b.
b. As this
this Advent proclamation
proclamation is
described
in Scripture
is
described in
Scripture
is set
forth in
Revelation 14:6-14,
prophecy, particularly
particularly as
as it
it
it is
in Revelation
set forth
14:6-14, it
prophecy,
is
is commissioned that
that this
this special
message of
of the
the "everlasting
"everlasting
special message
gospel," which is
to precede
precede the
the coming
coming of
the Saviour,
Saviour, shall
be
is to
of the
shall be
gospel,"
preached "to
kindred, and tongue,
tongue, and peo"to every
nation, and kindred,
preached
every nation,
peoThis commission
commission makes it
us to
to restrict
it impossible for
restrict our
impossible for us
ple."
ple."
witness to
to this
this phase
phase of
the gospel
area, and impels
of the
witness
to any
limited area,
any limited
impels
gospel to
us to
to the
the attention
of all
all peoples
peoples everywhere.
everywhere.
us
to call
call it
it to
attention of
in close
Where different
mission bodies
bodies operate
operate in
different mission
close
there is
a possibility
possibility of
of the
the developproximity, there
is always
always a
proximity,
developrement of
of misunderstandings.
misunderstandings. This is
to be
be deeply
deeply reis to
and
as
Adventists
wish
to
assure
our
fellow
gretted,
as
Adventists
we
wish
fellow
to
assure
gretted,
workers in
in the
of Christ
Christ that
that as
the gospel
far as
as we are
are
workers
as far
gospel o
concerned,
harmony with the
the foregoing
in harmony
statement
concerned, in
foregoing statement
published in
take every
precaution to
t()
in 1926,
will take
1926, we will
every precaution
published
avert
misunderstandings.
avert such
such misunderstandings.
If
matter of
is involved
in this
this quesIf the
the matter
of proselyting
involved in
proselyting is
quesAccording
to
the
Merriam-Webtion,
the
M
err
iamto
Webtion, we would say:
say: According
unabridged dictionary,
dictionary, the
ster's
the
International unabridged
ster's New International
verb
proselyte means "to
convert to
to some religion,
religion, opin"to convert
verb proselyte
opinthe like;
to make aa proselyte
proselyte of;
of; to
ion,
to make
or the
like; to
ion, system,
system, or
All churches are
proselytes; to
to convert."
are seeking
seeking to
to
convert." All
proselytes;
with other
Christian bodies,
bodies,
other Christian
make converts.
converts. In common with
forth in
the gospel
is set
set forth
we believe
believe our God-given
duty is
in the
gospel
God-given duty
all
of all
disciples of
commission,
therefore and make disciples
commission, "Go therefore
are
This
we
nations" (Matt.
28:
19,
R.S.V.).
are
attempting
nations"
28:19,
attempting
R.S.V.).
(Matt.
to
do.
to do.
On the
hand, Seventh-day
Adventists do not
not
the other
other hand,
628
QUESTIONS
believe
believe in
in obtaining
by offering
financial
offering financial
obtaining new members by
and other inducements. We condemn such
such activities
activities
practiced. The only
only way
way men and
wherever they
are practiced.
they are
can become true
true members of
of the
the body
body of
of Christ
women can
Christ
is
through the
the converting
transforming
power
of
is through
and
transforming power of
converting
God.
Representative Adveniist
Adventist Doctrinal
Doctrinal Literature
Literature
Representative
For the
the benefit
benefit of
readers who may
may wish
wish to
to investigate
of our readers
investigate
but
briefly
that
have
been
dealt
with
some of
of the
the subjects
been
with
that
have
dealt
but briefly
subjects
in
the following
publications.
in this
this book,
book, we list
list the
following publications.
further
further
General
Doctrinal Books
Books
General Doctrinal
Bible Readings
Readings tor
Home, by
by various
Bible students.
students. Revised
the Home,
various Bible
Bible
Revised
for the
Herald, 1949.
768 pages.
pages.
ed.
Review and Herald,
ed. Review
1949. 768
popular question-and-antopical study
the Bible
in the
Bible in
the popular
A topical
of the
study of
question-and-an-
swer
form, with
with the
the answers
from the
the Bible.
Bible.
taken almost
almost entirely
swer form,
answers taken
entirely from
of prophecy
The great
great doctrines
doctrines of
the study
study of
prophecy are
of the
the church
church and the
are
thoroughly
set
forth.
forth.
set
thoroughly
Ages, by
by William
William H.
H. Branson.
Publishing
the Ages,
Branson. Southern
Southern Publishing
Drama of
of the
Association, 1950.
pages.
584 pages.
1950. 584
Association,
God's
plan for
from sin,
God's plan
for saving
sin,
saving man from
working
and how it
it is
is working
out
in the
the history
history of
the world.
world.
of the
out in
God Speaks
Speaks to
Man, by
by Arthur E.
E. Lickey.
Lickey. Review and
to Modern Man,
Herald,
pages.
635 pages.
1952. 635
Herald, 1952.
emevangelistic presentation
of gospel
gospel truth,
truth, with
with special
An evangelistic
special empresentation of
phasis on God's message for these
these closing
days of
of earth's
history.
earth's history.
closing days
phasis on God's message for
Our Firm
Firm Foundation,
Foundation, A Report
the Seventh-day
Adventist
of the
Report of
Herald. 22 vols.
vols.
Bible Conference,
Conference, Sept.
1952. Review and Herald.
Bible
1-13, 1952.
Sept. 1-13,
1,403
pages.
1,403 pages.
papers presented
Bible Conference covered
covered many
at the
the Bible
The papers
many
presented at
features of
basic Seventh-day
belief.
Adventist belief.
of basic
features
The Bible
Bible Made Plain,
Plain, Review and Herald,
96 pages.
pages.
1922. 96
Herald, 1922.
certain fundamentals
Bible studies
fundamentals of
of
studies on certain
short Bible
of short
A series
series of
doctrine.
Bible doctrine.
Bible
The
Faith of
Jesus, by
L. Andreasen. Review and Herald,
Herald,
The Faith
of Jesus,
by M. L.
1939,
574 pages.
1949. 574
1939, 1949.
pages.
is what the
church should
should
believed and taught
the church
What Jesus
taught is
Jesus believed
of
Christians may
and teach.
All Christians
may unite
unite on the
the platform
platform of
believe and
teach. All
believe
the faith
faith of
of Jesus.
the
Jesus.
629
629
630
630
QUESTIONS
ON DOCTRINE
DOCTRINE
QUESTIONS ON
The Seventh-day
The
Adventist Bible
Bible Commentary_
vols. Review
Review and
and
Commentary. 77 vols_
Herald,
1953-1957.
Herald, 1953-1957.
A verse-by-verse
A
of the
the Scriptures,
with general
articles
verse-by-verse study
study of
Scriptures, with
general articles
in each
each volume covering
in
Bible chronology,
covering Bible
chronology, history,
history, archeology,
archeology,
antiquities,
of interpretation_
antiquities, principles
principles of
interpretation.
What Jesus
What
S. Richards.
Richards. Southern
Southern Publishing
Jesus Said,
Said, by
by H. M. S_
Publishing
Association,
1957. 576
576 pages.
Association, 1957.
pages.
Christ-centered doctrines
of the
Christ-centered
doctrines of
the Bible
Bible and their
their application
application
to the problems
of our
time.
to
our time.
problems of
specific
Doctrinal Books
Books
Specific DoctrilUll
Behold the Man, by
Southern Publishing
by Taylor
Taylor G. Bunch. Southern
Publishing
190 pages.
Association,
1946. 190
Association, 1946.
pages.
Christ from Gethsemane to
of Christ
The sufferings
to Calvary,
with a
a
sufferings of
Calvary, with
of His Hebrew and Roman trials.
special
trials.
special study
study of
the Master,
L. Andreasen_
Following the
Andreasen. Southern
Southern Publishing
Master, by
Following
by M. L.
Publishing
Association,
95 pages.
1947. 95
Association, 1947.
pages.
Fundamentals of
of the
the Christian
Christian life
life are
are clearly
clearly set
set forthforth
confession, restitution,
restitution, witnessing,
witnessing, sanctification,
prayer, and
mediconfession,
and medisanctification, prayer,
tation.
tation.
From Sabbath to
to Sunday,
Sunday, by
by Carlyle
Carlyle B.
B. Haynes.
Haynes. Review
Review and
and
1928. 96
Herald, 1928.
96 pages.
pages.
Herald,
A discussion
discussion of
of the
the historical
historical aspects
aspects of
of the
the Sabbath
Sabbath question,
question,
by whom the
the change
change was
was made
made
showing
how, when,
when, why,
why, and by
showing how,
from the
the seventh
seventh to
to the
the first
first day
day of
of the
the week.
week.
God and II Are
Are Partners,
Partners, by
by Denton E.
E. Rebok.
Rehok. Review
Review and
and Herald
Herald,
1951.
1951. 128
128 pages.
pages.
The principle
principle of
of tithing
tithing and how it
it works
works out
out in
in the
the ChrisChristian's
tian's experience.
experience.
God's
God's Holy
Holy Day,
Day, by
by M.
M. L.
L. Andreasen.
Andreasen. Review
Review and
and Herald,
Herald, 1949.
1949.
118
118 pages.
pages.
The
The place
place that
that the
the Sabbath
Sabbath holds
holds in
in the
the Christian's
Christian's life,
life, in
in
history, and
and in
in God's
God's last-day
last-day plans.
plans.
history,
His
His Cross
Cross and
and Mine,
Mine, by
by Meade
Meade MacGuire.
MacGuire. Review
Review and
and Herald
Herald,
1927.
1927. 192
192 pages.
pages.
The
The true
true meaning
meaning of
of the
the sacrifice
sacrifice for
for sin
sin told
told in
in aa way
way to
to lead
lead
the
the ultimate
ultimate victory
victory of
of the
the surrendered
surrendered life.
life.
the Christian
Christian into
into the
DOCTRINAL LITERATURE
631
631
How Men Are Saved,

by W. H. Branson. Southern
Publishing
Southern Publishing
Saved, by
Association, 1941.
pages.
1941. 128
128 pages.
Association,
A simple
the plan
plan of
of salvation
presentation of
of the
forceful presentation
salvation
simple yet
yet forceful
and its
its practical
practical application
to men today.
today.
application to
Law or
or Grace?
Grace? by
Publishing AssociAssociLouis K. Dickson.
Dickson. Southern Publishing
by Louis
ation,
96 pages.
1937. 96
ation, 1937.
pages.
proper attitude
attitude toward
toward the
the law
for the
the Christian
The proper
law for
Christian today.
today.
Life, Death,
Death,
Life,
and Immortality,
Immortality, by
by Garlyle
Carlyle B.
B. Haynes.
Haynes. Southern
Southern
Publishing Association,
408 pages.
pages.
1952. 408
Association, 1952.
Publishing
A thorough
thorough discussion
nature of
his relationrelationdiscussion of
the nature
of man and his
of the
ship
to immortality.
ship to
immortality.
Origin
of Sunday
Sunday Observance,
by Walter E.
E. Straw.
Straw. Review and
Observance, by
Origin of
118 pages.
Herald,
pages.
1939. 118
Herald, 1939.
in
influence of
opposition to
to Judaizing
Judaizing in
The influence
of Gnosticism
Gnosticism and opposition
the establishment
observance in
in the
the Christian
Christian church.
church.
the
establishment of
of Sunday
Sunday observance
Our Lord's
Lord's Return,
B. Haynes.
Publishing
Return^ by
Haynes. Southern Publishing
by Carlyle
Carlyle B.
Association, 1948.
1948. 95
95 pages.
Association,
pages.
The second
in promise
promise and prophecy.
prophecy.
advent of
of Christ
Christ in
second advent
Signs of
A. Spicer.
Christ's Coming,
of Christ's
Coming, by
by William A.
Spicer.
Signs
HerReview and Her96

pages.
96 pages.
An exposition
24 and the
the signs
signs which indicate
indicate
of Matthew 24
exposition of
that
is near.
near.
that Christ's
Christ's coming
coming is
ald, 1941.
1941.
ald,
Spiritism and the

Bible, by
by Carlyle
Carlyle B.
B. Haynes.
Haynes. Southern PublishPublishthe Bible,
Spiritism
ing
Association,
1949.
96
pages.
1949.
Association,
pages.
ing
in regard
to Spiritism
supposed comBible teaching
The Bible
regard to
Spiritism and supposed
teaching in
munication with the
the dead.
The Book of
Hebrews, by
by M. L.
L. Andreasen.
Andreasen. Review and Herald,
Herald,
of Hebrews,
1948.
568 pages.
pages.
1948. 568
A verse-by-verse
of the
Epistle to
to the
the Hebrews,
Hebrews, with
with
the Epistle
study of
its place in Chrisspecial
the heavenly
Chrissanctuary and its
heavenly sanctuary
place
emphasis on the
special emphasis
tian theology.
theology.
tian
B. Haynes.
The Christian
by Carlyle
Carlyle B.
PublishChristian Sabbath,
Sabbath, by
Haynes. Southern Publishing
Association,
1949.
95
pages.
1949.
Association,
pages.
ing
Is
Christian Sabbath Saturday
Sunday?
Is the
the Christian
Saturday or Sunday?
632
632
QUESTIONS
1953. 128
The Coming
King, by
by Arthur S.
Maxwell. Pacific
Pacific Press,
Press, 1953.
128
8. Maxwell.
Coming King,
pages.
pages.
coming convincingly
convincingly presented.
presented.
second coming
The signs
of Christ's
Christ's second
signs of
E. Froom.
The Coming
by LeRoy
LeRoy E.
Froom. Review and
the Comforter,
Comforter, by
of the
Coming of
Herald, 1949.
1949. 320
320 pages.
Herald,
pages.
the Holy
Holy Spirit
in the
the life
of the
life of
the
Studies
of the
the work of
Studies on the
Spirit in
individual
individual Christian.
Christian.
The Holy
Holy Spirit,
Spirit, by
by W. H.
H. Branson.
Branson. Southern Publishing
Publishing AssociAssocipages.
ation, 1933.
160 pages.
1933. 160
ation,
personality and work of
of the
His place
place
The personality
the Holy
Holy Spirit,
Spirit, and His
life
the Christian.
life of
of the
Christian.
in the
in
the
The Law and

and the
by Allan
Allan Walker.
Walker. Southern Publishing
the Sabbath,
Sabbath, by
Publishing
Association,
1953. 240
240 pages.
Association, 1953.
pages.
The relationship
relationship
tian theology.
tian
theology.
between the
the Sabbath in
in ChrisChrisbetween
the law
law and the
The Lord's
Lord's Day,
Day, by
by Calvin
Moseley, Jr.,
Jr., Southern
Southern PublishCalvin Edwin Moseley,
Publishpages.
ing Association,
Association, 1949.
1949. 93
93 pages.
ing
A Biblical
presentation of
the Sabbath-Sunday
Biblical presentation
of the
Sabbath-Sunday question.
question.
The Lord's
Lord's Day
Day the
Ages, by
by Milton
Milton Charles
Charles Wilcox.
the Test
Test of
the Ages,
Wilcox.
of the
Pacific Press,
Press, 1931.
pages.
Pacific
1931. 96
96 pages.
The whole world
tested on its
relationship to
to the
is to
to be tested
world is
its relationship
the
Sabbath command.
The Other Side

Side of
Death, by
Carlyle B.
B. Haynes.
Haynes. Southern
Publish
Southern Publishof Death,
by Carlyle
pages.
ing Association,
Association, 1944.
1944. 95
95 pages.
ing
The whole
whole question
immortality considered
considered from
of human immortality
from
question of
the
the standpoint
the teachings
of Scripture.
of the
standpoint of
teachings of
Scripture.
the Gospel,
The Printing
Printing Press
Press and the
Gospel, by
by Edwin R.
R. Palmer.
Palmer. Review
Review
and Herald,
223 pages.
pages.
revised. 223
1947. 2d ed.,
Herald, 1947.
ed., revised.
A modern demonstration of
the place
place of
the printed
printed word in
in
of the
of the
God's plan
plan for
the dissemination
of gospel
gospel truth.
truth.
for the
dissemination of
The Sabbath:
Sabbath: Which Day
Day and Why?
by M. L.
L. Andreasen.
Andreasen. Review
Review
Why? by
Herald, 1942.
pages.
and Herald,
1942. 312
312 pages.
633
633
thorough discussion
discussion of
of the
the Sabbath,
Sabbath, its
its moral
moral obligation,
obligation, and
A thorough
its place
place in
in the
the final
final events
events of
of earth.
earth.
its
The True Sabbath,

Sabbath, by
by Roy
Roy F.
F. Cottrell.
Cottrell. Southern
Southern Publishing
Publishing
Association, 1942.
1942. 96
96 pages.
pages.
Association,
creation to
to the
the last
last crisis
crisis of
of the
the world.
world.
The Sabbath from creation
Way to
to Christ,
Christ, by
by W. H.
H. Branson.
Branson. Review and Herald,
Herald, 1948.
1948.
The Way
126
pages.
126 pages.
the merits
merits of
of Jesus
Jesus Christ
Christ
Salvation through
through the
Salvation
forth in
in this
this little
little volume.
volume.
forth
is clearly
clearly set
set
is
Dies, by
by Carlyle
Carlyle B.
B. Haynes.
Haynes. Review and Herald,
Herald,
When aa Man Dies,
128 pages.
pages.
1948. 128
1948.
explanation of
the Bible
Bible teaching
teaching regarding
regarding human immorAn explanation
of the
nature of
man, the
the state
state of
of the
the dead,
dead, and the
the future
future life.
life.
tality, the
the nature
of man,
tality,
Prophetic Exposition
Exposition
Prophetic
Daniel and the

the Revelation,
Revelation, by
by Uriah
Uriah Smith.
Smith. Revised
Revised ed.,
Daniel
ed., Review
Herald, Pacific
Pacific Press,
Press, and Southern
Association,
and Herald,
Southern Publishing
1944.
pages.
1944. 830 pages.
the
A verse-by-verse
of the
prophecies of
Daniel and the
of Daniel
the prophecies
study of
Revelation.
Revelation.
The Prophetic
Prophetic Faith
Faith of
Fathers, by
by LeRoy
LeRoy Edwin Froom.
of Our Fathers,
vols. 3,966
pages.
4 vols.
Review and Herald,
1946-1954. 4
3,966 pages.
Herald, 1946-1954.
in
the
historical
development
of
prophetic
A study
of
in
the
historical
interpretaprophetic interpretastudy
development
to the
the
tion
pre-Christian expositors
the apostolic
tion from
from pre-Christian
period to
apostolic period
expositors and the
third
of
the
nineteenth
century.
nineteenth
third quarter
of
the
century.
quarter
Pacific Press,
Unfolding
the Revelation,
Press,
Revelation, by
by Roy
Roy Allan Anderson. Pacific
Unfolding the
1953.
1953. 216
216 pages.
pages.
Evangelistic
Revelation.
in the
the book of
of Revelation.
studies in
Evangelistic studies
Books by
Ellen G. White
by Ellen
Pacific Press,
Ellen G. White. Pacific
Patriarchs
Patriarchs and Prophets,
Press, 1890
by Ellen
Prophets, by
(original
date).
793
pages.
793
date).
pages.
(original
Series.
of the
the Ages
This
in the
the Conflict
Conflict of
the first
This is
is the
first volume in
Ages Series.
creation to
It
It covers
God's dealings
covers the
the story
of God's
dealings with men from creation
story of
the
the last
David's reign.
of David's
last years
reign.
years of
1917. 753
Pacific Press,
Prophets
Ellen G.
G. White. Pacific
Press, 1917.
Kings, by
by Ellen
Prophets and Kings,
pages.
pages.
the Old
Volume 22 of
Series. Continues the
the Ages
of the
the Conflict
Conflict of
of the
Ages Series.
Testament
to Malachi.
account from Solomon to
Testament account
634
634
QUESTIONS
The Desire
Desire of
Ages, by
G. White.
White. Pacific
Pacific Press,
Press. 1898.
1898. 863
863
Ellen G.
of Ages,
by Ellen
pages.
pages.
life of
in this
this book
book constitutes
constitutes the
the third
third volume
of Christ
Christ in
The life
set forth
forth Jesus
purpose of
of the
the book is
to set
of
the Conflict
Conflict Series.
is to
Series. The purpose
of the
Jesus
as the
the One in
every longing
longing may
may be
be satisfied.
Christ as
in whom every
satisfied.
Christ
The Acts
Acts of
of the
Apostles, by
Ellen G.
G. White.
Pacific Press,
Press, 1911.
191 L
the Apostles,
White. Pacific
by Ellen
630
pages.
630 pages.
Volume 44 in
the Conflict
the New Testament
Series carries
carries the
in the
Conflict Series
of the
to
the
end
of
the apostolic
age.
story
from
the
ascension
of
Christ
Christ
the
of
to
from
the
ascension
apostolic age.
story
The Great
Between Christ
Satan, by
by Ellen
G.
Ellen G.
Christ and Satan,
Great Controversy
Controversy Between
718 pages.
pages.
White.
Pacific Press,
1888. 718
White. Pacific
Press, 1888.
In this
last volume of
the Conflict
Conflict Series,
the conflict
conflict of
of the
the
of the
this last
In
Series, the
is traced
traced through
the Christian
Christian dispensation
dispensation to
to the
the present,
ages is
ages
present,
through the
with aa look
look into
as revealed
the prophecies
prophecies of
of the
the
in the
the future
revealed in
future as
with
into the
Bible.
Bible.
G. White.
Christ's
Object Lessons,
Lessons, by
by Ellen
Ellen G.
White. Review and Herald,
Christ's Object
Herald,
1900.
pages.
1900. 436
436 pages.
are applied
which Jesus
Jesus taught
taught in
in His parables
parables are
The lessons
lessons which
applied
to Christianity
Christianity today.
to
today.
Herald,
Counsels
on Stewardship,
Ellen G.
G. White.
Counsels on
Stewardship, by
by Ellen
1940.
372 pages.
1940. 372
pages.
Man's responsibility
responsibility to
to render
render to
a due
due return
return for
the
Man's
for the
to God a
receives from
from Heaven.
material
benefits which he receives
material benefits
by Ellen
320 pages.
Education, by
Ellen G.
White. Pacific
G. White.
Pacific Press,
1903. 320
Press, 1903.
Education,
pages.
The principles
principles of
for the
the Christian.
Christian.
true education
of true
education for
of Christian
Education, by
by Ellen
G. White.
White. SouthFundamentals of
Christian Education,
Fundamentals
Ellen G.
Southern
576 pages.
pages.
ern Publishing
1923. 576
Association, 1923.
Selections
the author's
published writings
writings in
in periodicals
periodicals
Selections from the
author's published
and special
special pamphlets
on
the
subject
of
education
for
the ChrisChris
of
for
the
education
the
pamphlets
subject
tian.
tian.
G. White.
Herald, 1915.
Gospel
by Ellen
Ellen G.
1915.
Workers, by
Gospel Workers,
pages.
534 pages.
Instruction
all who are
together with
with God."
Instruction for
for all
are "laborers
"laborers together
God."
Christ, by
by Ellen
Ellen G.
Review and
and Herald,
Herald, 1892
Steps to
to Christ,
G. White.
White. Review
1892
Steps
(original date).
128 pages.
date). 128
(original
pages.
A simple
the steps
necessary for
for the
the sinner
sinner to
to take
account of
of the
take
simple account
steps necessary
as he comes
as
comes to
to Christ
accepts Him as
a personal
personal Saviour.
Saviour.
Christ and accepts
as a
635
635
The Ministry
Ministry of
Healing, by
by Ellen
G. White.
White. Pacific
Pacific Press,
Ellen G.
1905.
Press, 1905.
of Healing,
540
pages.
540 pages.
welfare work for
for the
the
General principles
principles of
of healthful
General
healthful living
living and welfare
sick.
sick.
The Sanctified
Sanctified Life,
Life, by
by Ellen
Ellen G.
Herald, 1937.
G. White.
1937.
lIO pages.
pages.
110
A discussion
the Bible
doctrine of
of sanctification.
discussion of
of the
Bible doctrine
sanctification.
The Sufferings
Sufferings of
by Ellen
Ellen G.
G. White.
Herald,
Christ, by
of Christ,
date. 47
no date.
47 pages.
pages.
The condescension
in consenting
to suffer
suffer and die
die
condescension of
of Christ
Christ in
consenting to
with understanding,
understanding, sympathy,
sympathy, and
for lost
lost mankind is
for
is set
set forth
forth with
skill.
skill.
Thoughts
of Blessing,
Blessing, by
by Ellen
G. White.
White. Pacific
Pacific
the Mount of
Ellen G.
Thoughts From the
Press,
pages, latest
edition.
1900. 172
latest standard
standard edition.
172 pages,
Press, 1900.
The Sermon on the
is here
here set
in its
its spiritual
the Mount is
forth in
set forth
spiritual
application to
to the
the individual
individual Christian.
Christian.
application
Apologetic Literature
Literature
Apologetic
Answers
Answers
to Objections,
Francis D.
Nichol. Review and Herald,
Herald,
to
D. Nichol.
Objections, by
by Francis
pages.
1952.
1952. 895
895 pages.
objections raised
raised to
the teachings
teachings of
The common objections
of Seventh-day
to the
Seventh-day
may be
the Scriptures.
Adventists and how they
Adventists
be answered
answered from the
Scriptures.
they may
Ellen G.
G. White and Her Critics,
by Francis
Francis D.
D. Nichol.
Nichol. Review and
Ellen
Critics, by
Herald,
pages.
1951. 703
703 pages.
Herald, 1951.
candid discussion
life and ministry
ministry of
of Ellen
Ellen G. White,
A candid
discussion of
the life
of the
White,
her call
to the
the prophetic
prophetic office,
the objections
objections that
that have been
call to
office, and the
brought against
against her
her work by
those who questioned
her calling.
calling.
brought
by those
questioned her
In Defense
Defense of
Faith, by
H. Branson.
Branson. Review and
In
the Faith,
of the
by William H.
Herald,
pages.
1933. 398
398 pages.
Herald, 1933.
truth about
Adventists in
in aa reply
reply to
to Canright.
The truth
about Seventh-day
Canright.
The Midnight
Midnight Cry,
Nichol. Review and Herald,
Francis D.
D. Nichol.
Herald,
Cry, by
by Francis
1944.
1944. 576
576 pages.
pages.
Miller and
A defense
defense of
the character
of William Miller
character and conduct
conduct of
of the
the Millerites,
mistakenly believed
believed that
that the
the second coming
coming
the
Millerites, who mistakenly
1844.
of
Christ would take
year 1844.
the year
of Christ
take place
in the
place in
636
636
QUESTIONS
Derwminatiol1al History
History and Polity
Polity
Denominational
Captains
Host, by
Arthur W. Spalding.
the Host,
Herald,
of the
Captains of
Spalding. Review and Herald,
by Arthur
1949.
704 pages.
1949. 704
pages.
Christ's
Last Legion,
Legion, by
by Arthur
Arthur W. Spalding.
Christ's Last
Herald,
Spalding. Review and Herald,
1949.
pages.
1949, 784
784 pages.
A two-volume
history of
of the
Adventist Church.
the Seventh-day
two-volume history
1900.
Captains
of the
Host brings
the history
up to
to 1900.
the Host
history up
Captains of
brings the
Church Manual.
Manual. General
Adventists,
of Seventh-day
Church
Conference of
General Conference
1951.
1951.
Officially adopted
handbook of
of instruction
instruction for
for Seventh-day
Seventh-day
Officially
adopted handbook
Adventist
church leaders,
membership, disdisAdventist church
leaders, covering
organization, membership,
covering organization,
officers, and fundamental
fundamental beliefs.
beliefs.
cipline,
duties of
of officers,
finance, duties
cipline, finance,
Evolution and Creationism
Evolution
Common Sense
Sense Geology,
by George
George McCready
McCready Price.
Price. Pacific
Pacific Press,
Press,
Geology, by
1946.
pages.
1946. 239
239 pages.
the viewpoint
viewpoint of
Geology
from the
creationist.
of a
a creationist.
Geology from
Evolution, Creation,
by Frank
Lewis Marsh.
Marsh. Review
Frank Lewis
Evolution,
Creation, and Science,
Science, by
Herald, 1944,
pages.
and Herald,
381 pages.
1947. 381
1944, 1947.
creationism from the
the viewpoint
viewpoint of
of aa
The author
author discusses
discusses creationism
biologist,
with
special
emphasis
on
"species"
the
Genesis
the
Genesis
with
and
biologist,
special emphasis
"species"
"kind."
"kind."
Genesis
by George
Genesis Vindicated,
Price. Review and HerHerVindicated, by
George McCready
McCready Price.
ald, 1941.
1941. 313
313 pages.
ald,
pages.
creationism.
A discussion
discussion of
of evolution
evolution and creationism.
Studies
Studies in
in Creationism,
by Frank Lewis
Lewis Marsh.
Marsh.
Creationism, by
ald,
1950. 421
421 pages.
ald, 1950.
pages.
Review and HerHer-
in the
able defense
An able
of scientific
defense of
of creationism
creationism in
scientific facts,
the light
facts,
light of
in
in which the
the author
that some views
views held
held by
by creationists
author shows that
creationists
are
both un-Biblical
un-Biblical and unscientific,
unscientific, and entirely
entirely unnecessary
are both
unnecessary
to the
the support
the Bible
doctrine of
creation.
to
Bible doctrine
of the
of creation.
support of
Problems and Research
Research
Problems
Problems in
in Bible
by aa committee.
committee. Review and HerBible Translation,
HerTranslation, by
ald,
1954. 316
316 pages.
ald, 1954.
pages.
A study
of
of
certain
of Bible
Bible translation
translation and interpreinterprecertain principles
study
principles of
Bible texts
in the
tation. together
together with
with an examination of
of several
several Bible
the
texts in
tation,
DOCTRIN
AL LITERATURE
DOCTRINAL
637
637
light
of these
these principles,
principles, in
in the
atmosphere of
of interest
the atmosphere
interest aroused
aroused
light of
by the
recent translations
translations of
of the
the most recent
the Bible.
Bible.
by
Sunday
in Roman Paganism,
Paganism, by
by Robert Leo Odom. Review and
Sunday in
Herald,
1944. 272
272 pages.
Herald, 1944.
pages.
the religious
religious observance
of
The story
of the
of the
observance of
the introduction
introduction of
story of
Sunday
the pagan
pagan Roman world,
revealed in
in classical
classical
as revealed
into the
world, as
Sunday into
literature and the
the Greek and Latin
Latin inscriptions.
literature
inscriptions.
The Chronology
Ezra 7,
by Siegfried
7, by
Chronology of
of Ezra
Siegfried H. Horn and Lynn
Lynn H.
Wood. Review and Herald,
pages.
160 pages.
1953. 160
Herald, 1953.
of the
the date
of Artaxerxes
Artaxerxes LonA special
special study
the decree
decree of
date of
of the
study of
gimanus
the seventh
year of
of his
his reign.
in the
seventh year
reign.
gimanus in
Religious Liberty
Liberty
Religious
in
State Papers
Papers and Related
Related Documents on Freedom in
American State
Religion. First
compiled by
by William Addison Blakely.
First edition
edition compiled
Blakely.
Religion.
Fourth edition,
edition, revised.
revised. Review and Herald,
Herald, 1949.
pages.
1949. 915 pages.
Fourth
with religion
religion and religious
Laws and court
court decisions
decisions dealing
religious
dealing with
liberty, with
with extended notes.
Useful to
to every
every lover
lover of
of freedom.
notes. Useful
liberty,
XI. Appendixes
Appendixes and
Indexes
and Indexes
I*
Christ's
m the
Place in
Christ's Place
the Godhead
Godhead
APPENDIX A
Because the
the writings
of Ellen
Ellen G.
G. White have
have often
been garbled
Because
often heen
writings of
garbled
by critics
detractors, we here
here give
give aa com
when alleMedly
critics or detractors,
com"quoted" by
allegedly "quoted"
prehensive assemblage
teachings on the
the deity
deity and eternal
preof her teachings
eternal preprehensive
assemblage of
existence
of Christ,
His place
the Godhead,
Godhead, or
existence of
in the
or Trinity;
His
Christ, and His
place in
Trinity; His
nature during
during the
the incarnation;
sacrifice and
nature
and priestly
incarnation; and His atoning
atoning sacrifice
priestly
ministry.
ministry.
I.
I. Deity and Nature of
of Christ
Deity
Christ,
the Word,
Word, the
begotten of
was one with
with the
the only
the
of God,
Christ, the
God, was
only begotten
eternal Father,
Father,-one
nature, in
in character,
character, in
purpose,-the
eternal
in nature,
one in
in purpose,
the
only being
being that
that could enter
the counsels
purposes of
of
enter into
all the
into all
counsels and purposes
only
God. "His name shall
shall be called
called Wonderful,
Wonderful, Counselor,
Counselor, The
mighty God,
God, The everlasting
Father, The Prince
Prince of
of peace"
peace" (Isa.
9:
mighty
everlasting Father,
(Isa. 9:
6).
of old,
forth have been from of
old, from everlasting"
6). His "goings
"goings forth
everlasting"
5:2).-Patriarchs
Prophets, p.
p. 34.
(Micah
Patriarchs and Prophets,
34.
(Micah 5:2).
The Jews
Jews had never before
before heard such
such words from human
lips,
and aa convicting
convicting influence
influence attended them;
them; for
for it
it seemed that
that
lips,
divinity flashed
flashed through
through humanity
as Jesus
said, "I
my Father
"I and my
humanity as
divinity
Jesus said,
are one."
one." The words of
full of
meaning as
put
as he put
are
of Christ
Christ were full
of deep
deep meaning
forth the
the claim
the Father
were of
claim that
that he and the
Father were
of one substance,
forth
substance,
possessing the
the same attributes.
attributes.-The
Signs of
Times, Nov.
Nov.
The Signs
the Times,
of the
possessing
27,
p. 54.
54.
27, 1893,
1893, p.
Yet the
the Son of
Sovereign of
of
Yet
of God was the acknowledged
acknowledged Sovereign
heaven,
power and authority
with the
the Father.
Father.-The
Great
The Great
in power
heaven, one in
authority with
p. 495.
Controversy,
495.
Controversy, p.
the transgressor
law, Christ,
Christ, the
the one equal
save the
of God's law,
To save
transgressor of
equal
with the
the Father,
Father, came to
before men,
men, that
that they
might
live heaven before
with
to live
they might
learn
is to
to have heaven in
the heart.
heart. He illustrated
in the
learn to
it is
illustrated
to know what it
what man must be to
to be worthy
worthy of
of the
the precious
precious boon of
of the
the life
life
God. Fundamentals of
that measures
with the
the life
life of
of God.-Fundamentals
of Christian
Christian
measures with
that
p. 179.
Education, p.
179.
Education,
the fallen
fallen race
The only
only way
in which the
race could
could be restored
restored was
way in
through
the
gift
of
his
Son,
equal
with
himself,
possessing
the
with
his
the
of
the
himself,
Son,
possessing
gift
equal
through
attributes of
of God. Though
exalted, Christ
Christ consented
consented to
to
so highly
attributes
Though so
highly exalted,
of man and
that he might
might work in
in behalf
behalf of
assume
assume human nature,
nature, that
reconcile to
to God his
his disloyal
rehelled, Christ
Christ
reconcile
disloyal subject.
subject. When man rebelled,
21
21
641
642
QUESTIONS
his merits
pleaded
his behalf,
merits in
in his
substitute
behalf, and became man's substitute
pleaded his
and surety.
in
the powers
of darkness
darkness in
to combat the
surety. He undertook to
powers of
of our
man's behalf,
the enemy
behalf, and he prevailed,
enemy of
conquering the
prevailed, conquering
souls,
The Review
the cup
of salvation.-The
salvation.
to man the
souls, and presenting
presenting to
cup of
and Herald,
690.
690.
8, 1892,
Herald, Nov. 8,
1892, p.
p.
The world was made by
without him was not anyhim, "and without
anyby him,
thing
things, he
he existed
all things,
existed
was made."
Christ made all
that was
made." If
If Christ
thing made that
before
before all
all things.
in regard
this are
are so
deto this
so dethings. The words spoken
regard to
spoken in
cisive that
that no one need be left
in doubt.
cisive
doubt. Christ
Christ was God essenessenleft in
all etertially,
with God from all
eterin the
the highest
sense. He was with
tially, and in
highest sense.
nity,
blessed forevermore
forevermore.....
all, blessed
nity, God over all,
There are
in the
Christ was one
are light
the truth
truth that
that Christ
light and glory
glory in
with the
of the
the Father before
before the
the foundation
foundation of
the world was laid.
laid. This
is the
the light
is
in a
a dark place,
it resplendent with
light shining
shining in
making it
resplendent
place, making
divine,
in itself,
divine, original
truth, infinitely
itself,
original glory.
glory. This truth,
infinitely mysterious
mysterious in
explains
other mysterious
otherwise unexplainable
truths,
explains other
mysterious and otherwise
unexplainable truths,
is enshrined
it is
while
light, unapproachable
while it
in light,
enshrined in
unapproachable and incomprehenincomprehenThe Review and Herald;
sible.-The
5, 1906,
sible.
8.
1906, p.
Herald, April
April 5,
p. 8.
of the
the universe
The King
King of
the heavenly
beuniverse summoned the
hosts beheavenly hosts
fore Him,
in their
fore
Him, that
that in
their presence
might set
forth the
the true
true posiposiset forth
presence He might
tion of
tion
of His Son,
relation He sustained
sustained to
to all
the relation
all created
created
Son, and show the
beings. The Son of
throne, and the
the
shared the
the Father's
of God shared
Father's throne,
beings.
glory
the eternal,
encircled both.
both.-Patriof the
Patriself-existent One encircled
eternal, self-existent
glory of
archs
archs and Prophets,
Prophets, p.
36.
p. 36_
However much aa shepherd
his sheep,
sheep, he
he loves
loves his
love his
his
may love
shepherd may
sons
daughters more.
more. Jesus
Jesus is
is not
not only
only our
our shepherd;
shepherd; He is
is
sons and daughters
our "everlasting
"everlasting Father."
Father." And He says,
own, and
"I know Mine own,
says, "I
Mine own know Me,
Me, even as
as the
the Father
Father knoweth Me,
Me, and II know
the
the Father."
Father." John
R.V. What aa statement
statement is
is this!
thisl-the
the
10:14, 15,
15, R.V.
John 10:14,
only-begotten Son,
is in
in the
the bosom of
of the
the Father,
Father, He
Son, He who is
only-begotten
whom God has
has declared
to be
be "the
"the Man that
that is
is My
My fellow"
fellow" (Zech.
declared to
(Zech.
the communion between Him and the
IS:7),-the
the eternal
eternal God is
is
13:7),
taken
taken to
to represent
represent the
the communion between
between Christ
Christ and His
His chilchildren on the
The Desire
the earth!
earth!-The
Desire of
of Ages,
Ages, p.
p. 483.
483.
Still
Still seeking
seeking to
to give
give aa true
true direction
direction to
to her
her faith,
faith, Jesus
Jesus dede
dared, "I
"I am the
the resurrection,
resurrection, and the
the life/*
life." In
In Christ
Christ is
is life,
life,
clared,
original, unboirowed,
unborrowed, underived.
underived. "He that
that hath
hath the
the Son hath
hath life."
life."
original,
1
John 5:12.
5: 12. The divinity
divinity of
of Christ
Christ is
is the
the believer's
believer's assurance
assurance of
of
I John
eternal
eternallife.-Ibid.,
p. 530.
530.
life.
Ibid., p.
Silence
Silence fell
fell upon
upon the
the vast
vast assembly.
assembly. The name of
of God,
God, given
given
to
to Moses to
to express
express the
the idea
idea of
of the
the eternal
eternal presence,
presence, had
had been
been
.
CHRIST'S PLACE IN THE GODHEAD
643
643
claimed
claimed as
as His own by
by this
this Galilean
Galilean Rabbi.
Rabbi. He had announced
Himself to
to be
be the
the self-existent
One, He who had been promised
self-existent One,
promised
to
to Israel,
have been
been from
from of
or old,
old, from the
the
forth have
Israel, "whose goings
goings forth
eternity."-Ibid.,
p. 469.
469.
days
of eternity."
Ibid., p.
days of
The world's
world's Redeemer was
was equal
with God. His
His authority
authority
equal with
was as
the authority
declared that
that he
he had no existence
as the
of God.
God. He declared
existence
authority of
Father. The authority
by which
which he
he spoke,
separate
the Father.
separate from the
authority by
spoke, and
wrought
miracles, was
was expressly
his own,
own, yet
yet he
he assures
us that
he
assures us
that he
wrought miracles,
expressly his
and the
the Father
Father are
are one.-The
and Herald,
Herald, Jan.
Jan. 7,
7, 1890,
The Review and
one.
1890,
i.
p. I.
P
Jehovah, the
self-existent, uncreated
uncreated One,
One, Himself
Himself
the eternal,
eternal, self-existent,
Jehovah,
the
of all,
all, is
is alone
to supreme
supreme reverthe source
source and sustainer
sustainer of
entitled to
reveralone entitled
Prophets, p.
p. 305.
ence and worship.-Patriarchs
ence
305.
worship. Patriarchs and Prophets,
Jehovah is
given to
Christ. "Behold,
my salis the
the name given
is my
salto Christ.
"Behold, God is
Jehovah
prophet Isaiah;
Isaiah; "I
will trust,
trust, and not
not be
vation," writes
writes the
the prophet
be afraid;
"I will
vation,"
afraid;
for the
my song;
song; He also
also is
for
the Lord JEHOVAH
is my
is
my strength
strength and my
JEHOVAH is
my salvation.
Therefore with
joy shall
ye draw water out
out
become my
salvation. Therefore
with joy
shall ye
of
of the
the wells
wells of
in that
ye shall
say, Praise
the
Praise the
that day
shall say,
of salvation.
salvation. And in
day ye
Lord,
upon His
name, declare
declare His
the people,
call upon
His name,
His doings
Lord, call
among the
doings among
people,
make mention that
that His
His name is
is exalted."
exalted." "In that
that day
this
shall this
day shall
in the
the land of
of Judah:
Judah: We have
have aa strong
song
be sung
salvasong be
sung in
city; salvastrong city;
bulwarks. Open
ye the
the gates,
tion will
will God appoint
tion
walls and bulwarks.
for walls
gates,
Open ye
appoint for
that the
the righteous
righteous nation
keepeth the
the truth
truth may
may enter
in.
that
enter in.
nation which keepeth
Thou wilt
wilt keep
keep him in
peace whose mind is
is stayed
in perfect
stayed on
perfect peace
Thee, because
because he trusteth
trusteth in
Trust ye
ye in
in the
the Lord forever;
in Thee. Trust
forever;
Thee,
in the
the Lord JEHOVAH
JEHOVAH is
Signs
for in
The Signs
for
is everlasting strength."
everlasting strength."-The
of the
May 3,
2.
the Times,
2.
3, 1899,
1899, p.
Times, May
of
p.
heavenly gates
again to
to be
be lifted
lifted up,
up, and with ten
ten
are again
The heavenly
gates are
thousand times
times ten
ten thousand
thousand and thousands
thousands of
of thousands
thousands of
holy
of holy
thousand
will come forth
King of
of kings
kings and Lord of
of
ones,
forth as
as King
Saviour will
our Saviour
ones, our
in that
lords. Jehovah
be King
King over
over all
the earth;
that
"shall be
all the
lords.
earth; in
Jehovah Immanuel "shall
day shall
there be
be one Lord,
one."
His name one."-Thoughts
shall there
Lord, and His
Thoughts
day
160.
the Mount ot
Blessing, p.
p. 160.
From the
of Blessing,
all who follow
follow Christ.
Christ. Jehovah
This is
the reward of
Jehovah Emmanof all
is the
This
uel-He
the treasures
of wisdom and knowlare hid
hid all
all the
treasures of
He "in
"in whom are
uel
"all the
in whom dwells
the fulness
fulness of
of the
the Godhead bodily"
bodily"
edge," in
dwells "all
edge,"
to know
9)-to
brought into
into sympathy
with Him, to
(Col. 2:3,
to be brought
2:3, 9)
sympathy with
(Col.
the heart
heart opens
opens more and more to
receive
Him,
to possess
possess Him,
to receive
as the
Him, to
Him, as
the ununlove and power,
power, to
to possess
possess the
His
His attributes;
to know His love
attributes; to
searchable
riches of
to comprehend
comprehend more and more "what
of Christ,
searchable riches
Christ, to
to know
is the
the breadth,
breadth, and length,
length, and depth,
height; and to
is
depth, and height;
.
644
644
QUESTIONS
the love
love of
of Christ,
Christ, which
which passeth
passeth knowledge,
knowledge, that
that ye
ye might
might be
the
"This is
filled with
with all
all the
the fulness
fulness of
of God" (Eph.
(Eph. 3:18,
3: 18, 19)
19)-"This
is the
the
filled
is
of
of
the
servants
of
the
Lord,
their
righteousness
is
of
heritage
their
and
of
servants
the
the
of
Lord,
righteousness
heritage
Me, saith
saith the
the Lord/'
Lord."-Ibid.,
p. 57.
57.
Me,
Ibid., p.
Before the
the entrance
entrance of
of sin
sin
Before
among the
the angels:
angels: Christ
Christ the
the
among
Word, the
the only-begotten
only-begotten of
of God,
God, was
was one
one with
with the
the eternal
eternal Father,
Father,
Word,
-one
in nature,
nature, in
in character,
character, and in
in purpose,
purpose,-the
only being
being in
in
the only
one in
all the
the universe
universe that
that could
could enter
enter into
into all
all the
the counsels
counsels and purposes
purposes
all
of God.
God.
of
By Christ,
Christ, the
the Father
Father wrought
wrought in
in the
the creation
creation of
of
By
beings.-The
Great Controversy,
Controversy, p.
p. 493.
493.
heavenly beings.
The Great
heavenly
all
all
If
reject the
the testimony
testimony of
of the
the inspired
inspired Scriptures
Scriptures concan
If men reject
cerning
the
deity
of
Christ,
it
is
in
vain
to
argue
the point
point with
with
in
it
is
vain
to
the
of
Christ,
argue the
cerning
deity
them; for
for no
no argument,
argument, however
however conclusive,
conclusive, could
could convince
convince
them;
natural man receiveth
receiveth not
not the
the things
things of
of the
the Spirit
Spirit of
of
them. "The natural
them.
God: for
for they
they are
unto him:
him: neither
neither can he know
are foolishness
God:
foolishness unto
them, because
because they
they are
are spiritually
spiritually discerned."
discerned." 1I Corinthians
Corinthians 2:14.
2:14.
them,
of the
hold this
this error
can have
have aa true
true conception
conception of
the charcharNone who hold
error can
acter or
or the
the mission
mission of
of Christ,
Christ, or
or oof the
the great
great plan
plan of
for
of God for
acter
redemption.-Ibid.,
p. 524.
man's redemption.
man's
524.
Ibid., p.
,
II.
Eternal Pre-existence
Pre-existence of
of Christ
Christ
II. Eternal
existed from
Lord Jesus
of God,
God, existed
The Lord
divine Son of
the divine
Christ, the
Jesus Christ,
the
one with
with the
the Father.
Father. He was the
surpassing
the commander of
of the
the
heaven. He was the
of heaven.
glory of
surpassing glory
heavenly intelligences,
the adoring
homage of
of the
the angels
adoring homage
angels was
heavenly
intelligences, and the
God. The
received
by him as
of God.-The
received by
as his
his right.
right. This was no robbery
robbery of
Review and Herald,
Herald, April
p. 8.
8.
1906, p.
5, 1906,
April 5,
In speaking
the mind
In
carries the
of His pre-existence,
Christ carries
pre-existence, Christ
speaking of
back through
dateless
ages.
He
assures
us
that
there
never
was aa
back
dateless
assures
us
that
there
ages.
through
time
time when He was not
in close
the eternal
not in
close fellowship
eternal God.
fellowship with the
to whose voice
He to
voice the
the Jews
listening had been with
Jews were then listening
God as
as one brought
with Him.-The
Him. The Signs
the Times,
Times,
of the
brought up
Signs of
up with
Aug.
1900.
29, 1900.
Aug. 29,
Here Christ
Christ shows them that,
reckon
that, although
although they
they might
might reckon
life to
less than fifty
life could
His life
to be less
divine life
could not be
years, yet
fifty years,
yet His divine
existence of
reckoned by
of Christ
Christ before
before
by human computation.
computation. The existence
His incarnation
figures.-The
incarnation is
is not
not measured by
The Signs
the
of the
by figures.
Signs of
Times,
1899,
3, 1899.
Times, May
May 3,
From all
all eternity
Christ was united
united with
with the
the Father,
Father, and
eternity Christ
when He took
took upon
was still
still one
nature, He was
upon Himself human nature,
with God.-The
10.
God. The Signs
the Times,
2, 1905,
1905, p.
Times, Aug.
of the
Aug. 2,
Signs of
p. 10.
eternity, aa distinct
distinct person,
eternity,
yet
person, yet
CHRIST'S PLACE IN THE GODHEAD
645
645
When Christ
within the
the heavenly
heavenly gates,
was enChrist passed
engates, He was
passed within
throned amidst
amidst the
the adoration
of the
the angels.
soon as
this cerecereas this
adoration of
angels. As soon
mony
completed, the
the Holy
descended upon
upon the
the disdismony was completed,
Holy Spirit
Spirit descended
in rich
rich currents,
indeed glorified,
ciples
even with
with
Christ was indeed
currents, and Christ
ciples in
glorified, even
with the
the Father
all eternity.
eternity_-The
the glory
The
Father from all
glory which He had with
Acts
Acts of
of the
the Apostles,
Apostles, pp.
pp. 38,
39.
38, 39.
But while
while God's
<;;od's Word speaks
the humanity
humanity of
Christ
of Christ
of the
speaks of
when upon
upon this
decidedly regarding
regarding his
his prethis earth,
it also
also speaks
earth, it
speaks decidedly
preexistence. The Word existed
a divine
being, even
even as
as the
the eternal
existence.
existed as
divine being,
eternal
as a
of God,
oneness with
his Father.
Son of
in union and oneness
with his
Father. From everlasteverlastGod, in
ing
he was the
the Mediator
Mediator of
the one
one in
in whom all
all nanaof the
the covenant,
covenant, the
ing he
the earth,
Jews and Gentiles,
Gentiles, if
if they
they accepted
accepted him,
him,
tions
tions of
of the
earth, both Jews
were to
to be
be blessed.
blessed. "The Word was
was with God,
the Word was
God, and the
were created,
the Word was
was with
with God,
God." Before
Before men or
God."
or angels
God,
created, the
angels were
and was
was God.-The
Herald, April
April 5,
God. The Review and Herald,
1906.
5, 1906.
being lives,
his is
is aa given
life, aa life
will
A human being
life that
that will
but his
lives, but
given life,
is your
is even
even vapor,
vapor, that
that appeareth
be quenched.
quenched. "What is
be
life? It
It is
your life?
appeareth
for aa little
little time,
time, and then vanisheth
Christ's life
for
life is
is not
not
vanisheth away."
away." But Christ's
aa vapor;
a life
life existing
before the
the worlds
worlds were
it is
is never-ending,
never-ending, a
existing before
vapor; it
made.-The
Signs of
June 17,
p. 5.
5.
made. The Signs
the Times,
17, 1897,
1897, p.
Times, June
of the
the days
was one
From the
Christ was
of eternity
the Lord Jesus
eternity the
days of
Jesus- Christ
with
image of
the image
image of
of His
His
with the
the Father;
"the image
of God,"
God," the
Father; He was "the
The Deoutshining of
glory."-The
Degreatness and majesty,
"the outshining
of His glory."
greatness
majesty, "the
of Ages,
Ages, p.
p. 19.
sire of
sire
19.
was one with the
the Father
before the
the angels
angels were
were created.
created.
He was
Father before
The Spirit
-The
Spirit of
of Prophecy,
Prophecy, vol.
p. 17.
vol. 1,
17.
1, p.
Christ was
was God essentially,
in the
the highest
highest sense.
sense. He was
Christ
essentially, and in
with
from all
over all,
blessed forevermore.forevermore.
all eternity,
with God from
all, blessed
eternity, God over
Herald, April
p. 8.
8.
5, 1906,
1906, p.
April 5,
of God,
to Moses to
to express
the idea
of the
the
idea of
The name of
God, given
given to
express the
eternal
presence, had been claimed
as His own by
by this
this Galilean
Galilean
eternal presence,
claimed as
Rabbi.
be the
the self-existent
self-existent One,
to be
Rabbi. He had announced Himself to
One,
forth have
to Israel,
goings forth
have
He who had been promised
Israel, "whose goings
promised to
the days
eternity_" Micah 5:2,
margin.
been from
from of
of eternity."
been
of old,
5:2, margin.
old, from the
days of
The Desire
-The
Desire of
Ages, pp.
pp. 469,
469,470.
470.
of Ages,
In it
may learn
redemption has
has
learn what our redemption
In
it [God's Word] we may
[God's Word]
Father.
cost
the beginning
beginning was equal
with the
the Father.cost Him who from the
equal with
Counsels
p_ 13.
13.
to Parents
Parents and Teachers,
Counsels to
Teachers, p.
III. Three Persons
Persons in
in the
the Godhead
III.
in the
the
are three
three living
living persons
persons of
of the
the heavenly
heavenly trio;
There are
trio; in
the
of these
these three
powers-the
the Son,
Son, and the
the Father,
three great
name of
Father, the
great powers
QUESTIONS
646
646
Holy Spirit-those
receive Christ
Christ by
by living
living faith
faith are
are bapthose who receive
Holy
bapSpirit
these powers
will co-operate
with the
the obedient subjects
tized,
tized, and these
subjects
co-operate with
powers will
Evanof
in their
the new life
life in
in Christ.-EvanChrist.
of heaven
live the
heaven in
their efforts
efforts to
to live
gelism, p.
615.
gelism,
p. 615.
The Godhead was
with pity
pity for
for the
the race,
race, and the
the
was stirred
stirred with
Holy Spirit
gave themselves
themselves to
to the
the workworkFather, the
the Son,
the Holy
SOB, and the
Father,
Spirit gave
Health, p.
222.
ing
out of
of 'the
'the plan
of redemption.-Counsels
p. 222,
ing out
redemption. Counsels on Health,
plan of
Those who proclaim
the third
third angel's
message must put
put on
Those
angel's message
proclaim the
the whole
that they
they may
stand
boldly
at
their
post,
stand
at
their
the
whole armor
armor of
of God,
God, that
boldly
may
post,
the good
fight
in
in the
the face
face of
of detraction
detraction and falsehood,
falsehood, fighting
fighting the
good fight
is written,"
"It is
written." Keep
Keep
of
resisting the
the enemy
with the
word, "It
the word,
of faith,
faith, resisting
enemy with
yourselves where
where the
the three
great powers
powers of
heaven, the
the Father,
the
three great
of heaven,
Father, the
yourselves
and the
the Holy
Holy Spirit,
can be
be your
your efficiency.
efficiency. These powers
powers
Son,
Son, and
Spirit, can
work with
with the
the one
unreservedly to
to God. The
himself unreservedly
one who gives
gives himself
strength
heaven is
the command of
believing ones.
ones. The
at the
God's believing
of heaven
is at
of God's
strength of
man who takes
takes God as
his trust
trust is
barricaded by
by an impregnable
is barricaded
as his
impregnable
wall.-The
Feb. 23,
p. 122.
122.
wall
The Southern
Southern Watchman,
23, 1904,
1904, p.
Watchman, Feb.
the
Our sanctification
sanctification is
the work of
of the
the Father,
Father, the
the Son,
is the
Son, and the
the covenant
that God has
Holy
has made
covenant that
of the
is the
the fulfilment
fulfilment of
It is
Holy Spirit.
Spirit. It
with Him,
Him, to
to stand
with Him,
Him,
with those
those who bind
with
bind themselves
stand with
themselves up
up with
His Spirit
holy fellowship.
you
with His
with
in holy
His Son,
with His
Son, and with
fellowship. Have you
Spirit in
been born
born again?
being in
in Christ
Christ Jesus?
Jesus?
a new being
been
again? Have you
you become a
co-operate with
the three
three great
great powers
powt:rs of
heaven who are
are
of heaven
Then co-operate
with the
this you
you will
will reveal
reveal to
to the
the world
world
working
behalf. Doing
in your
your behalf.
Doing this
working in
righteousness.-The
Signs of
Of the
the Times,
the principles
principles of
the
The Signs
of righteousness.
Times, June
June
19,
1901.
19, 1901.
The eternal
eternal heavenly
the
Christ, and the
God, and Christ,
heavenly dignitaries-God,
dignitaries
disciples] with
with more than
than mortal
Holy
Holy Spirit-arming
arming them [the
Spirit
[the disciples]
to the
the work and convince
energy,
convince
advance with
with them to
energy, ... would advance
p. 616.
616.
the world
world of
of sin.-Evangelism,
the
sin.
Evangelism, p.
to co-operate
co-operate with
three highest
highest powers
powers in
in heaven,
We are
with the
the three
are to
heaven,
the Father,
and these
-the
the Holy
Ghost,-and
these powers
the Son,
Son, and the
Father, the
Holy Ghost,
powers
will work through
through us,
us workers
workers together
together with
with God.will
God.
us, making
making us
Ibid., p.
p. 617.
617.
Ibid.,
in the
the threefold
threefold name of
of the
the Father,
Those who are
are baptized
Father,
baptized in
the Holy
very entrance
entrance of
their Christhe Son,
the
the very
at the
of their
ChrisSon, and the
Holy Spirit,
Spirit, at
tian
that they
have
forsaken
the
service
of
tian life
declare publicly
publicly that
have
forsaken
service
life declare
the
of
they
have become members of
of the
royal family,
Satan
children of
of
Satan and have
the royal
family, children
King.-Testimonies,
vol. 6,
p. 91.
91.
the heavenly
heavenly King.
the
Testimonies, vol.
6, p.
.
Christ's
Nature During
Incarnation
Christ's Nature
the Incarnation
During the
APPENDIX B
1.
Mystery of
the lrlcarnation
Incarnation
I. The Mystery
of the
is
humanity of
the Son of
is everything
everything to
to us.
us. It
The humanity
It is
of the
of God is
the
the golden
golden chain
binds our souls
souls to
to Christ,
through
chain that
that binds
Christ, and through
Christ to
to God. This is
is to
our study.
study. Christ
a real
man;
real man;
Christ
Christ was a
to be our
He gave
proof of
His humility
in becoming
becoming aa man. Yet
Yet He was
of His
gave proof
humility in
God in
the flesh.
flesh. When we approach
this subject,
in the
subject, we would do
approach this
well to
to heed the
the words spoken
by Christ
Christ to
to Moses at
at the
the burning
well
burning
spoken by
bush, "Put off
off thy
feet, for
the place
place where on
for the
off thy
shoes from off
bush,
thy shoes
thy feet,
thou standest
standest is
to this
this study
with
is holy ground." We should come to
study with
holy ground."
the humility
of
a
learner,
with
a
contrite
heart.
the
study
of
the
of
a
And
the
a
heart.
of
contrite
learner,
study
humility
the
incarnation of
a fruitful
field, which will
will repay
repay the
the incarnation
of Christ
is a
Christ is
fruitful field,
searcher
Instrucsearcher who digs
for hidden truth.-The
truth.
The Youth's
Youth's Instrucdigs deep
deep for
tor, Oct.
Oct. 13,
1898.
13, 1898.
tor,
The only
only plan
plan that
be devised
devised to
to save
save the
the human race
race
could be
that could
for the
humiliation, and crucicruciwas that
that which called
called for
the incarnation,
incarnation, humiliation,
fixion
fixion of
the Son of
Majesty of
of heaven.
heaven. After
After the
the plan
of the
of
of God,
the Majesty
God, the
plan of
~alvation was devised,
could have
have no ground
upon which
salvation
Satan could
devised, Satan
ground upon
to found his
his suggestion
that God,
God, because
because so
so great,
care
to
could care
suggestion that
great, could
nothing
for so
creature as
as man.
man.-The
of
a creature
The Signs
so insignificant
insignificant a
Signs of
nothing for
the Times,
20, 1890.
the
1890.
Times, Jan.
Jan. 20,
In contemplating
of Christ
Christ in
humanity, we
in humanity,
the incarnation
incarnation of
contemplating the
that the
the human
stand baffled
baffled before
stand
before an unfathomable
unfathomable mystery,
mystery, that
reflect upon
upon it,
it, the
the more
mind cannot comprehend.
comprehend. The more we reflect
amazing
does it
is the
the contrast
it appear. How wide is
contrast between the
the
amazing does
appear.
divinity of
of Christ
Christ and the
the helpless
in Bethlehem's manger!
infant in
divinity
manger!
helpless infant
How can we span
the mighty
mighty God and a
the distance
distance between the
span the
helpless
child?
yet
the
Creator
of
worlds,
in whom was
child?
And
the
He In
Creator
of
worlds,
yet
helpless
the fullness
fullness of
the Godhead bodily,
bodily, was manifest
manifest in
in the
the helpless
the
of the
helpless
babe in
in the
the manger.
than any
any of
the angels,
angels, equal
of the
babe
manger. Far higher
higher than
equal with
the
yet wearing
wearing the
the garb
garb of
of huhuin dignity
the Father in
dignity and glory,
glory, and yet
manity! Divinity
Divinity and humanity
humanity were mysteriously
mysteriously combined,
combined, and
manity!
man and God became one.
one. It
is in
that we find
find the
the
in this
this union that
It is
NOTE.italicizing of
of key
key expressions
throughout this
this compilation
to enable
enable
is to
NOTE. The italicizing
expressions throughout
compilation is
the eye
eye to
to catch
catch at
at a glance
glance the
pertinent point
of each paragraph.
paragraph.-EDlTORS.
EDITORS.
the pertinent
the
point of
647
648
QUESTIONS
in humanity,
hope of
Looking upon
upon Christ
Christ in
humanity, we
our fallen
race. Looking
of our
fallen race.
hope
the
look upon
upon God,
God, and see
in Him the
brightness of
of His
His glory,
look
the brightness
see In
glory, the
the
of
His
person.-The
Signs
of
the
Times,
July
express
image
The
30,
of
His
Times,
July 30,
Signs of
express Image
person.
1896.
1896.
of
character of
As
the worker
worker studies
the life
Christ, and the
the character
of- Christ,
life of
As the
studies the
upon, each
will reveal
reveal something
His mission
search will
His
fresh search
is dwelt
each fresh
mission is
dwelt upon,
something
than has
has yet
yet been
been unfolded.
unfolded. The subject
more deeply
subject
Interesting than
deeply interesting
of Christ,
is inexhaustible.
inexhaustible. The study
of
the
incarnation
of
incarnation
the
is
of
Christ, His
study
the mind of
will employ
mediatorial work,
work, will
atoning sacrifice
sacrifice and mediatorial
of
employ the
atoning
last.
shall
the
diligent student
student as
as
time
shall
last.-Gospel
Worke.rs,
as
time
the diligent
as long
Workers,
Gospel
long
p.251.
251.
p.
That God should
manifest in
in the
the flesh
flesh is
is indeed aa
should thus
thus be manifest
That
help of
of the
Holy Spirit
Spirit we cannot
cannot hope
hope
mystery; and without
the Holy
the help
without the
mystery;
to comprehend
subject. The most
most humbling
humbling lesson
lesson that
that man
'to
this subject.
comprehend this
has to
to learn
nothingness of
of human wisdom,
wisdom, and the
of
the folly
learn is
is the
the nothingness
has
folly of
find out
trying, by
by his
his own unaided efforts,
efforts, to
out God.-The
Reto find
God. The Retrying,
view and Herald,
Herald, April
view
1906.
5, 1906.
April 5,
the human nature
of the
Mary changed
changed into
into the
the
the Son of
of Mary
Was the
nature of
divine nature
nature of
the Son of
No; the
the two
two natures
natures were
were mystemystedivine
of the
of God? No;
person-the
Christ Jesus.
Jesus. In
In Him
riously blended
blended in
in one person
the man Christ
riously
dwelt
all the
the fullness
the Godhead bodily.
bodily....
dwelt all
fullness of
of the
This
is aa great
great mystery,
that will
not be
be fully,
fully, comThis is
will not
a mystery
mystery that
mystery, a
its greatness
greatness until
of the
the
pletely understood
understood in
until the
in all
all its
the translation
translation of
pletely
the power
power and greatness
take place.
place. Then the
redeemed shall
shall take
greatness and
efficacy of
of the
the gift
will be
be understood.
understood. But the
the
of God to
to man will
efficacy
gift of
that this
this gift
gift shall
be so
mystified that
that it
will
enemy is
is determined
shall be
determined that
so mystified
it will
enemy
as nothingness.-The
Bible Commentary,
vol. 5,
become as
The SDA Bible
5,
nothingness.
Commentary, vol.
p.
1113.
1113.
p.
cannot explain
the great
great mystery
mystery of
of the
the plan
plan of
redemp
We cannot
of redempexplain the
tion. Jesus
tion.
took upon
that He might
might reach
reach
humanity, that
Jesus took
upon Himself humanity,
humanity; but
explain how divinity
was clothed
clothed with
but we cannot
cannot explain
with
humanity;
divinity was
not have known how to
to sympathize
humanity.
humanity. An angel
angel would not
sympathize
the world
world and suffered
suffered all
our
with fallen
fallen man,
man, but Christ
Christ came to
to the
all our
temptations,
griefs.-The
and Herald,
Herald,
carried aU
all our griefs.
The Review and
temptations, and carried
Oct. 1,
Oct.
1889.
1, 1889.
.
II. Miraculous
II.
Miraculous Union of
Divine
of Human and Divine
Laying
aside
His
royal
robe
and
kingly
crown,
Christ clothed
aside
His
robe
Christ
clothed
crown,
Laying
royal
kingly
humanity, that
that human beings
beings might
might be
raised
His divinity
divinity with humanity,
be raised
from their
placed on vantage-ground.
vantage-ground. Christ
their degradation
Christ
degradation and placed
could
not have
have come to
to this
with the
the glory
glory that
that He had in
could not
this earth
earth with
in
CHRIST'S NATURE
649
the
the heavenly
beings could
could not
not have borne
borne
courts. Sinful
Sinful human beings
heavenly courts.
He veiled
His divinity
divinity with
with the
the garb
humanity, but
but
veiled His
of humanity,
garb of
He did
did not
not part
part with
with His
His divinity.
divinity. A divine-human
divinehuman Saviour,
Saviour, He
came to
stand at
the head of
fallen race,
race, to
to share
their
to stand
at the
in their
the fallen
share in
of the
the
the sight.
sight.
experience
to manhood. That human beings
beings
childhood to
experience from childhood
be partakers
partakers of
of the
the divine
nature, He came to
to this
this earth,
might be
divine nature,
earth,
might
and lived
lived aa life
perfect obedience.
obedience.-Ibid.,
life of
of perfect
1905.
15, 1905.
Ibid., June
June 15,
In
In Christ,
Christ, divinity
humanity were
were combined.
combined. Divinity
Divinity was
divinity and humanity
not degraded
degraded to
its place,
place, but
but humanity
not
to humanity;
held its
humanity
humanity; divinity
divinity held
by being
being united
united to
the fiercest
fiercest test
test of
tempta
to divinity,
of temptawithstood the
by
divinity, withstood
tion
the wilderness.
this world
world came to
to Christ
Christ
in the
tion in
wilderness. The prince
of this
prince of
after His long
long fast,
was an hungered,
hungered, and suggested
to
after
fast, when He was
suggested to
Him to
the stones
bread. But the
the plan
of
to command the
to become bread.
stones to
plan of
of man,
man, provided
provided that
that Christ
God,
the salvation
Christ
devised for
for the
salvation of
God, devised
should
hunger, and poverty,
poverty, and every
every phase
phase of
man's
of man's
should know hunger,
experience.-Ibid.,
Feb.
18,
1890.
Feb.
1890.
18,
Ibid.,
experience.
think about Christ's
Christ's becoming
becoming aa babe
babe here
here on
The more we think
the
earth,
the more wonderful
wonderful it
it appears.
appears. How can it
it be that
that the
earth, the
manger is
is still
still the
divine Son of
of
helpless babe
babe in
in Bethlehem's
the divine
Bethlehem's manger
helpless
God? Though
Though we cannot
understand it,
believe that
that He
cannot understand
can believe
it, we can
the worlds,
worlds, for
helpless babe.
babe.
sakes became a
a helpless
for our
who made the
our sakes
Though
higher than
than any
of the
the angels,
angels, though
though as
as great
great as
as the
the
Though higher
any of
one with
with us.
In Him
Father on the
us. In
the throne
Father
throne of
of heaven He became one
God and man became one,
is in
in this
this fact
fact that
that we find
the
find the
it is
one, and it
in
hope
of
our
fallen
race.
Looking
upon
Christ
in
the
flesh,
look
the
we
fallen
race.
Christ
look
of
flesh,
Looking
upon
hope
upon God in
the brightness
brightness of
divine
see in
in Him the
of divine
in humanity,
humanity, and see
upon
Father.
The
Youth's
Inthe
express
image
of
God
the
Father.-The
Youth's
In
glory,
the
of
the
image
glory,
express
structor, Nov. 21,
21, 1895.
1895.
structor,
the childlike
upon the
childlike countenance,
countenance, shining
No one,
one, looking
shining
looking upon
with animation,
animation, could
say that
Christ was just
just like
like other
other children.
children.
that Christ
could say
with
flesh. When urged
urged by
by His companions
companions to
to
He was God in
in human flesh.
do wrong,
through humanity,
humanity, and He refused
refused
flashed through
do
wrong, divinity
divinity flashed
decidedly.
distinguished between right
a moment He distinguished
In a
right and
decidedly. In
in the
of God's
wrong, and placed
the light
light of
God's commands,
sin in
commands, holding
holding
wrong,
placed sin
reflected light
up
the law
law as
mirror which reflected
light upon
upon wrong.
wrong.-Ibid.,
as a
a mirror
Ibid.,
up the
Sept.
1898.
8, 1898.
Sept. 8,
As
the human family
mortal, but
but as
a
as a
of the
As aa member of
family He was mortal,
to the
the world.
was the
the fountain
world. He could,
in His
life to
of life
fountain of
God He was
could, in
divine person,
person, eyer
have withstood
advances of
of death,
death, and
ivithstood the
the advances
divine
ever have
laid
refused to
to come under its
dominion; but He voluntarily
voluntarily laid
its dominion;
refused
life and bring
might give
give life
bring imim
down His
life, that
in so
so doing
that in
His life,
doing He might
QUESTIONS
650
mortality to
to light
humility was
was this!
this! It
angels.
It amazed angels.
light..... What humility
mortality
take it
The tongue
never describe
the imagination
imagination cannot take
it
can never
describe it;
it; the
tongue can
in. The eternal
eternal Word consented
to be
be made flesh!
flesh! God became
in.
consented to
man!-The
Herald, July
July 5,
5, 1887.
1887.
man! The Review and Herald,
The apostle
apostle would
attention from ourselves
ourselves to
to the
the
our attention
would call
call our
Author of
of our
presents before
before us
us His
His two
two natures,
Author
salvation. He presents
our salvation.
natures,
divine and human.
human . . . . He voluntarily
voluntarily assumed
assumed human nature.
nature.
divine
It
His own act,
His own consent.
clothed His
consent. He clothed
It was
was His
act, and by
by His
was all
the while
while as
as God,
God, but
but He did
divinity with
with humanity.
all the
divinity
humanity. He was
of Deity
not
appear as
veiled the
Deity
the demonstrations of
not appear
as God.
God. He veiled
had commanded the
the homage,
homage, and called
forth the
the admirawhich had
called forth
admirawhich
but
tion
of the
the universe
universe of
was God while
while upon
upon earth,
earth, but
tion of
of God. He was
divested Himself
at the
form of
of God,
its stead
stead took the
the
in its
He divested
the form
God and in
Himself of
form and fashion
walked the
the earth
earth as
as aa man. For
For
form
fashion of
of a
a man. He walked
our
sakes He became poor,
through His
His poverty
poverty might
might be
that we through
our sakes
poor, that
His glory
glory and His majesty.
majesty. He was
made rich.
rich. He laid
aside His
laid aside
but the
the glories
the form
form of
of God He for
for awhile
God, but
awhile relinrelinof the
God,
glories of
the
quished
.
.
.
.
bore
the
sins
of
the
world,
and
endured
the
He
the
the
sins
bore
world,
of
quished.
upon His divine
divine soul.
penalty which rolled
soul. He
rolled like
like a
a mountain upon
penalty
yielded
up His
should not
not eternally
eternally die.
His life
a sacrifice,
that man should
die.
life a
sacrifice, that
yielded up
He died,
died, not
not through
compelled to
to die,
die, but
but by
by His own
through being
being compelled
free
free will.-Ibid.
will.
Ibid.
the human nature
of the
the Son of
of Mary
changed into
into the
the
Was the
nature of
Mary changed
divine
nature of
the Son of
of God? No;
No; the
the two
two natures
natures were mysmysdivine nature
of the
teriously
blended in
person-the
Jesus. In
in one person
the man Christ
Christ Jesus.
In Him
teriously blended
dwelt
all the
the fullness
bodily. When Christ
Christ was
was
fullness of
dwelt all
of the
the Godhead bodily.
crucified, it
it was His
His human nature
nature that
that died.
Deity did
did not
sink
died. Deity
not sink
crucified,
that would have been impossible.
impossible.-The
Bible
die; that
and die;
The SDA Bible
vol. 5,
p. 1113.
Commentary,
1113.
5, p.
Commentary, vol.
.
III.
Nature
III. Took Sinless
Sinless Human Nature
the earth,
Christ came to
to the
humanity and standing
standing as
Christ
as
earth, taking
taking humanity
to show in
the controversy
man's representative,
in the
controversy with
with Satan
that
Satan that
representative, to
created him,
man,
as God created
him, connected
connected with
with the
the Father
Father and
and the
'the Son,
man, as
Son,
could
requirement.-The
Signs of
could obey
obey every
divine requirement.
The Signs
the Times,
Times,
every divine
of the
June 9,
9, 1898.
1898.
June
called the second Adam. In
Christ
Christ is
is called
In purity
purity and holiness,
holiness,
beloved by
by God,
God, He began
began where
where the
connected with
with God and beloved
connected
the
Willingly He passed
passed over
ground where
first Adam began.
over the
the ground
where
first
began. Willingly
Adam fell,
failure.-The
Instrucfell, and redeemed Adam's failure.
The Youth's
Youth's Instruc1898.
tor,
2, 1898.
tor, June
June 2,
CHRIST'S NATURE
651
651
In
In the
the fullness
fullness of
was to
be revealed
revealed in
in human form.
time He was
of time
to be
form.
He was to
to take
position at
at the
take His position
the head of
the
of humanity
humanity by
by taking
taking the
not the
nature but
but not
of man. In heaven
heaven was
was heard
heard the
the
the sinfulness
sinfulness of
to Zion,
Zion, and unto
unto them that
voice, "The Redeemer shall
shall come to
that
voice,
turn from transgression
transgression in
in Jacob,
saith
the
Lord."-The
Signs
turn
the
Lord."
The Signs
saith
Jacob,
of
May 29,
the Times,
1901.
Times, May
29, 1901.
of the
When Christ
bowed
His head and died,
died, He bore
bore the
the pillars
Christ
His
pillars
of
kingdom with
to the
earth. He vanquished
vanquished Satan
Satan
Satan's kingdom
of Satan's
with Him to
the earth.
in
the same
same nature
which in
Satan obtained
in the
in Eden Satan
nature over
over which
obtained the
the victory.
victory.
enemy was overcome by
by Christ
Christ in
in His human nature.
nature. The
The enemy
power of
of the
the Saviour's
hidden. He overcame
overcame in
in
Saviour's Godhead was hidden.
power
human nature,
nature, relying
upon God for
for power.
power.-The
InThe Youth's
Youth's Inrelying upon
April 25,
structor, April
1901.
25, 1901.
structor,
In taking
taking upon
Himself man's
man's nature
its fallen
in its
In
nature in
fallen condition,
condition,
upon Himself
Christ
not in
participate in
in its
sin. He was
was subject
subject to
in the
did not
the least
least participate
its sin.
to
Christ did
weaknesses by
is encompassed,
encompassed, "that
the
"that
the infirmities
infirmities and weaknesses
by which man is
it
be fulfilled
which was
was spoken
by Esaias
Esaias the
the prophet,
prophet, sayfulfilled which
it might
saymight be
spoken by
bare our
our sicknesses."
sicknesses." He
ing, Himself
Himself took our infirmities,
infirmities, and bare
ing,
was
with the
feeling of
of our
our infirmities,
was in
the feeling
in all
all
touched with
was touched
infirmities, and was
tempted like
no sin."
sin." He was
was
points tempted
are. And yet
like as
as we are.
yet He "knew no
points
the
spot." Could Satan
Satan in
the
in the
"without blemish
blemish and without
the Lamb "without
without spot."
particular have tempted
tempted Christ
Christ to
to sin,
have bruised
least particular
bruised
least
sin, he would have
heel. Had
touch His
His heel.
the Saviour's
head. As it
it was,
could only
the
Saviour's head.
was, he could
only touch
the head
head of
of Christ
touched, the
the hope
hope of
of the
the human race
race
Christ been touched,
the
upon Christ
Christ
would have
have perished.
perished. Divine
Divine wrath would have come upon
would
as it
upon Adam
should have
have no misgivings
misgivings in
in rereAdam..... We should
as
it came upon
gard
to
the
perfect
sinlessness
of
the
human
nature
of
Christ.the
nature
Christ.
sinlessness
the
to
of
of
perfect
gard
1131.
The SDA Bible
Bible Commentary,
p. ll3!.
vol. 5,
5, p.
Commentary, vol.
how you
Be
careful,
exceedingly
careful
as
to
you dwell
upon the
careful
as
to
dwell upon
the
Be careful, exceedingly
human nature
nature of
not set
set Him before
the people
people as
as a
a
Christ. Do not
of Christ.
before the
man with
propensities of
of sin.
sin. He is
is the
the second Adam. The first
first
the propensities
with the
sinless being,
taint of
was created
a pure,
pure, sinless
being, without
without aa taint
of sin
sin
created a
Adam was
upon him;
him; he
he was in
image of
of God. He could
could fall,
fall, and he
he did
did
in the
the image
upon
sin his
fall through
through transgressing.
of sin
his posterity
posterity was born
fall
transgressing. Because of
disobedience. But Jesxis
Christ was
of disobedience.
with
propensities of
Jesus Christ
inherent propensities
with inherent
the
only begotten
begotten Son of
of God. He took
took upon
upon Himself
Himself human
the only
as human nature
tempted in
all points
points as
nature is
is tempted.
tempted.
nature,
in all
was tempted
and was
nature, and
He could
have sinned;
but not
not for
for one mofallen, but
could have
sinned; He could have fallen,
ment was
in Him an evil
evil propensity.
propensity. He was assailed
assailed with
there in
was there
ment
assailed with
with temptemptations in the wilderness, as
as Adam was assailed
temptemptations in the wilderness,
1128,
tations
in Eden.
Eden.-Ibid.,
p. 1128.
tations in
Ibid., p.
.
652
652
QUESTIONS
The Son
Himself and took
took man's
man's nature
Son of
of God humbled Himself
after
the race
race had
thousand years
years from Eden,
Eden, and
after the
four thousand
had wandered four
Sin had been
from their
their original
purity and uprightness.
uprightness. Sin
from
of purity
state of
original state
making its
upon the
the race
race for
for ages;
its terrible
marks upon
terrible marks
ages; and physical,
physical,
making
mental,
moral degeneracy
prevailed throughout
throughout. the
the human
mental, and moral
degeneracy prevailed
family. When Adam
A dam was
was assailed
assailed by
in Eden he was
the tempter
tempter in
by the
family.
wit!lOut the
the taint
in the
the wilderness
of temptation,
wilderness of
sin.. ... Christ,
without
taint of
Christ, in
of sin
temptation,
The
endure.-The
stood in
in Adam's
Adam's place
place to
bear the
failed to
to endure.
the test
test he
he failed
to bear
stood
Review and Herald,
Hemld, July
28, 1874.
Review
1874.
July 28,
of Christ
Avoid every
every question
relation to
the humanity
humanity of
Christ
to the
in relation
Avoid
question in
is liable
to be
misunderstood. Truth lies
to the
the track
track
which is
close to
lies close
which
be misunderstood.
liable to
ofpresumption. In
In treating
humanity of
the humanity
ofpresumption.
Christ, you
of Christ,
you
upon the
treating upon
to guard
guard strenuously
every assertion)
your words
words be
be
need
lest your
need to
assertion, lest
strenuously every
than they
imply, and thus
thus you
you lose
lose or
or dim the
taken to
the
taken
to mean more than
they imply,
His humanity
with divinity.
divinity. His
clear perceptions
perceptions of
as combined with
clear
of His
humanity as
the
was aa miracle
miracle of
Never, in
in any
any way,
way, leave
birth was
leave the
of God
God.. . . . Never,
birth
minds that
that aa taint
taint of,
of, or
slightest impression
impression upon
or inclinainclinaupon human minds
slightest
or that
tion
to, corruption
corruption rested
that He in
in any
any way
way
rested upon
tion to,
Christ, or
upon Christ,
as man
yielded to
was tempted
tempted in
in all
points like
all points
like as
to cormption.
corruption. He was
yielded
a mystery
is tempted,
tempted, yet
yet He is
thing." It
mystery that
that
is called
called "that
"that holy
is a
is
It is
holy thing."
is left
left unexplained
unexplained to
that Christ
Christ could
could be
be tempted
tempted in
all
is
in all
to mortals
mortals that
as we are,
be without
without sin.
points like
like as
sin. The incarnation
incarnation of
of
are, and yet
yet be
points
Christ has
has ever
been, and will
remain, aa mystery.
mystery. That which
ever remain,
will ever
Christ
ever been,
is revealed,
for us
but let
is
is for
us and for
for our children,
let every
revealed, is
children, but
every human
be warned
the ground
being
wamed from
from the
ground of
of making
altogether
Christ altogether
making Christ
being be
as ourselves;
ourselves; for
for it
it cannot
human,
such an one as
be.
cannot be.-The
The SDA
human, such
Bible Commentary,
Bible
vol. 5,
1129.
5, pp.
1128, 1129.
Commentary, vol.
pp. 1128,
What opposites
are revealed
revealed in
in the
the person
person of
of Christ!
Christ!
opposites meet and are
The mighty
yet aa helpless
the
child! The Creator
Creator of
all the
of all
God, yet
mighty God,
helpless child!
His creating,
often hungry
hungry and weary,
world,
yet, in
in aa world
world of
of His
world, yet,
creating, often
weary,
and without
without a place
to lay
lay His head!
head! The Son of
of man,
man, yet
infi
place to
yet infithan the
the angels!
Equal with
with the
the Father,
Father, yet
nitely
higher than
His
nitely higher
angels! Equal
yet His
divinity clothed
standing at
head of
fallen
with humanity,
clothed with
at the
the head
the fallen
divinity
humanity, standing
of the
race, that
that human beings
beings might
be placed
placed on vantage-ground!
vantage-ground!
race,
might be
of aa poor
poor man! One
Possessing
eternal riches,
riches, yet
yet living
living the
the life
life of
Possessing eternal
with the
Father in
in dignity
with
the Father
power, yet
yet in
in His
His humanity
dignity and power,
humanity
in all
as we are
tempted
all points
points like
are tempted!
tempted! In
the very
very moment
like as
In the
tempted in
of
the cross,
of His
His dying
a Conqueror,
answering the
the rerecross, a
dying agony
agony on the
Conqueror, answering
of the
sinner to
the repentant
repentant sinner
be remembered
remembered by
by Him when He
quest of
to be
quest
came into
into His kingdom.
kingdom.-The
Signs of
April 26,
The Signs
the Times,
26,
Times, April
of the
.
1905.
1905,
CHRIST'S NATURE
653
653
IV.
Liabilities of
of Human Nature
IV. Assumed Liabilities
The doctrine
the incarnation
incarnation of
of Christ
Christ in
is
flesh is
doctrine of
in human flesh
of the
aa mystery,
mystery, "even the
the mystery
mystery which hath
hath been hid
hid from ages
ages and
the great
profound mystery
mystery of
godlifrom generations."
of godliIt is
is the
generations." It
great and profound
ness ....
ness.
Christ
did not
not make believe
believe take
take human nature;
nature; He did
Christ did
did
verily take
take it.
reality possess
possess human nature.
nature. "As the
the
did in
in reality
it. He did
verily
children are
are partakers
partakers of
blood, He also
also Himself
Himself likelikechildren
flesh and blood,
of flesh
part of
the son
son of
Mary; He was of
of
wise took
took part
wise
of the
the same."
same." He was the
of Mary;
the seed
of David according
The Review
the
seed of
to human descent.-The
descent.
according to
April 5,
Herald, April
and Herald,
1906.
5, 1906_
a man amongst
He came to
to this
this world
world in
in human form,
to live
live a
form, to
amongst
assumed the
of human nature,
nature, to
to be proved
men. He assumed
the liabilities
liabilities of
proved
nadivine natried. In
In His
His humanity
humanity He was
was aa partaker
partaker of
the divine
and tried.
of the
of the
the
in aa new sense
sense the
the title
title of
ture. In His incarnation
ture.
incarnation He gained
gained in
Son of
of God.-The
Signs of
of the
Aug_ 2,
God. The Signs
the Times,
1905.
2, 1905.
Times, Aug.
our Saviour
humanity, with
with all
all its
its liabilities.
liabilities. He
But our
Saviour took
took humanity,
took
the nature
to temptook the
man, with
possibility of
yielding to
nature of
with the
the possibility
of yielding
of man,
temphas not
not endured.tation.
tation. We have nothing
endured.
to bear
bear which He has
nothing to
The Desire
Desire of
Ages, p.
p. 117.
117.
of Ages,
existed
Christ
bore the
and infirmities
of the
the race
race as
as they
Christ bore
the sins
sins and
infirmities of
they existed
to help
help man. In
In behalf
behalf of
the race,
race,
when He came to
to the
of the
the earth
earth to
with
weaknesses Of
fallen man upon
upon Him,
Him, He was to
to stand
with the
the weaknesses
of fallen
the
temptations of
upon all
all points
points wherewith
wherewith man would
the temptations
Satan upon
of Satan
be assailed.-The
Herald, July
July 28,
be
1874.
assailed.
28, 1874.
Jesus was
was in
things made like
brethren. He bebein all
all things
like unto His brethren.
Jesus
came fiesh,
even as
was hungry
hungry and thirsty
as we are.
are. He was
flesh, even
thirsty and
weary. He was
was sustained
food and refreshed
refreshed by
by sleep.
sustained by
weary.
sleep. He
by food
shared the
lot of
yet He was
the blameless
blameless Son of
the lot
was the
shared
man; yet
of man;
of God. He
The Desire
was God in
the flesh.
to be ours.
ours.-The
Desire of
of
in the
flesh. His character
character is
is to
p. 311.
311.
Ages, p.
Ages,
of Christ
Christ is
to ours,
ours, and suffering
The human nature
nature of
is likened
likened to
suffering
was more keenly
keenly felt
by Him;
for His
His spiritual
spiritual nature
nature was tree
felt by
Him; for
free
Therefore His
His desire
desire for
the removal
removal of
of
from every
every taint
taint of
for the
sin. Therefore
from
of sin.
suffering
beings can experience.
experience ....
stronger than human beings
suffering was stronger
sin. All
The Son of
the wrath of
of God against
All
of God endured the
against sin.
world was laid
laid upon
upon the
the
sin of
the accumulated
the Sin-bearer,
accumulated sin
the world
Sin-bearer,
of the
the
the One who alone could be the
the
the One who was innocent,
innocent, the
propitiation for
Himself was obedient.
obedient. He was
because He Himself
for sin,
sin, because
propitiation
The
One with
with God.
God. Not aa taint
ot corruption
corruption was upon
Him.-The
taint of
upon Him.
Signs
of the
Dec. 9,
the rimes,
1897.
9, 1897.
Times, Dec.
Signs of
.
654
QUESTIONS
of our guilt
As one with
with us,
must bear
bear the
the burden of
us, He must
guilt and
The Sinless
Sinless One must
feel the
sin . ... Every
Every sin,
sin,
the shame of
must feel
of sin.
had
eva),
defiling
lust
that
trallSgression
brought,
every
discord,
lust
that
discord,
transgression
brought,
every
every defiling
111.
was torture
SjJirit.- The Desire
Desire of
of Ages,,
Ages, p.
p. 111.
torture to
to His spirit.
The weight
weight of
the world
world was
was pressing
pressing His soul,
soul,
the sins
sins of
of the
of the
and His
countenance expressed
unutterable sorrow,
sorrow, aa depth
depth of
of
and
His countenance
expressed unutterable
anguish that
fallen man had never
never realized.
realized. He felt
felt the
the overoverthat fallen
anguish
the
whelming tide
tide of
of woe that
deluged the
the world.
world. He realized
realized the
that deluged
whelming
that conof unholy
strength of
indulged appetite
unholy passion
passion that
conof indulged
strength
appetite and of
world.-The
Herald, Aug.
Aug. 4,
4, 1874.
trolled the
the world.
1874.
trolled
the
Entire justice
justice was
was done in
in the
the place
place of
of the
the atonement.
atonement. In the
Entire
sinner,
the spotless
penalty, and the
received the
the penalty,
the
sinner, the
of God received
spotless Son of
as his
sinner
free as
he receives
receives and holds
holds Christ
his perperChrist as
as long
as he
sinner goes
long as
goes free
guilty,
he
is
looked
upon
as
innocent.
sonal
innocent.
he
Is
as
looked
Saviour. Though
sonal Saviour.
Though guilty,
upon
Christ
fulfilled every
requirement demanded by
by justice.
justice.-The
The
Christ fulfilled
every requirement
Youth's
Instructor, April
April 25,
25, 1901.
Youth's Instructor,
1901.
Guiltless, He bore
the punishment
punishment of
of the
the guilty.
guilty. Innocent,
Innocent,
bore the
Guiltless,
yet
offering
Himself
as
a
substitute
for
the
transgressor.
The
guilt
for
the
as
Himself
a
substitute
yet offering
transgressor.
guilt
of
sin pressed
pressed its
weight upon
the divine
soul of
of the
the world's
world's
divine soul
its weight
of every
every sin
upon the
Redeemer.-The
Signs of
of the
Dec. 5,
5, 1892.
The Signs
the Times,
1892.
Redeemer.
Times, Dec.
took upon
upon His
His sinless
sinful nature,
nature, that
that He
He took
sinless nature
nature our sinful
might
that are
are tempted.-Medical
to succor
those that
succor those
might know how to
tempted. Medical
Ministry, p.
p. 181.
181.
Ministry,
v. Tempted
on All
All Points
Points
V.
Tempted on
Christ
alone had
had experience
in
all
the sorrows
SOTrows and tempta
Christ alone
in
all
the
experience
temptations
befall human beings.
beings. Never another
another of
of woman born
tions that
that befall
born
was so
by temptation;
never another
bore so
heavy aa
was
so fiercely
beset by
another bore
so heavy
fiercely beset
temptation; never
the world's
pain. Never was
was there
there another
burden of
of the
world's sin
sin and pain.
another
whose sympathies
sympathies were so
or so
so tender.
tender. A sharer
the
so broad or
sharer in
in all
all the
experiences of
humanity, He could
could feel
feel not
not only
only for,
for, but
but with,
with,
of humanity,
experiences
tempted and struggling
one.-Education,
every burdened and tempted
Education,
every
struggling one.
p.78.
78.
p.
God was
was in
endured all
all the
in Christ
Christ in
in human form,
the tempform, and endured
temptations wherewith
tations
wherewith man was
was beset;
beset; in
in our
behalf He participated
participated
our behalf
in
in the
the suffering
suffering and trials
trials of
of sorrowjul
sorrowful human nature.
nature.-The
The
Watchman,
Dec. 10,
1907.
10, 1907.
Watchman, Dec.
He "was in
in all
points tempted
are." Satan
all points
as we are."
like as
Satan stood
stood
tempted like
ready
to
assail
at
every
step,
hurling
at
his fiercest
to
assail
at
Him
Him
at
his
fiercest
ready
every step, hurling
temptations; yet
yet He "did
was guile
guile found
found in
"did no sin,
neither was
in His
His
sin, neither
temptations;
mouth/'
mouth." "He ... suffered
suffered being
being tempted/*
tempted," suffered
suffered in
proportion
in proportion
to the
to
the perfection
perfection of
His holiness.
holiness. But the
the prince
prince of
of darkness
darkness
of His
woe.
woe.
CHRIST'S NATURE
655
655
found nothing
nothing in
not aa single
single thought
thought or
or feeling
feeling responded
In Him;
Him; not
responded
to temptation.-Testimoni.es,
vol. 5,
5, p.
p. 422.
422.
to
Testimonies, vol.
temptation.
Would that
that we could
comprehend the
the significance
significance of
of the
the
could comprehend
words,
being tempted."
While He was
was free
free from
from
"Christ suffered,
words, "Christ
suffered, being
tempted." While
the refined
His holy
holy nature
nature renthe
taint of
the taint
renrefined sensibilities
sensibilities of
of His
sin, the
of sin,
dered
painful to
Yet with
dered contact
with evil
unspeakably painful
contact with
evil unspeakably
with
to Him. Yet
human nature
nature upon
Him, He met the
the arch-apostate
arch-apostate face
face to
to
upon Him,
single-handed withstood
the foe
foe of
His throne.
throne. Not
face, and single-handed
of His
withstood the
face,
even
a .thought
even by
by a
brought to
yield to
to the
the power
power
could Christ
Christ be
be brought
to yield
thought could
of temptation.
of
in human hearts
hearts some point
point where he
he
Satan finds
finds in
temptation. Satan
can gain
gain aa foot-hold;
desire is
is cherished,
cherished, by
by means
sinful desire
foot-hold; some sinful
of
his temptations
temptations assert
assert their
power. But Christ
Christ declared
of which his
declared
their power.
of Himself,
Himself, "The prince
prince of
world cometh,
cometh, and hath
hath nothing
of
this world
of this
nothing
in
burst upon
upon Him,
Him, but
but they
they could
in Me." The storms
storms of
of temptation
temptation burst
not
cause Him to
to swerve
allegiance to
to God.-The
not cause
God. The
swerve from His
His allegiance
Herald, Nov. 8,
Review and Herald,
1887.
8, 1887.
II perceive
perceive that
that there
there is
danger
in approaching
approaching subjects
is
subjects
danger in
of the
the Son of
of the
the infinite
which dwell on the
the humanity
infinite God. He
humanity of
did
was in
in fashion
a man,
man,
did humble Himself
fashion as
as a
Himself when He saw He was
that He might
might understand
force of
of all
temptations wherewith
that
understand the
the force
all temptations
is beset.
beset .... On not
not one
one occasion
a response
response to
his
to his
man is
occasion was
was there
there a
did Christ
Christ step
manifold temptations.
temptations. Not once
Satan's
once did
manifold
step on Satan's
nothing in
in Him
ground, to
to give
Satan found nothing
advantage. Satan
give him any
ground,
any advantage.
to
encourage his
his advances.-The
Bible Commentary,
vol.
The SDA Bible
advances.
to encourage
Commentary, vol.
5,
p. 1129.
1129.
5, p.
Many
for Christ
Christ to
to be
be overcome
claim that
that it
it was
was impossible
Many claim
impossible for
in Adam's
by
temptation.
Then
could
not
have
placed
have
been
He
could
not
placed in
by temptation.
failed to
not have gained
the victory
victory that
that Adam failed
to
position; He could
could not
gained the
position;
had
gain.
If
have
in
any
sense
a
more
trying
conflict
than
conflict
in
a
If
we
sense
trying
gain.
any
Christ, then
then He would not
not be
be able
succor us.
us. But our Saviour
Saviour
able to
to succor
Christ,
of man,
took
humanity, with
took the
nature of
the nature
liabilities. He took
with all
all its
its liabilities.
took humanity,
man,
with the
possibility of
yielding to
to temptation.
the possibility
with
of yielding
nothing
temptation. We have nothing
to bear
bear which
which He has
. . In
In man's behalf,
behalf, Christ
Christ
endured.. .
...
has not
not endured
to
exersake He exertest. For our sake
conquered
by enduring
the severest
severest test.
enduring the
conquered by
Desire
The
death.
or
death.-The
Desire
cised
self-control stronger
stronger than
than hunger
or
a self-control
cised a
hunger
0/Ages,p.1l7.
of Ages, p. 117.
.
VI. Bore
Bore the
the
VI.
the World
Imputed Sin
Sin and Guilt
of the
Guilt of
Imputed
Christ bore
bore the
guilt of
of the
sins of
world. Our sufficiency
the sins
the world.
the guilt
Christ
sufficiency
of the
of God. He
of the
is
found only
incarnation and death
death of
the Son of
in the
the incarnation
is found
only in
becould suffer,
because sustained
by divinity.
divinity. He could
could endure,
sustained by
could
endure, besuffer, because
656
656
QUESTIONS
The Youth's
cause
was without
without one
disloyalty or
sin.-The
or sin.
cause He was
one taint
taint of
of disloyalty
4, 1898.
Aug. 4,
1898.
Aug.
He [Christ]
took human nature,
nature, and bore the
the infirmities
infirmities
[Christ] took
Herald, July
July 28,
and degeneracy
the race.-The
race.
28,
of the
degeneracy of
1874.
1874.
It would
would have
have been
been an
almost infinite
infinite humiliation
humiliation for
the
for the
It
an almost
of God to
to take
take man's
nature, even
stood in
in his
his
Son of
even when Adam stood
man's nature,
the race
Jesus accepted
accepted humanity
race
innocence in
in Eden.
Eden. But Jesus
innocence
humanity when the
of sin.
sin. Like
Like every
child
had 'been
been weakened by
four thousand
years of
thousand years
had
every child
by four
of Adam He accepted
accepted the
results of
the working
working of
great law
law
the great
of
the results
of the
of the
of
heredity. What these
were is
is shown in
the history
history of
His
in the
these results
results were
of His
of heredity.
a heredity
share our sorearthly
heredity to
to share
such a
sorwith such
ancestors. He came with
earthly ancestors.
rows
temptations, and to
to give
give us
us the
the example
example of
a sinless
life.
sinless life.
rows and temptations,
of a
Satan
in heaven
Christ for
His position
position in
in the
the
heaven had hated
hated Christ
for His
Satan in
the more when he himself
himself was dedecourts
of God.
God. He hated
hated Him the
courts of
throned.
to redeem aa race
race of
of
Himself to
throned. He hated
hated Him who pledged
pledged Himself
sinners.
Yet into
the world
where Satan
claimed dominion God
world where
Satan claimed
into the
sinners. Yet
permitted His
His Son to
a helpless
helpless babe,
babe, subject
subject to
the weakto the
weakto come,
come, a
permitted
humanity. He permitted
to meet life's
life's peril
peril in
comness of
in comness
of humanity.
permitted Him to
the battle
battle as
as every
every child
child of
of
with every
every human soul,
mon with
to fight
soul, to
fight the
humanity
must fight
it, at
the risk
failure and eternal
eternal loss.risk of
of failure
loss.
at the
humanity must
fight it,
Desire of
Ages, p.
The Desire
49.
of Ages,
p. 49.
Godl He might
might have
have
of man and God!
Wondrous combination
combination of
helped
His human nature
nature to
withstand the
inroads of
of disease
to withstand
the inroads
disease by
helped His
by
divine nature
pouring from
from His divine
nature vitality
to
vitality and undecaying
pouring
undecaying vigor
vigor to
to man's
man's nature.
nature .... God
the
the human. But He humbled Himself
Himself to
man I-The
Herald, Sept.
4, 1900.
became man!
became
1900.
Sept. 4,
In our
our humanity,
humanity, Christ
was to
Adam's failure.
In
Christ was
to redeem Adam's
failure. But
when Adam was
was assailed
the tempter,
of the
the effects
of sin
sin
assailed by
effects of
by the
tempter, none of
upon him.
the strength
perfect manhood,
manhood,
were upon
him. He stood
stood in
in the
of perfect
strength of
full vigor
possessing the
the full
vigor of
body. He was
was surrounded
of mind and body.
surrounded
possessing
the glories
with the
glories of
Eden, and was
was in
with
of Eden,
in daily
daily communion with
It was not
thus with
with Jesus
not thus
Jesus when He entered
entered the
the
heavenly
beings. It
heavenly beings.
wilderness to
Satan. For four
to cope
with Satan.
four thousand years
years the
wilderness
the race
race
cope with
had been
been decreasing
decreasing in
physical strength,
strength, in
in mental
mental power,
power, and
in physical
in moral worth;
Christ took
in
worth; and Christ
upon Him the
the infirmities
detook upon
infirmities of
of degenerate humanity.
humanity. Only
thus could
could He rescue
rescue man from
from the
the
generate
Only thus
lowest depths
lowest
Desire of
of Ages,
Ages, p.
of his
his degradation.-The
The Desire
117.
degradation.
depths of
p. Il7.
Clad in
in the
the vestments
vestments of
of humanity,
humanity, the
the Son
Son of
of God came
came
down to
level of
save. In
In Him was
to the
the level
those He wished
wished to
to save.
was no
no
of those
was ever
ever pure
pure and undefiled;
yet He took
guile or
or sinfulness;
sinfulness; He was
took
guile
undefiled; yet
Instructor,
Instructor,
CHRIST'S NATURE
657
upon Him our

our sinful
His divinity
with humannature. Clothing
sinful nature.
upon
Clothing His
divinity with
that He might
ity,
associate with
with fallen
fallen humanity,
to
ity, that
might associate
humanity, He sought
sought to
regain for
for man that
that which,
which, by
lost for
for
disobedience, Adam had lost
regain
by disobedience,
character He displayed
displayed to
to
himself and for
for the
the world.
world. In His
His own character
the world
world the
God.-The
Review
and
Herald,
Dec.
the character
character of
God.
The
Review
and
Dec.
Herald,
of
15,
1896.
15, 1896.
our sakes
aside His
royal robe,
robe, stepped
He for
for our
laid aside
sakes laid
His royal
stepped down
from the
the throne
in heaven,
throne in
to clothe
His divindivinclothe His
heaven, and condescended to
became like
like one of
except in
sin, that
that
ity with
with humility,
humility, and became
in sin,
us except
ity
of us
His life
life and character
pattern for
for all
all to
to copy,
that they
they
character should be a
a pattern
copy, that
might have
have the
the precious
eternal life.
life.-The
InThe Youth's
of eternal
Youth's Inmight
precious gift
gift of
Oct. 20,
structor, Oct.
1886.
structor,
20, 1886.
born without
a taint
of sin,
sin, but came into
into the
the world
world
He was born
without a
taint of
in like
in
the human family.
family.-Letter
97, 1898.
like manner as
as the
Letter 97,
1898.
Harmless and undefiled,
among the
the thoughtless,
Harmless
undefiled, He walked among
thoughtless,
the rude,
the
the uncourteous.-The
Desire of
of Ages,
Ages, p.
p. 90.
uncourteous.
The Desire
90.
rude, the
not the
least taint
taint of
or defilement,
Christ,
of sin
sin or
the least
Christ, who knew not
defilement,
took our nature
deteriorated condition.
condition. This
was humiliahumiliain its
took
nature in
its deteriorated
This was
was manifest
manifest in
in
tion
greater than
finite man can
can comprehend.
comprehend. God was
tion greater
than finite
the
flesh. He humbled Himself.
a subject
thought, for
for
the flesh.
Himself. What a
for thought,
subject for
deep,
earnest contemplation!
that He was the
the
great that
infinitely great
deep, earnest
contemplationl So infinitely
Majesty of
heaven, and yet
so low,
low, without
without losing
losing one
of heaven,
yet He stooped
Majesty
stooped so
atom of
stooped to
to poverty
poverty and to
the
of His dignity
to the
dignity and glory!
glory! He stooped
deepest abasement among
Signs of
of the
Times, June
men. The Signs
the Times,
deepest
among men.-The
June
9, 1898.
1898.
9,
Notwithstanding that
the sins
of aa guilty
guilty world were
were laid
that the
sins of
laid
Notwithstanding
upon
Christ,
notwithstanding
the
humiliation
of
taking
upon
the
humiliation
Christ,
of
notwithstanding
taking
upon
upon
Himself our
our fallen
fallen nature,
the voice
voice from heaven declared
declared Him
nature, the
Himself
to be
be the
the Son
Son of
Eternal.-The
Desire of
Ages, p.
p. 112.
The Desire
the Eternal.
112.
to
of Ages,
of the
Though He had
had no
no taint
sin upon
upon His
His character,
yet He
taint of
character, yet
of sin
Though
condescended to
to connect
fallen human nature with
with His divindivinconnect our
condescended
our fallen
thus taking
humanity, He honored humanity.
humanity. Having
Having
ity.
ity. By
By thus
taking humanity,
it might become,
actaken
our fallen
fallen nature,
nature, He showed what it
taken our
by acmight become, by
cepting the
the ample
provision He has
has made for
it, and by
by becomfor it,
ample provision
cepting
ing partaker
partaker of
nature.-Special
Instruction Relating
Relating
of the
divine nature.
the divine
Special Instruction
ing
Herald Office,
in Battle
Battle Creek,
to the
the Review
Review and Herald
the Work in
to
Creek,
Office, and the
May
13.
26, 1896,
1896, p.
May 26,
p. 13.
He [Paul]
the mind first
first to
the position
position which Christ
Christ
directs the
to the
[Paul] directs
occupied in
the bosom of
reveals Him
in the
of His Father;
in heaven,
Father; he reveals
heaven, in
occupied
afterward
as laying
His glory,
glory, voluntarily
voluntarily subjecting
subjecting Himself
Himself
off His
afterward as
laying off
to all
all the
humbling conditions
of man's
man's nature,
nature, assuming
the
conditions of
the humbling
to
assuming the
658
658
QUESTIONS
responsibilities
a servant,
servant, and becoming
becoming obedient
obedient unto death,
death,
of a
responsibilities of
that death
most ignominious
revolting, the
the most
and that
death the
the most
ignominious and revolting,
of the
Testideath of
the cross.
cross.-Testishameful,
the most
most agonizing-the
shameful, the
agonizing the death
monies, vol.
vol. 4,
458.
4, p.
monies,
p. 458.
The angels
prostrated themselves
before Him. They
They offered
offered
themselves before
angels prostrated
to them that
by His
His death save
their
save
their lives.
that He would by
lives. Jcsus
said to
Jesus said
that the
the life
could not
not pay
pay the
the debt.
many,
debt. His life
life
an angel
of an
life of
many, that
angel could
for
alone
could be
be accepted
of
His
Father
as
a
for
a
man.
His
Father
as
ransom
alone could
of
accepted
to be with
Jesus
told them that
that they
they would have
have aa part
part to
to act,
with
also told
act, to
Jesus also
and at
times strengthen
Him; that
that He would take
take
Him and
at different
different times
strengthen Him;
strength would not
not be even equal
man's fallen
nature, and His strength
fallen nature,
equal
with
theirs; that
that they
they would be witnesses
witnesses of
of His
His humiliation
humiliation and
with theirs;
150.
p. 150.
great sufferings.
sufJerings.-Early
Early Writings,
Writings, p.
great
impurity, Christ
His purity.
purity. Satan
Satan could
could not
not
maintained His
Amid impurity
Christ maintained
perfect hatred
hatred for
stain or
or corrupt
corrupt it.
a perfect
it. His
His character
revealed a
for sin.
sin.
character revealed
stain
It
was His
His holiness
holiness that
stirred against
all the
the passion
passion of
a
It was
that stirred
of a
against Him all
by His
His perfect
perfect life
life He threw
upon the
profligate world;
threw upon
the
for by
world; for
profligate
manifest the
the contrast
world
a perpetual
perpetual reproach,
world a
contrast bebereproach, and made manifest
tween transgression
pure spotless
spotless righteousness
righteousness of
of One
the pure
tween
transgression and the
sin.-The
Bible Commentary,
vol. 5,
p. 1142.
that
no sin.
The SDA Bible
that knew no
1142.
5, p.
Commentary f vol.
}
VII. Perfect
Perfect Sinlessness
Sinlessness of
Christ's
VII.
of Christ's
Nature
Human Nature
We should
should have
have no misgivings
misgivings in
in regard
to the
the perfect
perfect sinlesssinlessregard to
ness of
of the
nature of
faith must
must be
be an intelliintelliness
the human nature
Christ. Our faith
of Christ.
gent
gent
faith,
looking unto Jesus
Jesus in
perfect confidence,
confidence, in
in perfect
in full
full and
faith, looking
entire
faith in
atoning sacrifice.
is essential
that the
entire faith
in the
the atoning
sacrifice. This is
essential that
the soul
soul
not be
be enshrouded in
in darkness.
darkness. This
This holy
holy substitute
substitute is
may
is able
able
may not
save to
to save
to the
uttermost; for
presented to
to the
the wondering
wondering
the uttermost;
for He presented
to
universe
perfect and complete
complete humility
in
His
character,
universe perfect
in
His
human
character,
humility
perfect obedience
obedience to
the requirements
Of God.-The
and perfect
to all
all the
God. The
requirements of
Signs
of the
Junc 9,
the Times,
Times , June
1898.
9, 1898.
Signs of
With His
His human arm,
Christ encircled
the race,
race, while
while with
encircled the
with
arm, Christ
His divine
divine arm,
arm, He grasped
of the
the Infinite,
Infinite, uniting
uniting
throne of
the throne
grasped the
finite
finite man with
with the
bridged the
the gulf
that sin
sin had
the infinite
infinite God. He bridged
had
gulf that
made,
connected earth
In His
His human nature
earth with heaven.
heaven. In
made, and connected
nature
He maintained the
the purity
purity of
divine character.
character.-The
The Youth's
Youth's
of His divine
Instructor, June
June 2,
2, 1898.
1898,
Instructor,
He was unsullied
unsullied with conuption,
a stranger
stranger to
sin; yet
to sin;
corruption, a
yet He
prayed, and that
that often
often with
with strong
crying and tears.
tears. He prayed
prayed,
strong crying
prayed
for His disciples
for
disciples and for
identifying Himself
Himself with
for Himself,
thus identifying
with
Himself, thus
our needs,
which are
are so
our weaknesses,
our failings,
failings, which
needs, our
so common
weaknesses, and our
CHRIST'S NATURE
659
with humanity.
humanity. He was aa mighty
petitioner, not
not possessing
possessing the
pasthe pasmighty petitioner,
sions
sions of
of our
our human,
fallen natures,
natures, but
but compassed
with like
inlike inhuman,, fallen
compassed with
firmities, tempted
tempted in
points like
like as
are. ]Jesus
esus endured
in all
as we are.
all points
firmities,
agony which required
required help
help and support
Father.
agony
support from His Father.-
Testimonies, vol.
p. 508.
vol. 2,
508.
2, p.
Testimonies,
is aa brother
but not
possessing like
like
He is
in our
brother in
not in
our infirmities,
in possessing
infirmities, but
His nature
recoiled from
from evil.
evil. He
passions. As the
the sinless
sinless One,
nature recoiled
One, His
passions.
struggles and torture
torture of
of soul
a world
world of
His
endured struggles
in a
sin. His
of sin.
soul in
humanity made prayer

prayer aa necessity
necessity and privilege.
privilege. He required
all
humanity
required all
the stronger
comfort
His
Father
was
the
Father
divine support
and
which
His
comfort
stronger divine
support
ready to
to impart
to Him,
Him, to
had, for
for the
the benefit
benefit of
of man,
man,
to Him who had,
ready
impart to
left the
joys of
chosen His
His home in
in aa cold
left
the joys
cold and thankthankof heaven and chosen
202.
less
less world.-Ibid.,
world. Ibid., p.
p. 202.
His doctrine
doctrine dropped
as the
His speech
the
the rain;
distilled as
as the
rain; His
dropped as
speech distilled
dew. In the
the character
was blended such majesty
majesty as
dew.
as God
character of
of Christ
Christ was
as
never before
before displayed
fallen man,
such meekness as
had never
to fallen
man, and such
displayed to
never developed.
before had there
walked among
among
there walked
man had never
developed. Never before
men one so
so noble,
so pure,
pure, so
so benevolent,
so conscious
conscious of
His
noble, so
benevolent, so
of His
godlike nature;
yet so
simple, so
so full
full of
plans and purposes
purposes to
to do
so simple,
nature; yet
of plans
godlike
good to
abhorring sin,
sin, He wept
wept with
with compasto humanity.
good
humanity. While abhorring
compaspleased not Himself.
Himself. The Majesty
Majesty of
sion over
over the
sinner. He pleased
sion
of
the sinner.
heaven
clothed Himself
with the
the humility
humility of
of aa child.
child. This is
is the
the
heaven clothed
Himself with
character
vol. 5,
5, p.
p. 422.
422.
character of
Christ.
of Christ.-Ibid.,
Ibid., vol.
life of
Jesus was aa life
harmony with
with God. While He
in harmony
The life
of Jesus
life in
was aa child,
a child;
child; but
but no trace
sin
trace of
as a
child, He thought
of sin
thought and spoke
spoke as
within Him. Yet
Yet He was not
not exempt
marred the
the image
of God within
exempt
image of
from
temptation .... Jesus
was placed
His character
character would
from temptation.
Jesus was
placed where His
be tested.
was necessary
necessary for
for Him to
to be constantly
guard in
in
be
tested. It
It was
constantly on guard
all the
subject to
to all
the conflicts
order
to preserve
preserve His
His purity.
purity. He was subject
order to
conflicts
which
have to
meet, that
that He might
in
to us
us in
to meet,
which we have
might be an example
example to
childhood, youth,
youth, and manhood.
manhood.-The
Desire of
Ages, p.
71.
The Desire
childhood,
of Ages,
p. 71.
In taking
taking upon
Himself man's
man's nature
in its
its fallen
fallen condition,
nature in
In
condition,
upon Himself
in its
its sin.
sin. He was subject
to
Christ
did not
not in
participate in
in the
the least
least participate
Christ did
subject to
the infirmities
by which man is
is encompassed,
weaknesses by
infirmities and weaknesses
the
encompassed,
"that
it might
might be
spoken by
Esaias the
the prophet,
be fulfilled
fulfilled which was spoken
"that it
prophet,
by Esaias
sicknesses." He
saying,
Himself took
took our
bare our sicknesses."
our infirmities,
infirmities, and bare
saying, Himself
in all
was
touched with
of our infirmities,
all
the feeling
with the
was touched
infirmities, and was in
feeling of
sin."
He
no
He
points
tempted
like
as
are.
And
yet
"knew
sin."
was
we
are.
like
as
yet
points tempted
the Lamb "without
spot." ... We should have
blemish and without spot."
"without blemish
the
no misgivings
in
regard
to
the
perfect
sinlessness of
the
in
to
no
of the human
perfect sinlessness
regard
misgivings
1898.
of Christ.-The
June 9,
9, 1898.
nature of
the Times,
The Signs
Christ.
nature
Times, June
of the
Signs of
.
QUESTIONS ON
ON DOCTRINE
DOCTRINE
QUESTIONS
660
660
Christ alone
alone could
could open
open the
the way,
way, by
by making
making an
an offering
offering equal
equal
Christ
demands of
of the
the divine
divine law.
law. He
He was
was perfect,
perfect, and
and undefined
undefiled
demands
by sin.
sin. He
He was
was without
without spot
spot or
or blemish.
blemish. The
The extent
extent of
of the
the terrible
terrible
by
consequences of
of sin
sin could
could never
never have
have been
been known,
known, had
had not
not the
the
to the
the
to
consequences
remedy provided
provided been
been of
of infinite
infinite value.
value. The
The salvation
salvation of
of fallen
fallen
remedy
man was
was procured
procured at
at such
such an
an Immense
immense cost
cost that
that angels
angels marveled,
marveled,
man
and could
could not
not fully
fully comprehend
comprehend the
the divine
divine mystery
mystery that
that the
the MajMajand
should die
die for
for the
the rebellious
rebellious
esty of Heaven, equal with God, should
esty of Heaven, equal with God,
race.-The
Spirit of
of
The Spirit
race.
Prophecy,
Prophecy,
vol. 2,
2,
vol.
pp.
pp.
11, 12.
12.
11,
Thus it
it is
is with
with the
the leprosy
leprosy of
of sin,
sin,--deep-rooted,
deadly, and
and
Thus
deep-rooted, deadly,
impossible to be cleansed by human
human power.
power. "The
"The whole
whole head
head isis
impossible to be cleansed by
sick, and
and the
the whole
whole heart
heart faint.
faint. From
From the
the sole
sale of
of the
the foot
foot even
even
sick,
unto the
the head
head there
there is
is no
no soundness
soundness in
in it;
it; but
but wounds,
wounds, and
and bruises,
bruises,
unto
and putrefying
putrefying sores/'
sores." Isa.
Isa. 1:5,
1:5, 6.
6. But
But Jesus,
Jesus, coming
coming to
to dwell
dwell in
in
and
virtue
has
humanity,
receives
no
pollution.
His
presence
has
healing
virtue
His
no
receives
healing
presence
pollution.
humanity,
for the
the sinner.
sinner.-The
Desire of
of Ages,
Ages, p.
p. 266.
266.
The Desire
for
Jesus looked for a
upon the
the scenesthe
scene,~the trembling
trembling
Jesus looked for a moment upon
victim in
in her
her shame,
shame. the
the hard-faced
hard-faced dignitaries,
dignitaries, devoid of
of even
even
victim
human pity.
pity. His
His spirit
spirit of
of stainless
stainless purity
purity shrank
shrank from
from the
the spectacle.
spectacle.
Well He knew
knew for
for what
what purpose
purpose this
this case
case had been brought
brought to
to
Well
character and life
Him. He read
read the
heart, and knew the
the character
life history
history
the heart,
Him.
of everyone
presence .... The accusers
aCcusers had been defeated.
in His
His presence.
of
everyone in
torn from them,
Now, their
robe of
them, they
stood,
holiness torn
of pretended
their robe
they stood.
Now,
pretended holiness
and
condemned.
in
the
presence
of
Infinite
Purity.-Ibid.,
guilty
the presence
in
Ibid.,
and
Infinite
Purity.
condemned,
of
guilty
p.461.
p. 461.
.
VIII.
Retains Human Nature Forever
Christ Retains
VIII. Christ
reIn
take upon
to take
In stooping
humanity, Christ reupon Himself humanity.
stooping to
Satan,.... In
of Satan
vealed
the character of
of the
the opposite
vealed aa character
character the
opposite of
taking
to humanity
has bound Himself
Saviour has
the Saviour
our nature,
Himself to
nature, the
humanity
taking our
He isis
the eterna.l
by
eternal ages
to be
broken. Through
is never
never to
be broken.
a tie
that is
tie that
ages He
Through the
by a
linked
that He gave
the world,
so loved
loved the
us. "God so
linked with
with us.
world, that
only-begave His only-beto bear our sins,
gotten
sins,
3:16. He gave
Son." John
only to
gave Him not only
gotten Son."
John 3:16.
To
race. To
to the
the fallen
Him to
and
He gave
and to
to die
as our
our sacrifice;
die as
sacrifice; He
fallen race.
gave Him
His onlyGod gave
assure
of peace.
immutable counsel
counsel of
us of
His immutable
assure us
of His
onlygave His
peace, God
reto rehuman family,
begotten
the human
become one
one of
of the
Son to
to become
forever to
family, forever
begotten Son
fulfill
will fulfill
that God
tain
is the
This is
the pledge
God will
nature. This
tain His
His human
human nature.
pledge that
and
us aa son
His
son is
unto us
is given:
child is
us aa child
is born.
His word.
word. "Unto
"Unto us
born, unto
given: and
the
shoulder." God
God has
has adopted
be upon
His shoulder."
the government
shall be
adopted
upon His
government shall
the same
same
human
and has
has carried
carried the
in the
of His
His Son,
human nature
nature in
the person
Son, and
person of
into
25.
heaven. Ibid., p.
into the
the highest
p. 25.
highest heaven.-Ibid.,
.
'[he
Atonement
The Atonement
APPENDIX c
C
PART I
I-ATONING
ATONING SACRIFICE
I. Centrality
of the
Atoning Cross
Cross
the Atoning
Centrality of
I.
The sacrifice
sacrifice of
atonement for
for sin
sin is
the great
great truth
Christ as
is the
truth
as atonement
of Christ
around which
which all
cluster.-Gospel
all other
other truths
truths cluster.
315.
Workers, p.
Gospel Workers,
p. 315.
It [the
[the cross]
cross] is
central pillar
pillar on which hangs
hangs the
It
far
the central
the far
is the
more exceeding
exceeding and eternal
is for
those
for those
eternal weight
of glory
glory which is
weight of
accept that
that cross.
the cross
of Christ,
Christ
who accept
cross. Under and around the
cross of
pillar, sin
never revive,
revive, nor
nor error
error obtain
conthat
that immortal pillar,
sin shall
shall never
obtain control.-Letter
trol.
Letter 124,
1900.
124, 1900.
The Sacrifice
Sacrifice of
as an aumement
for sin
sin is
great
the great
Christ as
is the
atonement for
of Christ
truth
other truths
order to
to be rightly
truth around which all
all other
truths cluster.
cluster. In order
rightly
truth in
the Word of
God,
understood and appreciated,
in the
of God,
every truth
appreciated, every
be studied
studied in
in the
the light
light that
that
from Genesis
Genesis to
to Revelation,
Revelation, must be
streams
the cross
Calvary. II present
present before
before you
you the
the great,
great,
streams from the
of Calvary.
cross of
grand monument of
of mercy
mercy and regeneration,
regeneration, salvation
salvation and reregrand
to be the
demption,-the
uplifted on the
the cross.
is to
the
of God uplifted
cross. This is
demption, the Son of
foundation of
discourse given
given by
by our
our ministers.
ministers.-Gospel
foundation
of every
every discourse
Gospel
Workers,
p. 315.
315.
Workers, p.
will finally
finally vanquish
vanquish
The cross
cross of
of Calvary
challenges, and will
Calvary challenges,
every earthly
hellish power.
power. In the
cross all
the cross
all influence
centers,
influence centers,
every
earthly and hellish
from it
it all
goes forth.
forth. It
is the
great center
center of
It is
the great
and from
all influence
influence goes
of
race.
attraction,for on it
gave up
up His life
for the
the human race.
it Christ
Christ gave
life for
attraction; for
purpose of
restoring man to
his
This sacrifice
sacrifice was offered
the purpose
to his
offered for
for the
of restoring
enoriginal
perfection; yea,
more. It
to give
give him an enoffered to
It was offered
yea, more.
original perfection;
tire
making him more than
than aa conconof character,
tire transformation
transformation of
character, making
queror....
queror.
in its
it creates
its favor,
creates an
If
the cross
If the
find an influence
influence in
cross does
does not find
favor, it
influence.
Through generation
generation, the
the truth
influence. Through
generation succeeding
succeeding generation,
the cross
for this
this time
time is
revealed as
present truth.
truth. Christ
cross was
is revealed
Christ on the
as present
for
the medium whereby
whereby mercy
righttruth met together,
the
together, and rightmercy and truth
3
N
QTE.-The italicizing
of key
expressions throughout
throughout this
this compilation
is to
to enable
enable
NOTE,
compilation is
italicizing of
key expressions
EDITORS.
the
eye to
to catch
catch at
the pertinent
pertinent point
point of
of each paragraph.
paragraph.-EDITORS.
at a glance
the eye
glance the
661
661
662
662
QUESTIONS
eousness
and peace
peace kissed
kissed each
each other.
is the
This is
the means that
that is
eousness and
other. This
is to
to
world.-Manuscript
move the
the world.
1899.
56, 1899.
Manuscript 56,
is one
one great
great central
central truth
to be
be kept
kept ever
ever before
before the
the
truth to
There is
in the
the searching
of the
the Scriptures
Scriptures-Christ
Christ and Him crucicrucimind in
searching of
coris invested
with influence
power corfied. Every
EvelY other
invested with
other truth
truth is
influence and power
fied.
is only in
responding
the light
It is
theme. It
of
to this
this theme.
to its
its relation
relation to
only in the
light of
responding to
the cross
cross that
that we can
exalted character
character of
the law of
of the
of
the exalted
the
can discern
discern the
life only
God. The soul
palsied by
by sin
can be
be endowed with
with life
only
sin can
soul palsied
through the
the work
work wrought
upon the
the cross
cross by
by the
the Author of
of
wrought out upon
through
1890.
our
our salvation.-Manuscript
salvation.
31, 1890.
Manuscript 31,
the gospel.
Hanging upon
was the
gospel . ... This is
is our
Christ was
the cross
cross Christ
Hanging
upon the
the impenimessage,
to the
our doctrine,
our argument,
doctrine, our warning
warning to
impenimessage, our
argument, our
the hope
tent, our
our encouragement
for the
sorrowing, the
hope for
for every
every
the sorrowing,
tent,
encouragement for
believer. If
interest in
in men's
men's minds that
that will
will
If we can
can awaken an interest
believer.
cause them to
their eyes
on
Christ,
may
step
aside,
and
ask
we
ask
cause
fix their
to fix
Christ,
aside,
may
step
eyes
to fix
fix their
upon the
the Lamb of
of God.them only
to continue
their eyes
God.
continue to
eyes upon
only to
Manuscript 49,
1898.
49, 1898.
Manuscript
Gather up
up the
the strongest
statements regarding
regarding the
affirmative statements
the
Gather
strongest affirmative
the world.
of the
world. Show the
atonement
for the
sins of
the sins
the neneChrist for
atonement made by
by Christ
p. 187.
cessity for
for this
this atonement.-Evangelism,
atonement. Evangelism, p.
187.
cessity
that the
of Christ
Christ in
His crucifixion
in His
the companions
crucifixion were
The fact
fact that
companions of
placed the
the one
one on His right
the other
other on His
His left
left is
a
is a
right hand and the
placed
significant
His cross
of the
is placed in
the very
center of
the world.
cross is
world.
one; His
very center
placed in the
significant one;
-Manuscript
1897.
52, 1897.
Manuscript 52,
Christ
the message
His
is the
Christ and Him crucified,
crucified, is
message God would have His
seroants sound
sound through
breadth of
of the
world. The
the length
the world.
servants
length and breadth
through the
law
and the
gospel will
will then
presented as
as aa perfect
perfect whole.then be
law and
the gospel
be presented
whole.
Herald, Sept.
29, 1896.
1896.
Sept. 29,
should aa sermon be
preached, or
or Bible
Bible instruction
be preached,
Never should
instruction in
in
any
line be
be given,
given, without
without pointing
pointing the
the hearers
hearers to
to "the
"the Lamb of
of
any line
the sin
sin of
God,
taketh away
away the
the world,"
world." John
John 1:29.
Every
of the
1:29. Every
God, which taketh
true
doctrine makes Christ
precept receives
receives
true doctrine
the center,
Christ the
center, every
every precept
force from
from His words.
words.-Testimonies,
p. 54.
54.
vol. 6,
6, p.
Testimonies, vol.
force
the cross
cross from the
To remove the
the Christian
Christian would be
be like
blotlike blotting out
out the
the sun from the
the sky.
cross brings
near to
us near
to God,
God,
ting
sky. The cross
brings us
to Him.
1'econciling us
us to
Him . ... Without the
the cross,
cross, man could
have no
could have
reconciling
union with
it depends our
with the
the Father.
Father. On it
every hope.
hope.-The
Acts
The Acts
depends our every
of the
the Apostles,
Apostles, pp.
pp. 209,
210.
209, 210.
of
The study
the incarnation
incarnation of
study of
of the
of Christ,
His atoning
sacrifice,
Christ, His
atoning sacrifice,
and mediatorial
mediatorial work,
work, will
will employ
the mind of
the diligent
employ the
of the
diligent
last.
as long
p. 251.
251.
student as
student
as time shall
shall last.-Gospel
Workers, p.
long as
Gospel Workers,
.
THE ATONEMENT
663
Christ
for our
our sins,
sins, Christ
risen from
from the
dead, Christ
Christ crucified
Christ risen
the dead,
Christ
crucified for
is
science of
of salvation
salvation that
that we are
are to
is the
the science
to learn
learn
and to
to teach.
teach.-Testimonies,
vol. 8,
8, p.
p. 287.
287.
Testimonies, vol.
No discourse
discourse should
should ever
ever be
presented without
without presenting
presenting
be presented
Christ
foundation of
the
gospel.-Ibid.,
Christ and Him crucified
as the
the foundation
the
Ibid.,
crucified as
of
gospel.
vol.
4, p.
p. 394.
394.
vol. 4,
We must become exponents
the efficacy
the blood
blood of
of
of the
of the
exponents of
efficacy of
Christ,
by which our
our own sins
been forgiven.
forgiven.-Ibid.,
vol. 6,
sins have
have been
6,
Christ, by
Ibid., vol.
p.82.
82.
p.
Science
too limited
comprehend the
the atonement;
the
Science is
is
too
limited to
to comprehend
atonement; the
mysterious
and
wonderful
plan
of
redemption
is
so
far-reaching
is
so
of
mysterious
redemption
far-reaching
plan
it will
will ever
remain aa mystery
mystery
that philosophy
philosophy can
not explain
that
can not
ever remain
it; it
explain it;
that the
the most
most profound
profound reason
reason can not
could be
exIf it
that
not fathom.
fathom. If
it could
be explained by
by finite
finite wisdom,
wisdom, it
it would lose
lose its
its saoredness
sacredness and dignity.
dignity.
plained
It
equal with
with the
eternal Father
Father should
should so
so
is a
It is
a mystery
that One equal
the eternal
mystery that
abase Himself
Himself as
suffer the
cruel death
death of
as to
the cruel
abase
to suffer
the cross
cross to
to ransom
of the
man;
it is
mystery that
that God so
the world
world as
as to
to permit
permit
a mystery
is a
loved the
so loved
man; and it
His Son to
to make this
Signs of
Times,
this great
The Signs
His
sacrifice.
the Times,
of the
great sacrifice.-The
Oct.
Oct. 24,
1906.
24, 1906.
It is
It
is Satan's
Satan's studied
purpose to
keep souls
souls from
from believing
believing in
studied purpose
to keep
in
Christ
as their
their only
for the
the blood
blood of
Christ as
Christ that
that cleanseth
cleanseth
of Christ
only hope;
hope; for
efficacious in
behalf of
of those
those only
belielle in
its
from all
sin is
all sin
is efficacious
in behalf
in its
from
only who believe
rnerit.-Gospel
merit.
162.
Workers, p.
Gospel Workers,
p. 162.
ascended on high,
ascended
high,
II. Complete
Sacrificial Atonement Made cm
on Cross
Cross
II.
Complete Sacrificial
He [Christ]
planted
the
cross
earth,
between
heaven
and
the
cross
earth, and
[Christ] planted
the Father
Father beheld
sacrifice of
Son, He bowed before
before
when the
the sacrifice
beheld the
of His Son,
it in
in recognition
recognition of
"It is
is enough," He said.
of its
its perfection.
said. "The
it
perfection. "It
enough/'
Herald, Sept.
24,
is complete."-The
Atonement is
complete." The Review and Herald,
Sept. 24,
1901.
1901.
Type met anti

type in
the death
death of
of Christ,
Christ, the
the Lamb slain
for
in the
slain for
antitype
Type
the
the world.
great High
has made the
the only
only
Priest has
the sins
sins of
world. Our great
of the
High Priest
that is
our salvation.
in our
sacrifice
is of
sacrifice that
of any
salvation. When He offered
offered
any value in
Himself on the
perfect atonement was made for
for the
sins
a perfect
the sins
the cross,
cross, a
Himself
in
the
of
the
people.
We
are
now
standing
in
the
outer
court,
waiting
are
the
court,
waiting
of
standing
people.
for that
blessed hope,
and looking
looking for
hope, the
the glorious
appearing of
of our
that blessed
glorious appearing
The Signs
Christ.
Signs of
the Times,
Lord and Saviour Jesus
Times, June
of the
Jesus Christ.-The
June
28,1899.
28, 1899.
Our great
great High
the sacrificial
of
Priest completed
offering of
High Priest
completed the
Himself when He suffered
without the
the gate.
gate. Then aa perfect
perfect atoneatoneHimself
suffered without
the people.
ment was
was made for
for the
sins of
people. Jesus
is our Advocate,
Advocate,
the sins
of the
Jesus is
our High
present position
position therefore
therefore is
is
Intercessor. Our present
our
Priest, our Intercessor.
High Priest,
664
664
QUESTIONS
like
that of
of the
the Israelites,
the outer
outer court,
court, waiting
waiting
in the
like that
Israelites, standing
standing in
our
that blessed
blessed hope,
hope, the
glorious appearing
appearing of
the glorious
of our
and looking
for that
looking for
1897.
Christ.-Manuscript
128,
1897.
Lord and Saviour
Saviour Jesus
Christ.
128,
Manuscript
Jesus
The time
time had
the universe
of heaven
heaven to
to accept
their
universe of
for the
had come for
accept the}r
and
seraphim,
would
stand
in
King.
Angels,
cherubim
stand
in view
would
now
view
cherubim
seraphim,
King. Angels,
of the
the cross
Father accepts
accepts the
the Son.
could
Son. No language
of
cross..... The Father
language could
convey
the rejoicing
or God's
God's expression
expression of
of satisfaction
satisfaction
of heaven or
convey the
rejoicing of
as He saw
and delight
delight in
begotten Son as
saw the
the completion
completion
in His
His only
only begotten
of the
the atonement.-The
of the
Aug. 16,
the Times,
1899.
atonement, -The Signs
16, 1899.
Times, Aug.
of
Signs of
The Father
Father demonstrates
His infinite
infinite love
for Christ,
Christ, who
love for
demonstrates His
ransom with
with His
His blood,
blood, by
by receiving
receiving and welcoming
welcoming
paid our
our ransom
paid
is satisfied
satisfied with
with the
the atonement
Christ's
friends as
His friends.
as His
friends. He is
Christ's friends
made. He is
the li]e,
life, death,
death, and mediis glorified by the
made.
incarnation, the
glorified by the incarnation,
His Son.-Testimonies,
p. 364.
364.
ation
vol. 6,
ation of
Son.
6, p.
Testimonies, vol.
of His
The Father
Father gave
gave all
to the
at His
the Son,
all honor to
Son, seating
seating Him at
power. He expressed
right
hand, far
principalities and power.
far above
all principalities
above all
right hand,
expressed
His
joy and delight
receiving the
the Crucified
Crucified One and
in receiving
His great
great joy
delight in
crowning
all the
the favors
has
favors He has
with glory
honor. And all
crowning Him with
glory and honor.
to His
in His
acceptance of
the great
atonement are
shown to
of the
are
His acceptance
His Son in
great atonement
loves them as
loves His
shown to
to His
His people.
people.... God loves
as He loves
His Son
Son..
. . . The seal
seal of
been affixed
atonement. His
His
heaven has
has been
Christ's atonement.
.to Christ's
affixed .to
of heaven
satisfactory.-The
Signs of
the Times,
sacrifice is
is in
The Signs
in every
Times,
of the
sacrifice
way satisfactory.
every way
Aug. 16,
1899.
16, 1899.
Aug.
The sacrifice
sacrifice of
sufficient; He made aa whole,
whole, efficaefficaChrist is
is sufficient;
of Christ
effort without
without the
the merit
merit of
cious offering
offering to
cious
to God,'
the human effort
of
God; the
is worthless.
Christ,
worthless.-The
Herald, Aug.
Aug. 19,
1890
Christ, is
19, 1890
(March
24, 1896).
(March 24,
1896).
As the
the sacrifice
restoration
in our behalf
sacrifice in
behalf was complete,
so our
our restoration
complete, so
from the
sin is
to be
be complete.
complete.-The
Ministry of
of
from
the defilement
is to
The Ministry
defilement of
of sin
Healing, p.
p. 451.
451.
Healing,
His death
cross of
the climax
climax of
humilHis
death on the
the cross
of Calvary
of His
His humilCalvary was the
is beyond
finite conception.
Only
iation.
His work as
a redeemer is
iation. His
as a
beyond finite
conception. Only
hid with
with Christ
those who have
have died
lives are
are hid
those
died to
to self,
Christ in
in
self, whose lives
of the
God,
can have
have any
the completeness
completeness of
Of the
offering
the offering
God, can
any conception
conception of
to save
the fallen
race.-Letter
made to
save the
fallen race.
Letter 196,
1901.
196, 1901.
III.
Incarrwtion Prerequisite
Prerequisite to
to Atoning
Atoning Sacrifice
Sacrifice
III. Incarnation
Christ
has purchased
purchased the
world by
by making
making aa ransom
ransom for
Christ has
the world
for it,
it, by
by
nature. He was not
not only
only the
but He HimHimtaking
the offering,
taking human nature.
offering, but
self was the
Offerer. He clothed
clothed His divinity
divinity with
with humanity,
humanity,
self
the Offerer.
and voluntarily
making it
took upon
it posnature, making
voluntarily took
upon Him human nature,
posto offer
Himself as
as aa ransom.-Manuscript
92, 1899.
sible to
sible
ransom, Manuscript 92,
1899.
offer Himself
.
THE ATONEMENT
665
665
Not one of
the angels
could have become surety
of the
for the
huthe husurety for
angels could
man race:
race: their
their life
they could
could not
not surrender
surrender it.
life is
is God's;
it. The
God's; they
angels
all wear the
of obedience.
obedience. They
They are
the appointed
the yoke
are the
angels all
yoke of
appointed
messengers
of Him who is
the commander of
of all
all heaven.
heaven. But
But
is the
messengers of
Christ
is equal with
Christ is
God,
infinite
and
omnipotent.
could
pay
with
He
could
God,
infinite
equal
omnipotent.
pay
the
is the
the eternal,
eternal, self-existing
self-existing Son,
the ransom for
for man's freedom.
freedom. He is
Son,
on whom no yoke
yoke had come;
asked, "Whom shall
shall
come; and when God asked,
1
send?" He could
I send?"
reply, "Here am I;
I; send
send me."
me." He could
could pledge
could reply,
pledge
Himself
that which the
the
Himself to
to become man's
man's surety;
for He could
could say
surety; for
say that
not say,
say,-II have power
power over
My own life,
highest angel
angel could
could not
over My
life,
highest
"power
to lay
lay it
it down,
power to
to take
take it
The
it again."-The
down, and . . . power
"power to
again."
Youth's
Instructor, June
June 21,
21, 1900.
Youth's Instructor,
1900.
atone for
for man. His
sinful, fallen
Man could
could not
not atone
His sinful,
fallen condition
condition
constitute him an imperfect
imperfect offering,
offering, an atoning
of
would constitute
sacrifice of
atoning sacrifice
less
than Adam before
before his
his fall.
fall. God made man perfect
less value
value than
perfect and
upright,
his transgression
there could
could be
be no sacrifice
acafter his
sacrifice acupright, and after
transgression there
ceptable to
to God for
for him,
the offering
offering made should
value
in value
unless the
should in
him, unless
ceptable
be
be superior
in his
of perfection
perfection and inas he was in
into man as
state of
his state
superior to
nocency.
nocency.
divine Son of
The divine
of God was the
sacrifice of
sufficient
the only
of sufficient
only sacrifice
value
to fully
the claims
claims of
perfect law.
angels
value to
of God's
law. The angels
God's perfect
fully satisfy
satisfy the
were sinless,
sinless, but
but of
value than
than the
the law
law of
God. They
were
of less
less value
of God.
They were
law. They
to law.
were messengers
to do the
the will
will of
amenable to
of Christ,
Christ,
They were
messengers to
and before
before him to
to bow. They
beings, and probationprobation
created beings,
They were created
ers. Upon
ers.
Upon Christ
Christ no requirements
requirements were
were laid.
power to
laid. He had power
to
lay down his
his life,
to take
take it
was laid
laid
it again_
life, and to
lay
obligation was
again. No obligation
upon him to
to undertake
the work of
of atonement.
was aa volunvolunIt was
undertake the
atonement. It
upon
tary
he made. His life
was of
of sufficient
sufficient value
value to
resto res*
sacrifice that
that he
life was
tary sacrifice
cue man from
from his
his fallen
fallen condition.-The
Spirit of
Prophecy, vol.
vol.
cue
condition.
The Spirit
of Prophecy,
10.
22 (1877
pp. 9,
9, 10.
ed.), pp.
(1877 ed.),
.
IV.
Spotless Christ
Perfect Offering
Offering
Christ Was Perfect
IV. Spotless
not been perperthis work had He not
done this
Christ could
could not
Christ
have
not have
be
could be
Himself perfection
perfection could
sonally spotless.
spotless. Only
was Himself
Only One who was
sonally
at
once the
sin pardoner.
pardoner. He stands
stands before
before
sin bearer
the sin
bearer and the
the sin
at once
sinas their
the congregation
their sin-burdened,
of His redeemed as
the
sin-burdened, sincongregation of
stained
surety, but
sins He is
All through
His
is bearing.
is their
their sins
but it
it is
stained surety,
through His
bearing. All
of humiliation
humiliation and suffering,
from the
born
life of
the time
time that
that He was born
life
suffering, from
Bethlehem till
the cross
of Calvary,
an infant
cross of
till He hung on the
an
in Bethlehem
Calvary, and
infant in
hung
the
cried in
in aa voice
voice that
universe, "It
finished," the
is finished,"
"It is
the universe,
that shook
shook the
cried
spotless.-Manuscript
Saviour
was pure
pure and spotless.
1899.
Saviour was
165, 1899.
Manuscript 165,
without sin,
sin, else
His life
life in
in human flesh
flesh and His
His
Christ
else His
was without
Christ was
666
666
QUESTIONS
in procurdeath
the cross
have been
been of
of no more value
value in
procurdeath on the
cross would have
other man.
ing grace
grace for
for the
death of
of any
man_ While
the death
sinner than
than the
the sinner
any other
ing
upon Him humanity,
humanity, it
a life
life taken into
into union
He took
it was a
took upon
with Deity.
Deity_ He could
as priest
priest and also
victim.
also victim.
with
life as
His life
could lay
lay down His
take
it
possessed in
Himself power
power to
to Jay
it
down
and
take
it up
it
He possessed
in Himself
lay
up
again. He offered
offered Himself
Himself without
spot to
to Cod.-Manuscript
God. Manuscript 92,
without spot
92,
again.
1899.
1899.
uttered the
the cry
is finished/'
finished," Christ
Christ knew that
that
"It is
When He uttered
cry "It
the battle
battle was
was won.
won. As
As aa moral
moral conqueror,
conqueror, He planted
planted His
His banbanthe
ner 011
the eternal
not joy
joy among
among the
the angels?
there not
ner
on the
eternal heights.
angels?
heights. Was there
son, not
daughter of
Adam, but
could now lay
hold on
but could
Not aa son,
not a
a daughter
of Adam,
lay hold
the merits
merits of
of the
Christ has died
died
the
the spotless
God, and say,
of God,
say, Christ
spotless Son of
for me.
me. He is
is my Saviour.-Manuscript
for
1897.
111, 1897.
my Saviour. Manuscript Ill,
priest and representative
representative of
of man before
As the
the sinbearer,
before
sinbearer, and priest
Cod, He [Christ]
the life
humanity, bearing
bearing our
our
life of
of humanity,
entered into
into the
God,
[Christ] entered
flesh
blood. The life
is in
in the
the living,
living, vital
vital current
blood,
current of
life is
of blood,
flesh and blood.
Christ made a
which blood
blood was
was given
the world.
world. Christ
a
the life
life of
of the
for the
given for
giving His
His life
as aa ransom for
for us.
born
full atonement,
us. He was born
atonement, giving
full
life as
without aa taint
taint of
sin, but
but came into
world in
in like
like manner as
the world
as
without
into the
of sin,
not have aa mere semblance of
of aa body,
body,
the human family.
the
did not
family. He did
but He took
took human nature,
nature, participating
participating in
the life
life of
in the
but
of humanity.
According to the law
law Christ
Christ Himself
Himself gave,
gave, the
the forfeited
inforfeited inity. According to the
heritance was
was ransomed by
of kin.
kin. Jesus
Jesus Christ
Christ laid
the nearest
heritance
laid off
nearest of
off
by the
robe, His kingly
crown, and clothed
divinity with
with
His royal
clothed His divinity
kingly crown,
royal robe,
humanity, in
a substitute
surety for
for huhuin order
order to
to become a
humanity,
that dying
migbt by
by His
His death destroy
manity,
in humanity
manity, that
humanity He might
dying in
destroy
him who had the
the power
death. He could
have done this
as
of death.
not have
could not
this as
power of
could
God,
coming
as
man
Christ
could
die.
By
death
as
Christ
die.
He
God, but by
by coming
By
death. The death of
to the
the death him who
overcame death.
Christ bore to
of Christ
of death,
the gates
had the
the power
power of
gates of
the tomb for
of the
for all
all
death, and opened
opened the
receive Him as
as their
their personal
personal Saviour.-Letter
97, 1898.
who receive
Saviour.
Letter 97,
1898.
v. Guilt
Transferred to
to Substitute
Substitute
V.
Guilt and Punishment Transferred
In dying
dying upon
cross, He transferred
guilt from
from the
the guilt
the
transferred the
upon the cross,
person of
Of the
the transgressor
divine Substitute,
Substitute, through
through
the divine
to that
that of
person
of the
transgressor to
faith
faith in
in Him as
his personal
Redeemer. The sins
sins of
a guilty
guilty
as his
of a
personal Redeemer.
in figure
are represented
crimson," were
were
world,
"red as
as crimson/'
as "red
world, which in
figure are
represented as
to the
imputed
the divine
divine Surety.-Manuscript
84a, 1897.
1897.
imputed to
Surety.
Manuscript 84a,
The holy
sins or
griefs of
of His
His own to
has no sins
or griefs
to bear:
bear:
of God has
holy Son of
He was bearing
the griefs
bearing the
griefs of
of others;
for on
on Him was
was laid
laid the
the
others; for
all. Through divine
iniquity
of us all.
connects Himself
Himself
iniquity of
Through divine sympathy
sympathy He connects
with man,
the representative
as the
representative of
of the
submits to
be
man, and as
the race
race He submits
to be
THE ATONEMENT
667
667
for
treated
as aa transgressor.
into the
treated as
of woe opened
the abyss
looks into
abyss of
transgressor. He looks
opened for
us by
us
by our sins,
bridge the
the gulf
gulf of
of man's separato bridge
sins, and proposes
separaproposes to
tion
from God.-Bible
and Signs
of the
the Times,
Aug. 1,
tion from
1892.
God. Bible Echo and
1, 1892.
Times, Aug.
Signs of
sin
He was
wa~ overwhelmed with
with horror
horror at
the fearful
that sin
at the
fearful work that
wrought. His
Hzs bunlell
of guilt,
guilt, because
man's transgression
had wrought.
burden of
because of
of man's
transgression
of
Father's law,
was so
so great
great that
that human nature
nature was inadeof the
inadethe Father's
law, was
quate
to bear
bear it.
bear no compariit. The sufferings of
can bear
quate to
sufferings of martyrs
comparimartyrs can
son with
with the
the agony
divine presence
presence was with them
Christ. The divine
of Christ.
agony of
in their
in
their sufferings;
but the
Father's face
face was
was hidden
hidden from
from His
the Father's
sufferings; but
dear Son.-Ibid.
Son. Ibid.
In
the Garden of
suffered in
in man's
man's stead,
stead,
In the
of Gethsemane,
Christ suffered
Gethsemane, Christ
and the
the Son of
the
the human nature
nature of
of the
of God staggered
staggered under the
terrible
terrible horror
horror of
of sin
of the
the guilt
sin.....
guilt of
The power
power that
justice upon
upon man's subsubthat inflicted
inflicted retributive
retributive justice
stitute
the
was the
the power
sustained and upheld
upheld the
stitute and surety,
that sustained
surety, was
power that
suffering
tremendous weight
weight of
wrath that
the tremendous
that would
of wrath
suffering One under the
have
have fallen
upon aa sinful
world. Christ
was suffering
suffering the
death
fallen upon
the death
sinful world.
Christ was
that
upon the
transgressors of
of God's
that was pronounced
pronounced upon
Manthe transgressors
God's law.-Manlaw.
uscript 35,
1895.
35, 1895.
uscript
What sustained
sustained the
of God in
betrayal and trial?
trial? He
the Son of
in His betrayal
of the
saw of
the travail
travail of
His soul
caught aa view
view
soul and was satisfied.
of His
satisfied. He caught
of the
the expanse
saw the
the hap'piness
of those
of
of eternity
those who
eternity and saw
expanse of
happiness of
should receive
pardon and everlasting
everlasting
through
His humiliation
receive pardon
humiliation should
through His
life. He was
was wounded for
bruised for
their
for their
for their
their transgressions,
life.
transgressions, bruised
iniquities.
of their
peace was
was upon
upon Him,
Him, and
their peace
chastisement of
iniquities. The chastisement
with His stripes
stripes they
they were
were healed.
caught the
the shout
the
with
ear caught
shout of
of the
healed. His ear
redeemed. He heard
heard the
ransomed ones
ones singing
singing the
song of
of Moses
redeemed.
the ransomed
the song
and the
Lamb.-Testimonies,
vol. 8,
pp. 43,
43, 44.
44.
the Lamb.
8, pp.
Testimonies, vol.
.
VI.
VI. Christ
Christ
Sacrificial Offering
Officiating Priest
Priest
Both Sacrificial
Offering and Officiating
The infinite
infinite sufficiency
sufficiency of
of Christ
Christ is
is demonstrated by
bearby His bearthe sins
ing the
sins of
world. He occupies
occupies the
the double
double position
position
of the
the whole world.
ing
of offerer
offerer and of
of priest
priest and of
victim. He was
was holy,
of
of offering,
of victim.
offering, of
holy,
harmless, undeiiled,
undefiled, and separate
separate from
from sinners.
sinners. "The prince
prince of
of
harmless,
this
this world cometh,"
nothing in
in Me."
findeth nothing
cometh," He declares,
declares, "and fincleth
He was aa Lamb without blemish,
without spot.-Letter
Letter 192,
192,
blemish, and without
spot.
1906.
1906,
the high
high priest
laid aside
aside his
his gorgeous
gorgeous pontifical
pontifical robes,
As the
robes, and
priest laid
officiated
officiated in
in the
dress of
a common priest,
priest, so
the white linen
linen dress
of a
so Christ
Christ
emptied Himself,
Himself, and took
of aa servant,
took the
the form of
the
servant, and offered
offered the
emptied
Himself the
priest, Himself
Himself the
the victim.
victim.-The
Southern
sacrifice, Himself
the priest,
The Southern
sacrifice,
Watchman,
1903.
6, 1903.
Watchman, Aug.
Aug. 6,
668
QUESTIONS
VII.
VII.
The Cross
in the
the Atonement
Cross Central
Central in
The cross
the central
place because
because it
is
is the
the
cross must occupy
it
central place
occupy the
and because
because of
of the
the influence
it exerts
means of
influence It
exerts
of man's atonement and
on every
part of
the divine
government.-Testimonies,
p.
vol. 6,
of the
divine government.
6, p.
Testimonies, vol.
every part
236.
236.
The atonement of
not aa mere skillful
way to
skillful way
to have our
of Christ
Christ is
is not
sins pardoned;
sins
pardoned; it
divine remedy
remedy for
for the
the cure
cure of
of transgression
transgression
is a
a divine
it is
and the
restoration of
health. It
heaven-ordained
It is
is the
the heaven-ordained
the restoration
of spiritual
spiritual health.
by which the
the righteousness
Christ may
may be
be not
not only
only upon
upon
means by
of Christ
righteousness of
1906.
us, but in
in our
our hearts
hearts and characters.
characters.-Letter
406, 1906.
Letter 406,
us,
sin. He
blood there
there is
remission for
Is no remission
for sin.
Without shedding
of blood
shedding of
suffer the
a public
public death
death on the
the cross,
that witness
witness
must suffer
the agony
cross, that
of a
agony of
of it
might be
be borne
of aa doubt.-Manuscript
of
it might
without the
doubt.
borne without
the shadow of
Manuscript
101,1897.
101, 1897.
Adam listened
to the
the words
words of
of the
the tempter,
tempter, and yielding
yielding to
to his
his
listened to
insinuations,
not the
the death
penalty at
at once
once
death penalty
into sin.
sin. Why
fell into
insinuations, fell
Why was not
a ransom was
was found.
found. God's
enforced
in his
Because a
his case?-Because
case?
God's only
enforced in
only
begotten Son volunteered
volunteered to
the sin
upon Himself,
Himself,
sin of
to take
take the
of man upon
begotten
and to
to make an atonement for
for the
the fallen
race. There could
could have
have
fallen race.
pardon for
for sin
been made.
made. Had
been no pardon
sin had this
this atonement not
not been
pardoned Adam's sin
an atonement,
atonement, sin
sin would have
God pardoned
sin without
without an
been immortalized,
have been
been perpetuated
perpetuated with
with a
a
immortalized, and would have
that would have
have been without
without restraint.
restraint.-The
boldness that
The Review
boldness
and Herald,
Herald, April
23, 1901.
1901.
April 23,
In the
the councils
councils of
heaven the
was ordained
ordained as
as the
of heaven
the cross
the means
cross was
of
was to
to be
of winning
winning men to
to
atonement. This
This was
be God's
God's means of
of atonement_
Him. Christ
earth to
that in
in humanity
humanity He
this earth
Christ came to
to this
to show that
could keep
keep the
the holy
holy law of
of God.-Manuscript
God. Manuscript 165,
1899.
165, 1899.
Christ gave
Christ
gave Himself
Himself an atoning
sacrifice for
for the
savin{ of
of aa lost
lost
the saving
atoning sacrifice
world.-Testimonies,
vol. 8,
208.
world.
208.
8, p.
Testimonies, vol.
p.
VIII.
VIII. Atoning
Atoning Provisions
Provisions
All Mankind
Embrace All
Christ's
whole human family.
family. No
Christ's atonement includes
includes the
the whole
rich or
one,
high or
or low,
free or
bond, has
out of
of
or poor,
has been left
or bond,
one, high
low, rich
left out
poor, free
the
the plan
plan of
of redemption.-Letter
1900.
106, 1900.
redemption. Letter 106,
Christ suffered
the gates
Christ
suffered without
without the
gates of
Jerusalem, for
for Calvary
of Jerusalem,
Calvary was
outside the
the city
was to
to show that
that He died,
died, not
for the
walls. This was
not for
the
city walls.
for all
all mankind.
proclaims to
to aa fallen
fallen
Hebrews alone,
but for
mankind. He proclaims
alone, but
world that
that He is
is their
their Redeemer,
urges them to
to accept
the
Redeemer, and urges
accept the
salvation
4, 1906.
salvation He offers.-The
offers.
The Watchman,
1906.
Watchman, Sept.
Sept. 4,
As the
the high
high priest
the warm blood
blood upon
upon the
the mercypriest sprinkled
sprinkled the
mercyseat while
the fragrant
fragrant cloud
of incense
incense ascended
before God,
God, so,
seat
while the
cloud of
ascended before
so,
THE ATONEMENT
669
669
while
confess our
the efficacy
of Christ's
atonwhile we confess
Christ's atonour sins
sins and plead
efficacy of
plead the
the
prayers are
to ascend
heaven, fragrant
with the
ing
blood, our prayers
to heaven,
are to
ascend to
ing blood,
fragrant with
merits
of our
our Saviour's
Notwithstanding our
our unworthiunworthimerits of
Saviour's character.
character. Notwithstanding
are to
to remember that
that there
is One who can
can take
take away
ness,
there is
sin,
ness, we are
away sin,
and who is
is willing
willing and anxious
the sinner.
sinner. With His own
anxious to
save the
to save
blood He paid
paid the
penalty for
for all
wrongdoers.-The
the penalty
The Review and
blood
all wrong-doers.
Herald,
29,
1896.
Hera
1896.
29,
Id, Sept.
Sept.
the resurrection]
to receive
receive the
the homage
homage
Jesus
refused [after
Jesus refused
[after the
resurrection] to
of His
His people
people until
until He had the
assurance that
that His sacrifice
sacrifice was
of
the assurance
the heavenly
heavenly courts,
accepted by
by the
the Father.
Father. He ascended to
to the
courts, and
accepted
from God Himself
Himself heard
heard the
the assurance
assurance that
that His atonement for
for
the sins
sins of
through His
His blood
blood all
might
all might
the
been ample,
that through
of men had been
ample., that
Desire of
of Ages,
Ages, p.
790.
gain eternal
eternal life.-The
The Desire
life.
gain
p. 790.
sins of
The sins
the people
were transferred
in figure
to the
the officiatofficiatof the
transferred in
figure to
people were
ing priest,
priest, who was aa mediator
mediator for
the people.
people. The priest
priest could
could
for the
ing
not himself
himself become an offering
an atonement
not
for sin,
sin, and make an
offering [or
with his
his life,
life, for
he was also
a sinner.
Therefore, instead
instead of
of sufferfor he
with
sinner. Therefore,
sufferalso a
ing
himself, he
he killed
killed aa lamb without
blemish; the
the penalty
penalty
without blemish;
ing death himself,
of sin
was transferred
transferred to
to the
the innocent
beast, which
which thus
thus became
sin was
of
innocent beast,
typified the
the perfect
perfect offering
of
his
his immediate substitute,
substitute, and typified
offering of
the blood
blood of
this victim,
victim, man looked
forJesus
Christ. Through
looked forof this
Through the
Jesus Christ.
to the
the blood of
ward by
by faith
faith to
for the
sins
Christ which would atone
atone for
the sins
of Christ
of the
the world.-The
Signs of
of the
the Times,
The Signs
world.
of
1878.
14, 1878.
Times, March 14,
IX. Manifold
Manifold Results
Results of
the Atonement
of the
The atonement of
Christ
sealed
forever
covesealed
the everlasting
forever the
of Christ
everlasting coveIt was
nant of
of grace.
grace. It
was the
of
every
condition
upon
the fulfilling
which
nant
of
condition
fulfilling
every
upon
free communication of
God suspended
suspended the
of grace
grace to
to the
the free
the human
family. Every
Every barrier
barrier was then
then broken down which intercepted
family.
intercepted
exercise of
the freest
freest fulness
fulness of
the exercise
grace, mercy,
mercy, peace
peace and love
love
of grace,
of the
the
race.
to the
the most
most guilty
92, 1899.
of Adam's race.-Manuscript
1899.
to
guilty of
Manuscript 92,
In our behalf
behalf He died on the
the cross
cross of
of Calvary.
Calvary. He has
has paid
paid the
the
price. Justice
Justice is
satisfied. Those who believe
believe in
in Christ,
those who
is satisfied.
Christ, those
price.
that they
they are
that as
sinners they
they must
must confess
confess
realize
are sinners,
as sinners
realize that
sinners, and that
their sins,
will receive
pardon full
full and free.
free.-Letter
52, 1906.
receive pardon
Letter 52,
1906.
their
sins, will
By transgression
transgression man was severed
severed from
from God,
the communion
God, the
By
Christ died upon
between
but Jesus
Jesus Christ
upon the
cross
the cross
between them was broken,
broken, but
in His body
of
bearing in
body the
sins of
of the
the whole
whole world;
the sins
of Calvary,
world; and
Calvary, bearing
earth was
ivas bridged
the gulf
gulf between heaven and earth
bTirlged by
cross.
that cross.
the
by that
Christ leads
to the
the gulf,
points to
to the
the bridge
bridge by
by which
which it
leads men to
it
Christ
gulf, and points
"If any
will come after
is
me, let
let him deny
after me,
is spanned, saying,
any man will
deny
spanned, saying, "If
himself, and take
take up
up his
his cross
cross daily,
daily, and follow
follow rne,"
me." God gives
himself,
gives
670
670
S*
us
us aa probation
probation in
in which
which
loyal to
to
loyal
may prove
prove whether or
or not
not we will
will be
be
we may
Him.-Manuscript
21, 1895.
1895.
Him.
Manuscript 21,
atoning sacrifice
sacrifice seen
seen through
through faith
faith brings
brings peace
peace and
The atoning
hope to
to the
the trembling
trembling soul
soul weighed
weighed down beneath
beneath
comfort and
and hope
comfort
the sense
sense of
of guilt.
guilt. The law
law of
of God is
is the
the detector
detector of
of sin,
sin, and as
as the
the
the
sinner is
is drawn to
to the
the dying
dying Christ,
Christ, he sees
sees the
the grievous
grievous character
character
sinner
of sin,
sin, and
and repents
repents and
and lays
lays hold
hold on
on the
the remedy,
remedy, the
the Lamb of
of God,
God,
of

the sin
sin of
of the
the world.
world.-The
Herald,
taketh away
away the
who taketh
Sept. 2,
2, 1890.
1890.
Sept.
Thus, through
through the
the crucifixion
crucifixion of
of Christ,
Christ, human beings
beings are
are recrecThus,
onciled to
to God.
God. Christ
Christ adopts
adopts the
the outcasts,
outcasts, and they
they become His
onciled
special care,
care, members of
of the
the family
family of
of God,
God, because
because they
they have acacspecial
cepted His
His Son as
as their
their Saviour.
Saviour. To them is
is given
given power
power to
to bebecepted
the sons
sons of
of God,
heirs of
of God and joint
joint heirs
heirs with Christ.
Christ.
come the
God, heirs
They gain
gain an
an intelligent
knowledge of
of what Christ
Christ is
is to
to them and
intelligent knowledge
They
of the
the blessings
blessings they
they may
may receive
receive as
as members of
of the
the Lord's
Lord's family.
family.
of
in His
His infinite
is pleased
pleased to
to stand
stand to
to them
infinite condescension
condescension God is
And in
of Father.
Father.-Letter
255, 1904.
in the
the relation
relation of
1904.
Letter 255,
in
world does
does not
not acknowledge
acknowledge that,
that, at
at an infinite
infinite cost,
cost,
The world
race. They
not acknowledge
Christ
has purchased
purchased the
Christ has
the human race.
They do not
acknowledge
that
by creation
creation and by
by redemption
holds aa just
just claim
to
claim to
that by
redemption He holds
as the
the fallen
race, He
every human being.
the Redeemer of
fallen race,
of the
every
being. But as
has been
been given
given the
of possession,
possession, which
which entitles
entitles Him to
to claim
claim
has
the deed of
them as
property.-Letter
1902.
Letter 136,
as His property.
136, 1902.
Christ pledged
pledged Himself
Himself to
his substitute
to become his
Christ
surety,
giving
trial. When man transgressed
the smalla second
smallsecond trial.
transgressed even the
giving man a
it was disobedience just the
est
of Jehovah,
as
est precept
Jehovah, it
just the same as
precept of
though
the test
test were larger.
the grace,
is the
love
larger. But how is
grace, mercy,
mercy, and love
though the
provided! The divinity
Christ undertook to
the sins
to bear the
sins of
of Christ
of the
the
divinity of
provided!
this pledged
pledged peace
transgressor. This ransom is
solid ground;
is on solid
ground; this
transgressor.
peace
is
for the
receiving Him
in receiving
is for
that receives
receives Jesus
Christ. And in
the heart
heart that
Jesus Christ.
all spiritual
by
faith we are
in heavenly
are blessed
blessed with all
spiritual blessings
by faith
blessings in
heavenly
places in
in Christ.-Manuscript
Christ.
1897.
114, 1897.
places
Manuscript 1I4,
Christ
the trophy
received His death wound,
of His
Christ received
His
wound, which was the
trophy of
in Him. These wounds
all who believe
victory,
of all
believe in
the victory
victory, and the
victory of
of Satan over every
annihilated
the power
annihilated the
subevery loyal,
loyal, believing
power of
believing subject in
in Jesus
the suffering
of Christ,
Christ. By
Christ, human
suffering and death of
By the
ject
Jesus Christ.
of the
the sin
sin of
of Adam,
intelligences,
fallen because of
are through
their
Adam, are
intelligences, fallen
through their
in Him,
faith in
acceptance
Christ and faith
elevated to
of Christ
to become heirs
heirs
Him, elevated
acceptance of
eternal weight
of glory.
of
of immortality
the
weight of
immortality and an eternal
glory. The gates
of the
gates of
heavenly
are thrown open
to the
the inhabitants
Paradise are
inhabitants of
this
open to
heavenly Paradise
of this
THE ATONEMENT
671
671
fallen world.
world.
fallen
Through
righteousness of
Christ, rebels
rebels
faith in
In the
the righteousness
of Christ,
Through faith
God may
may lay
lay hold
hold upon
upon the
the Infinite,
Infinite, and bebecome partakers
partakers at
life.-Letter
103,
1894.
1894.
Letter
103,
of everlasting
life.
everlasting
"And 1,
be lifted
up, will
will draw all
unto me.
me. This
This he
he
if I
I be
lifted up,
all men unto
I, if
said,
what
death
he
should
die."
This
is
the
crisis
of
the
the
the
crisis
of
death
This
is
he
should
die."
said, signifying
signifying
world.
I become the
propitiation for
the world,
world, it
will be
be
world. If
If I
it will
the propitiation
for the
of
be
reproduced
lighted
up. The defaced
and
defaced image
be
would
of
God
lighted up.
image
reproduced
the
restored, and aa family
family of
of believing
saints will
will finally
finally inhabit
inhabit the
restored,
believing saints
and
heavenly
home.
This
is
the
result
of
the
crucifixion
of
Christ
is
of
the
the
crucifixion
Christ
result
of
heavenly
the
restoration of
33, 1897.
the restoration
the world.-Manuscript
world. Manuscript 33,
1897.
of the
Our ransom has
has been
been paid
paid by
by our Saviour.
Saviour. No one need be
Satan. Christ
enslaved
by Satan.
stands before
before us
divine example,
enslaved by
Christ stands
us as
as our divine
example,
all powerful
our
our all
powerful Helper.
Helper. We have
have been
been bought
bought with
with aa price
price that
that
it is
it
is impossible
impossible to
can measure the
the goodness
to compute.
goodness and
compute. Who can
mercy of
redeeming love?-Manuscript
of redeeming
love?
1903.
76, 1903.
mercy
Manuscript 76,
God testified
testified to
to the
the great
great work of
atonement in
in reconciling
of atonement
reconciling
the world to
to Himself,
giving Christ's
followers aa true
the
underChrist's followers
true underHimself, by
by giving
standing
the kingdom
kingdom which He was
was establishing
upon the
the
of the
standing of
establishing upon
foundation of
earth, the
the foundation
of which His own hand had laid.
laid.
earth,
Father gave
His Son,
seating Him at
right
all honor to
The Father
to His
at His right
Son, seating
gave all
hand, far
far above
above all
all principalities
principalities and power.
power. He expressed
expressed His
His
hand,
delight in
in receiving
receiving the
Crucified One,
crowngreat joy
joy and delight
the Crucified
One, and crowngreat
ing
with glory
honor. And all
all the
favors He has
has shown
the favors
ing Him with
glory and honor.
of the
the great
great atonement are
are shown
to His Son in
in His acceptance
to
acceptance of
to His people.
people. Those who have united
united their
their interests
in love
love with
with
to
interests in
Christ are
are accepted
accepted in
suffer with
with Christ,
in the
the Beloved.
Christ
Beloved. They
Christ, and
They suffer
are acacHis glorification
glorification is
interest to
them, because
because they
they are
is of
of great
to them,
great interest
cepted
as He loves
loves His
His Son.
Son.-The
The Signs
in Him. God loves
loves them as
Signs
cepted in
of
the Times,
Aug. 16,
1899.
16, 1899.
Times, Aug.
of the
against the
the law
law of
of
against
x.
Provided Through
X. Righteousness
Through Atonement
Righteousness Provided
the law did
It
was evident
to him that
that the
did not
not abate
abate one jot
jot of
of its
its
evident to
It was
justice,
but through
sacrifice, through
the imputed
the atoning
imputed
atoning sacrifice,
through the
through the
justice, but
righteousness of
sinner stands
stands justified
justified bebethe repentant
Christ, the
of Christ,
repentant sinner
righteousness
fore the
the law.
law.
fore
fallen upon
that would have fallen
Christ
bore the
upon the
the transtransthe penalty
Christ bore
penalty that
gressor; and through
through faith
the helpless,
helpless, hopeless
hopeless sinner becomes aa
faith the
gressor;
in
partaker of
of the
the divine
escaping the
the corruption
corruption that
that is
is in
divine nature,
nature, escaping
partaker
the world
world through
through lust.
imputes His perfection
perfection and rightChrist imputes
lust. Christ
the
rightin
sinner when he does
does not
not continue in
eousness to
to the
the believing
eousness
believing sinner
sin,
but turns
turns from
to obedience of
of the
the commandfrom transgression
sin, but
transgression to
1899.
ments.- The Review and Herald,
Herald, May
May 23,
23, 1899.
ments.
672
672
QUESTIONS
The only
with hope
hope approach
humanity
in humanity
could with
only One who could
approach God in
was the
the only
sinful, repentant
repentant human
of God. That sinful,
only begotten
begotten Son of
heings
might be
be received
Father, and clothed
with the
the robe
robe
clothed with
received by
the Father,
beings might
by the
of righteousness,
righteousness, Christ
the earth,
of
of
Christ came to
to the
earth, and made an offering
offering of
such
value that
that He redeemed
the race.
race. Through
the
sacrifice
the
such value
redeemed the
sacrifice
Through
offered to
the sanctification
sanctificatIon of
of grace.
grace.
made on Calvary
is offered
to everyone
Calvary is
everyone the
-Letter
67, 1902.
Letter 67,
1902.
It is
that sinners
sinners may
may have
is only through faith in
have the
the
It
Christ that
only through faith in Christ
of
Christ
imputed
unto
them,
that
they
may
be
righteousness
and
that
be
unto
Christ
them,
may
they
righteousness of
imputed
"made the
the righteousness
righteousness of
him." Our sins
laid on
sins were laid
in him."
of God in
Christ,
punished in
put away
away by
by Christ,
Christ, in
in order
His
that His
order that
in Christ,
Christ, punished
Christ, put
after the
not after
the
righteousness might
might be
us, who walk not
to us,
be imputed
righteousness
imputed to
to His acbut after
sin was charged
acflesh, but
the Spirit.
after the
flesh,
Although sin
charged to
Spirit. Although
count on our
our behalf,
yet He remained perfectly
perfectly sinless.
sinless.-The
The
count
behalf., yet
Signs of
of the
May 30,
the Times,
1895.
30, 1895.
Times, May
Signs
complete sacrifice
sacrifice upon
upon the
cross,
the cross,
The Lord made aa full
full and complete
in the
the shameful cross,
that men might
might be
be complete
complete in
great and
the
the great
cross, that
precious gift
gift of
His righteousness.
righteousness. We have
have God's
God's pledge
pledge that
that
of His
precious
in the
He will
to His
His great
great heart
heart of
infinite kwe
IDve in
the
will bind men closely
of infinite
closely to
bonds of
the new covenant of
of grace.
All who will
will give
up their
their
bonds
of the
grace. All
give up
hope of
of paying
paying for
earning it,
for their
or earning
will come
their salvation,
salvation, or
it, and will
hope
to Jesus
just as
they are,
as they
His
to
fall upon
sinful, and fall
are, unworthy,
unworthy, sinful,
Jesus just
upon His
in their
merits,
holding in
their plea
pledged word of
of God to
pardon
the pledged
to pardon
merits, holding
plea the
the transgressor
His law,
law, confessing
their sins
parthe
sins and seeking
of His
transgressor of
confessing their
seeking pardon, will
will find
find full
full and free
free salvation.
salvation.-Letter
Letter 148,
1897.
don,
148, 1897.
XI.
XI. Redemptive
Price Completely
Paid on Calvary
Calvary
Redemptive Price
Completely Paid
the
The ransom paid
paid by
Christ-the
on
the cross-is
Christ
atonement
cross
is
the
by
ever before
before them.-Testimonies,
vol. 5,
5, p.
p. 190.
ever
them. Testimonies, vol.
190.
On the
the cross
paid the
the redemption
redemption price
price of
of the
cross of
of Calvary
the
Calvary He paid
race. And thus
thus He gained
gained the
rescue the
captives from
from
race.
to rescue
the right
the captives
right to
the grasp
the great
great deceiver,
deceiver, who by
by aa lie
lie framed against
the
the
grasp of
of the
against the
government of
the fall
fall of
man, and who thus
of God,
caused the
of man,
thus forforGod, caused
government
feited
feited all
all claim
claim to
a loyal
loyal subject
of God's
God's kingdom.
kingdom.
to be called
called a
subject of
let his
Satan refused
refused to
go.
He
held
as
his subto let
his captives
held
them
as his
subgo.
captives
of their
their belief
belief of
lie. He had thus
jects because
because of
of his
his lie.
thus become their
their
jects
jailor. But he had no right
to demand that
that aa price
price be
be paid
paid for
for
jailor.
right to
them; because
because he
he had not
not obtained
possession of
lawful
obtained possession
of them by
them;
by lawful
conquest,
but under false
pretense.
false pretense.
conquest, but
a right
right to
to make any
any provision
provision for
God,
being the
the creditor,
God, being
creditor, had a
for
of human beings.
the redemption
redemption of
beings. Justice
Justice demanded that
that a
a certain
certain
of God was the
the only
only One who could
could pay
pay
price be paid.
paid. The Son of
price
THE ATONEMENT
673
673
this
this price.
price. He volunteered to
to this
this earth
earth and pass
pass over
to come to
over the
the
ground where Adam fell.
fell. He came as
the redeemer of
the lost
lost
as the
ground
of the
to conquer
race, to
conquer the
the wily
foe, and by
by His
His steadfast
steadfast allegiance
to
race,
wily foe,
allegiance to
save all
right, to
to save
all
right,
20,
1903.
20, 1903.
accept Him
Him-as
their Saviour.-Letter
who should accept
-as their
Saviour. Letter
Christ alone could

Christ
man's deliverance.
deliverance. He
could bear
bear the
the message
of man's
message of
came with a
a full
full and complete
complete ransom.
ransom. He came to
bring life
life
to bring
and immortality
immortality within
within the
reach of
of the
the fallen
fallen race.
race. As the
the Life
the reach
Lifegiver, He assumed our nature,
nature, that
that He might
might reveal
reveal the
the character
character
giver,
of God,
God, and stamp
His image
all who would receive
receive Him. He
stamp His
image on all
became man that
that through
His infinite
infinite sacrifice
sacrifice God might
might receive
receive
through His
the
the homage
homage of
the restored
restored race
science of
of the
race.. . . . The science
of redemption
redemption
is
is as
as high
high as
as heaven,
value is
infinite. This
truth is
is so
its value
is infinite.
This truth
so broad,
heaven, and its
broad,
so
that beside
so deep,
so high,
ot earth's
earth's wisest
beside it
it all
the wisdom of
all the
wisest men
deep, so
high, that
sinks
sinks into
into insignificance.
comparison with
with the
the knowledge
knowledge of
of
insignificance. In comparison
God, all
all human knowledge
knowledge is
is as
the way
way of
as chaff.
salvation
chaff. And the
of salvation
God,
.
can be made known only

by God.-Manuscript
God. Manuscript 69,
1897.
69, 1897.
only by
All
All that
that God and Christ
could do has
has been done to
save sinsinChrist could
to save
ners. Transgression
ners.
Transgression placed
placed the
the whole world in
in jeopardy,
jeopardy, under
the
in heaven there
there was heard
heard aa voice
voice saying,
the death sentence.
sentence. But in
saying,
ransom. Jesus
Jesus Christ,
sin, was made
II have found a ransom.
Christ, who knew no sin,
sin tor
fallen man. "God so
loved the
the world
world that
that he
he gave
gave his
only
sin
his only
so loved
for fallen
begotten Son,
that whosoever believeth
not perish,
perish,
believeth in
in him should not
Son, that
begotten
but have everlasting
life." Christ
gave Himself as
a ransom. He
Christ gave
as a
everlasting life.''
laid off
robe. He laid
laid aside
aside His kingly
kingly crown,
laid
off His royal
crown, and
royal robe.
stepped
high command over
over all
all heaven,
heaven, clothing
clothing
stepped down from His high
His divinity
carryall
the infirmities
infirmities
that He might
all the
divinity with humanity
humanity that
might carry
and bear
bear all
all the
the temptations
of humanity.
humanity.-Letter
22, 1900.
1900.
Letter 22,
temptations of
XII. Justice
Justice and Mercy
Mercy Blend at Cross
Cross
XII.
in opposition
to each other,
other,
and Mercy
Mercy stood apart,
opposition to
apart, in
separated
by
a
gulf.
Redeemer
clothed His
a
wide
The
Lord
our
by
gulf.
separated
in behalf
divinity with
with humanity,
humanity, and wrought
behalf of
a
of man a
wrought out in
divinity
Justice
Justice
cross
planted His cross
He planted
midway between heaven and earth,
earth, and made it
the object
object of
it the
of
midway
attraction which reached
reached both ways,
drawing both Justice
attraction
ways, drawing
Justice and
its exalted
Mercy across
across the
the gulf.
Justice moved from its
exalted throne,
throne, and
Mercy
gulf. Justice
the cross.
it saw
with
all the
the armies
cross. There it
saw
of heaven approached
armies of
with all
approached the
One equal
equal with
bearing the
the penalty
penalty for
for all
injustice and sin.
sin.
all injustice
with God bearing
the cross,
at the
With perfect
perfect satisfaction
Justice bowed in
in reverence at
cross,
satisfaction Justice
saying, It
It is
Conference Bulletin,
Bulletin, Fourth Quaris enough.-General
Quarenough. General Conference
saying,
102.
ter, 1899,
vol. 3,
3, p.
p. 102.
ter,
1899, vol.
character that
that was without spot
or blemish.
blemish.
character
spot or
99
22
674
674
QUESTIONS
Christ's
proved God's
administration and government
government to
to
death proved
Christ's death
God's administration
attribe
be without
without aa flaw.
flaw. Satan's
charge in
regard to
to the
the conflicting
conflicting attriSatan's charge
In regard
of justice
justice and mercy
forever settled
settled beyond
question.
butes of
butes
was forever
beyond question.
mercy was
Every voice
voice in
heaven and out
of heaven
heaven will
will one
one day
testify to
the
to the
in heaven
out of
day testify
Every
and
exalted
attributes
of
God.
It
was
in
order
justice,
mercy,
It
was
in
order
attributes
of
God.
exalted
justice, mercy,
covethat the
heavenly universe
universe might
might see
conditions of
of the
the covethe heavenly
the conditions
that
see the
the
nant of
redemption that
Christ bore
bore the
the penalty
penalty in
in behalf
behalf of
of the
nant
of redemption
that Christ
race.-Manuscript
human race.
1897.
128, 1897.
Manuscript 128,
His [Christ's]
[Christ's] object
to reconcile
the prerogatives
prerogatives of
of
reconcile the
His
was to
object was
justice and mercy,
mercy, and let
each stand
stand separate
separate in
in its
dignity, yet
yet
its dignity,
let each
justice
to
His mercy
mercy was
was not
weakness, but
but aa terrible
terrible power
united. His
united.
not weakness,
power to
punish sin
sin because
because it
yet aa power
power to
to draw to
to it
the love
of
it the
it is
is sin;
love of
sin; yet
punish
humanity. Through
Justice is
is enabled to
to forgive
forgive without
Christ Justice
humanity.
Through Christ
General Conference
holiness.-General
sacrificing one
jot of
its exalted
exalted holiness.
one jot
Conference
of its
sacrificing
Fourth Quarter,
3, p.
p. 102.
Bulletin, Fourth
vol. 3,
102.
1899, vol.
Bulletin,
Quarter, 1899,
Justice
be not
pardoned, but the
the
sin be
that sin
not merely
merely pardoned,
Justice demands that
death
penalty must be
be executed.
in the
the gift
gift of
of His
His only
beexecuted. God,
death penalty
God, in
only beboth these
requirements. By
dying in
in man's
man's stead,
gotten Son,
Son, met both
these requirements.
stead,
By dying
gotten
Christ
penalty and provided
provided aa pardon.
pardon.-Manuthe penalty
exhausted the
ManuChrist exhausted
script
1900.
50, 1900.
script 50,
God bowed His head satisfied.
satisfied. Now justice
justice and mercy
mercy could
could
just, and yet
yet the
the Justifier
blend. Now He could
blend.
could be just,
of all
all who
Justifier of
looked upon
the victim
exshould
believe on Christ.
victim exshould believe
Christ. He [God]
upon the
[God] looked
finished. The human race
shall
piring on the
the cross,
"It is
is finished.
race shall
cross, and said,
said, "It
piring
redemption price
price was
was paid,
paid, and Satan
have
another trial."
trial." The redemption
have another
Satan
fell
heaven.-Youth's
Instructor, June
fell like
like lightning
Youth's Instructor,
21,
lightning from heaven.
June 21,
1900.
1900.
The only-begotten
of God took
took upon
upon Him the
the nature
nature of
of
only-begotten Son of
man, and established
His cross
cross between
between earth
earth and heaven.
established His
heaven.
man,
Through
the cross,
drawn to
to God,
man.
to man.
cross, man was drawn
God, and God to
Through the
Justice moved from its
high and awful
awful position,
position, and the
the heavenly
its high
Justice
heavenly
to the
cross, bowing
bowing with
with
hosts, the
the armies
the cross,
armies of
near to
holiness, drew near
hosts,
of holiness,
at the
the cross
cross justice
justice was satisfied.
satisfied.
reverence; tor
reverence;
for at
sinner was drawn from the
the stronghold
the sinner
of
stronghold of
Through the
the cross
cross
Through
sin, from
conthe confrom the
sin,
at every
approach to
to the
the cross
his heart
heart rerefederacy of
of evil,
cross his
evil, and at
federacy
every approach
lents
lents and in
in penitence
my sins
sins that
that crucified
"It was my
crucified the
the
cries, "It
penitence he cries,
of God." At the
cross he leaves
the cross
his sins,
sins, and through
through the
Son of
leaves his
the grace
grace
of
Christ His
His character
is transformed.
raises the
of Christ
character is
transformed. The Redeemer raises
the
the dust,
guidance of
sinner from
from the
dust, and places
places him under the
sinner
the guidance
of
The Signs
the Holy
Spirit.-The
Signs of
of the
the Times,
5, 1893.
the
Holy Spirit.
1893.
Times, June
June 5,
THE ATONEMENT
675
675
XIII. Atonement
Atonement Vindicates
XIII.
Vindicates God's
God's Changeless
Changeless Law
The cross
CTOSS speaks
to
the
hosts
of
heaven,
to worlds
worlds unf
unfallen.
to
the
hosts
of
to
alien,
heaven,
speaks
to the
and to
the fallen
the value
which God has
has placed
placed upon
fallen world,
value which
and
world, the
upon
men, and of
of His great
love wherewith He has
has loved
us. It
It testifies
loved us.
men,
testifies
great love
to the
wOTld, to
men, the
divine
to
the world,
to angels,
the divine
to men,
the immutability
of the
angels, and to
immutability of
law. The death
death of
only begotten
Son upon
upon the
the cross
cross in
in the
the
law.
God's only
of God's
begotten Son
sinner's behalf
sinner's
behalf is
argument as
as to
is the
the unanswerable
the changeless
unanswerable argument
to the
changeless
character
the law
of the
law of
Jehovah.-The
Herald, May
character of
of Jehovah.
May
23, 1899.
1899.
23,
cross of
The cross
sinner that
not
Christ testifies
the law
law is
is not
to the
the sinner
'that the
of Christ
testifies to
to meet the
sinner in
his sins,
sins, but
but that
that Christ
Christ has
has niade
m'ade
changed to
the sinner
in his
changed
of Himself
an offering
Himself that
transgressors of
the law might
might
that the
the transgressors
of the
offering of
have an opportunity
opportunity to
to repent.
bore the
the sins
sins of
Christ bore
of every
repent. As Christ
every
the sinner
sinner who will
will not
not believe
believe in
in Christ
Christ as
his
transgressor
so the
as his
transgressor so
that comes to
to him,
him, and
personal Saviour,
the light
Saviour, who rejects
personal
rejects the
light that
refuses to
refuses
to respect
respect and obey
the commandments of
bear
will bear
o God,
God, will
obey the
the
133,
1897.
the penalty
penalty of
his transgression.-Manuscript
1897.
133,
of his
transgression.
Manuscript
The death of
was to
be the
convincing, everlasting
everlasting arguarguChrist was
to be
the convincing,
of Christ
ment that
the law
unchangeable as
His throne.
throne. The
that the
law of
is as
as unchangeable
as His
of God is
agonies
of the
the garden
the insult,
insult, the
the mockery,
mockery, the
of Gethsemane,
the
Gethsemane, the
agonies of
garden of
abuse heaped
heaped upon
upon God's
dear Son,
horrors and ignominy
ignominy of
abuse
God's dear
the horrors
of
Son, the
the crucifixion,
demonstration that
that
the
furnish sufficient
sufficient and thrilling
crucifixion, furnish
thrilling demonstration
God's justice,
justice, when it
the work thoroughly.
thoroughly. The
it punishes, does
punishes, does the
fact that
fact
for man,
not spared,
spared, is
that His own Son,
the Surety
is an
man, was not
Son, the
Surety for
before saint
beargument that
that will
will stand
all eternity
eternity before
stand to
to all
saint and sinner,
sinner, beargument
the universe
universe of
testify that
that He will
will not
not excuse
the
fore the
fore
of God,
to testify
excuse the
God, to
His law.-ManusO'ipt
transgressor
law.
1897.
58, 1897.
of His
transgressor of
Manuscript 58,
Satan is
the
earth
that he commenced in
is continuing the
work
on
earth
that
in
continuing
heaven. He leads
to transgress
transgress the
the commandments of
of God.
God.
heaven.
leads men to
The plain
plain "Thus saith
is put
put aside
aside for
for the
the "thus
saith the
the Lord" is
"thus
saith"
of men. The whole world needs to
to be instructed
the
saith" of
instructed in
in the
oracles of
of God,
God, to
object of
the atonement,
atonement, the
oracles
to understand
the object
the
understand the
of the
this atonement
at-one-ment, with
with God. The object
atonement was that
that the
the
at-one-ment,
of this
object of
law and government
government might
is
divine law
divine
be maintained. The sinner
sinner is
might be
pardoned through
through repentance
toward God and faith
in our Lord
faith in
pardoned
repentance toward
and Saviour
forgiveness of
yet
Christ. There is
is forgiveness
of sin,
Saviour Jesus
sin, and yet
Jesus Christ.
is
the
stands immutable,
eternal as
throne. There is
as His throne.
law of
the law
immutable, eternal
of God stands
thing as
or strengthening
the law of
no such
as weakening
of Jehovah.
such thing
no
weakening or
Jehovah.
strengthening the
As it
it has
so it
cannot be
repealed or
or changed
changed in
in
it is.
It cannot
be repealed
As
is. It
has always
been, so
always been,
as God Himself.
Himself.-Manuone principle.
principle. It
Manuimmutable as
It is
is eternal,
one
eternal, immulable
script
1897.
163, 1897.
script 163,
QUESTIONS
676
676
the great
Satan endeavored to
keep hidden from the
the world
world the
great
to keep
sacrifice which reveals
in all
all its
its sacred
sacred dignity,
reveals the
the law
sacrifice
law in
dignity,
force of
binding claims.
and impresses
claims. He
with the
the force
of its
its binding
hearts with
impresses hearts
was warring
warring against
the work
work of
of Christ,
united all
his evil
evil
all his
Christ, and united
against the
instrumentalities
in
opposition
to
that
work.
angels
with
that
to
work.
in
with
human
instrumentalities
angels
opposition
while he was
was carrying
this work,
heavenly intelligences
intelligences
But while
work, heavenly
carrying on this
in
the
human
instrumentalities
in
the
were combining
with
were
work of
of
instrumentalities
with
combining
restoration.
as the
great center
center of
of the
world, bearbearthe world,
the great
cross stands
stands as
restoration. The cross
the condemwill be
be the
ing aa certain
the cross
Christ will
cross of
certain testimony
that the
of Christ
ing
testimony that
are the
of every
of the
of God. Here are
the two
nation
the law
law of
nation of
every transgressor
transgressor of
and
the
workof
truth
and
righteousness
the
workgreat
powers,
the
power
truth
the
of
righteousness
great powers,
power
God. Manuscript
to make of
effect the
of God.-Manuscript
ing of
the law of
of Satan
Satan to
of none effect
ing
61, 1899.
1899.
61,
The death
death of
argument that
Satan could
could
that Satan
Christ removes every
of Christ
every argument
Jehovah. Satan has
has declared
declared that
that
bring
against the
precepts of
the precepts
of Jehovah.
bring against
could not
the kingdom
of heaven unless
unless the
the law
law was
was
men could
enter the
not enter
kingdom of
abolished, and aa way
way devised
by which transgressors
transgressors could be
devised by
abolished,
reinstated into
the favor
God, and made heirs
heirs of
of heaven.
heaven. He
of God,
reinstated
into the
favor of
made the
the claim
claim that
be changed,
that the
the reins
reins of
that the
the law
law must be
of
changed, that
government must be
be slackened
in heaven,
heaven, that
that sin
slackened in
sin must be tolertolergovernment
ated, and
and sinners
sinners pitied
pitied and saved
in their
their sins.
But every
such
sins. But
saved in
ated,
every such
substitute for
for the
sinner.
plea was cast
the sinner.
Christ died
died as
as a
a substitute
cast aside
aside when Christ
plea
-The Signs
Signs of
May 21,
21, 1912.
1912.
the Times,
Times, May
of the
XIV. Atonement
A.tonement Result
Result of
Divine Love
Love
XIV.
of Divine
The atonement
in
atonement of
Christ
was
not
in
order
to induce
induce
Christ
was
not
made
order to
of
God to
love those
those whom He otherwise
hated; and it
it was not
to love
otherwise hated;
not
to produce
produce aa love
was
made to
in existence;
love that
it was
that was not
not in
existence; but it
the love
as aa manifestation
of the
that was already
made as
love that
in God's
God's
manifestation of
already in
exponent of
divine favor
favor in
the sight
sight of
heavenly
heart, an exponent
in the
of the
the divine
of heavenly
heart)
intelligences, in
worlds unfallen,
in the
the sight
of aa
the sight
in the
of worlds
unfallen, and in
sight of
intelligences,
sight of
fallen
race .... We are
to entertain
the idea
that God loves
loves us
us
fallen race.
are not
entertain the
idea that
not to
but that
that He so
so loved
loved us
because Christ
Christ has
has died
because
died for
for us,
us that
that He
us, but
gave His only-begotten
to die
us.-The
Signs of
of the
die for
for us.
The Signs
the
gave
only-begotten Son to
May 30,
30, 1893.
Times,
1893.
Times, May
As the
Saviour is
is lifted
lifted up
the Saviour
up before
before the
the people,
people, they
they will
will see
see His
humiliation, His self-denial,
His self-sacrifice,
His goodness,
goodness, His
His
humiliation,
self-denial, His
self-sacrifice, His
tender
tender compassion,
His sufferings
fallen man,
man, and will
will realrealto save
save fallen
compassion, His
sufferings to
ize that
that the
the atonement of
was not
ize
Christ was
not the
the cause
cause of
God's love,
love,
of Christ
of God's
the result
but the
that love.
but
result of
because God loved
the world.
world.
love. Jesus
died because
loved the
of that
Jesus died
-The Review and Herald,
Herald, Sept.
1890.
2, 1890.
Sept. 2,
The Father
Father loves
not because
because of
of the
propitiation, but
but
loves us,
the great
us, not
great propitiation,
atoning
atoning
THE ATONEMENT
677
He provided
provided the
propitiation because
because He loves
loves us.
Christ was the
the propitiation
the
us. Christ
medium through
which He could
pour out
out His
His infinite
infinite love
could pour
love upon
through which
upon
a
a fallen
fallen world.
world. "God was in
Christ, reconciling
reconciling the
the world
unto
In Christ,
world unto
himself."
himself." God suffered
the agony
of Gethsemane,
Gethsemane,
suffered with
with His
His Son,
in the
Son, in
agony of
the
heart of
of Infinite
Love paid
paid the
the price
of
the death
death of
the heart
of Calvary;
Infinite Love
Calvary; the
price of
our redemption.
redemption.-The
The
Missionary, April,
April, 1893.
Home Missionary,
1893.
Atoning Provision
Provision Greater
Man's Need
Need
XV. Atoning
Greater Than Man's
Justice demanded the
sufferings of
a man. Christ,
with
the sufferings
Justice
Christ, equal
of a
equal with
needed no atonement.
His
God,
gave the
the sufferings
a God.
God. He needed
atonement. His
God, gave
of a
sufferings of
suffering
was not
not for
committed; it
it was
was for
for any
for man
sin He had committed;
suffering was
any sin
all for
-all
for man;
man; and His
His free
pardon is
is accessible
accessible to
to all.
sufferfree pardon
all. The sufferChrist was
in correspondence
of Christ
was in
with His
His spotless
spotless purity;
purity; His
ing
ing of
correspondence with
of agony,
depth
agony, proportionate
to the
the dignity
of
depth of
proportionate to
dignity and grandeur
grandeur of
the intense
of
His character.
character. Never can
can we comprehend
intense anguish
anguish of
comprehend the
the
realize how deep
is the
the pit
pit
the spotless
of God,
until we realize
God, until
spotless Lamb of
deep is
from which we have
have been rescued,
grievous is
is the
of
the sin
sin of
rescued, how grievous
the full
which mankind is
is guilty, and by faith
full and entire
entire
guilty,
by faith grasp
grasp the
pardon.-The
Herald, Sept.
Sept. 21,
1886.
21, 1886.
pardon.
The divine
divine Son of
was the
the only
sacrifice of
of sufficient
of God was
sufficient
only sacrifice
to fully
of God's
perfect law.
law. The angels
value to
fully satisfy
satisfy the
claims of
the claims
God's perfect
angels
were sinless,
value than
than the
the law
were
but of
of less
less value
were
law of
God. They
of God.
sinless, but
They were
amenable to
to law.
to do the
the will
will of
Christ,
law. They
of Christ,
They were messengers
messengers to
and before
before Him to
bow. They
beings, and probato bow.
created beings,
They were created
probationers.
Upon Christ
Christ no requirements
requirements were
were laid.
tioners. Upon
laid. He had power
power
to lay
take it
again. No obligation
was laid
laid
to
to take
it again.
life, and to
lay down His life,
obligation was
volupon Him to
It was aa vol
the work of
of atonement.
to undertake the
atonement. It
upon
that He made. His
His life
life was
was of
sufficient value
value to
to
untary
sacrifice that
of sufficient
untary sacrifice
rescue
from his
his fallen
fallen condition.
condition.-The
Herald,
rescue man from
Dec. 17,
Dec.
1872.
17, 1872.
created
The work of
of God's dear Son in
in undertaking
undertaking to
to link
link the
the created
with
with the
the Uncreated,
Uncreated, the
the finite
with the
the Infinite,
His own divine
divine
in His
finite with
Infinite, in
is aa subject
that may
may well
well employ
employ our
our thoughts
thoughts for
a lifelifeperson, is
for a
person,
subject that
the beings
was to
confirm the
beings of
of other
time.
time. This work of
Christ was
to confirm
of Christ
well as
as to
save the
lost
worlds
their innocency
loyalty, as
in their
the lost
worlds in
as well
to save
innocency and loyalty,
perishing of
world. He opened
opened aa way
way for
for the
the disobediand perishing
disobedithis world.
of this
act He
ent to
to return
return to
their allegiance
God, while
while by
by the
the same act
ent
to their
to God,
allegiance to
placed aa safeguard
those who were
were already
already pure,
pure, that
that they
they
safeguard around those
placed
not become pollute
d.-The
Herald, Jan.
Jan. 11,
might not
11,
might
polluted.
1881.
1881.
678
678
QUESTIONS
Sacrifices Prefigure
Prefigure Lamb of
XVI. Typical
of God
Typical Sacrifices
the Jewish
The sacrificial
sacrificial offerings,
and
the
priesthood
of the
Jewish
the
priesthood of
offerings,
mediatorial
system, were
were instituted
represent the
the death
death and mediatorial
instituted to
to represent
system,
of Christ.
All those
ceremonies had no meaning,
meaning, and no
work of
Christ. All
those ceremonies
founrelated to
Himself the
the founvirtue, only
to Christ,
as they
Christ,, who was Himself
virtue,
only as
they related
entire
dation of,
and who brought
into
existence,
the
entire
system.
the
dation
into
existence,
of, and
system.
brought
Abel, Seth,
Enoch, Noah,
Noah,
The Lord had made known to
to Adam,
Seth, Enoch,
Adam, Abel,
the cerecerethe ancient
worthies, especially
Moses, that
that the
Abraham, and the
ancient worthies,
Abraham,
especially Moses,
monial system
priesthood, of
themselves, were
of themselves,
monial
sacrifices and the
the priesthood,
of sacrifices
system of
soul.
not sufficient
sufficient to
the salvation
not
salvation of
of one soul.
to secure
secure the
The system
system of
offerings pointed
pointed to
to Christ.
Christ. Through
Through
of sacrificial
in Him.
saw Christ,
Christ, and believed
believed in
Him.these,
the ancient
worthies saw
ancient worthies
these, the
Herald, Dec.
Dec. 17,
1872.
17, 1872.
Christ,
in counsel
His Father,
the system
of
instituted the
counsel with
with His
Father, instituted
Christ, in
system of
sacrificial
offerings; that
that death,
death, instead
instead of
sacrificial offerings;
of being
immediately
being immediately
should be
a victim
victim
visited upon
be transferred
to a
the transgressor,
visited
transferred to
transgressor, should
upon the
the Son
which should
should prefigure
prefigure the
great and perfect
perfect offering
which
the great
of the
offering of
of God.
of
The sins
sins of
people were
were transferred
figure to
offito the
the offiin figure
the people
transferred in
of the
mediator for
the people.
people. The priest
priest
ciating
priest, who was aa mediator
for the
ciating priest,
could not
not himself
himself become
become an
an offering
offering for
atonecould
for sin,
sin, and make an atonement with
with his
his life,
he was also
a sinner.
Therefore, instead
instead of
for he
sinner. Therefore,
also a
life, for
of
suffering death
himself, he killed
killed aa lamb
lamb without
without blemish;
blemish; the
the
death himself,
suffering
of sin
sin was
was transferred
to the
beast, which
which thus
penalty of
the innocent beast,
thus
transferred to
penalty
the perfect
perfect offerofferbecame his
his immediate substitute,
substitute, and typified
typified the
of Jesus
Jesus Christ.
the blood
blood of
of this
this victim,
victim, man looked
looked
ing
Christ. Through
ing of
Through the
of Christ
Christ which would atone
forward by
by faith
to the
faith to
the blood of
atone for
for
the sins
sins of
the world.
world.-The
Signs of
of the
the
the Times,
of the
The Signs
1878.
14, 1878.
Times, March 14,
The great
be kept
before men,
men, and imtruth that
that was to
to be
imgreat truth
kept before
printed upon
upon mind and heart,
heart, was
was this,
"Without shedding
shedding of
of
this, "Without
printed
blood is
is no remission."
In every
bleeding sacrifice
sacrifice was
was typified
blood
remission." In
every bleeding
typified
taketh away
"the Lamb of
the sin
sin of
of the
world."
the world"
God, which taketh
of God,
away the
Christ
the originator
Christ Himself was the
of the
Jewish system
system of
worship,
the Jewish
of worship,
originator of
in which,
in
by types
types and symbols,
shadowed forth
forth spiritual
which, by
symbols, were shadowed
spiritual and
heavenly
things. Many
Many forgot
the true
true significance
of these
offerthese offerheavenly things.
forgot the
significance of
ings;
the great
truth that
that through
alone there
forChrist alone
there is
is forings; and the
great truth
through Christ
of sin
sin, was lost
multiplying of
giveness of
to them.
them. The multiplying
lost to
of sacrificial
sacrificial
giveness
offerings,
the blood of
bulls and goats,
not take
take away
of bulls
could not
sin.
offerings, the
goats, could
away sin.the Times,
The Signs
Signs of
2, 1893.
1893.
Times, Jan.
of the
Jan. 2,
lesson embodied in
The great
great lesson
sacrifice of
of every
every bleeding
in the
the sacrifice
bleeding
in every
by God Himself
Himself
victim, impressed
inculcated by
victim,
impressed in
ceremony, inculcated
every ceremony,
f
THE ATONEMENT
679
679
was that
that through
of Christ
forgiveness of
sins;
the blood
blood of
Christ alone
alone is
is forgiveness
of sins;
through the
how many
many carry
yoke and how few feel
the force
force of
the galling
feel the
carry the
galling yoke
yet
yet
this truth
derive the
the blessings
this
truth and act
act upon
it, personally,
blessings
personally, and derive
upon it,
they
might through
through aa perfect
the blood
blood of
the Lamb of
of
faith in
in the
of the
they might
perfect faith
God,
realizing that
through Him only
only is
is forgiveness
of
sins,
bebethat through
of
God, realizing
sins,
forgiveness
that when repented
of He forgives
forgives them,
them, whether
whether great
or
lieving that
lieving
great or
repented of
a blessed
small.
1892_
small. O! What a
blessed Saviour!-Letter
Saviour!
Letter 12,
12, 1892.
faith Abel offered
By faith
a more excellent
than
offered unto God a
sacrifice than
excellent sacrifice
By
Cain. . . . Through
shed blood
he looked
forward to
the
Cain.
to the
the shed
blood he
looked forward
Through the
future
the cross
cross of
future sacrifice,
Christ dying
sacrifice, Christ
of Calvary;
trusting
dying on the
Calvary; and trusting
in
in the
was there
to be
he had witness
witness that
that
the atonement that
that was
there to
be made,
made, he
he was righteous,
righteous, and his
offering accepted.-Patriarchs
he
his offering
accepted. Patriarchs and
Prophets, p.
p. 72.
72.
Prophets,
.
Death Stroke
Stroke to
to Satan
Satan
XVII. The Cross
Cross Gave Death
He [Christ]
[Christ] died
died on the
to give
give the
the death-stroke
death-stroke to
the cross
to
cross to
Satan,
to take
the sin
of every
every believing
believing soul.
soul.-Manutake away
Manusin of
Satan, and to
away the
script
61, 1903.
1903.
script 61,
What right
right had Christ
Christ to
to take
the captives
captives out
out of
of the
the enemy's
take the
enemy's
hands?
right of
that satisfies
the
hands? The right
of having
a sacrifice
sacrifice that
satisfies the
having made a
principles of
of justice
justice by
kingdom of
of heaven is
is governed.
governed.
the kingdom
by which the
principles
He came to
to this
this earth
of the
the lost
race, to
to conearth as
as the
the Redeemer of
conlost race,
quer
the
wily
foe,
and,
by
His
steadfast
allegiance
to
right,
to
save
the
to
His
save
steadfast
to
foe,
and,
wily
by
right,
allegiance
quer
cross of
all who accept
as their
the cross
all
their Saviour.
Saviour. On the
of Calvary
Calvary He
accept Him as
the
paid the
the redemption
price of
race. And thus
thus He gained
gained the
the race.
of the
paid
redemption price
right to
to take
take the
from the
the grasp
grasp of
of the
the great
great deceiver,
the captives
deceiver,
captives from
right
who,
by aa lie,
lie, framed against
against the
the government
government of
of God,
God, caused
the
caused the
who, by
subfall
of man,
man, and thus
thus forfeited
to be
be called
called aa loyal
loyal subfall of
forfeited all
all claim
claim to
the
ject of
kingdom.-The
Signs of
of the
The Signs
of God's glorious
glorious everlasting
ject
Times,
1903.
SO, 1903.
Times, Sept.
Sept. 30,
Christ
on the
not only
to repentance
repentance toward
toward
the cross
Christ on
cross not
draws men to
only draws
God for
the transgression
transgression of
His law
law-for
for whom God pardons
for the
of His
pardons
He first
first makes penitent
penitent-but
has satisfied
satisfied Justice;
Justice; He
but Christ
Christ has
has
proffered Himself
Himself as
blood, His
has proffered
as an atonement. His gushing
gushing blood,
thus
and
broken body
body satisfy
the
claims
of
the
law,
thus He
the
broken
the
claims
broken
of
law,
satisfy
flesh that
bridges the
the gulf
in the
the flesh
that
has made. He suffered
suffered in
sin has
bridges
gulf which sin
defenseless
with His
bruised and broken body
cover the
the defenseless
with
His bruised
might cover
body He might
gained at
at His death on Calvary
broke forever
forever
sinner.
sinner. The victory
Calvary broke
victory gained
his
silenced his
the
accusing power
power of
Satan over
over the
the universe
universe and silenced
the accusing
of Satan
that self-denial
impossible with God and therefore
therefore
charges
self-denial was impossible
charges that
not
essential in
50, 1900.
1900.
in the
the human family.-Manuscript
not essential
family.
Manuscript 50,
planted His cross
cross midway
midway between heaven and
He [Christ]
[Christ] planted
QUESTIONS
680
earth,
that He might
wrestle with
with and overcome the
the powers
of
earth, that
powers of
might wrestle
the
gave His
His life
the life
sinners, and Satan,
Satan, the
of sinners,
He gave
for the
life of
life for
1901.
of the
the world,
world, was
was cast
cast out.-Manuscript
44, 1901.
prince of
out.
Manuscript 44,
prince
all the
Soon was
was to
to be
be offered
the great
to which all
the JewSacrifice to
offered the
Jewgreat Sacrifice
the SavWhen
with
the
cross
before
Him,
the
Savish
pointed.
cross
ish offerings
with
the
Him,
before
offerings pointed.
this
the prince
iour uttered
uttered the
sublime prediction,
prediction, "Now shall
shall the
prince of
of this
iour
the sublime
all men
cast out.
I, if
I be
be lifted
lifted up,
up, shall
world be
shall draw all
if I
world
be cast
out. And I,
unto me,"
that the
the great
unto
saw that
me/* He saw
expelled
apostate, who had been expelled
great apostate,
Sapower in
the earth.
Looking tor
from heaven,
heaven, was
earth. Looking
in the
from
was the
central power
the central
for Satan's
throne, He found
found it
set up
should have been.
been.
God's should
tan's throne,
it set
up where God's
worshiping the
the apostate,
saw all men worshiping
He sawall
inspired them with
apostate, who inspired
themselves
world had prostrated
prostrated themselves
rebellion.
this world
of this
rebellion. The inhabitants
inhabitants of
at Satan's
stands Satan's
Satan's throne,
at
Christ declared,
Satan's feet.
feet. Christ
throne,
declared, Where stands
cross, the
the instrument
instrument of
of humiliation
humiliation and
there
shall stand
stand My
My cross,
there shall
suffering.-Manuscript
1899.
165, 1899.
suffering.
Manuscript 165,
Christ
was crucified,
crucified, but
but in
in wondrous
wondrous power
power and glory
Christ was
glory He
rose
from the
the tomb.
in His
His grasp
grasp the
the world
world over
over which
took in
rose from
tomb. He took
race to
favor
Satan claimed
preside, and restored
restored the
the human race
to favor
Satan
to preside,
claimed to
glorious completion
work, songs
songs of
of
with God. And at
at this
this glorious
with
of His work,
completion of
triumph echoed
echoed and re-echoed
unfallen worlds.
re-echoed through
worlds.
the unfallen
through the
triumph
Angel
and archangel,
joined in
the
in the
cherubim and seraphim,
archangel, cherubim
Angel and
seraphim, joined
Instructor, April
April 16,
chorus
1903.
The Youth's
Youth's Instructor,
chorus of
of victory.-The
16, 1903.
victory.
darkness.
darkness.
XVIII. Atonement
Atonement Never
Never to
to Be Repeated
Repeated
XVIII.
of Christ
the
cross
sure
the destruction
The death of
the
Christ upon
cross
made
sure the
destruction
upon
of
was the
the originator
of him who has
has the
the power
of death,
of
death, who was
power of
originator of
sin. When Satan is
is destroyed,
sin.
there will
will be
be none
none to
to tempt
tempt to
to
destroyed, there
evil;
the atonement will
to be
be repeated;
will
will never need
need to
there will
evil; the
repeated; and there
be no danger
be
danger of
rebellion in
in the
of God.
another rebellion
the universe
universe of
God. That
of another
which alone
alone can effectually
sin In
in this
this world
world of
of darkdarkwhich
restrain from sin
effectually restrain
heaven. The significance
of the
the death
of
ness,
will prevent
prevent sin
sin in
in heaven.
ness, will
death of
significance of
Christ will
will be seen
Fallen men could
could not
seen by
saints and angels.
not
by saints
angels. Fallen
have
in the
have aa home in
paradise of
of God without
without the
from
the paradise
the Lamb slain
slain from
the foundation
the world.
not then
exalt the
of
the
foundation of
world. Shall
Shall we not
then exalt
the cross
cross of
of the
Christ?
The Signs
Christ?-The
Signs of
Dec. 30,
the Times,
1889.
30, 1889.
Times, Dec.
of the
PART II-HIGH-PRIESTLY
II
HIGH-PRIESTLY APPLICATION
ApPLICATION OF ATONING
SACRIFICE
I. Ministers
Ministers the Benefits
Benefits
I.
()j'
Atoning Sacrifice
Sacrifice
of Complete
Complete Atoning
These are
are our themes-Christ
crucified for
for our
our sins,
sins, Christ
themes Christ crucified
Christ
risen from
risen
from the
the dead,
our intercessor
Christ our
intercessor before
and closely
dead, Christ
God; and
before God;
closely
THE ATONEMENT
681
681
connected with
with these
of the
the Holy
Holy Spirit.these is
is the
the office
office work of
Spirit.
Evangelism, p.
p. 187.
187.
Evangelism,
The great
great Sacrifice
Sacrifice had been
been offered
offered and
and had
had been
been accepted,
accepted,
and the
the Holy
Holy Spirit
descended on the
the day
of Pentecost
Pentecost carcarSpirit which descended
day of
ried
ried the
the minds of
the disciples
from
the
earthly
sanctuary
to
the
of the
the
the
from
to
earthly sanctuary
disciples
heavenly,
Jesus had entered
entered by
blood, to
shed
to shed
heavenly, where Jesus
by His own blood,
upon His disciples
disciples the
of His
His atonement.-Early
the benefits
Writatonement. Early Writbenefits of
upon
p. 260.
ings, p.
260.
ings,
is in
Our Saviour
Saviour is
pleading in
behalf. He is
is
in the
the sanctuary
in our
our behalf.
sanctuary pleading
OUT interceding
High Priest,
Priest, making
making an atoning
us,
our
sacrifice for
for us,
interceding High
atoning sacrifice
in our behalf
pleading in
efficacy of
His blood.-Fundamentals
the efficacy
blood. Fundamentals
behalf the
pleading
of His
Christian Education,
of Christian
Education, p.
p. 370.
370.
of
Every one who will
will break
break from the
the slavery
of
service of
Every
slavery and service
Satan,
will stand under the
blood-stained banner
of Prince
Prince
the blood-stained
banner of
Satan, and will
.kept by
intercessions. Christ,
Christ, as
Immanuel, will
will be Jkept
Christ's intercessions.
as our
Immanuel,
by Christ's
at the
the right
Mediator,
right hand of
of the
the Father,
Father, ever
ever keeps
keeps us
us in
in view,
view,
Mediator, at
is as
for
as necessary
necessary that
should keep
keep us
us by
His intercessions
intercessions
it is
for it
that He should
by His
as that
that He should
should redeem us
His blood.
go His
His
as
us with
with His
lets go
If He lets
blood. If
hold of
ready to
to destroy.
of us
us for
for one moment,
Satan stands
stands ready
moment, Satan
destroy. Those
by His blood,
intercession.purchased by
blood, He now keeps
purchased
keeps by
by His intercession.
Manuscript 73,
73, 1893.
1893.
Manuscript
Thank God that
that He who spilled
spilled His
His blood
blood for
for us,
us, lives
to
lives to
plead it,
lives to
for every
every soul
soul who receives
receives
intercession for
it, lives
plead
Him . . . . We need to
the efficacy
of the
Him.
ever before
us the
the
to keep
before us
efficacy of
keep ever
of Jesus.
Jesus. That life-cleansing,
life-cleansing, life-sustaining
life-sustaining blood,
apblood
blood of
blood, appropriated by
by living
need to
to grow
grow in
in
is our hope. We need
faith, is
living faith,
propriated
hope.
appreciation
of
its
inestimable
value,
for
it
for
us
only
as
as
inestimable
for
us
of
its
for
it speaks
value,
only
speaks
appreciation
we by
by faith
its virtue,
virtue, keeping
the conscience
conscience clean
at
faith claim
clean and at
claim its
keeping the
peace
with
God.
with
God.
peace
This
is represented
represented as
as the
pardoning blood,
blood, inseparably
inseparably conconthe pardoning
This is
of our Redeemer,
Redeemer, illusillusnected with
with the
the resurrection
nected
resurrection and life
life of
trated by
by the
the ever-flowing
that proceeds
proceeds from the
the throne of
of
stream that
trated
ever-flowing stream
Letter 87,
1894.
water of
river of
of life.
life.-Letter
God, the
the water
of the
the river
87, 1894.
God,
sins. At the
Christ
died to
atoning sacrifice
sacrifice for
for our sins.
to make an atoning
Christ died
Father's right
right hand He is
for us
us as
as our High
High Priest.
Priest.
is interceding
Father's
interceding for
us. His
purchased redemption
for us.
By the
the sacrifice
sacrifice of
of His life
life He purchased
redemption for
By
atonement
is effectual
will humble himself,
himself,
effectual for
atonement is
for every
every one who will
and receive
receive Christ
Christ as
his example
things. If
the Saviour
Saviour had
If the
in all
all things.
as his
and
example in
not given
given His life
for our sins,
the whole huas a
a propitiation
life as
not
sins, the
propitiation for
family would have perished.
perished. They
right
man family
They would have had no right
to heaven.
heaven. It
It is
His intercession
intercession that
that we,
we, through
through faith,
is through
to
faith,
through His
.
682
682
QUESTIONS
repentance,
to become partakers
partakers of
of
are enabled
enabled to
conversion, are
repentance, and conversion,
nature, and thus
escape the
the corruption
corruption that
that is
is in
in the
the divine
divine nature,
the
thus escape
1906.
world through
through lust.-Manuscript
29, 1906.
lust.
Manuscript 29,
the intercesintercesThis
prayer [of
John
17]
is
lesson
regarding
is a
lesson
This prayer
a
regarding the
[of John 17]
sion that
that the
Saviour would carry
within the
the veil,
sion
the Saviour
veil, when His
carry on within
behalf of
men, the
Himself, should
should
great sacrifice
sacrifice in
of Himself,
the offering
in behalf
of men,
offering of
great
illusMediator gave
gave His disciples
this illushave
been completed.
completed. Our Mediator
have been
disciples this
in behalf
tration of
of His
His ministration
sanctuary in
behalf of
of
in the
the heavenly
ministration in
tration
heavenly sanctuary
all who will
will come to
in meekness and humility,
humility, emptied
of
all
to Him in
emptied of
save.
believing in
in His
His power
power to
to save.-Manuscript
all
all selfishness,
selfishness, and believing
Manuscript
29,
Bible Commentary,
5, p.
p. 1145).
vol. 5,
19.06 (SDA
29, ]9.06
1145).
Commentary, vol.
(SDA Bible
II.
Ministry Applies
Applies and Completes
of Cross
Cross
Transaction of
II. Ministry
Completes Transaction
in the
the sanctuary
The intercession
intercession of
Christ in
in man's behalf
behalf in
of Christ
sanctuary
is
as essential
plan of
salvation as
was His death
to the
as was
the plan
is as
essential to
of salvation
upon
cross. By
By His
His death
death He began
that work which
which after
after His
His
the cross.
began that
upon the
in heaven.
heaven. We must by
by
resurrection He ascended
ascended to
to complete
resurrection
complete in
enter within
the forerunner
is for
us
faith enter
for us
faith
"whither the
within the
the veil,
forerunner is
veil, "whither
the light
light from
from the
the cross
cross of
entered." Hebrews
Hebrews 6:20.
entered."
of Calvary
6:20. There the
Calvary
is reflected.
is
a clearer
clearer insight
into the
the mysteries
reflected. There we may
may gain
gain a
insight into
mysteries
of
p. 489.
489.
of redemption.-The
Controversy, p.
redemption. The Great Controversy,
Christ's words
words on the
were the
the announcement
Christ's
the mountainside
mountainside were
that His
His sacrifice
sacrifice in
behalf of
of man was full
full and complete.
that
in behalf
complete. The
conditions of
of the
atonement had been
been fulfilled;
fulfilled; the
the work for
for
conditions
the atonement
world had been
been accomplished.
which He came to
this world
to this
accomplished. He had
won the
the kingdom.
kingdom. He had wrested
wrested it
it from
from Satan,
Satan, and had become
heir of
all things.
things. He was on His way
way to
to the
the throne
throne of
to be
heir
of all
of God,
God, to
honored by
by angels,
principalities, and powers.
powers. He had entered
entered
honored
angels, principalities,
upon
with boundless
authority,
mediatorial work.
work. Clothed
Clothed with
boundless authority,
upon His mediatorial
He gave
to the
the disciples,
gave His commission to
ye therefore
therefore and
disciples, "Go ye
teach all
nations, baptizing
baptizing them in
in the
of the
the Father,
Father, and of
teach
all nations,
the name of
of
the
the Son,
Holy Ghost:
to observe
the Holy
Ghost: teaching
of the
observe all
all
Son, and of
teaching them to
I am with
things
whatsoever II have commanded you:
you: and,
with
lo, I
and, 10,
things whatsoever
you alway,
alway, even unto
unto the
the end of
of the
world."-Manuscript
the world/'
13,
you
Manuscript 13~,
above
above
1897.
1897.
Thank God that

that He who spilled
spilled His blood
for us,
us, lives
to
blood for
lives to
lives to
it, lives
for every
soul
receives
intercession for
who
soul
receives
it,
every
Him. "If
"If we confess
he is
is faithful
faithful and just
just to
to forgive
us
confess our sins,
sins, he
forgive us
our
cleanse us
our sins,
to cleanse
all unrighteousness."
unrighteousness." The blood
us from all
blood
sins, and to
of
Christ cleanses
cleanses us
of Jesus
Jesus Christ
us from all
sin. It
better things
all sin.
It speaketh
speaketh better
things
plead
plead
THE ATONEMENT
683
683
of Abel,
for Christ
than the blood of
ever liveth
intercession
Christ ever
liveth to
Abel, for
us. We need to
to keep
the blood
for us.
ever before
us the
the efficacy
blood of
before us
of the
of
keep ever
efficacy of
Letter 87,1894.
Jesus.-Letter
Jesus.
87, 1894.
stands before
Jesus
the Father,
a sacrifice
Jesus stands
Father, continually
before the
sacrifice
continually offering
offering a
sins of
the world.
for the sins
world. He is
is the
the minister
true tabernacle,
minister of
the true
for
tabernacle,
of the
of the
which the Lord pitched,
not man. The typical
of
pitched, and not
offerings of
typical offerings
the Jewish
tabernacle no longer
A daily
virtue. A
Jewish tabernacle
longer possess
daily and
any virtue.
possess any
yearly
is no longer
conof the
the con
because of
yearly atonement is
longer necessary.
necessary. But because
of sin,
tinual commission of
the atoning
a heavenly
sacrifice of
of a
sin, the
heavenly
atoning sacrifice
is essential.
Mediator is
priest, officiates
for us
essential. Jesus,
our great
us
Jesus, our
officiates for
high priest,
great high
in the presence
presence of
in our behalf
shed blood.blood.
God, offering
of God,
behalf His shed
offering in
The Youth's Instructor,
1903.
16, 1903.
Instructor, April
April 16,
By
cross of
of
death on the
the cross
His death
life, His obedience,
obedience, His
By His spotless
spotless life,
Christ interceded
interceded for
now, not
Calvary,
lost race.
race. And now,
for the
the lost
not as
a
as a
Calvary, Christ
mere petitioner
petitioner does
does the
salvation intercede
for
the Captain
our salvation
intercede for
Captain of
of our
as a conqueror
His offering
us,
is com
His victory.
comus, but as
conqueror claiming
claiming His
victory. His
offering is
as our intercessor
His self-appointed
self-appointed work,
plete, and as
intercessor He executes
executes His
work,
plete,
spotless merits
holding
the censer
censer containing
merits
before God the
holding before
containing His own spotless
His people.
people.
and the prayers,
prayers, confessions,
confessions, and thanksgiving
of His
thanksgiving of
the fragrance
Perfumed with
with the
of His
these ascend
His righteousness,
ascend
fragrance of
righteousness, these
to
as a
a sweet
sweet savor.
savor. The offering
to God as
offering is
is wholly acceptable, and
wholly acceptable,
covers all
pardon covers
the true
true believer
believer Christ
all transgression.
is
Christ is
pardon
transgression. To the
indeed the minister
minister of
sanctuary, officiating
for him in
the sanctuary,
in the
the
of the
officiating for
appointed agencies.
agencies.-The
sanctuary, and speaking
speaking through
The
sanctuary,
through God's appointed
the Times,
Signs
of the
Feb. 14,
1900.
Times, Feb.
14, 1900.
Signs of
In the
the courts
courts above,
above, Christ
Christ is
is pleading
pleading for
for His
His church
church-plead
pleading for
for those
those for
for whom He has
has paid
paid the
the redemption
redemption price
price of
of His
His
ing
blood.
blood. Centuries,
ages, can
can never
never lessen
lessen the
the efficacy
efficacy of
of His
His atonatonCenturies, ages,
ing sacrifice.
sacrifice. Neither
Neither life
life nor
nor death,
death, height
height nor
nor depth,
depth, can
can separate
separate
ing
us
is in
in Christ
Christ Jesus;
Jesus; not
not because
because we
us from the
the love
love of
of God which is
hold
so firmly,
firmly, but
but because
because He holds
holds us
us so
so fast.
fast.-The
Acts
hold Him so
The Acts
of the
the Apostles,
Apostles, pp.
pp. 552,
552,553.
553.
of
Jesus is
is our
our great
great High
High Priest
Priest in
in heaven.
heaven. And what is
is He
Jesus
He is
doing?-He
is making
making intercession
intercession and atonement
atonement for
for His
His
doing?
Testimonies to
people who believe
believe in
in Him.
Him.-Testimonies
to Ministers,
Ministers> p.
p. 37.
37.
people
God is
is approached
approached through
through Jesus
Jesus Christ,
Christ, the
the Mediator,
Mediator, the
the
only way
way through
through which He forgives
forgives sins.
sins. God cannot
cannot forgive
forgive sins
sins
only
at
at the
the expense
expense of
of His
His justice,
justice, His
His holiness,
holiness, and His
His truth.
truth. But He
does
does forgive
forgive sins
sins and that
that fully.
fully. There are
are no sins
sins He will
will not
not
forgive in
in and through
through the
the Lord Jesus
Jesus Christ.
Christ. This
This is
is the
the sinner's
sinner's
forgive
if he
he rests
rests here
here in
in sincere
sincere faith,
faith, he is
is sure
sure of
of parpar
only hope,
hope, and if
only
684
QUESTIONS
that is
don and that
is
channel and that
that full
full and free.
free. There
There is
is only
only one channel
a rich
accessible
rich and abundant
accessible to
to all,
channel a
that channel
all, and through
through that
darkest sins
sins
iorgiveness
the penitent,
soul and the darkest
awaits the
contrite soul
forgiveness awaits
penitent, contrite
are forgiven.
are
forgiven.
of God thouThese lessons
the chosen
chosen people
lessons were taught
to the
taught to
people of
the
in
various
symbols
and
figures
that
sands
of years
that the
sands of
in
various
years ago;
figures
ago; repeated
repeated
symbols
work of
the
that without the
of truth
in every
truth might
be riveted
riveted in
heart, that
every heart,
might be
Letter 12,
shedding
of sins.-Letter
sins.
1892.
there is
is no remission
remission of
blood there
of blood
12, 1892.
shedding of
enare enChrist
for us)
perfection, we are
Christ died
us? and receiving
died for
receiving His perfection,
titled to
to
titled
in Him,
to heaven.
all who believe
believe in
heaven. To all
Him, He gives
gives power
power to
also. He
shall live
live also.
the sons
become the
sons of
of God. Because He lives,
lives, we shall
is our Advocate
is
Advocate in
in the
the courts
courts above.
is our
our only
above. This is
only hope.hope.
Manuscript
1906.
29, 1906.
Manuscript 29,
By
pledging His own life,
Himself responChrist has
has made Himself
life, Christ
By pledging
responsible for
stands in
sible
for every
the earth.
in the
the
earth. He stands
every man and woman on the
take upon
the guilt
Myself the
guilt of
presence of
I take
God, saying,
Father, I
of
of God,
presence
saying. Father,
upon Myself
that soul.
It means death to
to him if
to bear
bear it.
that
soul. It
if he is
is left
If he
left to
it. If
repents,
from all
shall be forgiven.
blood shall
cleanse him from
all
he shall
shall cleanse
repents, he
forgiven. My
My blood
sin.
the sins
sin. I1 gave
for the
sins of
life for
of the
world.
the world.
gave My
My life
If the
If
the transgressor
transgressor of
law will
will see
see in
in Christ
Christ his
his atoning
atoning
of God's
God's law
in Him who can
sacrifice,
if he will
will believe
believe in
can cleanse
all ununcleanse from all
sacrifice, if
for him in
in vain.-The
righteousness,
Christ will
will not
not have died
died for
vain.
The
righteousness, Christ
Review and Herald,
Herald, Feb.
Feb. 27,
27, 1900.
1900.
"In all
all things
things it
behoved him to
to be
be made like
like unto
unto his
his brethbrethit behoved
merciful and faithful
faithful high
high priest
priest in
in things
things
ren, that
that he
he might
might be aa merciful
ren,
pertaining to
to God [mark
the words],
words], to
to make reconciliation
reconciliation for
for
pertaining
[mark the
the
the sins
sins of
of the
the people,"
people," through
through the
the atonement.
atonement. The repenting
repenting
sinner
in Christ
is to
to believe
believe in
Christ as
as his
his personal
personal Saviour,
Saviour. This
This is
his
sinner is
is his
may lay
lay hold
hold on
on the
the merits
merits of
of the
the blood
blood of
of Christ,
only hope.
hope. He may
Christ
only
as his
his worthiworthipresenting to
to God the
the crucified
crucified and risen
risen Saviour
Saviour as
presenting
ness.
Christ's offering
through Christ's
offering of
of Himself,
Himself, the
the innocent
innocent for
for
ness. Thus through
the
is removed,
removed, and the
the pardoning
pardoning love
love
the guilty,
guilty, every
every obstruction
obstruction is
of
of God flows
flows forth
forth in
in rich
rich streams
streams of
of mercy
mercy to
to fallen
fallen man.
man.Letter
Letter 91,
91, 1895.
1895.
As we acknowledge
acknowledge before
before God our
our appreciation
appreciation of
of Christ's
Christ's
is given
given to
to our intercessions.
intercessions. Oh,
Oh, who can
can value
value
merits, fragrance
fragrance is
merits,
this
this great
great mercy
mercy and love.
love. As we approach
approach God through
through the
the virtue
virtue
of Christ's
Christ's merits,
merits, we are
are clothed
clothed with
with His
His priestly
priestly vestments.
vestments.
of
He places
places us
us close
close by
by His side,
side, encircling
encircling us
us with
with His
His human
grasps the
the throne
throne of
Of the
the
arm, while
while with
with His divine
divine arm He grasps
arm,
puts His merits,
merits, as
as sweet
sweet incense,
incense, in
in aa censer
censer in
in their
their
Infinite. He puts
Infinite.
,
THE ATONEMENT
hands, in
in order
order to
their petitions.
petitions.
to encourage
hands,
encourage their
685
685
He promises
promises to
to hear
hear
answer their
their supplications.
supplications.-Letter
and answer
Letter 22,
1898.
22, 1898.
Today
atonement for
for us
us before
is making an
before the
the
Today He [Christ]
making an atonement
[Christ] is
Father.
an advocate
advocate with
with the
the Father,
Father,
Father. "If
"If any
have an
sin, we have
any man sin,
the palms
palms of
of His
hands,
Jesus Christ
Christ the
the righteous."
His hands,
to the
righteous." Pointing
Pointing to
Jesus
prejudice of
of wicked
wicked men,
men, He says
us,
pierced by
by the
the fury
of us,
pierced
fury and prejudice
says of
"I have graven
"1
graven thee
thee upon
upon the
palms of
of my
my hands"
hands" [Isa.
49:16].
the palms
[Isa. 49:16].
The Father
Father bows in
in recognition
recognition of
of the
the price
price paid
paid for
for
the angels
cross of
of Calvary
with
and the
the cross
angels approach
approach the
Calvary with
is this!
What aa sacrifice
sacrifice is
can fathom
fathom it!
It will
will take
this! Who can
it! It
take
humanity,
humanity,
reverence.
reverence.
the
the whole
of
for man to
the plan
plan of
redemption. It
will
to understand the
It will
of eternity
of redemption.
eternity for
open to
upon line,
line, here
here aa little
little and there
there aa little.line upon
to him line
little.
open
Manuscript 21,
1895.
21, 1895.
Manuscript
HI.
Ministering in
Heavenly Sanctzmry
Sanctuary
in Heavenly
III. Christ
Christ Ministering
We are
are in
in the
great day
sacred work
work of
of
the sacred
the great
atonement, and the
of atonement,
day of
is going
going on at
at the
present time
Christ
for the
people of
that is
the present
time
Christ for
the people
of God that
[1882] in
heavenly sanctuary,
sanctuary, should
should be
be our
our constant
constant study.
study.
in the
the heavenly
[1882]
-Testimonies,
vol. 5,
520.
5, p.
Testimonies, vol.
p. 520.
oO that
that all
behold our precious
precious Saviour
Saviour as
as He is,
all could
could behold
a
is, a
Saviour.
Let His
His hand draw aside
the veil
veil which
which conceals
His
aside the
conceals His
Saviour. Let
in His high
our eyes.
It shows Him in
place.
glory
from our
eyes. It
high and holy
holy place.
glory from
do we see?
a position
position of
of silence
and
not in
in a
silence and
see? Our Saviour,
What do
Saviour, not
inactivity.
surrounded with
with heavenly
heavenly intelligences,
cheruis surrounded
intelligences, cheruinactivity. He is
ten thousand times
seraphims, ten
times ten
ten thousand of
of angels.
angels.
bims
bims and seraphims,
All these
heavenly beings
one obJect
all others,
in
these heavenly
All
others, in
ob'ject above all
beings have one
which
intensely interested,
interested,-His
in aa world of
of
His church in
are intensely
which they
they are
corruption.-Letter
Letter 89c,
1897.
89c, 1897.
corruption.
He is
is in
His holy
place, not in
in aa state
of solitude
granstate of
solitude and granin His
holy place,
but surrounded
surrounded by
ten thousand
thousand of
deur,
ten thousand times
times ten
deur, but
of
by ten
heavenly
beings who wait
wait to
to do their
their Master's
bidding. And He
Master's bidding.
heavenly beings
bids
them go
go and work for
for the
weakest saint
saint who puts
puts his
trust
the weakest
his trust
bids them
rich and poor,
poor, have
have the
the same help
help proproin God.
High and low,
in
God. High
low, rich
1899.
vided.-Letter
Letter 134,
vided.
134, 1899.
Do not
not place
place your
God's commandments.
influence against
against God's
your influence
as Jehovah
That law
law is
is just
just as
Jehovah wrote it
it in
in the
the temple
temple of heaven.
its copy
Man may
trample upon
copy here
here below,
below, but the
the original
is
original is
upon its
may trample
and
the cover
this ark,
kept
in
the
ark
of
God
in
heaven;
on
the
cover
of
this
ark,
in
of
ark
the
in
heaven;
of
kept
seat. Jesus
Jesus stands
stands right
right above that law, is
is the
the mercy
there
mercy seat.
right there
right above that law,
man.
man.-Manuscript
6a,
1886
before
that
ark
to
mediate
for
1886
to
ark
that
6a,
for
Manuscript
before
(SDA
Bible Commentary,
vol. 1,
p. 1109).
1, p.
1109).
Commentary, vol.
(SDA Bible
686
686
QUESTIONS
in mind.
raind. God
We all
need to
to keep
keep the
the subject
of the
the sanctuary
all need
sanctuary in
subject of
forbid
that the
the clatter
words coming
forbid that
of words
clatter of
lips should
coming from human lips
there is
lessen the
the belief
belief of
people in
in the
the truth
truth that
that there
is aa sanctuary
lessen
of our
our people
sanctuary
built on
m
heaven, and that
of this
sanctuary was once built
tn heaven,
this sanctuary
that a
a pattern
pattern of
this
this
His people
people to
to become familiar
familiar with this
earth. God desires
desires His
this earth.
pattern, keeping
keeping ever
their minds the
the heavenly
heavenly sanctuary,
ever before
before their
sanctuary,
pattern,
Letter 233,
1904.
233, 1904-.
where God s
inhere
in all.-Letter
is all
all.
all and in
Jesus is
Advocate, our
our High
High Priest,
Priest, our
our Intercessor.
Intercessor. Our
is our
our Advocate,
Jesus
on
the
positiof!
is
like
that
of
the
Israelites
the
Day
of
Israelites
the
like
that
is
of Atonement.
of
Day
position
When the
the High
High Priest
Priest entered
the most holy
holy place,
place, representing
representing
entered the
the
place where
where our High
High Priest
Priest is
is now pleading, and sprinkled
the place
pleading,
sprinkled
the atoning
atoning blood
seat, no propitiatory
propitiatory sacrifices
the mercy
the
blood upon
sacrifices
mercy seat,
upon the
without. While the
the priest
priest was
was Interceding
interceding with God,
God,
were offered
were
offered without.
every
heart was to
pleading for
for the
parto be bowed in
in contrition,
the parcontrition, pleading
every heart
don of
of transgression.
transgression.-The
the Times,
June 28,
28, 1899.
The Signs
1899.
Times, June
of the
Signs of
of
IV. Second
Secotld Phase of Priesthood
Priesthood
IV.
Judgment
Embraces Judgment
fulfilled one phase

phase of
of His priesthood
priesthood by
by dying
the
He fulfilled
dying on the
cross for
the fallen
race. He is
is now fulfilling
fulfilling another
phase by
by
fallen race.
cross
for the
another phase
Father the
the repenting,
repenting, believing
believing
pleading before
before the
the Father
the case
case of
of the
pleading
the offerings
offerings of
His people.
people. Having
Having
sinner,
presenting to
to God the
of His
sinner, presenting
taken
having overcome
in this
this nature
taken human nature
nature having
nature and in
the
overcome the
temptations of
divine perfection,
perfection, to
to Him
the enemy,
of the
enemy, and having
having divine
temptations
the world.
has been committed the
judgment of
of the
world. The case
case of
each
has
the judgment
of each
one will
will be
will pronounce
pronounce
in review before
be brought
before Him. He will
brought in
judgment, rendering
every man according
according to
to his
his works.to every
works.
judgment,
rendering to
Manuscript
42,
1901.
1901.
42,
Manuscript
V.
V. Perpetual
Perpetual Intercession
Intercession
The incense,
prayers of
of Israel,
Israel, represents
with the
the prayers
incense, ascending
ascending with
represents
the
the merits
merits and intercession
perfect righteousness,
righteousness,
intercession of
Christ, His perfect
of Christ,
faith is
through faith
is imputed
to His people,
people, and which can
which through
can
imputed to
beings acceptable
acceptable to
to God.
Bethe worship
sinful beings
alone make the
of sinful
God. Beworship of
veil at
altar of
holy place,
place, was an altar
at perpetual
perpetual
fore the veil
fore
of the most holy
the holy,
intercession,
continual atonement.
atonement. By
By
altar of
intercession, before
before the
of continual
holy, an altar
blood and by
incense,
God was to
to be
be approached-symbols
incense,
by
approached symbols
to the
the great
pointing to
great Mediator,
Mediator, through
sinners may
pointing
through whom sinners
may apapproach
Jehovah,
alone mercy
mercy and salvation
salvation
proach Jehovah, and through
through whom alone
can be granted
to the
the repentant,
repentant, believing
believing soul.
soul.-Patriarchs
'Patriarchs and
granted to
Prophets,
p. 353.
353.
Prophets, p,
In the
of the Jewish
the service
service of
Jewish priesthood
priesthood we are
are continually
continually reo
re*
THE ATONEMENT
687
687
minded of
of the
the sacrifice
intercession of
of Christ.
Christ. All
All who come
sacrifice and Intercession
Christ today
to Christ
are to
His merit
merit is
to
that His
to remember that
the incense
incense
is the
today are
that
of their
their sins
that mingles
mingles with
prayers of
with the
the prayers
those who repent
sins
of those
repent of
and receive
receive pardon
pardon and mercy
need of
of Christ's
Christ's
mercy and grace.
grace. Our need
intercession
intercession is
is constant.-Manuscript
constant.
1901.
14, 1901.
Manuscript 14,
VI.
VI. Christ
Christ
Mediator and Judge

Judge
Both Mediator
By
personal experience
Christ is
is acquainted with
warthe warBy personal
experience Christ
acquainted with the
fare which,
fare
which, since
since Adam's fall,
has been
been constantly
constantly going
on. How
fall, has
going on.
appropriate, then,
be the
judge. To Jesus,
Jesus, the
for Him to
to be
the judge.
the Son
Son
then, for
appropriate,
is committed all
all judgment.
judgment. There is
mediator between
of man,
man, is
is one
between
one mediator
of
by Him can
can we enter
the kingdom
kingdom of
God and men. Only
enter the
of
Only by
heaven.
is the
heaven. He is
Way, the
the Truth,
the Life.
Life. From His
His decision
decision
the Way,
Truth, and the
is no appeal. He is
ages, aa rock
rock rent
rent on purpose
purpose
there is
there
is the
the Rock of
of ages,
appeal.
that
that every
every tried,
tried, tempted
tempted soul
find aa sure
sure hiding
hiding place.soul may
may find
place.
Herald, March 12,
1901.
12, 1901.
"The Father judgeth
judgeth no man,
but hath
hath committed
committed all
judgall judgman, but
unto the
authority to
ment unto
the Son."
Son/' "He hath given
execute
to execute
given him authority
judgment also
because he is
is the
the Son of
of man." In
In His
His superadded
also because
judgment
superadded
of Christ's
appointment. God has
has
humanity
consists the
reason of
the reason
Christ's appointment.
humanity consists
judgment unto the
Son, for
for without
committed all
committed
all judgment
without controversy
the Son,
controversy He
is God manifest
manifest in
flesh.
in the
is
the flesh.
God designed
designed that
that the
Prince of
of sufferers
sufferers in
humanity should
should
in humanity
the Prince
whole world.
world. He who came from
from the
the heavenly
be
judge of
be judge
the whole
of the
heavenly
despised, rereo
courts to
to save
save man from eternal
courts
eternal death;
death; He whom men despised,
which
jected,
and
upon
they
heaped
all
the
contempt
of
all
the
of
whom
they heaped
upon
contempt
jected,
beings, inspired
by Satan,
capable; He who submitted
submitted
human beings,
are capable;
Satan, are
inspired by
be arraigned
before
an
earthly
tribunal,
suffered
to
and
who
to be
tribunal,
suffered
before
arraigned
earthly
of the
cross,-He
alone is
is to
to pronounce
pronounce the
the ignominious
death of
the
the cross,
He alone
the
ignominious death
the
of reward or
of punishment.
punishment. He who submitted to
to the
sentence of
or of
sentence
suffering
humiliation of
the cross
here, in
the counsel
counsel of
in the
of God
cross here,
of the
suffering and humiliation
acis to
to have
have the
the fullest
and
ascend
the
throne
acthrone
ascend
the
fullest compensation,
is
compensation,
as the
saints. He
knowledged by
by all
the heavenly
heavenly universe
the King
King of
universe as
of saints.
all the
knowledged
has
undertaken the
work of
of salvation,
salvation, and shown before
unfallen
the work
has undertaken
before unfallen
is
has begun
worlds
and the
heavenly family
family that
that the
the work He has
the heavenly
worlds and
begun He is
the
of
men
able to
to complete.
complete. It
the
grace
of
repent
It is
is Christ
Christ who gives
able
grace
repentgives
ance; His
His merits
merits are
by the
the Father
Father in
behalf of
of every
every
in behalf
are accepted
ance;
accepted by
soul
will help
help to
to compose
of God.
the family
soul that
that will
family of
compose the
saints and
In that
that day
final punishment
punishment and reward,
both saints
In
reward, both
of final
day of
crucified the
recognize in
the Judge
Judge of
of all
all
sinners will
will recognize
in Him who was crucified
sinners
1898.
living.-The
Herald, Nov. 22,
22, 1898.
-The Review and Herald,
living.
688
QUESTIONS
VII.
VII. Wondrous
Results of
Christ's Priestly
Mediation
Wondrous Results
of Christ's
Priestly Mediation
The intercession
is as
as a
chain fastened
to the
the
Christ is
a golden
intercession of
of Christ
fastened to
golden chain
throne of
God. He has
turned the
the merit
of His
His sacrifice
sacrifice into
has turned
merit of
into
of God.
prayer.
succeeds.
1892.
8, 1892.
prayer. Jesus
by prayer
Jesus prays,
prays, and by
Manuscript 8,
prayer succeeds.-Manuscript
As our Mediator,
Christ works
reworks incessantly.
Mediator, Christ
incessantly. Whether men receive or
ceive
them. He grants
or reject
works earnestly
Him, He works
for them.
grants
reject Him,
earnestly for
from
them life
to win them from
life and light,
by His Spirit
light, striving
striving by
Spirit to
Satan's service.
Satan's
Satan also
service. And while
while the
also works,
the Saviour
Saviour works,
works, Satan
works,
with all
all deceivableness
deceivableness of
of unrighteousness,
with unflagging
unrighteousness, and with
unflagging
energy.-The
1901.
12, 1901.
Herald, March 12,
energy.
a mediator,
This Saviour
Saviour was to
to be
stand between the
the Most
be a
to stand
mediator, to
High
this provision,
a way
High and His people.
people. Through
Through this
provision, a
way was opened
opened
the guilty
to God through
whereby
find access
sinner might
access to
the
whereby the
guilty sinner
might find
through the
sinner could
mediation of
another. The sinner
could not
not come in
in his
his own
of another.
person,
his guilt
with no greater
merit then
then
him, and with
person, with his
guilt upon
greater merit
upon him,
Christ alone
he possessed
could open
way, by
in himself.
himself. Christ
alone could
the way,
possessed in
open the
by
to the
making
the demands of
the divine
divine law.
law. He
of the
offering equal
equal to
making an offering
undefiled by
sin. He was without
was perfect,
without spot
or blemish.
blemish.
by sin.
perfect, and undefiled
spot or
-The
Herald, Dec. 17,
1872.
17, 1872.
Christ
the Minister
Christ is
is the
Minister of
the true
true tabernacle,
tabernacle, the
the High
High Priest
Priest of
of
of the
all
in Him as
as a
a personal
all who believe
believe in
personal Saviour;
His office
no
office no
Saviour; and His
other
is the
the High
High Priest
Priest of
of the
the church,
church, and
and He has
has aa
other can
can take.
take. He is
work to
other can
can perform.
perform. By
By His
His grace
grace He is
is
to do which no other
able
from transgression.
transgression.-The
Signs Of
the
able to
to keep
keep every
The Signs
every man from
of the
1900.
Feb. 14,
Times, Feb.
Times,
14, 1900.
Faith
Faith in
in the
the atonement and intercession
intercession of
of Christ
Christ will
will keep
keep
us
us steadfast
steadfast and immovable amid the
the temptations
temptations that
that press
press upon
upon
us
us in
in the
the church militant.
militant.-The
Herald, June
June 9,
9,
1896.
1896.
The great
great plan
plan of
of redemption,
redemption, as
as revealed
revealed in
in the
the closing
closing work
work
The scenes
scenes
connected
connected with the
the sanctuary
sanctuary above
above should
should make such
such an
an impresimpression
upon the
the minds and hearts
hearts of
of all
all that
that they
they may
may be
be able
able to
to
sion upon
All need to
to become more intelligent
intelligent in
in regard
regard to
to
impress others.
others. All
impress
the
of the
the atonement,
atonement, which
which is
is going
going on in
in the
the sanctuary
sanctuary
the work of
above.
this grand
grand truth
truth is
is seen
seen and understood,
understood, those
those who
above. When this
hold
it will
will work
work in
in harmony
harmony with
with Christ
Christ to
to prepare
prepare aa people
people to
to
hold it
stand
stand in
in the
the great
great day
day of
of God,
God, and
and their
their efforts
efforts will
will be
be successful.
successful.
-Testimonies,
vol. 5,
5, p.
p. 575.
575.
Testimonies, vol.
Christ's
Christ's priestly
priestly intercession
intercession is
is now
now going
going on
on in
in our
our behalf
behalf in
in
tor these
these last
last days,
days, should receive
receive close
close examination.
examination.
for
THE ATONEMENT
689
689
the
the sanctuary
few have aa real
real understanding
understanding that
above. But how few
that
sanctuary above.
our great
great High
High Priest
Priest presents
presents before
the Father
Father His
His own blood,
blood,
before the
claiming
for the
sinner who receives
receives Him as
as his
his personal
personal Saviour
the sinner
Saviour
claiming for
all the
all
graces which
which His
His covenant
as the
the reward
reward of
of His
His
the graces
covenant embraces
embraces as
sacrifice.
This sacrifice
to save
to the
sacrifice. This
sacrifice made Him abundantly
able to
the
save to,
abundantly able
uttermost all
all that
that come unto
unto God by
by Him,
seeing He liveth
to
liveth to
Him, seeingmake intercession
intercession for
for them.-Manuscript
them. Manuscript 92,
1899.
92, 1899.
Christ
as High
High Priest
Priest within
within the
the veil
veil so
so immortalized
immortalized Calvary,
Christ as
Calvary,
that though
unto God,
God, He dies
dies continually
continually to
to sin
that
sin and
liveth unto
though He liveth
thus
thus if
he has
has an Advocate
Advocate with
with the
Father. He arose
arose
the Father.
sin, he
if any
any man sin,
from the
the tomb enshrouded with
cloud of
of angels
in wondrous
a cloud
with a
angels in
power and glory,-the
Deity and humanity
humanity combined.
combined. He took
took
the Deity
power
glory,
in
as his
in His grasp
the world
world over
to preside
preside as
his
Satan claimed
claimed to
over which Satan
grasp the
in giving
giving His life,
lawful
lawful territory,
His wonderful
wonderful work in
life, He
territory, and by
by His
restored the
of
restored
the whole race
of men to
favor with
race of
to favor
with God.
God. The songs
songs of
triumph.
the worlds.
worlds. Angel
Angel and
re-echoed through
triumph- echoed and re-echoed
through the
archangel, cherubim and seraphim,
the triumphant
triumphant song
at
archangel,
song at
sang the
seraphim, sang
the amazing
amazing achievement.-Manuscript
50, 1900.
achievement. Manuscript 50,
1900.
This is
is the
the great
atonement, and our Advocate is
standis standof atonement,
great day
day of
the Father,
ing before
Father, pleading
pleading as
as our Intercessor.
Intercessor. In
In place
of
before the
ing
place of
wrapping
us the
garments of
of self-righteousness,
should
the garments
wrapping about us
self-righteousness, we should
be found
found daily
daily humbling
humbling ourselves
ourselves before
before God,
confessing our
our
God, confessing
own individual
individual sins,
pardon of
of our transgressions,
transgressions, and
the pardon
sins, seeking
seeking the
cooperating with Christ
the work of
preparing our
our souls
souls to
to
Christ in
in the
of preparing
cooperating
divine image.-Manuscript
168, 1898
Bible Comreflect the
the divine
1898 (SDA
reflect
image. Manuscript 168,
(SDA Bible
vol. 7,
mentary, vol.
Ellen G.
G. White Comments,
1, Ellen
Comments, on Hebrews 10:19-21).
mentary,
10:19-21).
As our Mediator,
Mediator, Jesus
Jesus was fully
fully able
able to
to accomplish
accomplish this
this work
of
of redemption;
a pricel
price! The sinless
sinless Son of
at what a
O, at
of God
redemption; but 0,
was condemned for
for the
part, in
order that
the sin
sin in
in which He had no part,
in order
that
the
sinner, through
through repentance
repentance and faith,
faith, might
be justified
justified by
by the
the sinner,
the
might be
righteousness
he had no personal
personal merit.
in which he
merit. The
Christ, in
of Christ,
righteousness of
sins
has lived
lived upon
upon the
the earth
earth were
were laid
laid upon
upon
sins of
of every
every one who has
Christ,
testifying to
to the
be aa loser
loser in
the
the fact
fact that
that no one need be
in the
Christ, testifying
conflict with
with Satan.
Provision has
that all
all may
lay
conflict
Satan. Provision
has been made that
may lay
hold of
the strength
to the
the uttermost
uttennost all
hold
of the
of Him who will
will save
save to
all
strength of
unto God by
by Him.
who come unto
Christ
the guilt
guilt of
transgression,
Christ receives
receives upon
of man's transgression,
upon Him the
lays upon
all who receive
by faith,
faith, who return
to
while
receive Him by
while He lays
return to
upon all
The
their allegiance
allegiance to
spotless righteousness.
righteousness.-The
to God,
their
God, His own spotless
May 23,
23, 1899.
Review and Herald,
1899.
Herald, May
Father the
the censer
censer of
merits, in
He holds
holds before
the Father
in
of His own merits,
before the
23
23
690
690
QUESTIONS
into this
this
He gathers
gathers into
people,
censer the
prayers, the
praise, and the
censer
the confessions
the prayers,
the praise,
of His people,
confessions of
puts His
His own spotless
spotless righteousness.
Then, perand with
these He puts
with these
and
perrighteousness. Then,
fumed with
with the
Christ's propitiation,
propitiation, the
the incense
incense comes
the merits
merits of
of Christ's
which there
there is
taint of
of earthly
corruption.
which
is no taint
earthly corruption.
up
before God wholly
wholly and entirely
gracious
entirely acceptable.
acceptable. Then gracious
up before
asreturned.... The fragrance
fragrance of
this righteousness
righteousness asanswers are
answers
are returned.
of this
cends like
a cloud
mercy seat.
seat.-Manuscript
50,
1900
around the
the mercy
cends
like a
cloud around
50,
Manuscript
(SDA
Bible Commentary,
6, on Rom. 8:26,
vol. 6,
8:26, 34).
34).
Commentary, vol.
(SDA Bible
.
at Court
VIII. Christ
Is Our Friend
Friend at
VIII.
Christ Is
in
Our great
great High
High Priest
Priest is
the mercy-seat
mercy-seat in
is pleading before
pleading before the
at our "ight
of His
His ransomed people.
people . ... Satan
Satan stands
stands at
behalf of
right hand
behalf
to
to accuse
us, and our
advocate stands
stands at
at God's right
right hand to
to
accuse us,
our advocate
us. He has
never lost
case that
that has
has been committed
plead for
for us.
a case
has never
lost a
plead
our advocate;
advocate; for
for He pleads
pleads His own
to Him. We may
in our
to
trust in
may trust
Herald, Aug.
Aug. 1.5,
merits
in our
1893.
behalf.
merits in
our behalf.-The
15, 1893.
Christ glorified
glorified not
Himself in
being made High
High Priest.
Priest. God
in being
Christ
not Himself
priesthood. He was to
gave Him His appointment
the priesthood.
to the
to be an
appointment to
gave
example
to all
all the
the human family.
Himself to
to be,
not
be, not
family. He qualified
qualified Himself
example to
only the
the representative
representative of
the race,
but their
their Advocate,
Advocate, so
so that
that
of the
race, but
only
is a
a
it he will
may say,
say, II have
Friend at
at court.
court. He is
every soul
soul if
will may
a Friend
have a
every
be touched
touched with
the feelings
infirmiHigh
Priest that
that can be
with the
of our infirmiHigh Priest
feelings of
ties.-Manuscript
ties.
1897.
101, 1897.
Manuscript 101,
is
officiating
presence of
of God,
God, offering
offering up
up His
His
Jesus
is
in the
the presence
Jesus
officiating in
it had been a
a lamb
Iamb slain.
Jesus presents
presents tne
the obla
shed
blood, as
shed blood,
as it
slain. Jesus
oblaevery shortcoming
shortcoming of
of the
tion
tion offered
for every
offered for
the sinner.
sinner.
offense and every
every offense
Christ,
Mediator, and the
the Holy
Holy Spirit
Spirit are
are constantly
inChrist, our Mediator,
constantly inpleads not
not for
us as
terceding in
man's behalf,
in man's
the Spirit
for us
as does
does
behalf, but the
terceding
Spirit pleads
the foundation
of the
the
Christ
His blood,
blood, shed
from the
Christ who presents
shed from
foundation of
presents His
the Spirit
Spirit works upon
upon our
our hearts,
hearts, drawing
out prayers
prayers and
world;
world; the
drawing out
penitence, praise
praise and thanksgiving.-Manuscript
1900 (SDA
50, 1900
penitence,
thanksgiving. Manuscript 50,
(SDA
Bible
34).
Bible Commentary,
vol. 6,
6, on Rom. 8:26,
8:26, 34).
Commentary, vol.
to heaven,
ascended as
advoWhen Christ
Christ ascended to
as our
our advoheaven, He ascended
cate. We always
cate.
always have
have aa friend
friend at
at court.
court. And from
from on high
Christ
high Christ
sends His
sends
His representative
representative to
to every
nation, kindred,
kindred, tongue,
tongue, and
every nation,
people. The Holy
Holy Spirit
gives the
the divine
anointing to
divine anointing
to all
all who
people.
Spirit gives
receive Christ.-The
Educator, August,
August, 1897,
22.
Christ.
receive
The Christian
Christian Educator,
1897, p.
p. 22.
He has
the ransom money
has paid
paid the
money for
for the
world. All
All may
may
the whole world.
present those
those who believe
believe on
on Him
be saved
saved through
will present
through Him. He will
to
to God as
as loyal
His kingdom.
will be
be their
Mediator
of His
their Mediator
loyal subjects
subjects of
kingdom. He will
as well
well as
their Redeemer.
Redeemer.-Manuscript
as
as their
1896.
41, 1896.
Manuscript 41,
.
THE ATONEMENT
691
691
When Christ
of Calvary,
a new and living
Christ died
died upon
the cross
cross of
living
Calvary, a
upon the
opened to
both Jew
Jew and Gentile.
Saviour was hencehenceway was opened
Gentile, The Saviour
to both
way
the heaven of
of heavens.
heavens.
forth to
to officiate
officiate as
forth
as priest
advocate in
in the
priest and advocate
Henceforth the
beasts offered
offered for
value-less, for
for
sins was valueless,
the blood
blood of
for sins
of beasts
Henceforth
the Lamb of
had died
for the
sins of
world.-Und.
Und.
the
the sins
the world.
died for
of God had
of the
Manuscript
127.
Manuscript 127.
The arm that
raised the
family from
from the
the ruin
ruin which
that raised
the human family
is the
the
his temptations,
temptations, is
Satan
has brought
brought upon
Satan has
the race
race through
through his
upon the
worlds from
from
which has
preserved the
arm which
has preserved
inhabitants of
other worlds
the inhabitants
of other
sin.
world throughout
immensity engages
engages the
the care
care and supsin. Every
Eyery world
throughout immensity
supof the
port of
the Father
the Son;
this care
exerFather and the
care is
is constantly
Son; and this
constantly exerport
cised
fallen humanity.
humanity. Christ
mediating in
in behalf
behalf of
cised for
for fallen
Christ is
is mediating
man,
of man,
the order
worlds also
is preserved
preserved by
by His
His mediamediaand the
order of
also is
unseen worlds
of unseen
not these
themes of
of sufficient
magnitude and
torial
work. Are not
torial work.
sufficient magnitude
these themes
importance to
to engage
call forth
forth our gratitude
our thoughts,
engage our
importance
thoughts, and call
gratitude
and adoration
Herald, Jan,
Jan, II,
adoration to
to God?-The
God? The Review and Herald,
11, 1881;
1881;
Messages to
to Young
People,
p.
254.
254.
Messages
People,
Young
p.
IX.
IX.
Might Become
Beccmw Mediator
Mediator
Became Man That He Might
Jesus became aa man that

that He might
might mediate
between man
mediate between
Jesus
and God. He clothed
His divinity
with humanity,
associated
clothed His
divinity with
humanity, He associated
the human race,
with His long
long human arm He might
might
with the
with
that with
race, that
grasp the
the throne
of
encircle humanity,
encircle
divine m'm
arm grasp
throne of
humanity, and with His divine
Divinity. And this,
this, that
restore to
original
that He might
to man the
the original
Divinity.
might restore
mind which
which he lost
through Satan's
alluring temptation;
temptation;
in Eden through
lost in
Satan's alluring
that man might
might realize
realize that
is for
his present
present and eternal
good
that
that it
it is
for his
eternal good
to
obey the
the requirements
requirements of
is not
not in
accordof God. Disobedience
in accordto obey
Disobedience is
ance with
with the
the nature
gave to
in Eden.-Letter
ance
nature which God gave
to man in
Eden. Letter 121,
121,
1897.
1897.
The completeness
humanity, the
perfection of
the perfection
of His humanity,
of His
completeness of
us
a
ground
upon
which
we
may
be
divinity,
.form
for
us
a
strong
which
form
for
divinity,
strong ground upon
may be
brought into
with God. It
It was when we were
were yet
yet
reconciliation with
into reconciliation
brought
us. We have redemption
Christ died for
for us.
that Christ
redemption through
through His
His
sinners
sinners that
blood, even the
the forgiveness
of sins.
hands are
are outsins. His nail-pierced
outblood,
forgiveness of
nail-pierced hands
earth. With one hand He lays
reached
toward heaven
heaven and earth.
hold
reached toward
lays hold
of
si'nners upon
other He grasps
grasps the
of
with the
the other
the throne
throne of
earth, and with
of sinners
upon earth,
the Infinite,
Infinite, and thus
reconciliation for
for us.
us. Christ
thus He makes reconciliation
is
Christ is
the
today standing
standing as
before the
the Father.
Father. He is
is the
one
as our Advocate before
the one
today
Mediator
between God and man. Bearing
Bearing the
the marks of
of His crucicruciMediator between
pleads the
causes of
souls.-Letter
35, 1894.
fixion, He pleads
the causes
Letter 35,
1894.
of our souls.
fixion.
QUESTIONS
692
692
K. Heavenly
Heavenly Advocate
Advocate Retains
Retains Human Nature
Nature Forever
Forever
>X.
Christ ascended
ascended to
to heaven,
heaven, bearing
bearing aa sanctified,
sanctified, holy
holy humanity.
humanity.
Christ
took this
this humanity
humanity with
with Him into
into the
the heavenly
heavenly courts,
c01J,ris, and
He took
ages
through the
the eternal
eternal ages
through
will bear
bear it,
it, as
as the
the One who has
has rereHe will
The Review
being in
in the
the city
city of
of God.
God.-The
deemed every
every human being
deemed
9, 1905.
1905.
Herald, March 9,
and Herald,
By His
His appointment
appointment He [the
[the Father]
Father] has
has placed
placed at
at His altar
altar
By
our. nature.
nature. As our
our Intercessor,
Intercessor, His
an Advocate
Advocate clothed
clothed with
with our.
an
is to
to introduce
introduce us
us to
to God as
as His sons
sons and daughters.
daughters.
office work
work is
office
Christ intercedes
intercedes in
in behalf
behalf of
of those
those who have
have received
received Him. To
Christ
them He gives
gives power,
powe1-, by
by virtue
virtue of
of His
His own merits,
merits, to
to become
(hern
of the
the royal
royal family,
family, children
children of
of the
the heavenly
heavenly King.
King.members of
Testimonies, vol.
vol.
Testimonies,
6, pp.
pp. 363,
363, 364.
364.
6,
is our
our privilege
privilege to
to contemplate
contemplate Jesus
Jesus by
by faith,
faith, and see
see Him
standing between
between humanity
humanity and the
the eternal
eternal throne.
throne. He is
is our
our
standing
presenting our
our prayers
prayers and offerings
offerings as
as spiritual
spiritual sacriA dvocate, presenting
sacriAdvocate,
fices to
to God.
God. Jesus
Jesus is
is the
great, sinless
sinless propitiation,
propitiation, and through
through
the great,
fices
His merit,
merit, God and man may
may hold
hold converse
converse together.
together. Christ
Christ has
has
His
carried His
His humanity
humanity into
eternity. He stands
stands before
before God as
as the
the
into eternity.
carried
of
our
race.-The
Youth's
Instructor,
Oct.
28,
1897.
representative
The
Youth's
race.
Oct.
our
of
1897.
28,
Instructor,
representative
Jesus could
could give
give alone
security to
to God;
for He was
was equal
with
alone security
God; for
Jesus
equal with
alone could
be aa mediator between God and man;
man; for
for
God.
could be
God. He alone
possessed divinity
humanity. Jesus
Jesus could
could thus
give security
security
thus give
He possessed
divinity and humanity.
to both
both parties
parties for
for the
fulfillment of
of the
the prescribed
prescribed conditions.
to
the fulfillment
conditions. As
As
in our
the
of God He gives
to God in
our behalf,
behalf, and as
the
as the
the Son of
gives security
security to
eternal
the Father,
us of
eternal Word,
assures us
the
as one equal
of the
Father, He assures
Word, as
equal with the
Father's
word. When
believe His pledged
to usward who believe
Father's love
love to
pledged word.
God would
His immutable counsel
peace, He gives
counsel of
assure us
us of
would assure
of His
of peace.
gives
the human family,
family, forforHis only
to become one of
of the
only begotten
begotten Son to
ever to
as a
a pledge
ever
His human nature as
pledge that
fUlfil
to retain
retain His
that God will
will fulfil
His word.-The
word. The Review and Herald,
Herald April
1894.
8, 1894.
April 3,
The reconciliation
man
to
God
could
be
accomplished
to
could
be
reconciliation of
of
only
accomplished only
a mediator who was equal
with God,
through
of attriattriGod, possessed
equal with
through a
possessed of
butes
that would dignify,
declare Him worthy
butes that
to treat
treat with
with
dignify, and declare
worthy to
the Infinite
in man's behalf,
God
to
the
Infinite God in
also represent
to a
a
behalf, and also
represent
fallen world.
world. Man's substitute
surety must have man's
fallen
man's nanature,
family whom He was
a connection
ture a
with the
the human 'family
connection with
was to
to reprereprepartake of
sent,
as God's
God's ambassador,
the divine
divine
ambassador, He must partake
sent, and,
and, as
of the
nature,
with the
the Infinite,
a connection
connection with
in order
have a
order to
to manifest
nature, have
Infinite, in
manifest
to the
a mediator between God and man.God to
the world,
man,
world, and be a
Dec. 22,
1891.
22, 1891.
Herald, Dec.
It
It
is
Scripture
Scripture Index
GENESIS
I _____________________________________________ 258
1
258
I:
1-2:2 ... _.. ___..... __ .___________ .... _. __ 158
1:1-2:2
158
1:1-3
___
..
____
.
_______
._
.
__
.......
__
...
____
.
149
1:1-3
149
1:20
..
___
.
______
.
____
.
__
.
_________
..
________
512
1:20
512
1:27
_____
..
________________________________
157
157
1:27
2 and
and 33 _. ______________ .__ . ______________ 158
2
158
J -3 _______ ._. ___ .. __ .. _____ 12.
149. 162
2:
2:1-3
12, 149, 162
2:7 _________________________________ 512.
513
2:7
512, 513
2:17
2:17 ________________________ 511.
531
511, 518.
518, 531
620
3:1-5
3:1-5 ..._.............. _.._..... _......_.._._ 620
3:4 _......... __ ......... _.............
. 531
3:4
531
3:15
3:15 ......................... _...... 613.
621
613, 621
3:22 ......... __ ...... _._ ... _........ 518.
3:22
591
518, 591
3:2224
3:22-24 ... _... _.. _.............. _......... _ 592
592
3:22.
3:22, 24 ................._.... _........... 530
6: 14 .... _.. _...... _._....... _... __ ._ ... _.... 341
341
6:14
7:4.
12 . __ ._ .. __...... _._ ... _.. _........ _. 262
262
7:4, 12
8:
8:11 .......... _._... _._.... _......... _........ 515
515
8:2
366
8:2 . ___... _....... _....................._.... 366
12:
1-3
......
_
.........
_._
...
_.
__
._
......
_
..
_
215
12: 1-3
215
12:5
12:5 .................... _.._..... _........... _ 513
513
13:14-17
13:14-17 .. __ .. __ ._. __.. _............ 18.
215
18, 215
215
15:5.
18-21 ._ ........................ 215
15:5, 7.
7, 18-21
15:
16 .................... __ .__ ....... ___ .. _.. 285
15:16
285
218
15:
18 ._........... _._._ ..... _....__ ...... _... 218
15:18
17:
1-21 ......_.... _..._.... __ .......__ ..... 215
17:1-21
215
1. 2,
2. 77 ........... _... _...... _.. __ ....... 224
17:
224
17:1,
17:
7
..
_
...
_
...........
_
...................
_.__
221
17:7
221
215
18:
18. 19
19 ...... _____ ._ ... ___ ... ___ . ___ .._.. 215
18:18,
19:29
19:29 .. _................. _..._............... 538
538
22: 15-18 .............. _............ __ .. __ .. 215
22:15-18
215
25:8. 99 ....._... _. __ .......... _... __.... _.. __ 556
556
25:8,
26:5
224
26:5 _...... _............... _____ . ____ 156.
156, 224
28: 12 ... __..... ___ ... _. ___ ._... _... _.... _.___ 64
64
28:12
73
32:24.
73
32:24, 29.
29, 30 ............... _............
41:
36 _..... __._........ _._... _.. _._._ .. _. __ .. 282
41:36
282
49:77 ..............__ .... _........ _............ 211
49
21 1
..
EXODUS
3:2
72
3:2 ..............._...._..................... 72
3:8 ._......................... _.._... _....... 211
3:8
211
3: 14
3:14
...... ___ .. ___..... ___ ._____ ._. ___ .____. 39

39
.____ ... ___ ... _........................... 282
282
...... _._ .... _..... _..._._._ .........__ . 541
541
.______... _. _____ .__ ._._. ______ .. ____ .__ 202
202
.. _. ___._. _____ ... _. ___ ... __ ._.. ____ .. _. 72
72
... _.................. _......... _._..... 211
211
...... _... _... _........... __._...___.__.._ 156
156
__ .. _............ ___._._. __ .._... _.....__ . 156
156
_....... _._ .... _.... _... _...... _. __ .. _____ 156
156
210. 216,
216. 217,
217. 229
19:5.
6 . __ ._..... 210,
19:5, 6
19
and
20
....
_
......
_
...
_
...........
___
.
157
157
19
20
20: 1-17 _... _._._ .. _. ____ ._._.__ .. _.__ 12.
20:1-17
121
12, 121
20:
1. 22
22 .______.__ .. ___ ......__ ...._.. __.___ 130
130
20:1,
20: 3-17 ......._. __...... __ .. _...___..._.... 130
130
20:3-17
20:8-11 ......... __. __ ..___ ..._._ .... _ 12.
150
20:8-11
12, 150
20: 10 _._ ... _____ .___ .... _... _.._. ____ 149.
150
20:10
149, 150
20: 11 ... _. __ ._...._._ ....__ . _____ ... ___ ._..__ 162
20:11
162
21:6.
541
17 .. _.. __.............. _....... _...... 541
21:6, 17
__
.............
_
..........
___
....
_.
84
23
........
_
..
84
23
23: 12 ____ ._ .. _... __ ... _._._ ..... _. ___ ._._.. _. 512
23:12
512
23:20.
23 ._... ___ .. ___ ... _. ___ ._._._. 72.
83
72, 83
23:20, 23
23:21. 23
73
23 ....... _..... _............ _..... _. 73
23:21,
23:23
211
23:23 .. _.........._............ _.._______. __. 211
24:
3 ... ___ .. _...... _..... _. ______ ... __ ._._.__ 130
130
24:3
24:4. 77 ._.. _.. _...._..._._._.._. __... _.._.. __ 130
130
24:4,
__
.......
_
....
__
....
262
24:
18
........
_
...
_
.......
24:18
262
25:
9 ..... _._............_.... _._. __ .. _........ 366
366
25:9
30 ._._.... __ .. ___ .. ______.__..... _......_. 366
26:
366
26:30
29: 36 .. _._. ____ .____ ... _._ .... _.. _. ____.. _.__ 341
341
29:36
39 "",_"_,_,__ "",_",_,_,,,,_, 362
29:38. 39
362
29:38,
29:38-42
343. 358
358
29:38-42 .. _......................... 343,
29:38.
42
___
.
____
...
__
.
____
._.
_______
.
__
._.
357
357
29:38, 42
29:42
._
..
____
...
__
._
...
_
..
__
._._
....
_
......
__
261
261
29:42
7.
8
....
_
...
_
.....
_
......
_
....
__
...
_
....
261
30:
261
30:7, 8
30:26-28
287
30:26-28 ._ .. __ ._._ ...._... _____ ... __ ..... _.. 287
31 : 121 7 .__ .... _.. _... _. ___ .__ ....__...... __ 12
12
31:12-17
31:
13 ._____ .. _. __ ._________ ... _. __._. _____. __ 623
31:13
623
31: 14 .. ___ ._...... __ ...__....... _____________ 161
161
31:14
31:
16. 17
150
17 _. ______.... __............. _... __ . 150
31:16,
_.
_____
.
______________
._.
___
._
........
__
512
31:
17
31:17
512
31:
18
......
______
.
__
..
_____
.....
_
.....
____
...
130
31:18
130
32
343
32 __ . __ ........................_... _...... _.._.. 343
32:15.
16
.....
_
....
__
......
___
.
____
._
...
___
157
16
157
32:15,
32: 16 ___ .. _______ ._______ ._______________ . __ 130
130
32:16
8:9
8:9
12:
17
12:17
12:38
12:38
14:
14: 19
19
15:
17
15:17
16:
16:11
16:
4
16:4
J19:1
9: 1
693
QUESTIONS ON
ON DOCTRINE
DOCTRINE
QUESTIONS
694
694
32:26 __ .... ___ ._.___________.________________

32:30, 32 .______________ .____ ._____________
32: 32 .... _. ________ ._ .. _._._._. ______________
32:32
32:33 ___ ._______ ... __ ._____ ... ___ .__ .____
32:33
35:2, 3 __________ ... ___ .. ___ .___ .____________
35:2, 3
40:9 _____ ._. ____ .____ .___ .___ .___ ._. ___ .______
40:9
32:26
32:30, 32
212
212
344
344
437
437
437
437
161
161
287
287
LEVITICUS
LEVITICUS
NUMBERS
28:4
5: 10. 29
29 -...
________ .. _._. _____ .... ________ ._ 156
156
5:10,
6:5 _._. __ .__ .. ___ ._____________________ ._____ 623
623
6:5
7:8. 9, 11, 12
7:8, 9, 11, 12
___ ._____ ._. ____________ 216

216
7: 9-14 _____ ._____ .___________ .___ .________ 217

217
7:9-14
8:1,7-9,30, 19.20 ______________

8:1, 7-9, 30, 19, 20
8: 1. 19. 20 ____________________ 216,
216,
8:1, 19, 20
10:
5 _. _______ .________________________________
10:5
J0: J2 ________________________________________
4:3, 21, 24, 32 ______________________ 285

4:26 ________________________________________ 351
4:27 _____________________________ .__________ 360
4: 31 ________ ._..___________________________ 343
8 ________________________________ ,_____________ 377
10: 17 _______________________________________ 432
11:44 _______________________________________ 623
16 ________________________ .____________ 264, 397
16:3, 6 ____________________ .___ .____ 361, 362
16: 7 __________________________________________ 399
16:7, 8 __________.___ ._ . _____ .__________ 362
16:8 _________________ 392-394, 397, 399
16: 10 ______ .. ________________ 391, 392, 398
16: 15 _______ .________________________________ 362
16:16. 18. 19.30 ________________ .___ 432
16: 16, 21 __ .. __ .__________ .________________ 266
16:16. 34. 20 _______________ .__________ 363
16:20-22 ___ ._ ... _._ ._______________________ 500
16:30. 33, 34. 20 ____________________ 431
18:26-28 .______ ._____ .____________ 216. 217
19:2 ________ .. ___________ .____________ 129, 623
19: 8 _________ ._______________________________ 513
20: 7 --___________ .____________________________ 623
20:8 __________________________________________ 623
20:22 _______________________________________ 216
23:29, 30 ___ . __ .___________________________ 362
24:2 _______ .______ .___________________________ 261
27: 30 ________________________________________ 16
II
: 4 _____________________________________
11:4
14:
30. 34 ____________ ._____________________
14:30, 34
14:
34 ____________ ._________ 260.
333,
14:34
260, 333,
15:
32-36 __________________________________
15:32-36
16:
46-48 _________________________________
16:46-48
18:
20-24 ________._______ ____________________
18:20-24
23:2-8
_____________________________ 261,
23:2-8
261,
23:
10 ______________________ .______ .__________
23:10
_______________
.
_________________
25: 12, 13
25:12, 13
28:4
____________________ ._____________________
DEUTERONOMY
DEUTERONOMY
202
202
211
211
428
428
161
161
345
345
212
212
358
358
591
591
346
346
362
362
10:12
10: 17
10:17
_. _____ .________________________________
26 ________________
26
13: I, 2 ____________________________________
13:1, 2
18: 18 ________________________________________
18:18
18: 20-22 _.______________________________
18:20-22
27 -30 ________________________________________
27-30
28:1-14. 15-68 ________________________
28:1-14, 15-68
28:1. 7,
7. 9,
9. 10,
10, 13,
13, 15,
15, 25,
25, 48,
48.
28:1,
64 ________________________________________
64
29:23
_______________________________________
29:23
30:6 _________ .______________________________
30:6
30: 16. 19 ________________________________
30:16, 19
31 :9. 24. 25, 26 _____________________
31:9, 24, 25, 26
32:4 ____________________________________ ._____
32:4
12:5, 6, 13, 14,
12:5, 6, 13, 14,
217
217
218
218
130
130
623
023
74
74
359
359
210
210
27
27
210
210
216
216
217
217
217
217
538
538
623
623
217
217
130
130
129
129
JOSHUA
________________________________________
_.___________________________________
15
__________________________________
15
________________________________________
516
516
77
77
78
78
283
283
JUDGES
66 _____________ .___________________ .___________
6:
11-22. 24 ____________________________
6:11-22, 24
8:
3 __________________________________________
8:3
9:
8-14 ____________________________________
9:8-14
9:8-15
___________________________________
9:8-15
13
_____________________________________________
13
13:
3-22 ______________________________
13:3-22
15:
19 _____________________________ 515.
15:19
515,
84
84
73
73
516
516
443
443
559
559
84
84
73
73
516
516
II
2:
2:11
5:
14
5:14
5:
14.
5:14,
10:
13
10:13
...
SAMUEL
I1 SAMUEL
I1:15
: 15 _______________________________________ 516
516
1:
22 _____________________________________ 541
541
1:22
SAMUEL
22 SAMUEL
7:
I O. 13 _________________________________ 218
218
7:10, 13
695
695
SCRIPTURE INDEX
16:
14 ________________________________________
16:14
21 ___________________________________________
21
512
512
344
344
NEHEMIAH
4:5 _________________________________________ 439
439
4:5
13:3
13:3
1 KINGS
1
2:3, 44 ______________________________________
2:3,
4:
21 ________________________________________
4:21
________________________________________
8:25
8:25
8:29,
30, 46-50 ____________________
8:29, 30, 46-50
8:30
________________________________________
8:30
________________________________________
9:3-9
9:3-9
9:
3, 6, 7 ________________________________
9:3, 6, 7
9:4, 5 ____________________________________
9:4, 5
13 _______________________________________
15:
15:13
______________________________________________
17
17
19:
8 .....
____ "_____________________________________
19:8
.
...
217
217
218
218
217
217
359
359
430
430
218
218
217
217
217
217
282
282
524
524
262
262
22 KINGS
1:
13
________________________________________
514
1:13
514
4 ______________________________________________ 524
4
524
_______________________________________ 541
5:27
5:27
541
14:
9 _________________________________________ 559
14:9
559
.
11 CHRONICLES
218
218
217
217
218
218
217
217
91
91
2 CHRONICLES
2
6:
J6 ________________________________________
6:16
7:
16-22 __________________________________
7:16-22
7:
16, 19, 20 __________________________
7:16, 19, 20
7:
17 -22 __________________________________
7:17-22
9:29
________________________________________
9:29
23: 3 __________________________________________
33:3
36:
14-17 __________________________________
36:14-17
217
217
218
218
217
217
217
217
91
91
.....
JOB
1
: 6-12 ___________________________________
1:6-12
I1:7
: 7 _________________________________________
2:
1-6 _____________________________________
2:1-6
14:
12-15, 20, 21 ______________________
14:12-15, 20, 21 ...
16:
4 __________________________________________
16:4
_______________________________________
17:
13
17:13
________________________________ 449,
19:25
19:25
449,
19:
25, 27 ________________________________
19:25, 27
________________________________________
21:
30
21:30
41
: 19-21 __________________________________
41:19-21
621
620
621
621
558
558
514
514
558
558
523
523
558
558
559
559
515
515
621
620
PSALMS
I1;:;44 ________________________________________ 538
538
2: 7 ________________________________________ 73
73
2: ;7
5:
II ______________________________________ 1119
I9
5; :11
6:5
________________________________ 522,
559
6
:5
522, 559
9: 2 ________________________________________ 120
120
II:
6 ________________________________________ 507
11: :6
507
16:
IO ______________________________________ 522
16; :10
522
17:
15 ______________________________________ 523
17: 15
523
19:
1, 7 __________________________________ 122
19: 1, 7
122
19:
7 ________________________________________ 129
19; 7
129
370
24 ____________________________________________ 370
24
24: 5 ________________________________________ 105
105
24 5
8-1 0 __________________________________ 38
38
24:
24 8-10
30:
9 ________________________________________ 522
30 ,9
522
I ________________________________________ 119
33:
119
33
34: 8 ________________________________________ 129
34
129
35:9
________________________________________
120
120
35 9
____________________
536
37:9,
10,
20,
34
536
37 9, 10, 20, 34
____________________
282
37:9,
28,
34,
38
37 9, 28, 34, 38
282
_ 445
445
37:10,
20 _________________
37 10, 11,
II, 20
____________________________
537,
538
37:20
37 20
537, 538
________________________________________ 114
42:2
114
42 2
45:2
________________________________________ 122
122
45 2
45:6,
7
____________________________________
39
39
45 6, 7
45:
7
________________________________________
40
40
45: 7
49: 7 ________________________________________ 107
107
49; 7
50:3
__ .________________________________ .____ 449
449
50: 3
51:
I,
9
_________________________________
439
439
51 1, 9
56:8
______ . _________________________________ 436
436
56 8
63:
1
________________________________________
114
114
63 1
9: :2
9 _________________________________________
17:
17:9
28:4-9 ________________________________________
28:4-9
28: 6-8 ________________________________________
28:6-8 .....
28: 8 __________________________________________
28:8
29:29 _______________________________________
29:29
.
.....
______________________________________
202
..... 202
232
232
219
219
...
.....
..
EZRA
1:
3
__________________________________________
1:3
6:
14 ________________________________________
6:14
6: 14, 15
________________________________
6:14, 15
6:
15 __________________________________ ._____
6:15
7: 11-26 ____________________________ 225,
7:11-26
225,
9: 15 ________________________________________
9:15
..
225
225
278
278
225
225
279
279
279
279
129
129
66:
16 ______________________________________ 120
120
66 16
QUESTIONS ON
ON DOCTRINE
DOCTRINE
QUESTIONS
696
696
68: 2 ________________________________________ 536

69:28 _____________________________________ 438
72: 19 ______________________________________ 445
73: 19 ____________________________________ 537
84: 2 _______________________________________ 114
84: 7 ______________________________________ 115
88: 10 ______________________________________ 522
89: 3, 4 ____________________________________ 219
92: 7 ________________________________________ 543
102: 22 ______________________________________ 39
102:24 ______________________________________ 283
102:25-28 __________________________________ 39
103: 12 ______________________________________ 443
104: 35 ______________________________________ 537
107: 9 _______________________________________ 114
1I5: 17 ____________ 522, 556, 558, 559
119: 142 ____________________________________ 129
119: 165 ____________________________________ 117
119: 172 ____________________________________ 129
132: 9 ________________________________________ 119
136: 3 _______________________________________ 74
145: 20 _____________________________________ 537
146:3, 4 _________________________________ 13
146:4 ___________________ 516, 522, 556
PROVERBS
4:
18 _________________________________ 9, 177
177
4:18
ECCLESIASTES
__________________________
4:1, 7, 9-11
4:1, 7, 9-11
______________________________ 142,
7:29
7:29
142,
9:5, 66 ______________________________ 13,
13,
9:5,
7
__________________________________
515,
12:
12:7
515,
________________________________
436,
12:
14
12:14
436,
232
232
157
157
522
522
516
516
441
441
SONG
SONG OF SOLOMON
SOLOMON
5:
10-16
________________________________ 122
5:10-16
122
1:5. 66 ____________________________ 107, 660

660
1:5,
107,
6:2.
6 ____________________________________
618
618
6:2, 6
7:
14
________________________________________
41
7:14
41
.
38: 18
38:18
552
552
619
619
205
205
504
504
232
232
507
507
542
542
18
8
______________________________________ 559
559
522
38: 18. 19 ________________________________ 522
38:18, 19
40: 10
40:10
40:24
40:24
42:21
42:21
_______________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________ 131,
131,
__________________________________________
________________________________ 73,
73,
________________________________________
__________________________________________
523
523
538
538
161
161
43: 11
26
26
43: II
106
43:11
106
443
43:25
443
43:25
44: 6
73
73
44:6
45: I __________________________________________ 26
26
45: 1
106
45:21, 22 ________________________________ 106
45:21, 22
46: 10 ________________________________________ 205
205
46:10
52: 11 ________________________________________ 232
232
52:11
53 ____________________________________ 58,
398
53
58, 398
58
53:3, 4 ____________________________________ 58
53:3, 4
53:5-10 ____________________________________ 64
64
53:5-10
53:6, 10-12 ______________________________ 56
56
53:6, 10-12
53: 6, 11 __________________________________ 64
64
53:6, 11
53:8
__________________________________________ 282
53:8
282
9 __________________________________________ 40
53:
53:9
40
II _______________________________________ 58
53:
53:11
58
12 ________________________________ 57,
522
53:
53:12
57, 522
54:
6
~-________________________________________ 516
54:6 '
516
55:
3 _ ________________________________________ 222
55:3
222
6,
7
________________________________
224
55:3,
224
55:3, 6, 7
55:4
55:4 __________________________________________ 76
76
________________________________________
106
60:
16
60:16
106
61:8
_________________________________________
222
61:8
222
61:
10 ________________________________________ 120
61:10
120
____________________________________
72,
73
63:9
63:9
72, 73
63:
10
________________________________________
516
63:10 ...
.516
17 ________________________________________ 443
65:
65:17
443
66:22,
23 ________________________________ 176
176
66:22, 23
43:
JEREMIAH
JEREMIAH
ISAIAH
ISAIAH
9:5
--________________________________________
9:5
9:6
41, 74, 76.
9:6 ____________ 38,
38, 41, 74, 76,
9:6. 77 ____________________________________
9:6,
13:
19
_______________________________________
13:19
14:9-11 ...______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
24:22 ________________________________________
24:22
28: 16 ________________________________________
28:16
33: 14 ________________________________________
33:14
____________________________________
34:8-10
34:8-10
35 ______________________________________________
35
14:9-11
14: 12
14:12
14:27
14:27
74
74
641
641
219
219
538
538
1:9
______________________________ .___________ 27
1:9
27
v
5:
10-18 __________________________________ 220
5:10-18
220
5:
10,
18
________________________
226,
227
5:10, 18
226, 227
10:
10-12 __________________________________ 36
10:10-12
36
.
'
12:
15 ________________________________________ 232
12:15
232
17:
1 __________________________________________ 432
17:1
432
17:
9 __________________________________________ 107
17:9
107
17:
11
________________________________________
283
17:11
283
INDEX
SCRIPTURE INDEX
17: 19, 20 ________________________________ 26
26
17:19, 20
17:21-27 __________________________________ 219
219
17:21-27
18: I, 2 ____________________________________ 26
26
18:1, 2
18:6-10 ____________________________________ 234
234
18:6-10
18: 7 -10 ____________________________________ 211
211
18:7-10
18: 7-1 0, 11, 13 ________________________ 220
220
18:7-10, 11, 13
22: I, 2 ______________________________________ 26
26
22:1, 2
219
23:5 __________________________________ 40, 219
23:5
40,
26: I, 22 _____________________________________
26
26:1,
26
31: 9 _. ________________________________________ 232
31:9
232
220
31:27,28, 31 ____________________________ 220
31:27, 28, 31
31 : 29 ________________________________________ 221
221
31:29
31 : 31 _______________________________________ 39
39
31:31
31 : 31-34 __________________________________ 221
221
31:31-34
31: 33 ________________________________________ 232
232
31:33
31:34 ________________________________ 223,
223, 443
443
31:34
224
31: 35-37 ____________________________________ 224
31:35-37
32: 36-41 ____________________________________ 221
221
32:36-41
38 _______________________________________ 232
232
32:38
221, 222
222
32:39, 40 ________________________ 221,
32:39, 40
33:20-26 __________________________________ 224
224
33:20-26
16 ________________________________________ 514
514
38:
38:16
46:28 ________________________________________ 220
220
46:28
.
3~:
LAMENTATIONS
4:6 __________________________________________ 538
538
.....
EZEKIEL
3:4
________________________________________
3:4
4: 5, 66 __________________________________
_
4:5,
__________________________________ 333,
4:6
4:6
333,
10: 19, 20
_________________________________
20
I10:19,
I
:
5
________________________________________
11:5
11:
19, 20 _______________________ 222,
11:19, 20
222,
II
:20, 21 ________________________________
11:20, 21
13
:22
_______________________________________
13:22
_. ________________________________________
18:4
18:4
18:20-24
415,
18:20-24 _________________ 414,
414, 415,
18:31,
32 ________________________________
18:31, 32
20:
12 ________________________________________
20:12
21
:27 _______________________________________
21:27
28:
13 ________________________________________
28:13
13-18 __________________________________
28:
28:13-18
28:
12, 14, 15, 17 ____________________
28:12, 14, 15, 17
28:
15 ________________________________________
28:15
28: 16, 17
________________________________
28:16, 17
28:
18, 19 ________________________________
28:18, 19
33:
11 ________________________________ 218,
33:11
218,
33:24-26
__________________________________
33:24-26
....
....
....
27
27
260
260
428
428
618
618
516
516
232
232
224
224
531
531
535
535
440
440
536
536
623
623
219
219
620
620
619
619
619
619
620
620
619
619
621
621
409
409
217
217
697
697
36:23, 33-36 ____________________________

36:23, 33-36
36:26, 27 __________________________________
36:26, 27
36:26-28 __________________________________
36:26-28
221,
37: 19-28 __________________________ 221,
37:19-28
37:21-28 __________________________________
37:21-28
37:23, 28 ________________________________
37:23, 28
37: 27 ________________________________________
37:27
38: 39 ________________________________________
38:39
217
217
222
222
217
217
222
222
228
228
217
217
232
232
225
225
DANIEL
2
______________________________________________
424
424
2
2 and
and 7 ____________ 252,
252, 253,
253, 319,
319,
2
___________________________________ 322,
322, 333
333
2, 7,
7, 8,
8, 9,
9, and
and 11
11 ________ 320,
320, 335
335
2,
2, 7, and 9 ____________________________ 238
238
2, 7, and 9
3 _____________________________________________ 84
84
3:28 ________________________________________ 72
72
3:28 _
5: 28 ______________________________________ 323
323
5:28
6: 12 _______________________________________ 323
323
6:12
7 ________ 181,
325, 327,
327, 329,
329, 330,
330,
7
181, 325,
________ 331,
331, 336,
336, 337,
337, 425,
425, 459
459
and 88 ________________________ 317,
317, 318
318
7 and
7
7:
5,
17
____________________________________
333
333
7:5, 17
7:7, 8, 19, 20, 24 _______________ 325
325
7:7, 8, 19, 20, 24
426
7:8, 24-26 _____________________________ 426
7:8, 24-26
7:9,
10 __________________________________ 15
15
7:9, 10
7:9-14,
26 _______________ 424
424
17, 18,
18, 26
7:9-14, 17,
7:9,
14, 26, 27 ___________________ 326
326
7:9, 14, 26, 27
7:
10 ______________________________ 421,
435
7:10
421, 435
7:
13, 14 __________________________ 53,
425
53, 425
7:13, 14
7:
18 _______________________________________ 508
7:18
508
7:
20 ________________________________________ 317
3 17
7 20
7:22
______________________________________ 497
497
7:22
7:
24 _______________________________________ 331
331
7:24
7:25
330, 331
7:25 ______________________ 152,
152, 330, 331
7:27
18, 496
7:27 ________________________ 17,
17, 18, 496
88 ________ 252,
260,
259, 260,
257, 259,
252, 253,
253, 257,
261,
327, 330
325, 327,
261, 267,
267, 323,
323, 325,
88 and
9
________
244,
247,
268,
270,
and 9
244, 247, 268, 270,
_________________ 271,
428
286, 428
271, 275,
275, 286,
8,
9,
11,
and
12 __________________ 318
318
8, 9, 11, and 12
8:
2-14
__________________________________
269
269
8:2-14
21
________________________
253
8:3-5,
20,
253
8:3-5, 20, 21
8:8-12,
25
____________________________
328
328
8:8-12, 25
8:
8, 9, 22 ____________________________ 327
327
8:8, 9, 22
8:
9,
10
__________________________________
317
317
8:9, 10
8:9,
10-13, 23-25 __________________ 255
255
8:9, 10-13, 23-25
8:9,
11-14
____________________________
252
252
8:9, 11-14
8:9,
336
25 ________ 336
20, 24,
8:9, II,
24, 25
12, 20,
11, 12,
8:
11
_______________________________________
74
74
8:11
....
.....
698
698
QUESTIONS
8:
12, 14, 28-25 ___________________ 329
329
8:12, U, 23-25
8:
11, 13, 14 ___________________________ 256
256
8:11, 13, 14
8:
13,
14,
26,
27
____________________
269
269
8:13, 14, 26, 27
14 ______ 14,
8:
8:14
245 259.
265,
259, 263.
263, 265.
14, 245,
_____________ 309,
428,
433,
434
309 428, 433, 434
_______________________________ 271
8:14, 26
271
8:14, 26
8: 17. 27
_____________________________
271
271
8:17, 27
8:
19-26
_________________________________
277
277
8:19-26
8:20
______________________________________
323
323
8:20
8:21 ______________________________________ 333
333
8:21
8: 25 ________________________________________ 74:
74
8:25
99 _________________________________ 296,
429
296, 429
9:
3-19
__________________________________
269
269
9:3-19
9:21.
22 ________________________ 270,
271
270, 271
9:21, 22
______________________________
271
9:21,
23
271
9:21, 23
9:24
289
9:24 ____________ 273,
281, 289
278, 281,
273, 278.
9:24.
25
_______________________________
284
284
9:24, 25
9:24-27
295
9:24-27 ______________ 276,
276, 277.
277, 295
_____________________________
290
9:24.
27
290
9:24, 27
288.
9:25
9:25 ________ 74.
287, 288,
279, 287,
74, 272.
272, 279,
_____________________________ 289.
298
289, 298
9:25-27
_________________________________
282
282
9:25-27 9:27
______________________________ 284,
285
9:27
284, 285
]100 ___________________________________________ 85
85
10:2.
3 _______________________________ 277
277
10:2, 3
]0:5,
6,
13
___________________________
75
75
10:5, 6, 13
10:
21 ________________________________ 74
74
10:21
] j : 31 ________________________________ 255
11:31
255
12
_____________________________________ 85
85
12
12: I _________________________________ 74
74
12:1
12:
11
____________________________________
255
12:11
255
15
to 26 _________________________________ 269
269
15 to 26
OBADIAH
16
______________________________________________
16
14
14
JONAH
HOSEA
6:3 _____________________________________ 412
12:4 _________________________________________ 73
12: 10. 13 ___________________________ 16
I1:17
: ! 7 _______________________________________ 262
262
2:
6 __________________________________________ 541
2:6
541
3:4
__________________________________________
210
3:4
210
MICAH
5:2
37,
641, 645
5:2 ___________
37, 43,
43, 76,
76, 641, 645
7:
19 ____________________________________
442
7:19
.
442
HABAKKUK
2:2.
3 __________________________________
2:2, 3
39
39
2:
4 ______________________________________ 141
2:4
141
.....
...
2:
14 _______________________________________ 445
2:14
....
HAGGAI
2:
6
_______________________________________
2:6
445
39
39
ZECHARIAH
ZECHARJAH
3: 1-6 -________________________
73
3: 2 __________________________________ 81
9: 9 ________________________________________ 40
9: 9-11 __________________________________ 228
13: 1 ________________________________________ 109
13:7 _______________________________ 377. 642
J4: 1-4 ___________________________________ 17
14:4 _________________________________________ 505
]3: 4 ____________________________________ 106
JOEL
2: 14 _____,____________________________ 232
.....
2:14
2:23
______________________________________ 232
119
2:23
119
_______________________________ 230
230
2:28-32
2:28-32
3:
9-16
_____________
~_____________________
17
3:9-16
17
MALACHI
3:
1
______________________________________
72
3:1
3: 8-12 _________________________________ 72
16
16
3:
16. 17 _______________________________ 436
436
3:16, 17 .....
4: 1 ________ 390,
390, 445,
445, 506,
506. 537,
537. 538
538
4:1
4: 1-3 ________________________________
14, 557
1) 57
4:1-3
.....
3:8-12
14,
AMOS
3: 6, 77 ____________________________ 15
15
3:7 _______________________________
16. 205
205
3:7
_ 16,
9: 11, 12
12 __________________________
231
3:6,
9:11,
231
MATTHEW
1: 18 __________________________________ 516
516
1:18
37, 43,
43. 106
106
1:21 ___________________________ 37,
1:21
.....
SCRIPTURE INDEX
1:22 _______________________________ 26
1:23 __________________________ 38, 64
2: 5, 6 _____________________________ 37, 43
2: 15 __________________________________ 26
2:20 __________________________________ 513
3:12 ____________________________ 537
3:13-17 _________________________ 40
3:15 __________________________________ 286
3:16, 17 _______________________________ 37
4: 1-11 ___________________________________ 40
5 and 7 __________________________________ 40
5 to 7, and 24 ______________________ 240
5: 5 _______________________________________ 18
5:6 ________________________________________ 114
5:20 ________________________________________ 563
5:21, 22, 27, 28 ____________________ 128
5: 48 ______________________________ 129, 386
6:20 ________________________________________ 558
6:25 ________________________________________ 513
7: 21 ________________________________________ 410
7: 22 ________________________________________ 108
7:22, 23 __________________________________ 417
8 ______________________________________________ 58
8: 11, 12 _________________________________ 227
8: 16 _______________________________________ 516
8: 16, 28-32 __________________________ 618
8: 17 _______________________________________ 58
8:20 _______________________________________ 52
8:29 __________________________________ 55, 535
9: 1-8 ________________________________________ 52
9:4 _________________________________________ 38
9:24 ________________________________________ 572
10:22 _______________________________________ 412
10:28 ______________________________ 514, 518
10:32, 33 _______________________________ 442
11:5 __________________________________ 522, 523
11 :29 _______________________________________ 514
12: 18 _______________________________________ 514
12:24 ________________________________________ 619
12: 36 ______________________________ 427, 436
12:37 ______________________________________ 437
13:19 ____ ._____ .. __ .________________ 619, 620
13:25, 39 .__ .___.________________________ 621
13:30, 40 ____ ..._________ ._. ______________ 537
13:30, 49 __ .. __ .. ___ ._____.___ .. ______.____ 560
13:31, 32 _____________ .___________________ 234
13:37 ._._.____ .___ .___ .___ ._______._________ 52
14: 33 _____________________________ ._________ 40
16: 15-17 _. __ .___.__ .. _____________________ 37
16:25 .____ .__ .__.. __________________________ 513
16:27 __________________ ._________ 456, 523
699
699
17:
22 ______________________ .________________ 52
17:22
18:3
18:3 __ .___________ ._________________ 12, 45
18:
10 _______________________.__ .________ 618
18:10 ....
J8:20 ______________.__ ._________ .____________ 38
J8:20 ....
18:23-35
________________________ .___ .___ ._ 439
18:23-35
18:
30, 35 _________________________ 440
18:30, 35
19:
19 _________ .___ .___ .____ ._______ .________ 623
19:19
21 : 4-9 ___________________ .____________ ._.____ 228
21:4-9
21
:5, 9 _________________ .__ ... _____.________ 219
21:5, 9
21 : 31 ___.. ___________________________________ 548
21:31
21 :41 __________ ._________ .______ . _____ ._. ____ 537
537
21:41
21:43
227, 234,
234, 285
21:43 ______ .______ .________ 227,
285
22:38-40
________
.
___________
..
_________
._.
__
523
523
22:38-40
22: 39 ____________ .____________ ...__.________ 623
623
22:39
22:40
_______________________
...
______________
563
563
22:40
23: 13 ________________________________________ 547
547
23:13
23:
23 _______________________________________ 16
16
23:23
________________________________________
226
23:28
226
23:28
23:
32, 36 __________________________________ 293
293
23:32, 36
23:
32, 38 ________________________________ 285
285
23:32, 38
33 ________________________________________ 419
419
22:33
23:
37 _______________ .. _______________________ 409
409
23:37
______________________________________________ 236
24
236
24
24:
1-3 ________________________________________ 256
256
24:1-3
24:3,
15,
16-18
________________________
237
16-18
237
24:3,
________________________________________ 412
24: 13 15,
412
24:13
15
________________________________________
321
24:
32 1
24 1 5
24:
15-20
________________________
._
256,
292
24:15-20
256, 292
24: 27 __________ . ____._______________________ 455
455
24:27
494
24: 30 ________________ ._________________ 53,
24:30
53, 494
24:30,31
____________________________
453,
457
453, 457
24:30, 31
24:
31 _______________________________________ 495
495
24:31
24:
33
____________________________
.__________
17
17
24:33
24:36, 44
44 ______.___________________________ 17
17
24:36,
24:40
__________________
.
_____
.
__
.
____
457,
461
24:40
457, 461
24:44 _. __ ._... _._...___._.....__....__. ___._. 17
17
24:44
25:31 _...... _.. ___.. ____.__ ._.___ .. __ .. 53,
456
25:31
53, 456
25:31,
557
32 ._ ...... _..___ .__ ._ .._. ___._. __ 557
25:31, 32
25:
31-41 ___ ._________________________ ._. ____ 556
556
25:31-41
25:32,
33 _. ____________________ ._.. ________ 494
494
25:32 33
25:41
_____________ .________ 267, 507, 621
621
25:41* ......rrrrrrie^ToT,"
25:41,
46 _. __ ..________ .__ .___________.____ 539
539
25:41, 46
25: 46 ____ ._________________ .__ .______ 506,
540
25:46
506, 540
26:2 __________________
.____ .. __ ._._. _______
- ._ 52
52
26:2
26:28 __._._..._ 64,
64,223,228,
396
26:28
377, 396
223, 228, 377,
____
.
_____
.
______
.
__
.
_____________
.
_____
558
26:29
- 558
26:29
27: 19 __ ... _____ .__ ._____ ._______ .____________ 54
54
27: 19
27
:41-43
______
._.
______
._
..
____
.
________
...
_ 37
37
27:41-43
27:50,
51
____
..
__
.
__
._.
_________
.
_____
..
___
283
283
27:50, 51
27: 51 .__________ .__ ._. __ .___._________ ._.___ 385
385
27:51
27:52, 53
._____________.___________._____ 70
70
53
.
...
2~:
27:52,
QUESTIONS
700
700
28: 1 ....... _.... _.. _..__._ .... __ .__ ._.. _.._. __ 1152
52
28:1
28: 2, 3 ... _........._........._.............. 618
618
28:2,
28:
9
....
__
.
__
._.
__
...
_
...
_.
__
._.
____
....
_....
69
69
28:9
28:9, 17
40
7 .___ ._______.___ ._.._. __._. ___._____ 40
28:9,
.....__.. 69
69
28: HI5
28:11[5 ._ .. __ .... _. _____ .. __ ._ .. _
28: 16 ._. __......._... _...._.. _......_........ 69
69
28:16
28: 17 ._................. ___... _.... _..._..... 66
66
28:17
38
28: 18 .. ___ ..._.._._ ..... _.. _.. ____........... 38
28:18
28:18, 19
19 .. _........ _.. ___ ._..... 36,
36, 37,
37, 43
43
28:18,
28:19
11,36,40,45,627
!9 _......... _.._. 11,36,40,45,627
28:
1
MARK
4: 16, 31
31 .. _._ ... __ .__ .. _._. ___ ._.... ____ ._ 151
151
.. _. _____ .. -.. __.. __ ._...__ ....__ .. _... 281
281
114
6:21
.. __ ._.. __ ._....__ .......__ .. _..._... _.. 114
6:
:21
1115 _... _.. __............_._ ... __ ..... __ 524
524
77::11-15
:22 .. _._.._.. _... _._. __ ..._.... __ ....._.... 523
523
77:22
12 ...... _........... _.._.. _._._... __ .__.. _ 620
620
88::12
525
8:41,
42, 49-56
4956 _"'_" __ "_"'_"'_" 525
8
:41, 42,
8:55
516
8:
55 _... _............. __ ....__ ._ .... _...,_._ 516
9:23
112
9:
:23 _..__ ._.,_. __ .. ,_,._.,_,.._, ...,_., .. _. 112
9:;26
26 ._...__ ... _....... _._ ......... _... _..._ 456
456
9:
619
10:;18
18 ._. __ .__ ............. __......... _... _... 619
10:
10:20
437
10:
;20 ._. __ ._ .. __ ...... _.... __.............._. 437
11: 14-1
1418
8 ..._......._....._.._... _........ _.. 619
11:
I J::35,
35. 36
36 ._....._..... _.......... _._ .. _.... 178
178
11;
12:36
12;
;36 .........._................. _....... _.. 450
12:47.
48 ....... _................... _...... 498
12;
:47, 48
...... _... _.................... 452
452
13:3
13: :3 _._ .. __ ... _
13:
16 .. ___ .__ ...._...._... _.... _. __ ._ ... __ .. _ 620
620
13: :16
13::28
28 ..... ___ .. _. ____ .. ___ . __ .. _. ___ .. _... __ 506
506
13:
14:14
493. 557,
557. 560
560
- 493,
14:
:14 .. _.... ___ ._ ... __ . ____
15:
555
11 .... __.. _.._.......... _................. 555
15: 11
J 5:2.
7 ......... _... _... _..... _............._ 545
15:
:2, 7
16
553
16 _._ .. __ ._..... __ ... _....__.. _......... _....... 553
J6:1,
16:
555
:1, 19 ' ___ """ __ """""""_"_'_""
16:8.
14 ._............__ ._.... _..... _...._.. 546
36; :8, 14
16:15,
547
16 _. ___ .__ ....._.... __.... _......... 547
16: 15, 16
16:17.
18 ..... _......... __ ......... ____ ._ .. 549
16: :17, 18
16:22
551
16: :22 _.. _. __ ._._ ......._.. _._... _... __..... _. 551
16:29.
560
31 _..... __ .....__ ._ ... __ .......... __ 560
16; 29, 31
17
17;:20
20 .._....... _.. _...._....... _.... _....... 234
17:
233
17: 21
21 .. __ ... __.. _.. _............. _........... 233
17
17
17::26-30
26-30 .......... _..........___ ._. __ ... _.._ 17
17
17::29
29 ........ _.. __ ...._....... _... _.......... 538
19:
10 .... _.. _.. __ ..... __......... _.... _. 52.
19: 10
52, 64
19:12
19; 12 _.......... _........_._ .._... _._ 450.
450, 454
._ ... _... _.. _.. ___ .. _.... __ .... _. _____ 450
19:13
450
19: 13
19:4244
19: 42-44 _.......... _........... _..... __ ... _. 293
20:35
20 35 ....._..... __ ._ ................... 15,
15, 497
20:37
522
20: 37 .. __ ... _...... __ ......... _.. _. __ . __ ..... 522
21
21 :20
:20 ...................... _...... _ 256.
256, 292
21
237
21 ...... _......_...... __ ... _..... _ 237
21::20,
20, 21
21:2527
_.._................... _.... _... 17
~~
21: 25-27 ...
21
21::27
27 .............................. _.. __ ..._. 453
21
34 .... _..............._.. __ .......... _... 450
21 :34
21:
36 ......... _. __... _......._.. _............ 497
21: 36
4::16,
18
44::18
1: 12. 13
13 .... _._ ....... _..._.... _._ .. __....
1:12,
1: 14 ...__ .... __...... _..__ .___ .._. _____ ..
1:14
1:15 ..._.. __ ..... _.. _.. _..... _..._.. 225,
225,
1:15
40, 55,
55,
1:24
1:24 .._.. _.... _.. __ ......... _. 40,
2: 7 ._........_.. _..._._._ ..... __ .............
2:7
_.._........
2: 5-12 ... _....................
"
2:5-12
2:27 ...._._ ...._..........
156,
"".I. 149,
2:27
149, 156,
2: 28 ...... _...__ .... _._ ... __ ........ 149,
149,
2:28
3:29 _._.. __........._.. _.~* 419,
419, 539,
539,
3:29
621
621
281
281
247
247
537
537
73
73
38
158
158
151
151
540
540
6:1,2 ...... __.............................. 151

151
6:1, 2
6:
13 .. _._._......_...................._.... 618
618
6:13
8:38
456
8:38 .................._...... _...._..._... 456
9: 9 ._... _.........._._- ....... _... _... _...... 52
52
9:9
9:4348
_____
...
_.
___
.....
_
...
_
..
_._
......
_
507
9:43-48
507
12:37
547
12:37 .... _........... _... _......_.._..._... 547
13:
13 ._..............._...... _............... 412
412
13:13
13:
14 .._. __ .._...... ___ ._............. _..... 292
13:14
292
13:26
453
13:26 ....... _...... _._...... _.......... _..... 453
13:26,
494
27 ..............................._. 494
13:26, 27
14:
24 .... _..._........._...._........__.__... 228
228
14:24
34 .............................___......_. 5!4
14:
514
14:34
16:1,
9 ..... _... _. __ .... __............... 152
152
16:1, 2.
2, 9
16:7
69
16:7 ............._.. __......._........ __ ... _. 69
16:9
68
16:9 ........ _...._.. _.._. __.......... __.._.._ 68
16:
9, 12.
66
14 ____ ... _. __ .__ .. _._._..... _... 66
16:9,
12, 14
16:
12 ..... _. __ ...... _............._._ ....._.... 69
69
16:12
14 _........_........_.... _._ ........._.. _. 69
16:
69
16:14
16:
19 ................ _._ .... ___.............. 69
69
16:19
.
....
....
....
....
....
LUKE
11:32,
:32, 33
33 .. _.. _.. _.. _.. _..... __ .. _. 219.
228
219, 228
1:
35 ._ ... __..... __ ._._._......... _. __....... 40
1:35
40
2:
J 0 .._........ _.._.. _.._.... __ .._.......... 120
120
2:10
2:35
2:35 _............... __ ._ .................._... 514
514
2:4152
40
2:41-52 ..... _.. _............. _....__.___.._ 40
3:21,
281
22 ................. _.. _.. _.......... 281
3:21, 22
4:
1621 ................................... 300
300
4:16-21
.
21
38 .. _.... _.... _.......................... 350
350
21::38
22:
3 .... _................__ ... _. __.._.........
22: 3
22:
16 .... _.. _. __ . __ .......... _...... _........
22 16
22:20
22: 20 _. __ ... __............. _._..__ . __ ........
22:48
22: 48 .. _....._..........._._......... _......
23:
14 _.. _. __......__ ........_................
23 14
,
621
621
236
236
228
228
52
54
54
SCRIPTURE INDEX
23:41
__________ .. ____________________________
23:41
________________________________________
23:43
23:43
24 ______________________________________________
24
24:
1 __________________________________________
24:1
____ .. __________________________________
24:3-6
24:3-6
24:15,
31 __________________________________
24:15, 31
24:34 _____________ __________________________
24:34
24: 36 ________________________________________
24:36
24:39. 43 __________________________________
24:39, 43
24:50-52 ____________________________________
24:50-52
40
40
558
558
66
66
152
152
522
522
69
69
69
69
69
69
66
66
69
69
JOHN
1:
1
________________________________________
38
1:1
38
I: 1" -3 ________________________________________ 51
1 1-3
51
:
I: l, 14
________________________________ 12,
45
1:1, 14
12, 45
I: 33 __________________________________________ 149
149
1:3,
10 ____________________________________ 175
175
3, 10
I: 8 __________________________________________ 393
393
_________________________________________
107
1:9
:9
107
1::11
11 ________________________________________ 282
282
1::13
13 ________________________________________ 38
38
__________________________________ 53, 137
1:14
:14
53, 137
I ::14,
14, 17
__________________________________ 136
136
17
I: 14, 18
_____________________________ .____ 64
64
:14, 18
I ::16
16 ________________________________________ 136
136
________________________________________ 273
1:24
:24
273
1:29
:29 ._______ 64,
662
64, 150,
150, 159,
159, 285,
285, 662
1:32-34
__________________________________
37
:32-34
37
I::41
41 _..._,ZZZ
________________________________________ 272
272
__________________________________
37
1:48,
49
37
:48, 49
1:51
________________________________________ 64
64
1:51
3:
1-36
______________________________________
64
3:1-36
64
3: 3 __________________________________ 108, 11
0
3:3
108, 110
3:5, 6 ______________________________________ 108
108
3:5, 6
3:8
________________________________________ 516
3:8
516
3:16
3:16 ____________________ 12,
12, 37,
37, 43,
43, 45,
45,
______________________ 109,
404,
406,
109, 404, 406,
________________________ 531,
536,
660
531, 536, 660
3: I 6, 36 __________________________________
567
567
3:16, 36
3:
18
_______________________________________
559
3:18
559
3: 18, 36 _______________________________ III
111
3:18, 36
3:
19
________________________________________
419
3:19
419
3:36
________________________
404,
532,
543
3:36
404, 532, 543
5:
19 ________________________________________ 39
39
5:19
________________________________________
39
5:21
39
5:21
5:23 _____________________________ .______ 37, 39
39
5:23
37,
5:24
110, 418, 521
..... 110,418,521
5:24 ________________________
5:24, 29 __________________________________ 419
419
5:24, 29
5:
26 ________________________________________ 39
39
5:26 ......
__________________________________________
53
5:27
53
5:27
.
.....
...
....
701
701
5:28 ___________.......
.___________________________
559
..........
559
5:28, 29 ......................
______________________ 13,
14, 38
13, 14, 38
______________
493,
502,
504,
523
5:29
5:29 ,... .......... 493, 502, 504, 523
5:
40 ........................................
________________________________________ 409
409
5:40
6:28
116
.................... 116
6:28 ________________________________________
6:39, 40 __________________________________ 522
6:39, 40 .................... .... .......... 522
6:44
________________________________________
108
6:44 ________________________________________ 108
6:51 ________________________________________ 385
6:51 ________________________________________ 385
6:53 ________________________________________ 387
6:53 ........................................ 387
6:62 ________________________________________ 52
6:62 ________________________________________ 52
7:
18 ________________________________________ 40
7:18 ........................................ 40
8:
31 ________________________________________ 413
413
8:31
398, 531,
8:44
8:44 ____________ 398,
620
531, 619,
619, 620
8:46
________________________________________
54
54
8:46
________________________________________
521
8:51
8:51
521
8:58 ________________________________________ 38
38
8:58
9:35-37
____________________________________ 37
37
9:35-37
227
9:39 ________________________________________
..................... 227
9:39
________________________________________ 177
9:41
177
9:41
10:14, 15
g __________________________________
642
.............. ......... 642
10:14,
192
10:
16 ________________________________ 185,
10:16
185, 192
10:28 ________________________________________ 418
418
10:28
________________________________________ 37
10:36
37
10:36
11:
1-44 ______________________________________
......... 525
11:1-44
525
11:
11
________________________________
524,
572
11:11 ................................ 524, 572
__________________________________ 567
11:25, 26
26 __________________________________
567
11:25,
II :27 ________________________________________
________________________________________ 37
37
11:27
i2
______________________________________________
525
............................................ 525
12
_____________________________________ 525
12: 1, 99 ______________________________________
525
12:1,
12: 31 _______________________ 65, 620, 621
12: 32 ________________________________________ 108
12: 35 ______________________________________ 178
12: 36 _______________________ .________________ 177
12:44 ________________________________________ 39
13:2 __________________________________________ 620
13:
19 ________________________________________ 237
13:19
237
14:
1-3 ________________________________________ 17
17
14:1-3
14: 2 __________________________________________ 558
558
14:2
495
14:2, 33 ______________________________________
495
14:2,
14:3
_________________________________ 451,
451, 454
454
14:3
__________________________________
284,
386
14:6
14:6
284, 386
14:
7-9 ________________________________________ 39
39
14:7-9
__________________________________ 258
258
14: 16, 17
14:16, 17
___________
.____________________________
119
14:
20
119
14:20
14:26
__________________________________ 37,
386
14:26
37, 386
________________________________
383,
620
14:30
14:30
383, 620
15: 2 __________________________________________ 114
114
15:2
________________________________
115
15:2, 5, 16
115
15:2, 5, 16
_________________________________
113,
404
15:5
15:5
113, 404
____________________________________
413
15; 7, 10
413
15:7, 10
15;
10 ________________________________________ 116
1 16
15:10
5:28
5:28, 29
..
QUESTIONS ON
ON DOCTRINE
DOCTRINE
QUESTIONS
702
702
15: 11 _______________________________________ 120

120
15:11
15:26 ________________________________________
37
37
15:26
16:7 -15 _____________________________ .______ 37
37
16:7-15
16: 7, 13 __________________________________ 258
258
13
16:7,
16:11 _______________________________
620, 621
- 620, 621
16:11
16:24 ___ . __________________________
..______ 120
120
16:24
16: 33 ________________________________________ 65
65
16:33
17 ____________________________________________ 682
682
17
17: 1 ___ .._____________________________________ 37
37
17:1
17:6, 26 __________________________________ 64
64
17:6,
17: 1226________________________________________ 452
452
17:12
37
19:7 __________________________________________ 37
19:7
20: 1, 19 _________________________________ 152
152
19
20:1,
20: 14-17 ________________________________ 68
68
20:14-17
20: 19 ________________________________________ 69
69
20:19 _..
20:26-29 _________________________________ 69
69
20:26-29
20:27 _______________________________________ 67
67
20:27
20:30, 31 ________________________________ 37
37
20:30,
2 I: I -2231______________________________________ 69
69
-.
21:1-22
ACTS
1 __________________________________________ 381
1: 4-12 _______________________________ 69
I: 9 _______________________________________ 463
1:9-11 __________________________ 17
1:9-12 _____________________________ 505
1:11 __________________________________ 453
2: 16-21 .. _______________________________ 230
2:23 --__________________________________ 205
2:27 _____________________________________ 620
2:29. 34 _____________________________ 526
2:31 _____________________________________ 522
2:33, 36 _______________________________: 311
2:37-39 _____________________________ 12, 45
12,
350
2:47 ______________________________ 118,
3: 14 _______________________________118,
38, 350
40
38, 40
3:15
_______________ 75,
77,
S2.
257
3:15
257
82,
75,
77,
3:18-20 ________________________ 26
26
3:18-20
3:
19 ______________________________________ 439
439
3:19
3:
23 ____________________________________ 537
537
3:23
4:2.
33 __________________________________ 67
67
4:2, 33
12
_________________
37.
43,
106.
396
4:
4:12
37, 43, 106, 396
____________________________
26
4:24-26
.
4:24-26
4:27
4:33
26
40
1; 369
:~~~ ==---=:::=::~::===~=::::::::=~:: 3~~

.
5: 3 ____________________________________ 621
621
5:3
5:31
_____________________ 75, 77. 108
75, 77, 108
____________________________
284. 289
75:31
284, 289
7:714 _________________________________
514
514
77:14
:44 _____________________________________ 366
7:44
366
7: 51 _______________________________ 405,
7:51 ...
7:52 _______________________________________
7:52
7:56 ...__________________________________ 53,
7:56
7:57-60 __________________________________
7:57-60
...
8: 1 __________________________________________
9 ____________________________________________
9:20 ________________________________________
9:20
9:36-41 ______________________________
9:36-41
10:25. 26 _______________________________
10:25, 26
10: 36 __________________________________
10:36
10:37. 38 _________________________________
10:37, 38
10:38 ______________________ 281. 282.
10:38
11 :23 _______________________________________
11:23 ,-.
13:35 ________________________________________
13:35
13: 39 __________________________________________
13:39
13: 43 _______________________________________
13:43
13:46 _
________________________________________
13;46
14:2 _______________________________________
14:2 .--.
8:1
.....
....
....
...
409
137
381
284
284
289
37
525
40
38
272
620
138
620
108
140
2S9
514
_ ____ ________________________________ 223
14: 3 __________________________________________ 140
14:3
15: I. 10
15:1, 10
15: 11 ______________________________
lOS,
.
15:11
15:13-18 ___________________________
15:13-18 ,...
15: 14-17 __.._________________________
15:14-17 ...
15:24
_____ .._____________________________
15:24
16:30-33
_______________________________
16:30-33 ...
17:
IS ____________________________________
17:18
1.7:22-29
_________________________________
1.7:22-29
17:
31 ____________________ 38. 420,
17:31
18
:27 ___________________________________
18:27
8 ___________________________________
20:7.
20:7, 8
_________________________________
20:9-12
20:9-12 _.
20:24
____________________________________
20:24
20:28
_____________________________________
20:28 ......
21
: 9 _______________________________________
21:9
24:
15 ______________________
502. 520,
._
24:15
18 ________________________________________
26:
26:18
27:
37 _____________________________________
27:57
26 _______________________________
28:25,
28:25, 26
....
.....
ROMANS
ROMANS
I: 14 _______________________________
1: 16 _____________ 13, 109, 123,
1: 17 ___________________________
1:18.21. 25. 31.32 ________
1:23. 24-27 ______________________
1:28 ________________________
1:32 ___________________________
2:4. 24 ______________________________
2:7 -_____________________
2:7. 8 _______________________________
US
239
231
131
12
67
86
557
140
152
525
140
64
91
524
620
514
26
37
137
141
137
137
413
536
137
517
412
SCRIPTURE INDEX
2: 14, 15 _______________________________ 122
2:26 ________________________________,___ 230
2:28, 29 ________________________________ 229
3:9, n, 12, 19, 24 ________________ 408
3: 10, 12, 23 ___________________________ 107
3:20 ______________ 13, 123, 142, 155
3: 20, 28 _______________________________ 108
3:23 ___________________________________ 137
3:23-26 ______________________________ 37, 43
3: 25 _____________________________________ 286
3:26 ___________________________________ 353
3: 31 _______________________________________ 131
4:4, 5 ______________________________________ 142
4:6 _______________________________________ 108
4: 13 __________________________________ 18
4: 13, 16 __________________________________ 228
4: 15 ______________________________ 131, 155
4: 25 __________________________________ 64, 351
5: I, 9 ______________________________________ 408
5: 2 _________________________________________ 140
5:6-10 ____________________________________ 64
5:8 _______________________________________ 398
5:8-10 ____________________________ 13, 123
5:9 __________________________________________ 118
5: 10 _______________________________________ 106
5: 10, 11 _______________________ 285, 341
5: 11 _______________________________________ 521
5:12 ___________ .. _________ 406, 407, 620
5: 15, 18 ________________________________ 136
5: 17, 18 ______________________________ 407
5: 20, 21 __________________________________ 137
6: 1-6 _______________________________________ 12
6: 4 _________________________________________ 68
6:5, 8, II ________________________________ 68
6: 10 ________________________________________ 380
6: 11 ________________________________ llO, III
6: 13 ________________________________________ 109
6: 13, 19 _________________________________ 113
6: 16 ______________________________________ 398
6: 17-21 ___________________________________ 620
6:21 _______________________________________ 536
6:23 ____: ___________ 13, 14, 412, 531,
__________________________ 535, 543
7:7 ______________ 13, 123, 131, 155
7: 7-10 __________________________________ 108
7: 7, 14 ___________________________________ 131
7: 12 _______________________________________ 129
7: 14 _____________________________________ 122
7: 18 _______________________________________ 112
8: 1 ________________________________________ 420
8: 1-10 ________________________________ 37
703
703
8:3 ____________________________ 52,

52, 108,
108,
8:3
8:3, 4 ___________________________________
8:3, 4
8:4 ________________ 117,
117, 122,
122, 223,
223,
8:4
8: 7 ______________________________________
8:7
8: 8 ________________________________________
I
8:8
8: 10 _______________________________________
_
8:10
8:
13
________________________
109,
Hi,
8:13
109, 111,
8: 14 _____________________________________
8:14
8:23
_______________________________
245,
8:23
245,
8: 24 _______________________________________
8:24
8:26, 34 __________________________________
8:26, 34
8: 28 ________________________________________
8:28
8:34 ________________________________ 381,
381.
8:34
9: 5 __________________________________________
9:5
9: 6 ________________________________________
9:6
9:6, 8 ______________________________________
9:6, 8
9: 8 _________________________________________
I
9:8
10:
4 __________________________________________.
10:4
10:
12,
13 ________________________________
10:12, 13
II: 5 _________________________________________
11:5
11:5,
16-24 ______________________________
11:5, 16-24
15 ______________________________________
11:
11:15
II
:24 ____________________________________
11:24
11 :26 ___________________________________
11:26
12:
1 __________________________________ 109.
12:1
109,
12:
3. 6 __________________________________
12:3, 6
13:
9 _______________________________________
13:9
14:
10-12 ___________________________________
14:10-12
16:
20 ________________________________________
16:20 ....
.
...
...
.....
109
109
145
145
230
230
222
112
112
110
110
112
112
410
410
350
350
U8
118
690
690
109
109
382
382
38
229
229
227
230
230
122
122
235
235
140
140
227
227
341
341
242
242
230
230
113
113
137
137
623
623
406
406
621
621
11 CORINTHIANS
11:5-7
:5-7 _______________________________________
...
16
16
I: 7, 8 _____________________________________
1: 18 _____________________________________
I: 30 ______________________________________
2:5 __________________________________________
2:8 _____________________________________
2:9 __________________________________._____
2: 14 ________________________________._____
3: 11 ___. _____________.____________________
3: 16 _. _____________._______________________
3: 16, 17 _________________________________
94
lI8
387
113
38
533
644
106
624
16
1: 7 ___________________________________ 95, 453
4:4 _______. _________________________________ 113
4: 5 _____ .__ ._________________________________

4: 21 _____________.____ .____ .__________._.___
5:7 _. _______________________________ 159,
159,
6: 2. 3 ____ .__________.__ . _____.. _______.__
6: 3 ______________ . ____________. ___.____.___
._..
.....
441
516
397
397
497
497
500
500
QUESTIONS
704
704
6: 19 __________________________________________
624
___ 624
6:19
7:
11 _______________________________________ 341
341
7:11
7: 19 _______________________________________ 117
117
7:19
8:5, 66 _. ___________________________
._______
36
36
8:5,
8:6
_________________________________
149,
175
8:6
149, 175
8:
13 ________________________________________ 540
540
8:13
9:9-14 ____________ ._________________________ 16
16
9:9-14
9: 25 ________________________________________ 16
16
9:25
9:27
________________________
.
_______
413,
414
9:27
413, 414
10:
18 _.______________________________________ 229
10:18
229
21 _____________________________ .____- 618
10:20, 21
618
10:20,
10:31
__________________________________ 16, 624
624
10:31
16,
11
:23 _._._.__________________________________ 27
1 1:23
27
_____ .________________________________________ 16
12
16
12
12: J, 28
28 ____________________________________ 16
16
12:1,
12:
11
___
..
___________________________________
95
95
12:11
14:
37 ________________________________________ 27
27
14:37
15
______________________________________________
460
460
15
15:
3 _. _______________________ .________________ 64
64
15:3
15:6, 77 ___________________________________ 69
69
15:6,
15:
9 _. ___ .___________________________________ 113
113
15:9
15:
I 0 . ._____ ._____________________________ 140
140
15: JO
68
15:12,
17, 18 ________.___ .____________ 68
15:12, 17, 18
452
15:
14, 16, 18 ____________________________ 452
15:14, 16, 18
378
15:
14, 17 ___________ .________________ 67,
67, 378
15:14, 17
17 .________________ ._______________ . 66,
369
15:
15:17
66, 369
15: 17, 18
____ .____________ ._______________ 522
522
15:17, 18
18 __ .____________________________________ 589
15:
589
15:18
15:18,22,23
.____ .______________________ 523
523
15:18, 22, 23
15:20,
23
___________________________
68,
160
15:20, 23
68, 160
15
:22 _____.__________________________ ._______ 407
407
15:22
15:22,
23, 52 ____________________________ 457
457
15:22, 23, 52
________________________________ 402,
402, 455
455
15:23
15:23
15:23, 52
52 __________________________________ 493
493
15:23,
15:24
___________ .____________________________ 76
76
15:24
______________________________________
267
15:26
15:26
267
15:26,
28 ________________ .______ .__________ 508
508
15:26, 28
I15:51-53
5: 51-5 3 ____________________________ 494,
517
494, 517
15:
5
I
-54
___________________________________
246
15:51-54
246
15:51-55
_________________________________ 13
15:51-55
13
15:51-57
__________________________
501,
503
15:51-57
501, 503
15:51,
53 _________________________________ 567
567
15:51, 53
15:
52 _______________________________________ 453
15:52
453
15:52,
53 __________________________________ 38
38
15:52, 53
54 _______________________________ 452
452
15:52,
15:52, 54
530
15:53
15:53 ________________________________ 529,
529, 530
15:57
________ .______________________________ 115
15:57
115
J15:57,
5:57, 45
45 __________________________________ 382
382
16:
I,
2
______________________________________
152
16:1, 2
152
17 ______________________________________ 455
16:
16:17
455
-
22 CORINTHIANS
1
: 19 ________________________________________
1:19
II, 14 ___________ .______________________
2:
2:11, 14
2: 14 _______________________________ .________
2:14
2: 16 ________ ._______________________________
2:16
3:5 __________________________________________
3:5
4:4
____ ._____ ._______________________________
4:4
4:
7 _._.______________________________________
4:7
37
37
620
620
115
115
113
113
113
113
620
620
113
113
68
68
136
136
529
529
530
530
528
528
407
407
4: 10, I I ____ .___________ .. ________ ._______

4:10, 11
4:
15 _. ______________________________________
5:
I, 2, 4, 6, 8 ________________________
5:1, 2, 4, 6, 8
___________________________________ .____
5:2-4
5:2-4
5:8
__________________________________ .______
5:8
5: 14 ___________ .____________________ 116,
H6,
5:14
5:
17 ________________________________________ 418
4I8
5:17
5: 18, J 9 __ ._______________________________ 105
105
5:18, 19
5: 18-20 __________________________________ 341
341
5:18-20
__________________________
53,
245,
285
5:
19
5:19
53, 245, 285
5:21 ___ .________________ 13,
40, 54, 56,
5:21
13, 40, 54, 56,
__________________________ 61,
123, 384
61, 123, 384
624
6: 16 _. _____________________________________ 624
6:16
6:
16-18 _______________________ .____________ 232
6:16-18
232
7:6 __________________________________ 454,
454, 455
7:6
455
9:6-15
_______
.______________________________
16
9:6-15
16
9:
14 _________________ .______________________ 136
9:14
136
10:
10
..
_____
.
___________
.
________________
455
10:10
455
11
: 14, 15 __________ ._______________________ 621
621
11:14, 15
11
:25
_______________________
.
________________
262
11:25
262
12:9
____ .. ____________________________ 136, 137
12:9
136, 137
12:
15
_____
.
_________________
.
________________
514
514
12:15
12:
18 __ .__________________________ ._. __ ... _.. 516
_I) 1fi
12:18
410
13:
5 __ ...__ ._.______._._.__ ..._....... ____ .___ 410
13:5
13:
5, 66 .. _._...__ .______._... _._ .. _.._...._.. 413
413
13:5,
40, 113
13:
14 _..._._ .... _.._... _.. _.... __ ._.__ . 40,
13:14
113
4:15
GALATIANS
1:4
._.. _._. __ ..____ ._______.. ___.. _____ ._____
1:4 ....
1:
6 _._ ... ___ .____ .________ .___ .____________ ._
1:6
1:8,
9 ___.______ .____ ._._._______ .________
1:8, 9 ....
1:
15 _____ ._._. ____ .__._._. _____ ._._. ___.__ ._
1:15
2:20 _.. __ .. __..____ .__ .___ ._.. 13, 68,
2:20
_____________ .______ 123, 150,
2:21
2:21 . ___ .____ . ______ .___ ...____ ... _________
3:2, 5, 10 _. ___ .___ .__ ... ______ .__ ._____
3:2, 5, 10
3: 7, 8,
16, 29 _____ .___._.... __ .__ .___ ._
3:7,
8, 16, 29
64
136
616
140
ll2
418
102
108
228
__._._. __ .. __ .. ___ .___.____ .____ .___.___ 613
11
11 _._._. ___ . ______._. ___.______ ._____ 141
_. __ .. _._. _______________________ ._____ 390
_. ___ .______ .____ .___._._._..._. _______ 242
242
.
....
3: 8
3:8
3: 8,
3:8,
3: 13
3:13
3:29
3:29
...
SCRIPTURE INDEX
5: I, 2 ______________________________________ 223
223
5:1, 2
5:
1-6 ________________________________________ 131
131
5:1-6
5:
6
__________________________________________
116
116
5:6
5:
14 ________________________________________ 623
623
5:14
5:
16, 17 __________________________________ 112
112
5:16, 17
5: 22, 23 __________________________ ll5,

116
115, 116
5:22, 23
__________________________________________
112
6:8
6:8
112
6: 18 ________________________________________ 136
136
6:18
EPHESIANS
1:4
__________________________________ 376, 406
1:4
376, 406
I: 7 __________________________________________
139
1:7
139
J1:9-15
:9-15 ________________________________ 37, 43
43
37,
1:
14
_______________________________________
543
1:14
543
11:19,
: 19, 20
20 __________________________________ 68
68
1:
20 ________________________________________ 381
1:20
381
11:21
:21 ____________________________________ 72, 76
72, 76
2:.1
__________________________________ Ill,
521
2:1
Ill, 521
2:
I,
12
___________________________________
107
107
2:1, 12
2: 2 __________________________________________ 620
2:2
620
__________________________________________
408
2:
3
2:3
408
2:4,
5 ______________________________________ 68
68
2:4, 5
2:4-8
____________________________________ 37, 43
43
2:4-8
37,
2:5,
8 ______________________________ 109, 140
2:5, 8
109, 140
139
2:6, 7 ______________________________________
139
2:6, 7
2: 8 __________________________________________ 142
2:8
142
123
2:8-10 ________________________________ 13.
2:8-10
13, 123
2:9
__________________________________
108,
113
2:9
108, 113
2: 10 ________________________________ 108. 116
2:10
108, 116
2:11,
12.
19
____________________________
230
230
2:11, 12, 19
15
__________________________________
622
2:
14,
622
2:14, 15
15
________________________
130.
131.
223
2:
2:15
130, 131, 223
3:
7
__________________________________________
106
3:7
106
3: 88 __________________________________________ 113
113
3:9 __________________________________________ 36
3: 10 ________________________________________ 393
3: 14. 15 __________________________________ 618
3: 17 __________________________ 13. 115. 123
3:20 ________________________________________ 114
4 ______________________________________________ 16
4: 11-14 __________________________________ 94
3:18. 19 __________________________________ 644
4:30 ________________________________________ 37
4: 32 ________________________________________ 119
5: 9 __________________________________________ 115
5: 17 ________________________________________ 410
6:6 __________________________________________ 514
6: 10-17 ____________________________________ 620
6: 12 ________________________________________ 618
705
705
PHILIPPIANS
1: 11 ________________________________________
1: 23 _____________________________________
1: 26 ________________________________________
1: 27 _______________________________________
2: 7 __________________________________________
2:9. 10 ____________________________________
2: 13 _______________________________________
3: 1 __________________________________________
3:3 __________________________________ 112.
3:8, 9 ______________________________________
3:H __________________________________________
3: 10 ________________________________________
3: 11 _______________________________________
3: 21 ________________________________________
4: 3 __________________________________________
4:4 __________________________________ 105.
115
527
455
514
61
72
114
120
230
122
141
68
523
38
437
120
COLOSSIANS
I: 6 __________________________________________
1: 10. 27 __________________________________
I : 13 ________________________________________
I: 16 ___ .. ____________________________ 72,
I : 16. 17 _______________ .__________________
1: 16-18 ____________________________________
1: 18 __________ .____________________________
1:20 _____ ._________________________________
138
418
228
618
149
36
76
285
2: 2 _______ .__________________________________ 117

2:3. 9 ______________________________________ 643
2: 6 __________________________________________ 411
2: 12. 13 ____________________________ .____ 68
2: 14 ____ .____________ .______________ 131. 386
2: 14-17 __________________________ 130. 622
2: 15 ___________ .____________________________ 618
2: 16 ___________________________________ .____ 131
2: 17 ________________________________ 151. 367
2: 18 _.________________________________ 72, 73
2:20 ________________________________________ III
3: 1 __________________________________________ 381
3: 3 _________________________________________ III
3: 10 _______________________________________
68
1 THESSALONIANS
1: 3 _________________ .________ ._______________
2: 13 ____ ._____ ._____________________________
4 ______________________________________________
4: 3 __________________________________________
4: 13-18 ____________________________________
116
27
460
410
14
QUESTIONS
706
706
4: 14, 17
___________________________ 523
523
4:14, 17
439
4:15-17 _______________________________ 439
4:15- 17
___________________________
452
4:15,
17,
18
452
4:15, 17, 18
4:16 ______ 81,
81, 452,
453, 456,
4:16
456, 493,
493,
452, 453,
_____________________________ 501,
517
501, 517
4:
16, 17 _____________________________
458
458
_
4:16, 17
246, 454,
4: 17 ___________ 246,
495
4:17
494, 495
454, 494,
___________________________________ 461
461
5:2-6
5:2-6
5:23
____________________________________
528
5:23
.
2
2
THESSALONIANS
______________________________ 450,
1:7
1:7 ....
450,
1:7,
8 ____________________________ 457,
457,
1:7, 8
1:
8
_______________________________________
1:8
1:9
437, 450,
450, 454,
1:9 ________ 437,
506,
454, 506,
.
1: 11 ___________________________________
1:11
2: 1 ________________________________________
2:1
2:
1-1 0 ____________________________________
2:1-10
2:1-4, 88 __________________________
2:1-4,
2:3,
2:3,
2:3,
2:3,
2:8
2:8
2: 9,
2:9,
4 ___________________________________
4
4, 88 _______________________________
__________________________________________
10
___________________________________
10
4,
456
456
558
558
492
492
539
539
116
116
458
458
614
614
458
458
240
240
460
460
491
491
621
621
11 TIMOTHY
1: 15 ________________________________________ 107
1: 17 ________________________________________ 517
2:5 __________________ 38, 375, 378, 382
2: 6 ______________________________________ 64
2: 9, 10 ___________________________________ 16
3: 7 ________________________________________ 620
3: 16 ______________________________________ 53
4: 1, 2 ___________________________________ 202
4:1, 13-16 ____________________________ 616
4: 10 __________________________________ 77
5:6 _______________________________________
5:24 ____________________________________
6:13-16 _____________________________
6: 14 _______________________________________
6: 16 __________________________ 13, 590,
6: 19 _______________________________________
521
441
517
450
592
387
22 TIMOTHY
I :9 _________________________________________ 108
I : 10 _______________________________________ 519
2:26 ______________________________________ 620

3 and 4 __________________________________ 616
3: 1-5 ______________________________________ 17
3: 1, 5 _____________________________________ 202
3:8 ________________________________________ 413
3: 15-17 ____________________________________ II
II
3:15-17
3:
16 ____________________________________ 26,
26, 28
28
3:16
3: 16, 17 _________________________________ 93
93
3:16, 17
4:3, 4
4 _____________________________________
4:6 __________________________________________
__________________________________ 523,
523,
4:3,
4:6
4:8
4:8
202
202
527
527
557
557
TITUS
I:
16 ________________________________________ 413
413
1:16
2: II ________________________________________ 108
1 08
2:11
2:11,
12 _________________________ 137,
411
137, 411
2:11, 12
2:
13 ________________________ 38,
38, 452,
452, 454
454
2:13
2:
14 ______________________________________ 411
411
2:14
3:5
3:5 ________ 108,
109, 118,
118, 142,286
142, 286
108, 109,
3: 5, 66 ______________________________________ 108
108
3:5,
3:
7 _________________________________________ 140
140
3:7
PHILEMON
15
__________________________________________ 542
542
15
HEBREWS
I : 1 __________________________________________
1: 1, 2 ______________________________ 149,
1 : 1-3 ______________________________________
I :2, 3, 5, 9, 10 _______________________
1:3 ____________________________________ 38,
1:3, 9
__________________________________
1:3, 9
1:4
________________________________________
1:4
):6 _______________________________________
1:6
1:8, 99 ____________________________________
1:8,
1:
8-10 __________________________________
1:8-10
I : 10-12 _________________________________
1:10-12
I: 13, 14 _________________________________
1:13, 14
1:
14 ______________________________ 245,
1:14
2:3 _______________________________________
2:3
2:6-9, 14-18 ___________________________
2:6-9, 14-18
...
26
614
36
371
381
287
72
72
39
370
39
72
516
420
371
2: 7 ________________________________________ 6) 8
2:7
2:9
___________________________________ 64, 359
2:9
64, 359
2:9-18 _______________________________ 12,
45
2:9-18
12, 45
2: 10 ____________________________________ 76, 82
76, 82
________ 65,
267, 537,
537, 620,
620, 621
621
65, 267,
_______________________________________
61
61
__________________________________ 61, 375
375
61,
3:
1-3, 6, 14 ____________________________ 372
3:1-3, 6, 14
3:
6 __________________________________________ 412
3: 14 ________________________________________ 413
4: 1-10 ______________________________________ 12
4:7 __________________________________________ 26
4: 12-15 ___________________________________ 372
4: 14 ________________________________________ 37
4:
14-16 ______________________________ 12, 45
4:14-16
45
2:10
2:14
2:14
2:
16
2:16
2: 17
2:17
12,
707
707
SCRIPTURE INDEX
4: 14, 16
__________________________________
4:14, 16 ....... ........ .................
4:
15 ________________________________________
4:15 .... .................. .................
_______________________ 382,
385,
4: 16 ........................
4:16
382, 385,
5:
I __________________________________________
5:1 ... ........................... ...........
5:
6 __________________________________________
5:6 .. ................... ............ ________
5:3, 6, 7, 9, 10 ____________________
5:3, 6, 7, 9, 10 ...................
5:7
__________________________________________
5:7 ..........................................
5:
9 __________________________________ 120,
5:9
120,
5: 12 ________________________________________
5:12 ________________________________________
5: 12, 14
__________________________________
5:12, 14 __________________________________
6:2
_________________________________ 507,
6:2
368
368
383
383
389
389
375
375
368
368
372
372
377
377
507
507
76
76
II
0
110
540
540
507,
6:
8 _________________________________________
413
6:8
............... 413
6:
11 ________________________________________ 117
1 17
6:11
6:
16, 17, 19 ____________________________ 372
6:16, 17, 19 ............................ 372
________________________________________ 682
6:20
6:20 ...................... _______ ........... 682
7:2 __________________________________________ 378
378
7:2
7:2,4-7,
14, 16, 22 ________________ 372
7:2,
4-7, 14, 16, 22 ________________ 372
7:3, 24, 25 ______________________________ 378
7:3, 24, 25 ........ ..................... 378
7:
16 __________________________________ 68, 131
7:16 .................................. 68, 131
7:19, 22 __________________________________ 382
7:19, 22 .................................. 382
7:19,
27 __________________________________ 380
7:19, 27 _________ ......................... 380
7:24 ________________________________________ 357
7:24 ........................................ 357
12,
45, 107, 257,
1:25
...............
7:25 ________________
12, 45, 107, 257,
______________ 264, 368, 382, 387
______________ 264, 368, 382, 387
__________________________________
373
7:25, 26
7:25, 26 __________________________________ 373
__________________________ 40, 54, 383
7:26
7:26 .......................... 40, 54, 383
________________________________ 357, 431
7:27
7:27 ________________________________ 357, 431
7:20, 27, 28 __________________________ 377
7:20, 27, 28 __________________________ 377
88 ______________________________________________
______________________________________________ 14
14
and 99 __________________________________
__________________________________ 397
88 and
397
88 and
________________________________ 39
and 10
10
1, 2
________ 12,
45, 365,
8:
387
2 ________
8:1,
12, 45,
365, 384,
384, 387
8:
1-5 ________________________________________ 257
8:1-5 ________________________________________ 257
8:
1,
2,
6-8,
10
_______________________
373
8:1, 2, 6-8, 10 _______________________ 373
8:
1, 2, 14 _______________________________ 263
8:1, 2, 14 ________________________________ 263
8:2
__________________________ 287, 433, 434
8:2 __________________________ 287, 433, 434
8:
2, 3 ______________________________________ 368
8:2, 3 ______________________________________ 368
8:
3 __________________________________________ 383
8:3 __________________________________________ 383
__________________________ 263,
367, 379
8:5
8:5 __________________________
263, 367, 379
8:6
_________________________________ 223,
223, 382
8:6 __________________________________
382
____________________________ 223,
223, 228
8:6-13
8:6-13 ___________________________
228
8:8-12
______________________________
13,
123
8:8-12 ........................... 13, 123
______ 373
9:2-12, 14,
23, 24,
373
26-28 ______
9:2-12,
14, 23,
24, 26-28
______________________________________ 429
429
9:6, 77 ______________________________________
9:6,
__________________________________________ 385
9:8
9:8 __________________________________________ 385
9: 11, 24 __________________________________ 370
9:11, 24 __________________________________ 370
______________ 351,
377, 384,
9:12 ______________
540
9:12
351, 377,
384, 540
____________________________________
357
9:7, 12
9:7, 12 ____________________________________ 357
9:
12,
24
__________________________
281,
381
9:12, 24 __________________________ 281, 381
________________________________ 376,
518
9:
14 ................................
9:14
376, 518
9: 14, 15
__________________________________ 434
15 .................................. 434
.
.39
9:14,
9:
15 ________________________________ 223,
223,
9:15
9:22 ________________________________________
9:22
9:23 ________________________________ 266,
266,
9:23
9:23, 24 __________________________________
9:23, 24
9:24
257, 366,
9:24 ____________ 257,
366, 384,
384,
9:
26 ________________________________________
9:26
9:
12,
26,
28
_________________________
9:12, 26, 28
9:28 ......
______ 17,
17, 451,
451, 453,
453, 454,
454,
9:28
10:
1 __________________________________ 367,
367,
10:1
10:1-12,
19-21
________________________
10:1-12, 19-21
10:
1, 4, 10 ________________________________
10:1, 4, 10
10:4
__________________________________________
10:4
10:
10 _______________________________ 342,
342,
10:10
12 _____________________________
10:3, 11,
10:3, 11, 12
10:
12, 14 _________________________________
10:12, 14
10: 19, 20
20 __________________________________
10:19,
10:
19-21 ____________________________________
10:19-21
10:
22 ______________________________________
10:22
10: 20, 22
22 ________________________________
10:20,
10:28, 29
29 __________________________________
10:28,
10: 29 _______________________________________
10: 37 _____________________________________
10: 38 _______________________________________
11 ____________________________________________
11:5 _______________________________________
11 : 8-16 ___________________________________
12 ____________________________________________
12: 1 __________________________________________
12:2 ____________________________ 77, 82,
12:23
________________________________________
12:23
12:24
________________________________ 223,
223,
12:24
12:26
________________________________________
12:26
________________________________________
12:29
12:29
38,
13:
8 ____________________________________ 38,
13:8
13:
9 _____ ____________________________________
13:9
12,20,21 ______________________
13:10,
13:10, 12, 20, 21
13:20
228, 236,
236,
13:20 ________________________ 228,
]13:21
3:21 _______________________________________
-
..
236
236
400
400
434
434
287
287
385
385
543
543
380
380
589
589
379
379
373
373
380
380
386
386
390
390
357
357
356
356
283
283
689
689
117
117
385
385
414
414
139
39
141
556
463
18
85
410
287
438
438
228
228
39
39
507
507
175
175
137
137
375
375
289
289
114
H4
_I1 PETER
I: 10, 11 __________________________________
1: 15, 16 ________________________________
I: 18, 19 __________________________________
1: 19 __________________________________ 40,
40,
1:23 __________________________________ 26,
26,
614
614
623
623
64
64
384
384
2:5, 6 _____________________________________
2:9 __________________________________________
2:9 ..........................................
2:9, 10
____________________________________
10 ....................................
232
232
239
239
229
229
108
108
2: 2 __________________________________________ 110
II 0
2:9,
QUESTIONS
708
708
2:22 ____________________________________ 40, 54

2:24 __________________ 56, 64, 384, 386
3: 15 ________________________________________ 10
3: 18 _________________________________ 64, 380
3:20 ________________________________________ 514
3:21 _______________________________________ 523
3:22 ____________________________________ 72
4: 17, 18 _________________________________ IS
4: 19 _______________________________________ 136
5:4 __________________________________________ 450
5:8 _________________________________________ 620
5: 10 ________________________________________ 139
5:12 _______________________________ 136, 138
2
2
PETER
1:5-7,9-11
___________________________
1:5-7, 9-1 1
1:
12 ________________________________ 177,
1:12
177,
I: 16, 17
__________________________________
1:16, 17
__________________________________
26,
1:21
1:21
26,
2:4
618,
2:4 __________________________ 535,
535, 618,
2:4, 99 ______________________________________
416
416
617
617
37
37
208
208
619
619
559
559
2:4,
2:
6 __________________________________________ 538
2:6
538
2: 9 __________________________________ 427,
535
2:9
427, 535
II
________________________________
419,
618
2:
2:11
419, 618
3:3-13
______________________________________ 506
506
3:3-13
3:
7
_________________________________________
427
3:7
427
3:7-10
______________________________________ 17
3:7-10
17
3:7, 10
____________________________________ 427
3:7, 10
427
3:
9
_________________________
211,
218,
409
3:9
211, 218, 409
3: 10 _______________________________________
537
3:10
537
11
____________________
________ 506
3:
7,
10,
506
3:7, 10, 11
3:
13
________________________________________
347
3:13
347
3:
16-18 ____________________________________ 416
416
3:16-18
3:18
3:18 __________________________________ 110,140
140
110,
JAMES
1: 15 _______________________________________
1:25 ________________________________________
2: 5 __________________________________________
2: 10. 12 __________________________________
2: 12 ________________________________________
2:24 _______________________________________
3: 18 _______________________________________
4:7 -_________________________________ 109,
536
131
228
131
189
408
115
620
I: 7 __________________________________________
398
-. 398
__________________________________________ 441
441
2: 1 _________________________ 257,
386, 441
257, 386, 441
2:1
2: I, 2 ________________________________ 13.
123
13, 123
2:1, 2
2:2
359,
350, 354,
354, 359,
106, 350,
2:2 ______________ 106,
________________________ 396,
396, 404,
404, 409
409
2: 3. 5 _____________________________________ 117
117
2:3 5 "
2: 5 _________________________________________ 118
118
2:5'
2:6 ___________________________________ 16, 411
411
1-7
I:
9
1:9
2:6
16,
2:
12 ________________________________________
119
119
2:12
2: 29
2:29
________________________________________ 116
116
,
3:4 ________________ 13.

123, 131, 155
3:4
13, 123, 131, 155
3:5
______________________________________ 54, 64
64
3:5
54,
3:8
65, 267,
267, 398,
398, 621
621
3:8 __________________ 65,
3:
9 ________________________________________ 108
108
3:9
3:
14 ______________________________________ 117
117
3:14
3:
15
________________________________________
543
543
3:15
3:
21 ________________________________________ 117
117
3:21
3: 22-24 ____________________________________ 141
141
3:22-24
3: 24
3:24
4:
9
4: 9
4: 9.
4:9,
10
4:
4:10
17
4:
4:17
________________________________________
____ ______________________________________
10
____________________________________
10
______________________________________
________________________________________
5: 2 _________________________________________
5:2
5: 2, 3 ______________________________________
5: 11 ________________________________________
5:11
5: 11, 12 ______________________ 37,
43,
5:11, 12
37, 43,
5:14 ______ 13,
531, 620,
620,
5:14
13, 117,
117, 531,
5:2, 3
118
118
64
64
106
106
S96
396
427
427
117
117
141
141
567
567
407
407
642
642
JUDE
44
6
6
77
99
14
14
24
24
____________________________________________
______________________________________ 535,
535,
______________________________________
539,
...
539,
____________ 71,
75, 78-81,
78-81, 85,
71, 75,
85,
____________________________________________
______________________________________________
-
136
136
619
619
540
540
419
419
449
449
417
417
REVELATION
t~ ~?8 -:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::__!_~~~ 1~~
1:5
75, 76,
76, 109,
1:5 ____________________ 75,
109,
__________________________________ 228,
1:6
1:6
228,
11:7
: 7 ___________________________________ 17.
17,
1:12, 13,20 ____________________________
1:12, 13,20
11:13-15
: 13 -15 ____________________________________
1:
17 _______________________________________
1:17
2: 11 ________________________________________
2:11
11 JOHN
1:2
__________________________________________
1:2
3:21
________________________________________ 382
382
3:21
4:
5 __________________________________________ 367
367
4:5
~~ ~2---:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::__~~:
:n
64
64
257
257
229
229
453
453
53
53
75
75
38
38
524
524
2:2.'5 ________________________________________ 450
450
2:25
3:5
438, 442
3:5 __________________________ 382.
382, 438, 442
3:9
__________________________________________ 621
3:9
621
SCRIPTURE INDEX
5:
8
5:8
5:9,
5:9,
5: 11
5:11
5: 12
5:12
5:
13
5:13
__________________________________________
____________________________________
10
10
________________________________________
________________________________________
__________________________________ 18,
388
388
229
229
456
456
120
120
390
390
66 ______________________________________________ 498
498
6: 14 ________________________________________ 498
6:14
498
18,
6: 14-1 7 ___________________________________ 491

491
425
425
387
387
367
367
388
388
11
______________________________________________ 498
498
11
11 ~________________________________________ 516
11:
11:11
516
11:
15 ________________________________________ 496
11:15
496
11:19
________________________
263,
367,
498
11:19 -263, 367, 498
12:7
_________________________________________
85
12:7
85
J2: 7-9 ________________________________________ 619
12:7-9
619
83, 619
12:7-10
12:7-10 ________________________ 81,
81, 83, 619
12:
9, 10 ____________________________________ 621
621
12:9, 10
12:
10
________________________________________
82
12: 10
82
12:
12,
17
__________________________________
621
17
621
12:12,
95, 186,
12:17
12:17 __________________________ 16,
16, 95, 186,
________________________ 187,
191, 196
187, 191, 196
13
____________________________ 181,
193, 459
13
181, 193, 459
and 20
13,
493
20 __________________________ 493
13, 14,
14, and
13: 3, 44 ______________________________________ 460
460
13:3,
13:16, 17
17 __________________________________ 179
179
13:16,
IS, 25,
490, 491
14
14 ________________________ 15,
25, 490, 491
14
and 17 ______________________________ 190
14 and 17
190
14:6
14:6 __________________________ 194,613,617
194, 613, 617
14:6,
7 ________________________ 15,
IS, 189,
426
14:6, 7
189, 426
14:
6-14 ______________________________________ 627
627
14:6-14
7 __________________________________________ 265
265
14:
14:7
______________________________________ 153
14:9-12
153
14:9-12
11 _______________________________ 542,
589
14:
14:11
542, 589
14:
12,
14,
17
____________________________
191
191
14:12, 14, 17
14:
14 __________________________ 52,
425, 427
14:14
52, 425, 427
14:
15.
16.
18,
19
____________________
490
490
14:15, 16, 18, 19
14:20
________________________________________ 491
491
14:20
15:
3 __________________________________________ 265
265
15:3
422
15: 3. 44 ______________________________________ 422
15:3,
15:5
__________________________________ 263,
263, 367
367
15:5
__ ____________ ____________________________ 498
16
498
16
16:5.
7 ______________________________________ 265
265
16:5, 7
) 6: 14 _______________________________________ 621
621
16:14
16:
I 7-21 ____________________________________ 499
499
16:17-21
16:20
________________________________________
463
463
16:20
17 ______________________________________________ 201
201
17
________________________________________
514
18:
14
514
18:14
6:14-17
6:
15, 16 __________________________________
6:15, 16
7:14
________________________________ 109,
7:14
109,
3 __________________________________________
8:
8:3
8:3, 44 ______________________________________
8:3,
....
...
709
18:
21. 22 __________________________________ 463
463
18:21, 22
19
______________________________________ 489, 492
492
39
489,
19:
3 _________________________________________ 542
19:3
542
19:
10 ________ 16.
40. 72.
96
19:10
16, 38.
73, 96
72, 73.
38, 40,
19:
11-16
__________________________________
490
19:11-16
490
19;
14-16
___________________________________
425
19:14-16
425
74
19:
16 _________________________________ 38, 74
19:16
38,
19:
17-19
___________________________________
491
19:17-19
491
19;
19, 20 ____ ______________________________ 460
460
19:19, 20
______________________________ 491,
491. 537
19;20
537
19:20
________________________________
492,
499
19:21
19:21
492, 499
20 ____________________________ 17.
437, 460,
20
17, 437, 460,
__________________________ 466,
466, 470,
470, 484,
484,
____________________________ 489,
489, 497,
501
497, 501
20:
1 __________________________________ 364,
444
20:1
364, 444
20: 1-3 ________________________________________ 492
492
20:1-3
20:
1-3, 10 _________________________________ 621
621
20:1-3, 10
20:2-4 ______________________________________ 500
500
20:2-4
20:2-7 _______________________________________ 489
489
20:2-7
20:
3, 7-9 __________________________________ 505
505
20:3, 7-9
20:4
461, 494-497
__. 461, 494-497
20:4 _________________________
520
20:4,
5 ______________________________ 502,
20:4, 5
502, 520
20:4. 6 ______________________________ 493,
501
20:4, 6
493, 501
20:4-6
________________________________________ 460
20:4-6
460
20:5 __________________________________ 496, 504
20:5
496, 504
20: 5-1 0 ______________________________________ 14
14
20:5-10
20:6
__________________________________________
507
20:6
507
____________________________________
524
20:6,
14
524
20:6, 14
__________________________________________ 504
20;8
20:8
504
20:9,
10
______________________________
14,
506
20:9, 10
14, 506
________________________
542,
589,
621
20;
10
20:10
542, 589, 621
20: 10, 14 __________________________________ 267
267
20:10, 14
436
20: 12 ________________________________ 421,
20:12
421, 436
20: 13-15 ____________________________________ 445
445
20:13-15
537
20:15 ________________________________ 437,
20:15
437, 537
21
and
22
________________________________
490
490
21 and 22
221:1-7
I : 1-7 ________________________________________ 18
1 8
2) : 1, 44 ______________________________________ 508
508
21:1,
21: 2, 33 ______________________________________ 505
505
21:2,
21:4 __________________________________________ 543
543
21:4
21:
6 __________________________________________ 76
76
21:6
537
21:8 __________________________________ 524,
21:8
524, 537
437
21: 27 _______________________________________ 437
21:27
__________________.. ______________________ 141
22:4
141
22:4
22:
5 __________________________________________ 508
508
22:5
9
________________________________
72,
73
22:8,
22:8, 9
72, 73
11 ________________________________________ 442
22:
442
22:11
22: 11, 12 __________________________________ 444
444
22:11, 12
22: 12 ________________________________________ 557
557
22:12
22: 13 ____________________________________ 38, 76
22:13
38, 76
22: 17 ________________________________________ 407
407
22:17
General Index
Abbott, Lyman,
Lyman, on change
of Sabbath,
172
Sabbath, 172
Abbott,
change of
"Abomination of
desolation" after
weeks, 292,
292, 293
293
of desolation"
after seventy
seventy weeks,
Abraham, promises
promises to,
to, 215
bosom," Jewish
Jewish concept
"Abraham's bosom,"
of, 561
concept of,
body, present
the Lord,
Absent from the
the body,
Lord, 528
present with the
Adam's sin
sin involved
involved human race,
406408
race, 406-408
Advent movement in
478
in New "Vorld,
World,
Advent, Second,
Second, 449464
449-464
Advent,
Adventist position
position on the four empires
empires of
333337
of Daniel,
Daniel, 333-337
Adventist understanding,
understanding, of the
millennium, 489-508
489508
Adventist
the millennium,
of
the Second Advent,
Advent, 451
of the
Adventist views
views of prophecy,
Adventist
prophecy, 207
Advocate,
Christ
the
sinner's,
Christ
the
441
Advocate,
sinner's, 441
Aitken, William H. M. H.,
H., on conditional
immortality, 596
conditional immortality,
Aitken,
Alford, Henry,
Henry, on conditional
583
Alford,
immortality, 583
Ambrose,
fasting, 166,
167
Ambrose, on Sabbath fasting,
166, 167
Amillenialism, akin
to Augustinian
Augustinian concepts,
akin, to
Amillenialism,
concepts, 482
the kingdom
kingdom prophecies,
prophecies, 213
213
and the
defined,466
466
defined,
Angel of the
the Lord,
83-85
Lord, 73,
73, 8385
Angel
Annihilation of
of. wicked,
536-538
wicked, 23,
23, 536538
Antiochus Epiphanes
Epiphanes and the
the prophetic
specifications of
of Daniel,
Daniel, 317337
317-337
"Archangel"
as
a
title
of
Christ,
75-77
"Archangel" as title of Christ, 7577
membership in
Adventist
Church,
4249
Arianism and membership
in Seventhday
Adventist
42-49
Church,
Seventh-day
Arminianism opposes
404406
opposes predestination,
predestination, 404-406
Atkinson,
immortality, 601
601
Basil F.
F. C.,
Atkinson, Basil
C., on conditional immortality,
Atonement,
benefits of,
by Christ's
Christ's priestly
priestly ministry,
minhtry, 349355
Atonement, benefits
349-355
of, applied
applied by
day
ritual, 361
361
of, ritual,
day of,
Ellen G. White on,
661680
Ellen
661-680
on,
349-355
sacrificial,
sacrificial, provided
cross, 349-355
provided on cross,
concept of,
341-348
wider concept
of, 341-348
Allgsburg Confession
Confession on change
of Sabbath,
171
Sabbath, 171
change of
Augsburg
Augustine
167
fasting, 167
Augustine on Sabbath fasting,
meaning
of,
391-395
Azaze\,
391-395
Azazel, meaning of,
Babylon,
197
constitutes, 197
Babylon, what constitutes,
Bapti'm, aa Christian
Christian ordinance,
12
ordinance, 12
Baptism,
immersion,
23
by
23
immersion,
by
Baptists promote
promote Sabbath observance,
observance, 179
179
Baptists
Barrow, Isaac,
Isaac, on conditional immortality,
Barrow,
immortality, 578
fruitage of Christian experience,
experience, 105120
Basis and fruitage
Basis
105-120
Beast, mark of,
179-185
Beast,
of, 179185
710
GENERAL INDEX
711
711
Beecher, Edward,
Edward, on conditional
immortality, 590
590
Beecher,
Beet, J. Agar,
Agar, on conditional
588
Beet,
immortality, 588
J.
Bible,
inspiration of,
26
Bible, inspiration
of, 11,
11, 22,
22, 26
of faith
only
rule of
faith and practice,
26-28
22, 26-28
only rule
practice, 22,
relation of
relation
White's writings
of Ellen
G. White's
Ellen G.
89-98
to, 89-98
writings to,
Blackburne, Francis,
Francis, on conditional
580
Blackburne,
immortality, 580
"Blessed
hope" of
the church,
"Blessed hope"
of the
463
church, 463
Bloomfield,
of the
the Lord,"
S. T.,
85
Bloomfield, S.
T., on "Angel
Lord," 85
"Angel of
Blotting
out of
of sin,
439
sin, 439
Blotting out
Boardman, George
George Dana,
Dana, on conditional
591
Boardman,
immortality, 591
Book of
of life,
life, 437
437
remembrance, 436
436
Book of
of remembrance,
Books of
record in
heaven, 435-439
of record
in heaven,
435-439
Bourn, Samuel,
580
Bourn,
Samuel, on conditional
immortality, 580
Brerewood,
Sabbath observance,
168
Brerewood, Edward,
Edward, on Sabbath
observance, 168
Brown,
A., on conditional
immortality, 588
588
Brown, W. A.,
Bruce, Alexander,
Alexander, on possibility
Christ's sinning,
sinning, 63
63
of Christ's
Bruce,
possibility of
Brunner,
Emil, on conditional
immortality, 602
602
Brunner, Emil,
Calvin,
Calvin,
on the
the law
law of
of God,
125
God, 125
Canne,
immortality, 578
578
Canne, John,
John, on conditional
Captivity
threatened to
Jews, 219
219
to the
the Jews,
Captivity threatened
Catholics admit change
change of
of Sabbath,
Catholics
182
Sabbath, 170,
171, 182
170, 171,
Ceremonial law
law distinguished
law, 129-134
129-134
distinguished from moral law,
Ceremonial
seventh-day Sabbath,
Ceremonial sabbath
sabbath distinguished
159
Sabbath, 159
distinguished from seventh-day
Chathak,
in Daniel
Daniel 9:24,
9:24, 273-276
translated "determined"
"determined" in
273-276
Chathak, Hebrew word translated
Chazon,
270-272
translated "vision,"
"vision," 270-272
Chazon, Hebrew word translated
Chiliasm
blights the
484-488
Chiliasm blights
the millennial
millennial concept,
concept, 484-488
defined,466
466
defined,
Christ, and Michael
the archangel,
Michael the
71-86
Christ,
archangel, 71-86
bodily resurrection
resurrection of,
66-70
of, 66-70
bodily
deity
22
of, 22
deity of,
deity and
and eternal
pre-existence of,
35-41, 48
48
of, 35-41,
deity
Ellen G.
G. White on,
641-645
Ellen
on, 641-645
in relation
relation to
to angelic
hosts, 72
72
in
angelic hosts,
incarnation of,
Ellen G.
G. White on,
647-660
incarnation
on, 647-660
50-65; Ellen
of, 50-65;
man's
376
man's only
mediator, 375,
375, 376
only mediator,
mediatorial
382
mediatorial work of,
of, 382
only
mankind, 106
106
of lost
lost mankind,
Saviour of
only Saviour
our surety,
our
382-384
surety, 382-384
11
in Godhead,
position of,
Godhead, 11
of, in
position
pre-existence of,
48; Ellen
Ellen G.
G. White on,
645
on, 644,
644, 645
35-41, 48;
of, 35-41,
pre-existence
,premillennial
of, 22
second advent of,
22
premillennial second
priestly ministry
ministry of,
22, 24,
24, 349-355,
349-35.5, 369-390;
Ellen G.
G. White on,
369-390; Ellen
on,
of, 22,
priestly
680-692
680-692
22
resurrection of,
resurrection
of, 22
second coming
449-464
second
of, 16,
16, 449-464
coming of,
sinlessness
of, 54-62;
Ellen G.
G. White on,
on, 650-660
650-660
sinlessness of,
54-62; Ellen
101-104
the
heart of
the advent
advent message,
of the
the heart
message, 101-104
the
sinner's Advocate
Advocate in
in the
judgment, 441
441
the judgment,
the sinner's
of sinning,
62-64
took humanity
humanity with
risk of
with risk
took
sinning, 62-64
vicarious
of, 22
22
death of,
vicarious death
712
712
QUESTIONS
Christian
character, development
386-389
Christian character,
of, 386-389
development of,
Christian
life aa growth
grace, lID
Christian life
110
in grace,
growth in
Church and state
24
state separate,
separate, 24
age, prophecies
affecting, 236
Church age,
236
prophecies affecting,
Church Manual (SDA),
8
(SDA), 8
Church, remnant,
remnant, 186-196
186-196
Church,
replaces literal
in God's plan,
plan, 226
226
Church replaces
literal Israel
Israel in
Clarke,
Adam, on Michael
Michael as
a~ Christ,
Christ, 85,
fl6
85, 86
Clarke, Adam,
Classification of
of prophecies,
prophecies, 207-212
Classification
207-212
"Cleansed,"
intent of
of term,
265
"Cleansed," intent
term, 265
Cleansing
~4, 15,265-267
of heavenly
15, 265-267
sanctuary, 14,
heavenly sanctuary,
Cleansing of
of Alexandria
"Lord's day,"
day," 166
Clement of
Alexandria on "Lord's
Coleman,
Lyman, on Sabbath observance,
observance, 168
Coleman, Lyman,
Commandment, fourth,
requires seventh-day
12
observance, 12
fourth, requires
Commandment,
seventh-day Sabbath observance,
Conditional immortality,
Conditional
511-519, 567-609
23, 511-519,567-609
immortality, 23,
Conditional prophecies,
209, 210,212
Conditional
210, 212
prophecies, 209,
Conferences on conditional
593
Conferences
immortality, 593
Constable,
immortality, 585
585
Constable, Henry,
convenes in
423
Court convenes
in heaven,
heaven, 423
confirmed in
in seventieth
week, 288,
288, 289
seventieth week,
Covenant confirmed
Covenant,
new, 220-224
220-224
Covenant, new,
William, on conditional
immortality, 578
Coward,
Coward, William,
Creation by
by word of Cod
in six
six days,
Creation
God in
days, 24
Criterion,
valid, 177,
178
177, 178
Criterion, Sabbath observance a valid,
Cusa, Nicholas
Nicholas Krebs
Krebs of,
principle, 260
260
of, on year-day
Cusa,
year-day principle,
"Daily"
of Daniel
Daniel 8,255-257,261-263
8, 255-257, 261-263
"Daily" of
Dale, Robert
Robert W.,
W_, on conditional
immortality, 583
583
Dale,
on Sunday
172
observance, 172
Sunday observance,
DanielS,
problems pertaining
252-267
Daniel
to, 252-267
8, problems
pertaining to,
Daniel 8 and 9,
in, 244-251
Daniel
Christ in,
244-251
9, Christ
Daniel 9,
related to
to Daniel 8,
268-295
Daniel
9, related
8, 268-295
Daniel sees
sees judgment
judgment in
vision, 423
Daniel
in vision,
Day
Atonement, aa day
judgment, 433
433
of Atonement,
of judgment,
Day of
day of
ritual, 361
361
ritual,
scapegoat on,
397-399
on, 397-399
scapegoat
symbolizes
judgment, 430
430
symbolizes investigative
typical,
264
typical, 264
Day of
of judgment,
judgment, 427
427
Day
Daughters
of Babylon,
199
Daughters of
Babylon, 199
Solomon, promises
promises to,
217
David and Solomon,
to, 217
Davies,
R., on conditional
immortality, 601
601
Davies, David R.,
Death, condition
condition of
in, 13,520-531
of man in,
Death,
13, 520-531
the
wages of
of sin,
the wages
sin, 535
Deity and eternal
pre-eXistence of
of Christ,
35-41
Christ, 35-41
Deity
Deity of
membership, 42-49
of Christ
Christ and church membership,
42-49
Deity
Delitzsch, Franz,
immortality, 591
591
Franz, on conditional
Delitzsch,
Demons,
nature of,
618-621
Demons, nature
of, 618-621
Departing and being
527
Christ, 527
being with Christ,
Departing
Destruction of
of Satan and sinners,
Destruction
sinners, 506
"Determined" of
Daniel 9:24,
meaning of,
of, 273-276
of Daniel
273-276
9:24, meaning
basis of
Disappointment of 1844 not the basis
of Adventist
Adventist faith,
faith, 247-251
247-251
Disappointment
GENERAL INDEX
Disciples,
disappointment of,
of, 247-251
247-251
Disciples, disappointment
the Decalogue
Decalogue and the
Distinction between
between the
Distinction
the ceremonial
ceremonial law,
129-134
law, 129-134
of Christ,
Divine-human nature of
50-65
Christ, 50-65
Dobney, H. H.,
583
H., on conditional
Dobney,
immortality, 583
25
Doctrines
with Seventh-day
Adventists, 24,
24, 25
Doctrines distinctive
distinctive with
Doctrines
with other
shared with
other Christians,
Doctrines shared
21-24
Christians, 21-24
Dodwell,
immortality, 581
581
Dodwell, Henry,
Domville, Sir
William, on Sabbath observance,
168
Sir William,
observance, 168
Domville,
teachings on gap,
basic fallacy
fallacy of
of appeal
to, 302-308
302308
Early church
church teachings
Early
gap, basic
appeal to,
Earth desolate
desolate prison
house of
during millennium,
millennium, 498
498
Earth
of Satan
Satan during
prison house
Election
be made sure,
416, 417
Election must be
417
sure, 416,
Ellicott,
Charles].,
on conditional
591
Ellicott, Charles
immortality, 591
J.,
Elliott, E.
E. B.,
principle, 260
260
Elliott,
B., on year-clay
year-day principle,
Eternal torment
torment rejected,
Eternal
543
rejected, 543
Eusebius, on resurrection
resurrection of
Christ. 69,
of Christ,
70
Eusebius,
69, 70
on transfer
to Sunday,
transfer from Sabbath to
166
Sunday, 166
"Evening-morning" aa full
full day,
258
"Evening-morning"
day, 258
Everlasting
eternal fire
fire and punishment,
539, 540
punishment, 539,
Everlasting and eternal
Everlasting covenant,
covenant, gospel
gospel in,
222
in, 222
Everlasting
"Everlasting
gospel," intent
of. 613-617
intent of,
613-617
"Everlasting gospel,"
Eyton
Canon, on Sunday
172
observance, 172
Eyton Canon,
Sunday observance,
Faa di
di Bruno,
Bruno, Joseph,
of Sabbath,
Faa
169
Sabbath, 169
change of
Joseph, on change
Fall
22
Fall of
of man. 22
Farrar,
W., on change
of Sabbath.
F. W.,
172
Farrar, F.
Sabbath, 172
change of
on conditional
584
immortality, 584
First death,
death,
First
Flesh,
Flesh,
524
524
no confidence
confidence in.
112
in, 112
Foods,
unclean. 622-624
622-624
Foods, unclean,
Foot
washing, 24
Foot washing,
24
Foreknowledge
not
predestination,
209
Foreknowledge
predestination, 209
"Forever"
defined in
in Bible
terms, 510
Bible terms,
"Forever" defined
540
repudiated, 439,
439, 440
440
Forgiveness of
of sin
be repudiated,
sin may
Forgiveness
may be
Fosso, Casper
Casper del,
173
tradition, 173
Fosso,
del, on tradition,
Four empires
empires of
Daniel, Adventist
Adventist position
of Daniel,
333-337
Four
on, 333-337
position on,
Fourth commandment requires
requires seventh-day
Fourth
12
observance, 12
seventh-day Sabbath obsetvance,
Free will,
will, 23
23
Free
Free will
will and judgment,
judgment, 402-422
402-422
Free
Frith, John,
immortality, 575
575
Frith,
Fruitage,
in the
the lives
children, 114
lives of
of God's
114
God's children,
Fruitage, in
of divine
divine grace,
of
139-143
grace, 139-143
kingdom prophecies,
231-234
Fulfillment of
of kingdom
Fulfillment
prophecies, 231-234
of Seventh-day
11-18
Adventists, 8,
Fundamental beliefs
beliefs of
8, 11-18
Gap theory,
theory, 296-308
296-308
Gap
Garden of
Gethsemane, Christ's
Christ's conflict
conflict in,
376
of Gethsemane,
in, 376
Geiermann,
Peter, on change
of Sabhath,
182
Sabbath, 170,
170, 182
Geierrnann, Peter,
change of
of the
the Spirit,
Gifts of
16
Gifts
Spirit, 16
Gifts,
spiritual, in
in the
the church,
94-96
Gifts, spiritual,
church, 94-96
713
713
714
QUESTIONS
ON DOCTRINE
QUESTIONS ON
Gladstone, William E.,

change of Sabbath,
E., on change
Sabbath, 173
Gladstone,
on conditional immortality,
immortality, 585
Glasgow,
J. D.,
D., on Michael as
as Christ,
Christ, 86
Glasgow, J.
21
God, sovereignty
of, 21
sovereignty of,
Godhead, 11,
22
11,22
Godliness of
of life
of Christians,
Christians, 15
life required
15
required of
Gospel to
to be preached
world, 23
all the world,
preached to all
Gospel
relation to
to law and works,
works, 135-145
Grace in
in relation
Billy, on the law of God, 127
127
Graham, Billy,
Greek view of Daniel's
Daniel's fourth kingdom,
kingdom, 318-333
grace, 110
Growth in grace,
Christian life,
life, 112
Growth in
In the Christian
Hades, Josephus
Josephus on,
Hades,
on, 565
Hales,
of seventy
to 2300 day5,
relation of
William, on relation
Hales, William,
seventy weeks to
days, 275
Ham, James
James Panton,
Panton, on conditional immortality,
immortality, 583
Heinecken,
J., on conditional immortality,
Heinecken, Martin J.,
immortality, 599
Henry,
Lord," 83,
83, 84
"Angel of the Lord/'
Henry, Matthew, on "Angel
as Chrjst,
on Michael as
85, 86
Christ, 85,
Historical
Historical school of prophetic
interpretation, 24
Holy Spirit,
development, 386
aids Christian development,
Holy
Spirit, aids
personality of,
of, 22
personality
Hour of God's judgment,
judgment, 426
immortality, 583
F., on conditional immortality,
Hudson, Charles F.,
Human race
race involved in
in Adam's sin,
sin, 406-408
Humanity
Christ, 51-53
Humanity of Christ,
"I
identified with Christ,
38, 39
"I AM" of Old Testament identified
Christ, 38,
Immersion, form of baptism,
baptism, 23
Immersion,
Immortality, bestowed on man by
by God, 13
13
Immortality,
conditional,
conditional, champions
of, 567-609
champions of,
condi
tional, or innate,
conditional,
innate, 511-519
to either soul or spirit
Bible, 517
not ascribed to
spirit in Bible,
promised on conditions,
conditions, 530
promised
Implications of the kingdom
kingdom prophecies,
prophecies, 238
Implications
Incarnation of Christ,
22, 50-65;
on, 6-17-660
647-660
Christ, 22,
50-65; Ellen G. White on,
Inspiration
1 1
Bible, 11
Inspiration of the Bible,
Intercession of Christ in man's behalf,
behalf, 389
Intercession
Intoxicating drinks,
drinks, 16,
16, 24
Intoxicating
Investigative
judgment, 14.
14, 15,25,264
15, 25, 264
Investigative judgment,
in setting
concept, 402-445
402-445
setting of Arminian concept,
Israel,
215-227
Israel, as God's chosen people,
people, 215-227
promises to,
to, at Sinai,
Sinai, 215
promises
state of,
of, and its
relation to
prophecy, 234
its relation
to prophecy,
Jackson,
John, on conditional immortality,
Jackson, John,
immortality, 578
Jehovah identified
identified with Christ,
Christ, 39
Jehovah
Jerusalem,
punished for rejecting
Christ, 292,
292, 293
293
Jerusalem, punished
rejecting Christ,
by decree of Persian kings,
kings, 278,
rebuilt by
278, 279
Jews,
215-227
of, 215-227
Jews, restoration of,
Jewish
state and its
to prophecy,
prophecy, 234
234
its relation to
Jewish state
GENERAL INDEX
Josephus on Hades,
565
Hades, 565
Josephus
Jude's
use of
the term "Michael
of the
the archangel,"
"Michael the
78
Jude's use
archangel," 78
Judgment,
to, 118-420
Christian believer's
believer's relation
relation to,
418-420
Judgment, Christian
during
thousand years,
years, 496-498
496-498
during thousand
investigati\'e,
14, 15,25
15, 25
investigative, 14,
402-445
investigative,
of Arminian concept,
in setting
setting of
investigative, in
concept, 402-445
of all
all men,
men, 23
of
23
Justification,
by faith,
23
faith, 23
Justification, by
by grace,
grace, 13
13
by
defined,387
defined, 387
Kantonen, T.
T. A.,
604
Kantonen,
A., on conditional
immortality, 604
Keenan, Stephan,
of Sabbath,
182
Keenan,
Sabbath, 182
Stephan, on change
change of
Kendrick, Timothy,
Timothy, on conditional
immortality, 581
581
Kendrick,
Kingdom
prophecies, 212-243
212-243
Kingdom prophecies,
Lange, Andrew,
Andrew, on Sabbath observance,
168
observance, 168
Lange,
Lange's Commentary
Michael as
Christ, 86
86
as Christ,
Lange's
Commentary on Michael
Laodicea, Council
Council of,
of Sabbath,
170
Laodicea,
of, on change
Sabbath, 170
change of
Law, Edmund,
580
Law,
Edmund, on conditional
immortality, 580
works in
to grace,
grace, 135-145
Law, and works
in relation
relation to
135-145
Law,
points out
out sin,
12
sin, 12
points
Law of
of God,
God, Calvin
Calvin on,
125
on, 125
perpetuity of,
23
of, 23
perpetuity
Protestant
125
Protestant creeds
creeds on,
123-125
on, 123the
standard of
of conduct,
the standard
121-125
conduct, 12,
12, 121-125
Layton,
579
Layton, Henry,
immortality, 579
Lazarus and rich
rich man,
parable discussed,
544-566
Lazarus
man, parable
discussed, 544-566
Legalism denied,
102
denied, 102
Legalism
Leeuw,
on conditional
immortality, 598
598
Leeuw, Gerardus van der,
der, on
Lewis, Eric,
immortality, 596
596
Lewis,
Eric, on conditional
Little
of Daniel
257, 258
258
Little horn of
Daniel 8,
8, 255,
255, 257,
Luther, Martin,
immortality, 570,
571
570, 571
Martin, on conditional
Luther,
Man,
in death,
condition of,
520-531
Man, condition
of, in
death, 520-531
22
sinful
fall of,
sinful fall
of, 22
Mar'ell, Hebrew word translated
translated "vision,"
270-272
"vision," 270-272
Mar'eh,
the beast,
beast, 25,
Mark of
of the
179-185
25, 179-185
Melanctholl on change
of Sabbath,
Melancthon
169
Sabbath, 169
change of
Melchizedek aa type
of Christ,
Melchizedek
378
Christ, 378
type of
Messiah
"cut off,"
Messiah "Cllt
282-284
off," 282-284
offered to
l'.lessiah's
kingdom offered
to Jews,
Jews, 226,
226. 227
227
Messiah's kingdom
in Jewish
Michael, in
Jewish literature,
78
Michael,
literature, 78
the
with Christ,
Christ. 71-86
the archangel
identified with
71-86
archangel identified
"Midst of
of the
the Week."
to occur at,
at, 284-287
284-287
events to
Week," events
punctiliar time,
time. 282.
283
282, 283
punctiliar
Millennium, 17
17
Millennium,
Adventist understanding
understanding of,
of, 489-508
Adventist
489-508
beginning of.
by Second Advent,
Advent. 460
460
of, marked by
beginning
varied
465-488
varied concepts
of, 465-488
concepts of,
Millerites introduce
introduce new millennia!
479
Millerites
millennial concept.
concept, 479
715
QUESTIONS
716
Milton,
immortality, 577
Milton, John,
John, on conditional immortality,
Moody Monthly
Monthly on the
the law of
of God, 128
Moody
Moody
the Ia
w of God, 127
law
Moody on the
eternal, 154,
155
Moral law eternal,
154, 155
Morgan on the
the law of God, 126
Morgan
"Most holy"
holy" anointed,
286, 287
anointed, 286,
Narcotics, 16
16
Narcotics,
Neander, August,
August, on change
Sabbath, 172
Neander,
change of Sabhath,
birth, 12,22
New birth,
12,22
New' covenant,
New
13
covenant, 13
the restoration,
restoration, 220
220
and the
kingdom promises,
promises, 228
22R
New Testament application
application of kingdom
Niebuhr, Reinhold,
Reinhold, on conditional
Niebuhr,
immortality, 603
Olshausen, Hermann, on conditional immortality,

immortality, 58{
584
Olshausen,
Overton, R.,
R., on conditional immortality,
Overton,
immortality, 577
Owen,
R. G.,
Owen, R.
G., on conditional
immortality, 607
Parable of
rich man and Lazarus,
Lazarus, 544-566
544-566
of rich
Parable
Parker, Joseph,
Parker,
immortality, 586
Joseph, on conditional immortality,
Past position,
position, Seventh-day
relationship to,
to, 29-32
29-32
Past
Seventh-day Adventist relationship
Pecard,
Peter, on conditional immortality,
immortality, 580
Pecard, Peter,
Perfection of Christian character,
386-389
Perfection
character, 386-389
Perowne, John
John J.
S., on conditional immortality,
Perowne,
J. S.,
immortality, 587
Perpetuity
of the law,
law, 23
Perpetuity of
Petavel-Olliff, Emmanuel, on conditional
590
Petavel-Olliff,
immortality, 590
Petri begins
begins 70
together, 313
313
Petri
70 weeks and 2300 years
years together,
Pettingell,
R., on conditional immortality,
immortality, 592
Pettingell, J. H.,
Pink, Arthur,
Arthur, on Christ's
ministry in heaven,
heaven, 384
Christ's ministry
Pink,
Porphyry propates
propates Greek view of Daniel's
Daniel's fourth
fOllrth kingdom,
kingdom, 320
Porphyry
Postmillennialism,
prophecies, 213
213
Postmillerinialism, and the kingdom
kingdom prophecies,
defined,466
466
defined,
J.
by Augustine,
Augustine, 469
introduced by
of the
the medieval church,
471
of
church, 471
Predestination, 23
23
Predestination,
as taught
taught by
402-404
as
Calvin, 402-404
by Calvin,
Pre-existence of Christ,
Ellen G. White on,
on, 644,
644, 645
Pre-existence
36, 48; Ellen
Christ, 36,48;
Premillennialism, and the kingdom
kingdom prophecies,
prophecies, 213
213
Premillennialism,
defined,466
466
defined,
in early
in
467
church, 467
early church,
in
in postpost-Reformation
Reformat ion time,
time, 472
revived in
century, 475
revived
in nineteenth century,
Priesthood of Aaron contrasted with priesthood
priesthood of Christ,
Christ, 373-375
373-375
Priesthood of Christ,
Christ, 369-390
part of the atonement,
349-355
atonement, 349-355
part
Priestley,
immortality. 579
579
Priestley, Joseph,
Joseph, on conditional immortality,
Priestly ministry
ministry of Christ,
Christ, 22.
22, 24
Priestly
"Prince of
of princes'
princes" identified,
74
identified, 74
1
Prophecies, classified,
207-212
classified, 207-212
Prophecies,
of the judgment,
judgment, 423-429
423-429
GENERAL INDEX
Prophecy,
principles of
205-243
of interpreting,
interpreting, 205-243
Prophecy, principles
Prophets, God's spokesmen,
26, 27
27
Prophets,
spokesmen, 26,
Proselyting,
627
Proselyting, 627
Prynne,
William, on change
change of
of Sabbath,
170
Sabbath, 170
Prynne, William,
Punishment of
of wicked,
533-543
wicked, 533-543
Rapture,
"secret," no place
for, 456
place for,
Rapture, "secret,"
Rapturists' arguments
461
discussed, 461
arguments discussed,
Rapturists'
Rawlinson,
of the
the Lord,"
Lord," 83
83
Rawlinson, George,
George, on "Angel
''Angel of
Record of
of sins
sins in
heaven,
435-439
in heaven, 435-439
Redemption
by
the
victory
of
Christ,
381
the
of
Christ, 381
victory
Redemption by
Redemption,
plan and provision
provision for,
God's plan
105-110
for, 105-110
Redemption, God's
Remnant church,
church, 16,
186-196
16, 186-196
Repentance
may
be
repudiated,
412-415
Repentance may be repudiated, 412-415
Resurrection, literal,
fact in
in gospel,
501
central fact
literal, central
Resurrection,
gospel, 501
not death,
the hope
hope 6f
522
of the
the saints,
not
saints, 522
death, the
of Christ.
of
22, 66-70
Christ, 22,66-70
14, 23
of just,
just, 14,
of
23
of righteous
righteous at
Advent, 493
493
of
at Second Advent,
of
unjust, 14
of unjust,
14
Rich man and Lazarus,
Lazarus. parable
discussed, 544-566
5H -566
parable discussed,
Richardson.
Samuel. on conditional
immortality. 577
577
Richardson, Samuel,
Righteous, resurrected
reS'llrrected at
at Second Advent.
Advent, 493
Righteous,
translated
at
Second
Advent,
494
translated at
Advent,
A. T.,
the resurrection
of Christ,
Robertson. A.
resurrection of
69
T., on the
Robertson,
Christ, 69
T.,
on
"Angel
the Lord,"
Lord," 84,
Robinson,
of the
85
84, 85
Robinson, T.,
"Angel of
84
Rotherham,
B.,
on
"Angel
of
the
Lord,"
8-1
Rotherham, J. B.,
"Angel of the Lord,"
J.
Sabbath
the moral
moral law,
law, 154-176
Sabbath and the
154-176
change
179-185
166, 179-185
of, 157,
157, 166,
change of,
change
prophesied, 152,
169-170
152, 169-170
of, prophesied,
change of.
distinguished from ceremonial
sabbaths, 159
ceremonial sabbaths,
159
distinguished
in chalacter,
memorial in
158
chaiacter, 158
not abrogated
not
160
Christ, 160
abrogated by
by Christ,
not
ceremonial in
not ceremonial
in character.
158
character, 158
day in
one day
in seven,
165
seven, unscriptural.
unscriptural, 165
reasons
for Adventist
reasons for
Adventist observance
observance of,
176
of, 175,
175, 176
seventh day
day as,
seventh
23
as, 23
seventh-day-ness
161-165
of, 156,157,
156, 157, 161-165
seventh-day-ness of,
time
to be
be ceremonial,
ceremonial, 174
174
time element
element of,
of, claimed to
168
Sabbath fasting.
167, 168
166, 167,
fasting, 166,
in church for
for centllries,
Sabbath observance,
observance. continued in
centuries, 168
a
a test.
181
test, 181
valid cri
aa valid
terion. 177,
178
177, 178
criterion,
foundation of,
of, 149-153
149-153
359
Sacrifices,
by individual
individual sinners,
sinners, 359
Sacrifices, by
of sanctuary.
357
of
sanctuary, morning
evening, 357
morning and evening,
Salvation,
by grace,
22
Salvation, by
grace, 22
once
rejected later,
later, 412-415
412-415
once accepted.
accepted, may
may be rejected
plan of,
of, God initiates,
105
initiates, 105
plan
prefigured in
356364
in sanctuary
service, 356-364
sanctuary service,
prefigured
717
718
QUESTIONS
ON DOCTRINE
DOCTRINE
QUESTIONS ON
provided by
by God, 12
provided
tenses in,
three tenses
in, 118
Sanctification,
a daily
Sanctification, a
daily experience,
experience, 410-412
by indwelling
indwelling of Christ,
Christ, 23
by
defined, 387,388
defined,
387, 388
Sanctuary.
263-267, 433-435
of, 263-267,
cleansing of.
Sanctuary, cleansing
in Daniel 8,
8, 269
heaven. 14
in heaven,
prophecy, 255
in prophecy,
literal
literal or figurative,
figurative, 365-368
place of Christ's
Christ's ministry.
384, 385
ministry, 384,
place
service
service prefigured
356-364, 378
salvation, 356-364.
prefigured plan
plan of salvation,
symbolism
points to investigative
judgment. 429-433
symbolism points
Satan.
Satan bound at Second Advent, 492
destroyed at
at end of TIlillennium,
14, 506
millennium, 14,506
destroyed
does not atone for anyone
sins, 400
else's sins,
anyone else's
leader of angels,
angels, 618-621
loosed briefly
briefly at
at end of millennium, 504
Scapegoat,
ritual, 363.
363, 364
Day of Atonement ritual,
Scapegoat, in Day
with, 396-401
transaction with,
translated from Azazel,
Azazel, 391-395
Schaff,
possibility of Christ's sinning,
sinning, 63
Schaff, Philip,
Philip, on possibility
Scholars on ending
1844, 309-316
ending of 2300 days
days in 1844,309-316
Scott,
Joseph Nicol,
Nicol, on conditional immortality,
immortality. 579
Scott, Joseph
Seal of God, 25
Second advent of Christ,
449-464, 490
Christ, 449-464,
premillennial. 22
premillennial,
Second death,
death, 524
Secret rapture,
rapture, introduced in
England, 476
in England,
place for,
no place
for, 456
Seventh-day
Adventist, denominational backgrounds,
backgrounds, 29,
29, 30
Seventh-day Adventist,
relationship to
to past
position, 29-32
relationship
past position,
Seventh-day
Sabbath, 23
Seventh-day Sabbath,
Seventh-day-nes~ of the Sabbath,
Sabbath, 156,
157, 161-165
156, 157,
Seventh-day-ness
Seventieth week,
covenant, 288,
confirms covenant,
288, 289
week, confirTIls
of Daniel 9 and the gap
theory, 296-308
gap theory,
terminus of.
289-291
of, 289-291
Seventy
weeks, of Daniel 9,
9, 268-295
Seventy weeks,
chart of,
of, 280
first part
part of 2300 days,
268-295, 313
first
days, 268-295,
fixed chronologically,
chronologically, 311
fixed
Seventy
Seventy "weeks of years,"
years," 276-278
stressed by
by early
church, 310
early church,
Sin,
blotting out of,
Sin, blotting
of, 439,
439, 442
transfer of,
431, 432
of, 431,
of, 389,
ultimate destruction of,
389, 390
Sin and sinners,
sinners, final
of, 443-445
final end of,
God's method of dealing
with, 435
dealing with,
Sinlessness of Christ,
Christ, 54-62
Sinners,
all die at Second Advent, 491
Sinners, all
by fire
punishment, 14
fire as final
final punishment,
consumed by
destroyed
close of millennium,
miUennium, 506
destroyed at close
GENERAL INDEX
Shabua', Hebrew word translated
translated "week of
of years,"
years," 276-278
276-278
Shabua',
Socrates
celebrating the
Lord's Supper
Socrates on celebrating
the Lord's
167
Sabbath, 167
Supper on Sabbath,
Sodorn and Gomorrah types
Sodom
types of
final destruction,
destruction, 538
of final
538
of man" as
"SOI1
"Son of
as title
title of
of Christ,
50-53
Christ, 50-53
Son of
of God in
in the
the Old Testament,
72
Testament, 72
Soul,
Bible meaning
meaning of,
512-515
Soul, Bible
of, 512-515
Sovereignty
of God,
21
God, 21
Sovereignty of
Spirit,
Bible meaning
meaning of,
515-517
of, 515-517
Spirit, Bible
Spirit
prophecy, 16
of prophecy,
16
Spirit of
Spiritual
the church,
in the
94-96
church, 16,
16, 9496
Spiritual gifts
gifts in
Spurgeon
the law of
of God,
126
God, 126
Spurgeon on the
State
24
State and church separate,
separate, 24
Stedman,
Ray C
. on relation
relation of
grace and law,
law, 144,
of grace
145
Stedman, Ray
144, 145
C.,
immortality, 587
Stokes,
587
Stokes, George
S., on conditional
George S.,
Strong,
A, H.,
H., on law
law of
of God,
122
God, 122
Strong, A.
Strong,
Artaxerxes, 295
295
of Artaxerxes,
decree of
Strong, James,
James, on decree
Summerbell,
of Sabbath,
173
N., on change
Sumrnerbell, N.,
Sabbath, 173
change of
Sunday
law, Constantine's,
167
Constantine's, 167
Sunday law,
Sunday
introduction of,
of, 166
166
observance, introduction
Sunday observance,
Swete,
wider aspects
of atonement,
382
B., on wider
Swete, H. B.,
atonement, 382
aspects of
Symposiums
conditionalism, 594
Symposiums on conditionalism,
Tamid,
the daily
daily sanctuary
261-263
Tamid, the
service, 261-263
sanctuary service,
Taylor,
Vincent, on wider aspects
aspects of
354
of atonement,
atonement, 354
Taylor, Vincent,
Temple,
William,
on
conditional
immortality,
conditional immortality, 597
597
Temple, William,
Ten Commandments,
Commandments, God's
God's standard of
of conduct,
121-125
conduct, 121-125
Thomas, John,
immortality, 583
583
Thomas,
Thomson,
William,
on
conditional
immortality,
582
Thomson, William,
Three angels'
messages, 15,
25
15, 25
angels' messages,
Tillotson,
John,
on
conditional
57R
Tillotson, John,
immortality, 578
Time of
of the
the judgment,
judgment, 428
428
Tithing, 16,24
16, 24
Tithing,
Tobacco,
Tobacco, 16,24
16, 24
Tottie,
John,
581
Tottie, John, on conditional
immortality, 581
Tradition, claimed
claimed superior
to Bible,
Bible, 173
173
Tradition,
superior to
Tribulation
in relation
to advent,
relation to
Tribulation in
457-459
advent, 457-459
Trinity, 11,22;
Ellen G. White on,
on, 645,646
645, 646
11, 22; Ellen
Trinity,
Tuberville,
Henry,
on
change
of
Sabbath,
of
182
Tuberville, Henry,
Sabbath, 182
change
2300
days, of
of Daniel 8,
2300 days,
8, 14,255,262,269-272
14, 255, 262, 269-272
chart
of, 294
chart of,
294
point to
to time of
judgment, 42R
of judgment,
428
point
oii conditional
Tyndale,
William, 011
immortality, 573
573
Tyndale, William,
Ullmann. Karl.
possihility of
Christ's sinning,
sinning. 63,
63. 64
of Christ's
64
Ullmann,
Karl, on possibility
Unclean foods,
food~. 622-624
Unclean
622-624
of Christ,
Vicarioll~ death
death of
22
Vicarious
Christ, 22
Vine.
Aubrey R.,
R., on conditional
immortality ..599
~99
Vine, Aubrey
Vision, Hebrew
Hehrew words from which translated,
translated. 270272
270-272
Vision,
Vision of
Daniel 88 and 99 "scaled"
by death
death of
of Christ,
Chrhl, 286
2R6
of Daniel
"sealed" by
Vision
Vos, Gcerhardus,
Geerhanills, on reality
reality of
of heavenly
heavenly sanctuary,
sanctuary, 367
367
Vos,
719
720
QUESTIONS
Warburton, William,
William, on conditional
Warburton,
Immortality, 580
"Week" aa literal
meaning 77 years,
years, 276-278
276-278
literal time
time expression
expression meaning
justification and sanctification,
411, 412
412
'Wesley,
sanclification, 411,
Wesley, John,
John, on justification
the law of
on the
of God,
125
God, 125
Weymouth,
R. F.,
immortality, 589
589
F., on conditional
Weymouth, R.
Whateley,
immortality, 583
583
Richard, on conditional
Whateley, Richard,
Whiston,
William,
on
conditional
immortality,
581
Whiston, William,
Whitby,
Daniel,
introduced
postmillenniaJism,
473
modern
introduced
Whitby, Daniel,
postmillennialism, 473
White, Edward,
Edward, on conditional
582
White,
immortality, 582
White, Ellen
Ellen G.,
gift of
of prophecy,
prophecy, 16,25
the gift
16, 25
White,
G., and the
inspiration of,
92
of, 92
inspiration
messages
prophets who did not
not write
write Scripture,
of prophets
those of
likened to those
91
messages likened
Scripture, 91
on atoning
Christ, 661-680
of Christ,
661-680
sacrifice of
atoning sacrifice
deity and nature of
641-644
on deity
of Christ,
Christ, 641-644
Christ, 644-645
644-645
on eternal
of Christ,
pre-existence of
incarnation and sinlessness
Christ, 53-65,647-660
on incarnation
sinlessness of Christ,
53-65, 647-660
light, 29
on new light,
29
on possibility
possibility of
sinning, 63
Christ's sinning,
63
of Christ's
priestly ministration
of Christ,
on priestly
ministration of
680-692
Christ, 680-692
on relation
relation of
the keeping
keeping of
of the
to the
of grace
the law,
143
law, 143
grace to
on remnant church,
192
church, 192
on resurrection
resurrection of
70
of Christ,
Christ, 70
sinlessness of
nature, 650-660
of Christ's
on sinlessness
Christ's human nature,
650-660
sovereignty of
of grace,
on sovereignty
138, 139
grace, 138,139
on time
time when mark of
beast will
received, 184
IB4
of beast
will be received,
on Trinity,
645, 646
Trinity, 645,
relation of
of her
her writings
to the
the Bible,
relation
89-98
Bible, 89-98
writings to
of, 23
Wicked, complete
destruction of,
23
Wicked,
complete destruction
punishment of,533-543
of, 533-543
punishment
Will
in Christian
Will in
109
Christian experience,
experience, 109
Williams,
observance, 172
Dr. Isaac,
172
Isaac, on Sunday
Williams, Dr.
Sunday observance,
Wishart, George,
George, on conditional
immortality, 575
575
Wishart,
Wither,
immortality, 577
577
Wither, George,
George, on conditional
Word of
of God,
God, 27
27
relation to
Works in
in relation
to grace,
135-145
grace, 135-145
World mission
mission program,
to, 625-628
625-628
relation to,
program, Adventist relation
principle, 259
Year-day principle,
259
Year-day
applied
by Jews
medieval Christians,
Christians, 310
310
applied by
Jews and medieval
b UIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
12"8701
~~
28 701
~II ~ ~
.~~

Questions On Doctrine

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Questions On Doctrine

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

SeveHtlt-doll AdvcHtists Answer

REVIEW AND HERALD PUBLISHING ASSOCIATION

the Atonement ............................................

General Index .................................._.............................................. 710

Beliefs of Seventh-day Adwntists

I. In Common With Conservative

15. That man is

BIBLE, RULE OF FAITH

The Great Controversy,

RELATIONSHIP TO PAST POSITIONS

ETERNAL PRE-EXISTENCE OF CHRIST

U. Biblical Basis for Belief in

II. Biblical Basis for

ETERNAL PRE-EXISTENCE OF CHRIST 39

11. CONVERGENCE OF MULTIPLE OLD TESTAMENT

Deity of Christ and Church Membership

Deity of Christ and Church Membership

first question seemingly

DEITY AND CHURCH MEMBERSHIP

DEITY AND CHURCH MEMBERSHIP

DEITY AND CHURCH MEMBERSHIP

DEITY AND CHURCH MEMBERSHIP

Inspired Word and the

What aa wonderful Saviour

the Old Testament there

MICHAEL THE ARCHANGEL

1. THE "ANGEL OF THE LORD/'

MICHAEL THE ARCHANGEL

MICHAEL THE ARCHANGEL

MICHAEL THE ARCHANGEL

which was once delivered

The author does not

MICHAEL THE ARCHANGEL

would not have

MICHAEL THE ARCHANGEL

MICHAEL THE ARCHANGEL

Ellen G. White's Writings

ELLEN G. WHITE AND THE BIBLE

gift of the spirit of prophecy,

ELLEN G. WHITE AND THE BIBLE

there have been

ELLEN G. WHITE AND THE BIBLE

ELLEN G. WHITE AND THE BIBLE

HEART OF THE ADVENT MESSAGE

The Basis and

Can one who holds

One who truly

BASIS AND FRUITAGE

BASIS AND FRUITAGE

dead indeed unto sin"

BASIS AND FRUITAGE

BASIS AND FRUITAGE

BASIS AND FRUITAGE

BASIS AND FRUITAGE

BASIS AND FRUITAGE

saved justification; we are

When God forgives

true and full

THE TEN COMMANDMENTS

The Waldensian Catechism (c.

THE TEN COMMANDMENTS

THE TEN COMMANDMENTS