Bindingproblem:Bindingmultiplerepresentationstosomeunifiedconcept.

ObjectsShapemustbe
correctlyassociatedwithobjectslocationtoprovideunifiedidentificationofthatobject.EX:auditory
bindingtryingtodiscriminateasinglevoiceinacrowd,bindingacrosstimerequiredtoobserveobject
inmotion,crossmodalbindingassociatingballstrikingabat:soundwithimage.Hardforthebrainto
do:illusoryconjunctionsSEEINGAREDXANDAGREENSflashacrossthescreenbutreportinga
GREENXandaREDS.

Vision:ObjectConstancy:ourworldisstablewhenthevisualworldisnothowweputtheworld
together.Marr&Nishihara:Objectcomposedofgeometricfeatures.Earlystagesofvisualprocessing
definesimpleproperties(colors,angles,directions)>movetowardsbuildingblocks
ObjectCentered:lowlevelfeatures>Geons>combinationsofgeons
Advantages:mostobjectsmadeupofgeons.efficientifobjectisbrokendownintoparts
donthavetostoremultipleviewpointsnotallgeonshavetobeclearlydefinedtoidentifytheobject
nothardifgeonsareeasytodiscern
Disadvantages:neglectslevelofdetailatwhichweseeanobject,i.e.needtobeabletodiscriminatedifferencebetweenthe
sameobjectsnotalloftheworldisageometricshapewestoremorethanvisualinformationinrecognizingobject

ViewerCentered:objectsdefinedbyviewersexperience,theviewerlearnsthroughexperiencemultipleviewpoints
andstoresinmemoryalloftheviewpoints.Learnsthereisamanytooneontoaknownobject
Advantages:worldisperceivedintermsofexperienceswithitacanonicalshapewillberecognizedfasterthannot
Disadvantages:storageproblem,noteconomhowdothesemultipleviewpointsgetmappedontoonerepresentation?
VentralStream:holdsknowledgebaseoftheworld.OBJECTbased(constanciesofsize,shape,color,longterm)
DorsalStream:Momenttomomentinformationaboutlocationsanddispositionsofobject.VIEWERbased
supportedbymonkeysdifficultyrecognizingformerlyfamiliarobjectsafterventraldamage.Monkeysdifficulty
discriminatinglandmarksafterdorsaldamage.
PatientDF:suffereddamagetoventralstream.Visualagnosia,couldnttellsimpleshapesapart.Couldnttellorientation
orwidthofobject.butCOULDrecognizepeopleverbally,holdthingsinhand,putcardinslot.Dorsalstreamwasfine,
thehowisfine
Visualrepresentationofimagesinourminds:Askingtestsubjectstolocatethingsonamap.seeingcorrelation
betweenhowlongittakesthemtodothisandhowtofindthingsthatwereonamap.Rotationexperiment,picturingan
objectrotatedfromwhatyouareusedtoseeingittakeslongertime
LIMITATIONSOFABOVE^:Predispositionsaffectingwhatyouperceive.SAYwheelshowpicofwheel,peoplemore
likelytothinkitsapictureofawheel.SAYsun,SHOWpicofsun,peoplemorelikelytothinksun.

Facesarespecial:Babiesbetteratrecognizingfaces,weingeneralarebetteratprocessingthemasawhole,shown
byusbeingworseatrecognizinginvertedfaces.Expertsareabletoquicklyrecognizeobjectsintheirfield

Vision!=Perception:MichaelMayblindfrombirth,abletosky,readbraille,etc.Gainsvisiondifficultyperceiving
faces,complexobjects,agoodexampleofIFYOUDONTUSEIT,YOULOSEIT(MichaelMay)hecantperceive
complexobjectsbyvisionbuthecanbyanyothermodality.

CATEGORIZATION:Betteratrecognizinginanimateobjectsbecausetheyarestoredcrossmodality(egscissors,we
usethemandweseethem,sotheyareeasiertorecognize).Neuroimagingshowsactionandthewordrepresentingthe
actionhighlightthesameregionofthebrainforarm/foot/mouthmovements.
Aidsincommunication,allowsustoplaceworldintomentalchunks.Helpsorganizeknowledge.

CLASSICALVIEWOFCATEGORIZATION:dictionaryrepresentation,
eg:dogbark,paws,fur,breed,color(butwhatifdoglosesalimb?)(whatifthedogisastuffedtoy?)
FORTHISTHEORY:takeslongertoassociatethingswithmoregeneralcategories
eg:canaryiscanary(instant),canaryisbird(short),canaryisanimal(longer)(impliesgoingupachain)
CATEGORIZATIONPROBABLYBEGRADED:
eg:robinmorebirdlikethanpenguin.eg2:cup>bowlgradient(getswidergetsMOREbowllike)
influencedbyfeatures:eg:addhandletocup/bowl,FARmoreinfluencedtosaycupalongthespectrum
suggestsPROTOTYPEbyEXEMPLARS
Language:orderofprocessesinvolvedinproducinglanguage.Evidencebyslipsofthetongueswitchinglexical,
syntactic,andgrammaticalorder.ILLUSORYCONJUNCTIONSinlanguagetoo(mcgurkeffect)bana>mada
Categoricalmembershipisgradedforsounds.Evidence:distinguishingdafromta.longerVOT>chanceofhearingta
Gradinginfluenciblebycontext.beace>peacetransitionisshorterbecausepeaceisaword.beef>peef,transitionis
longerbecausepeefisnotaword.
PRIMINGinfluenceswords:e.g.:sayingdogbeforecatisquickerresponsetimevssayingnosebeforecat
Sentenceshavestructure,notjustalinearstring(noncontinuouswords,Thecarjohnbought,itwasbroken)Long
distancedependanciesrecursivestructure
VerbalAphasia(abletoproducesoundsbutnotgrammaticallycorrectsentences)