INTRODUCCION

Defined as Project hydraulic, the set of

works that are constructed with the
purpose of storing, evacuate and
distribute a certain volume of water to
meet certain demands of the area where
it is located.
The main parts of a hydraulic set are:
Dam
Spillway

can come
surface.

from

bottom

or

of

Secondary show
Guaranteeing the certainty of the
hydraulic structure, When not
enabling the elevation of the level,
Waters arrive, On top of the
maximum level NAME.
Dissipating the energy, In order
that the return to the natural river
bed not produce damages. This is
done by means of leaps, diving
boards or bowls.
Discharge of excesses clearing the
excess of water of the dams, either
in shape free, controlled or mixed.

FLOW INTENSITY OF AVENUE

SPILLWAYS DAMS IN RESERVOIR

It is a hydraulic structure that it is built
in the dam to dislodge the excess
fortunes of water when preys get full
to overflow.

You get along well for flow intensity

of avenue the elevation of the
water levels in the river bed to
moral values not usual, As a
consequence of the growth of the
flow intensity that goes round for
the drainage system. This increase
of flow intensity, for the most part,
is consequence of extraordinary
precipitations of a magnitude such
that the basin's surface is not
capable
to
assimilate
them
completely.
REGULATING EFFECT OF THE
RESERVOIR

SHOWS OF THE SPILLWAYS

PRINCIPAL show
Liberating part from the water
stopped unless this go by the
engine room. They find In the
principal Wall Of the Dam and they

In the great majority of the cases

you get ready of the water in
periods that necessarily is needed
her not to her On the other hand
you require her in periods in that it
is showing a deficit. Surging of the
need of regulation, Necesidad to
construct reservoirs. The regulation

can be to daily level ( hold back of

drinkable water ) or to seasonal
level ( reservoir of great magnitude
).
DISCHARGE CAPACITY OF THE
STRUCTURE
The esteem of the design of an
Spillway in relation to the flow that
you will have to bear implicates
different
disciplines
like
the
hidrolgica, the meteorology, the
statistics and cost-reducing factors,
technological and even moral,
since of this the implicit certainty
will depend on a dam in emergency
moments. The design of the
Spillway they have a great
influence of the cost-reducing
factor, since these only will obey
his show during periods in that
they surpass the same capability of
her, which is why it is known for to
have to present laying plans with a
loud safety factor you can reduce
losses for faults of the prey, but
also you can take to cost-reducing
losses for the construction of big
Spillways and no confronting
events of faults of the prey in long
periods of time.

COMBINATIONS
ALTERNATIVE OF DAMS

OF

It consists in projecting the whole

bag of tricks and characteristics of
the
hydraulic
works,
the
functioning of these, as well as the
constructive aspects and the
materials that will use in each
theirs themselves. The analysis of
the hydraulic planning must come
true specifying with proposal of
over an alternative the following
stages:

SYSTEM
OF
comprehension:
The
construction of a dam of
reservoir,
The
comprehension or bocatoma
is a regulating work of
entrance of water of the
cauces toward the principal
channel.
SYSTEM OF conduction:
The
compounds
are
principally approximately at
the canals of derivation
(before
the
Spillway)
principal (after the Spillway),
secondary channels (lateral
and sub-lateral) and tertiary,
named canals also canals
divided into parcels.
SYSTEM OF distribution:
The lateral, sub-lateral and
direct takes are dispositive
hydraulic constructed at the
longitudinal stretch of a
principal canal of irrigation.
The
purpose
of
these
devices is to admit to and to
regulate the volume of
appropriate water of a
source of supply toward the
top part of the farmsteads.
RESERVOIRS: The systems
of storage of water build for
themselves in those places
where the hydric availability
does not keep relation
balanced with the area to
irrigate.
REPRESAMIENTO: It takes
place in the case than the
hydric availability do not
keep relation balanced with
the
area
potentially
to
irrigate.

STRUCTURE OF RELIEF VS
COST:
The decision to select a combined
system must be based on the
comparison of costs and benefits of
alternatives
(combination
vs.
separated). In particular the focus
cost efficiency it allows selecting
the alternative of minimal cost. In
the event of systems combined,
the costs of the system are
represented for the costs of
installation
of
complementary
structures (the overflow channels
are
within
which),
pumping
stations,
etc.,
The
costs
of
treatment of the not had a soothing
effect waters and or the costs
correlated with the contamination
produced in the water bodies
receiving of the waters of relief and
or of the effluents of the plants of
treatment. See him than must exist
one point where they minimize the
total previous costs in terms of the
levels of relief and of treatment,
which are complementary. Finally,
the alternative of minimum was
expensive for the combined system
it must be confronted with the
alternative of minimal cost of the
separated system.

CRITERIA
FOR
THE
STRUCTURAL design
For the design of an overflow
channel
Spillway
they
must
consider the following aspects:
FACTORS FOR THE design:
Flow intensity of design ( maximum
flooding ).
I conjoin drem Spillway - River
bed.

Delivery of flow intensities enter

several Spillway.
Type of Spillway.
.

CRITERIA
Selection of the avenue of the
project: You understand general
considerations and hidrogramas
of the avenue of the project.
Relation of the storage of
surcharge to the capability of
the drain.
Studies of variation of levels.
Selection of the size of the
Spillway.
COMPONENTS OF THE
STRUCTURE
Such and as it had come into
question beforehand, the Spillway
is that object of work within the
Hydraulic Set through which the
water that you do not wish to take
advantage of the reservoir is given
exit. In a general way, they can
indicate themselves like parts that
the Spillway, the following fix:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Canal of approximation.
Section of control.
Transition.
Fast or conduit of unloading.
Terminal structures or
squanderers of energy.
6. Canal of exit.
7. Canal of approximation:

is the water to the circular for her

fast, due to his slope, avoiding the
erosion of the natural lot that way
and the consequent destruction of
the own work or close other to the
unloading of the Spillway.
TYPES OF OVERFLOW Spillway
a) Classification
of
the
Spillway according to his
disposition in plant.
The Spillways according to his
disposition in plant classify in:

STRUCTURES OF CONTROL:
They are structures that project
and they construct with the end, so
much to control flow intensities,
like of maintaining the necessary
water levels to make easy his
derivation to another canals or
else, to the takes that waters
above the dam get located.
CANAL LATERAL
It is a structure that you forge for
yourself due to the insufficient
capability of unloading or effects at
the avenue of design, with the aim
of directing the flow that it
overflows of the Spillway laterally
FAST
That element comes from the
Spillway channel to save. The
difference of level between the
section vertedora and the riverbed
or canal of exit. His slope generally
is strong, assuring a regimen of
super-critical circulation.
TERMINAL STRUCTURE Or
SQUANDERER OF energy
It the in charge to dissipate the
loud kinetic energy that is enough

Front Spillway: They are those

rectums
in
plant,
whose
vertimiento has total success
coaxial
to
the
conduit
of
unloading;
They
have
like
disadvantages that can occupy big
extensions in plant, which would
bring as a result in case of being
built at a mountain, big volmenes
of excavation.

Lateral Spillway: They are those

whose
vertimiento
has
total
success
with
certain
angle
regarding
the
conduit
of
unloading.
Unlike the front
Spillway:, in the event he be going
to position himself at a mountain,
you can come from located form
such that you border the slope
without need to excavate the
mountain, sparing oneself big
volmenes of excavation that way.
Curved Spillways in plant: Such
like says it they are his name
curved in plant and as a
consequence, the vertimiento has
total success radially, existing a
central concentration of the flow
at the conduit of unloading. They
have the advantage that they
occupy not much area in plant -

relating to a front one - And they

present great length vertedora.

b) Classification of the Spillways

according to his position.
1. Spillway of river bed: They are
those that find their place within the
prey's body, they can be superficial or
deep.
2. Spillway of margin: They are
those that find their place out of the
prey's body and utilize themselves in
preys of local or concrete materials,
in case of narrow closings.
c) Classification of the overflow
channels according to the kind
of conduction.
1. Spillway with free unloading.
2. Spillway with forced unloading.
d) Classification of the Spillways
according to the kind of
construction.
1. Superficial overflow channels.
2. Buried or bottom overflow
channels.
e) Classification of the Spillways
according to the kind of
vertimiento.
According to the vertimiento they
can classify in:
1. Automatic drains.
2. Drains regulated by floodgates
1. Automatic drains: They are
those that they pour the water
when overtaking his crest in
automatically, that is, that they do
not take a device to control the
vertimiento in.
2. Drains
regulated
by
floodgates: They are those in
them how and like indicates it his
name the vertimiento is regulated
by floodgates, being an one

belonging to the fundamental

characteristics of this drain the
fact
that
the
cyma's
crest
necessarily does not correspond
with the level of normal waters,
which gives origin to vertimiento's
existence of two types: Regulated
with load to the level of normal
waters and free bass the influence
of the sinks with load to the level
of maximum waters that has place
once they are pulled up all of the
floodgates.

SPILLWAY OF VERTICAL WELL

The
Spillway
in
well, then
use
themselves little.
A Spillway in well
consists of an entrance furnished with
battlements, to increase the length of
coronation, a zone of transition with an
equivalent profile to the one belonging
to the conventional overflow channel, a
vertical well and a conduit of exit, that
sometimes has a light positive slope to
guarantee that you never are in its final
part completely empty.
Characteristics than
Spillway of well:

must

obey

the

Having enough capability

Being
hydraulic
and
structurally
adequate
Being located so that the unloadings of
the overflow channel not erode neither
undermine the heel waters below the
prey.
The surfaces that form the canal of
unloading must be resistant to erosive
velocities.
THE ADVANTAGES of the Spillway IN
WELL ARE :
1) Very large flexibility of position.
The drain can be located in many
points, posts office box of the
slopes ( that signifies minus

problems in as much as possible

aterramientos, falls of bowling to
the drainage channel, etc.
2) You have a great length of poured
in relation to the space that you
occupy . This is due to that it is to
circulate.
3) To the being his radial nutrition
and the vertical well you are
assured that, for an ample range
of flow intensities, it works in
pressure ( in this way we know
how our overflow channel works
and we can estimate the relieved
flow intensity ).
DESIGN
They must consider the following
aspects for an Spillways design:
Selection of the avenue of
the project: You understand
general considerations and
hidrogramas of the avenue
of the project.
Relation of the storage of
surcharge to the capability
of the drain
Studies of variation of levels

Selection of the size and type of the

Spillways

of

Stability of the slopes.

EXAMPLE
design

the

kind

of

OF

As from the HISTORIC RECORD OF

Maximum YEARLY FLOW INTENSITIES:
Q: 320 m^3/s
Desv. Std: 70 m^3/s
Once a hundred-year-old avenue was set
aside for

WE APPLIED GUMBEL TO ESTIMATE

THE MAXIMUM FLOW INTENSITY OF
design around 100 PULLBACK Years.
Q (T=100) = X + K
Y= -Ln (-Ln(1-1/T))=4.6
K= 0.78Y-0.45 =3.138
Qmx (T=100)
539.66 m^3/s

=320+3.138x70

For lamination of avenue of 25%

Qmx (T=100) = 539.66 x 0.75 =404.75
m^3/s
Formulate for Spillways of well:

Spillways on duty
The selection
Spillways depends of:

Permeability and resistance

of the foundation.

Q = Co.2.R .H^3/2
Co: Coefficient of unloading.

Conditions of emplacement.

q: Flow intensity of design.

The lot's inclination.

r: The Spillways radio.

Classroom and volume of

excavation.

h: Height of unloading.

Probability of erosion and

need of coating.

H: 2.00 m.

With

We assumed one R: 5m.

Co= 3.72

We calculated : H/ R= 0,4
P/R = 2.0

IN THE FORMULA:
404.75 = 3.72 x 2 x R x 2 ^3/2
R = 6.12 m.
The value is brought near the assumed,
therefore you are acceptable

SPILLWAYS WITH SIPHON

HYDRAULIC design
THEORY of the INVERTED SIPHON

NEXT, IN BOARD WE DETERMINED Co.'s

VALUE
According to previous board with one
H/R =0.4
Co = 3.58
We go toward the formula and we cleared
R.
404.75=
R= 6.36 m
5m

3.58 * 2 * R * 2^3/2
You are different R asum=

WE REPEATED THE Calculation WITH THE

NEW R.
R= 6.36 m.

H/R= 0.31

Co= 3.75
IN THE FORMULA:
404.75= 3.75 * 2* R * 2^3/2
R= 6.07m you are different R asum.
= 6.36 m.
HACEMOS UN NUEVO CLCULO:
R= 6.07 m.
H/R= 0.3

In order to cross a depressed land, he

must turn to a structure of crossing, in
each case the most convenient solution
to have a hydraulic correct functioning,
the minor loss of possible load and the
bigger feasible economy is
chosen.
Which can be:
Bridge canal
Inverted siphon
Sewer
Election of the kind of STRUCTURE
When the water level is minor than
the level line of the obstacle, a sewer
can be utilized.
When the level of the free surface of
water is major than the level line of
the obstacle, it can be utilized like
structure of crossing; A bridge canal
or an inverted siphon or both
combination.
The bridge will utilize canal itself
when you tell her apart of level he is
enter they skim her and of the canal
and the level line of the narrow pass
or I laugh, permit a clearance, enough
to achieve the step of water.
You will utilize the inverted siphon if
the level of the free surface of water
is major than The level line of the
obstacle.
CONCEPT OF AQUEDUCT

The bridge the canal is an utilized

structure to drive a canal's water,
achieving to experience a depression. You
are composed of a bridge and a conduit,
the conduit can come from concrete,
steel, wood or another resistant material,
where water drips for effects of gravity.
CONCEPT Or OF INVERTED siphon
The inverted siphons are closed conduits
that run under pressure, they utilize
themselves to drive the water at the
crossing of a canal with a topographic
depression or narrow pass, also to happen
for below a road, a road of railroad, a dren
or included other canal.
DESIGNING CRITERIA
They determine the dimensions of
the tube fulfilling the requests of
coverage, slope of the tube, angles
of folded and suggestion of the
entrance and exit.
In those siphons that cross
principal roads or under of drain, a
minimum calls for 0,90 itself I
water m of coverage and when the
roads divided into parcels or canals
cross d without coating, the m is
0,6 enough. If the siphon crosses a
lined canal one considers enough
0,30 m of coverage.
In the particular case of the
crossing with a narrow pass or I
laugh of rich regimen, a study of
depth of undermining to define the
depth you will have to cross over in
or to bury the structure of safe
form unless this be affected will
have to be done.
The slope of the folded pipes, you
must not be older to 2:1 and the
horizontal tube's minimal slope
must be 5 or oo. You are
recommended
transition
of
concrete to the entrance and exit
when the siphon cross principal
roads in siphons with principal or
equal to 36 ' and for velocities in
the tube to 1 m bigger s.

Water down above the siphon

due to the fortuitous funny

remark of bigger flow intensities
with the purpose to avoid
overflowings to the designing, it
is recommended to increase in
a 50 % or 0,30 m at the most to
the free border of the canal in a
minimal length of 15 m as from
the structure. With the purpose
to determine the diameter of
the tube in relatively short
siphons with transitions of lands,
so much to the entrance like on
the way out, the s, in siphons
with
transitions
of equally
concrete short can use a
velocity of 1 m3 itself the m can
use 1,5 itself s and enter 3 to
2,5 m s in long siphons with
transitions of concrete with or
without control in the entrance.
The charging losses for entrance
and exit for the transitions type
Covered Up Split, can calculate him
rapidly with the moral values 0,4
and 0,65 hv To fi n to avoid pools
upstream, the computed total
losses grow upon 10 %.
From the start it is recommended
in the transition's design than the
top of the opening of the siphon,
lightly be under the water's normal
surface, this sumergencia's depth
is known like seal of water and in
the design you take 1,5 times you
charge it of velocity of the siphon
or 1,1 at the very least or also 3 .
The sumergencia must not exceed
Hte/6 ad valorem in the way out.
In
relatively
long
siphons,
structures of relief to enable a
drainage of the tube for his
inspection
and
maintenance
project .

In long low siphons certain

entrance conditions he is able not
to get sealed whether the siphon
operate partial flow or to fraught

flow, with a coefficient of minor

friction than the sunken in the
design, for this reason n is
recommended to use 0,008 when
the
losses
of
energy
are
calculated.
Windows of aeration in places
where air would be able to
accumulate are located with the
purpose to avoid the cavitation
sometimes.
Regarding
the
charging
total
losses, the m is recommended the
condition that these be equal or
minors to 0,30. 20
When the siphon crosses over
below a narrow pass, he is
necessary to know the maximum
expense of the rise in waters.
A Spillways of excesses must be
considered and immediately you
water down a canal of unloading
above the transition of entrance.
A piping of aeration after the
transition
of
entrance
is
recommended to include
The need to include valves must be
examined break off pressure in the
development of the conduction in
order to avoid the water hammer,
that you would be able to make the
piping collapse (solo for big flow
intensities).
One must have in account
Manning's criteria of rugosity for
the hydraulic design
One
must
have
in
account
sumergencia's
criteria
(choked
back piping) to the entrance and
exit of the siphon in order to avoid
the entrance of air to the piping, 1,
5 hydraulic Clculo of a siphon.

CALCULATE hydraulic OF A siphon

In order that you do your job his show
the siphon's design, he is owed from
proceeding as follows:

Source: MANUAL: CRITERIA OF

designs OF HYDRAULIC WORKS
FOR
THE
FORMULATION
OF
HYDRAULIC PROJECTS.

E1=z 1 + y 1+

v21
2g

Where:
Zi charges of position
Yi Carga of pressure
V ^2 /2 *g: Charge of velocity ( g 9,81 m
s2 )
h: Hydraulic load
2

v
z 2+ y 2+ 2
2g

H=E 1E2= z 1+ y 1+

v 21

2g

FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL SIFN

El sifn siempre funciona a presin, por lo
tanto, debe estar ahogado a la entrada y
a la
Salida. Aplicamos Energa en 1 y 2.

Fig. 5: Interpretacin de la Altura

Mnimo de Ahogamiento
2

z 1+

P1 v 1
P v
+ =z2 + 2 + 2 +h f
2g
2g

P1 P2 v22 0.5v22
H max + = + +

2g
2g

rains the canal receives of the narrow

passes, you must discharge these
excesses with a minimum of works of art,
looking for in the possible cauces natives
to avoid additional works, although I end
this it depends always on the conjugation
of different local aspects (topography,
position of the drain, etc.)
DESIGNING CRITERIA

3 2
v
2 2
H max =
2g

I.

Another used formula is :

H min =0.3v t D

Polikouski and Perelman:

vt
D

H min =0.5 D

LATERAL
SPILLWAYS
GENERALITIES
These structures consist in low necklines
than they do in the wall or slope of the
canal to control the flow intensity,
evitndose possible overflowings the fact
that serious damages would be able to
cause,
therefore,
their
position
recommends itself in all those places
where this danger exist .
Which of excess to eliminate m, they
come from sometimes for faults the
operator or for affluences, that during the

The flow intensity of design of a

drain can become established like
that flow intensity that goes round
at the canal on top of his normal
shoulder strap, to the maximum
level of his hydraulic box or to the
level that it occupies at the canal,
the flow intensity regarded as of
maximum avenue
II. The lateral drain does not enable
eliminating all of the surplus of
flow intensity, always a surplus
that corresponds to theoretically
some 10 cm on the normal
shoulder strap will be left .
III. The height of the drain or
difference between this and the
bottom of the canal crest, Yn.
reciprocates ad valorem
IV. A great variety of formulas exist in
order to dimension the drain, from
now on Forchheiner's formula is
described.
3

2
Q= V u 2gLh 2
3
Donde:
V = 0.95
= Shrinkage factor
L = length of the drain
h = The charges average on the crest

For the better the efficiency of the crest

of the drain uses to utilize different moral
values itself, according to the way than
adopt the crest.

The flow of the canal, he will have to be

always sub-critical, then:
h2>h1

h=

h 1+h 2
2

h 1=0.8 h 2
h=0.9 h2

La frmula da buena
cuando se cumple:

v1
0.7 5
gy 1

h 2h 1 Y 2Yn

aproximacin

The type to and b, they use

themselves when they utilize the
flow intensity that is eliminated for
the window or the canal's low
neckline, a road crosses over,
frequently when the potholes
protrude,
when
this
is
not
necessary and you can eliminate
the flow intensity of the drain to
the foot of the same, utilize him
types c d.
The lateral overflow channels can
discharge through a drain with
mattress at the foot ( little
unevennesses ) intervening a
sewer with a squandering screen of
energy
at
the
end
(
big
unevennesses ).