IOSR Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM)

e-ISSN: 2278-5728, p-ISSN: 2319-765X. Volume 11, Issue 1 Ver. V (Jan - Feb. 2015), PP 16-25
www.iosrjournals.org

Effect of Problem-Based Learning on Senior Secondary School

Students Achievement in Trigonometry in Northern Educational
Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria
Iji,C.O., Emiakwu, S.O. And Utubaku, R.U.
Department of Science Education, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, and Federal College of
Education,Obudu,CRS,Nigeria.

Abstracts: The research was an experimental study carried out to determine the efficacy of Problem-Based
Learning on senior secondary school students achievement in trigonometry. A sample of 365 out of 4162
senior secondary school two students from four secondary schools in Northern educational zone of cross River
State was used. The items of the instrument were validated by two mathematics educators, two experts in
measurement and evaluation and one mathematics teacher. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer
the research questions while ANCOVA was employed to test the hypotheses at .05 level of significance. The
result was analyzed to verify whether any significant difference existed in the achievement of problem-based
learning group and conventional group, as well as significant gender difference in their achievement. The study
revealed that there existed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in favour of the
experimental class. The male and female SS students exhibit equal knowledge when taught trigonometry using
PBL. The findings also revealed that there is no significant interaction effect between teaching method and
gender on students achievement in trigonometry. Based on the findings of the this study, it was recommended
that problem-based learning may be integrated into mathematics curriculum for the pre-service mathematics
teachers programme as well as authors of mathematics education methods should be encouraged to include
PBL in their writings.

I.

Introduction

Mathematics education in Nigeria seems to be passing through the furnace of transformation. This
could be inferred from the efforts of the Mathematical Association of Nigeria (MAN) in the last few decades to
popularize the teaching and learning of mathematics at all levels of instruction. Consequently, the mere
knowledge of mathematical concepts without the corresponding knowledge of their application to real life
seems to be fading away. This among other things has influenced human learning and challenged educators,
especially in the area of mathematics education, to experiment with innovative instructional methods for core
curriculum across all levels of educational system. In Nigeria, mathematics has continued to be one of the core
subjects at all levels of education so that, every child will acquire appropriate mathematical skills and
knowledge to solve human problems in all spheres of life (Nigerian Educational Research and Development
Council [NERDC], 2008).
Learning and understanding of some mathematics topics have not only been frustrated by the nature of
the topics but also by clumsy methods and instructional materials used (Etukudo, 2000; Etukudo & Utin, 2006).
The resultant effect is the poor achievement level of students both in internal and external examinations. In view
of this, Iji (2002) in trying to find solution to this ugly situation of poor performance in mathematics in public
examination identified teaching techniques by the teachers as one of the contributory factors. This point to the
fact that good teaching helps the learners to learn more qualitatively and quantitatively and poor teaching would
lead to poor learning and poor performance. One may associate this poor mathematics achievement by Nigerian
students to some pedagogies adopted (Salau, 2002). He lamented on poor achievement of students in
mathematics and points out that introduction of suitable instructional materials and methods are the likely
solution. Literature and available records have shown a variety of efficacious innovative teaching strategies that
have been identified by researchers to alleviate this problem of poor performance of students in mathematics,
but their performance continues to deteriorate year after year. However, none of these research efforts has
sought solution to this problem from the dimension of using student-centred and home-based activity approach
to teaching- which is Problem based learning (PBL).
According to Shaibu and Usman in Kurumeh (2006), involvement of students in the teaching and
learning process which means a departure from the traditional methods of teaching is another means of ensuring
active learning in science and mathematics. The call for a departure from traditional methods of teaching with
its attendant poor performance indices has been sounded by researchers ( Okebukola, 2002; Iji, 2005; Etukudo
& Utin, 2006; Abakpa, 2011 ; Mtsem, 2011). This is with the intension of obtaining admirable results.
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Effect Of Problem-Based Learning On Senior Secondary School Students Achievement

However, this departure cannot come only through such means as Computer Assisted Instruction, Mastery
learning, Logo and Basic Instructional Packages as well as Contextual Strategy in teaching mathematics. There
is still poor performance of students in public examinations year after year. Thus, research on instructional
strategies that will improve the quality of learning of mathematics has continued to generate interest among
mathematics educators and scholars as the conventional method has failed to meet the learners needs. The
implication of these lapses identified in the conventional teaching method is that non-traditional teaching
methods that will improve students achievement have to be explored. Therefore, there is need to try out
another Instructional Strategy like Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in giving trigonometric instructional method.
Proponents of mathematical problem based learning; Karl in Kurumeh (2009) insisted that students
become good problem solvers by learning mathematical knowledge heuristically. A study by Achuonye (2004)
on PBL strategy on higher cognitive skills performance in Biology revealed the emphasis of PBL curricula on
application of previous knowledge, problem-solving, higher order thinking and self-directed learning skills. The
above skills equip students with professional and life-long learning habits of mind are indispensable qualities of
successful professional of this era. This position has necessitated the present study to be carried out on PBL
effect on the teaching and learning of trigonometry at the senior secondary school education.
The Nigerian secondary school mathematics curriculum is developed and structured around five main
concepts namely: algebra, arithmetic, geometry, statistics and trigonometry. Trigonometry is an important
branch of school mathematics that has everyday application in the life of the child especially in estimation,
construction, technology and astronomical relationship (Sidhu, 2006). It is the aspect of school mathematics
involving the measurement of distances, angles, lines, relationships and surfaces. Trigonometry enables the
child to use the knowledge of mathematics in latitude and longitude, when he eventually becomes a pilot, sailor
or navigator to locate position of landing or anchorage (Chire & Akem, 2010). This shows that without
trigonometric knowledge in mathematics, the taking-off and landing of aeroplanes using angles of elevation and
depression will be very difficult. This is as a result of the fact that the determination of altitude of an aeroplane
uses angles of elevation and depression. The knowledge of bearings is a vital tool for the pilots, sailors and
soldiers. This process helps soldiers to locate the position of enemies during wars and range of shelling.
The knowledge of trigonometry assists students to appreciate shapes and situations around their
environment and helps to develop their inductive reasoning skills that become necessary ingredient for learning
mathematics. Unlike geometry, trigonometry constitutes a substantial part of the senior secondary school
mathematics curriculum, which forms a great part in their assessment (Abakpa, 2011). Achievement according
to Elliot, Kratochwill, Cook and Traver (2002), Kurumeh (2006), Musa and Agwagah (2006) and Abakpa
(2011) is the measure of accomplishment in a specific field of study. They argued that achievement in
mathematics test is the demonstration of the childs ability to attain certain level of instructional objectives out
of his classroom experiences. The low achievement in mathematics by the students has been a source of concern
to the public and mathematics educators in view of importance attached to mathematics as a veritable tool for
the overall development of the individuals and the society at large. The reports of WAEC chief examiner and
mathematics education researchers revealed that most students including those who passed mathematics at
credit level and those who failed, haphazardly attempted geometry and trigonometry questions or avoided them
completely, mostly those of the essay questions(WAEC,2013).
Though researchers have revealed various techniques of teaching mathematics and some aspects of
mathematics, they merely linked general skills of questioning and discussion with specific topics. They do not
reveal ways of enriching the mathematical experiences of all students through discussion, problem-solving and
mathematical investigation. Reports on various teaching techniques indicate that they improve students
learning and achievement. Yet results from public examination bodies on students achievement are low. Thus,
the need to explore other strategies that may enhance students achievement in mathematics. Hence, this study
examines if teaching using PBL on senior secondary school students will improve their achievement in
trigonometry.
Problem-Based Learning, according to Debbie and Leanne in Wikipedia (2011), seeks to produce
learners who not only remember Mathematical science theory, but to know how and when to apply it. This
implies that providing a mathematics problem to a group of students, is not a guarantee that they will be able to
solve it. Even more uncertain is whether the solution the students offer and the journey they undertake to arrive
at it resulted in them learning the intended underlying concepts and theories. As students become increasingly
poor in mathematics achievement test, they are less inclined towards a learning approach which requires them
to be self-directed and motivated. PBL should be ideal for students working in groups and can benefit them as
they are more likely to brainstorm and come up with ideas and thoughts before they reach possible solutions.
The need to explore means to close the gaps between students mathematics achievement irrespective
of sex had been a source of worry to educators, government and individuals. Review of studies shows
consistency on results of male and female students achievement in mathematics. Results in general
mathematics (Etukudo, 2002; Ezeugo & Agwagah, 2000) and in geometry achievement test (Iji, 2002 and
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Effect Of Problem-Based Learning On Senior Secondary School Students Achievement

Abakpa, 2011) and in Algebra (Ezeugo & Agwagah, 2000 ; Mtsem, 2011) do indicate that there is significant
difference between the male and female students in mathematics achievement tests. Specifically most of these
studies did not examine the achievement of male and female students in trigonometry achievement tests but
rather in general mathematics, algebra and geometry. Thus, mathematics educators are continuously conducting
research on how to improve students achievement in mathematics at the secondary school education level so
that individual differences in achievement may be reduced irrespective of gender. This necessitated present
study to investigate if both genders shall benefit equally in Trigonometry achievement test when taught with
PBL.
With self-directed instructional method of problem-based learning, this study intends to find out if the
teaching and learning of mathematics may generally be made simple to enhance students interest and
achievement. This study is aimed at finding out the effect of Problem-based learning method on students
achievement in trigonometric concepts in mathematics at the SS II level.
Statement of the Problem: Mathematics as the bedrock of all scientific and technological advancement is a
pre-requisite to almost all courses in colleges of education, polytechnics and universities. Trigonometry as an
aspect of mathematics is a human invention, borne out of human mind, resolve to solve human problems. Thus
as a creation of mind, it is concerned primarily with ideas, process and reasoning. Of all the factors that affect
teaching-learning in the educational system of any society, teaching method seem to constitute the primary
issue. Perhaps, the teaching method in use in many schools such as lecture method, demonstration, and
laboratory among others seem not to have brought about an effective teaching-learning, and could have resulted
in students poor achievement in WAEC and NECO examinations. Hence, the need to adopt a better teaching
method that would positively influence candidates achievement especially in trigonometry. Therefore, the
problem to be investigated in this study posed as questions are: Would students improve upon their achievement
in trigonometry if problem-based learning method is employed in teaching trigonometry?
Would any of the
sexes benefit more than the other in trigonometry as an aspect of school mathematics due to the use of this
teaching method.
Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of problem-based learning on
senior secondary school students achievement in trigonometry. It also tries to determine its differential effect of
gender on students achievement in trigonometry.
Research Questions: The following research questions were asked to guide the study.
1. What are the mean achievement scores of students taught trigonometry using PBL and those taught using
the conventional method?
2. What are the mean achievement scores in TAT of male and female students taught Trigonometry using
PBL?
3. What is the interaction effects of teaching methods and gender on students achievement in trigonometry ?
Research Hypotheses: The following research hypotheses were formulated and would be tested at 0.05 level
of significance.
1. There is no significant difference between the mean achievement scores in TAT of students taught
trigonometry using PBL and those taught using the conventional method.
2. There is no significant differential effect of gender on the mean achievement scores in TAT students taught
trigonometry using Problem Based Learning.
3. There is no significant interaction effect between teaching method and gender on students means
achievement scores in trigonometry.
Design of the Study: The study employs a quasi-experimental design of non-equivalent group. Specifically, the
study used a non-randomized pre-test post-test control group design. This design is selected because it is not
possible to have a complete randomization of subjects as this would disrupt the normal classroom organization
of the schools. Therefore, intact classes were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups.
Area of the Study: The study was carried out in Northern Educational Zone of Cross River State. This consists
of five Local Government Areas namely: Bekwarra, Obanliku, Obudu, Ogoja and Yala Local Government
Areas. The area comprises two Federal Constituencies namely: Part A comprising schools in Bekwarra,
Obanliku and Obudu Local Government Areas while Part B comprised schools in Ogoja and Yala L.G.As.
Population and Sample of the Study: The target population of the study was 4162 senior secondary school
two (SS II) students in 72 secondary schools located in the five Local Government Areas of the Zone. The SS II
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Effect Of Problem-Based Learning On Senior Secondary School Students Achievement

students were used because it is at this level that students are adequately and effectively prepared for public
mathematics examination. The sample for this study consists of 365 students drawn from four Local
Government Areas. It comprised of 203 males and 162 females SS2 students.
Intact classes in each of the four schools were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups in
manner that each has equal and independent chance of being included in the sample. This was done by toss of a
coin- head for experimental group and tail for control group. Two schools, one from each zone for the
experimental groups were the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) groups while the other two schools for control
groups were the conventional Method.
Instrument and Validation of the Study: The research instruments used in this study was Trigonometry
Achievement Test (TAT). The TAT was administered twice, before (pre) and after (post) the experiment. There
were pre-TAT and post-TAT tests. The pre-TAT was used to ascertain the level of trigonometry achievement at
which the students were, before the treatment while the post-TAT was used to determine the extent of students
trigonometry achievement after the experiment. The content of TAT is based on the trigonometry content listed
as: Trigonometric ratios of angles with and without using tables, sine and cosine rules, angles of elevation and
depression, solving triangles using sine and cosine rules, bearings and distance.
The lesson plans were written as a guide for teaching the control group and the experimental group
throughout the period of this study. There were two types of lesson plans. The control group lesson plan was
written in the conventional way of preparing lessons. The experimental group lesson plan was written by the
researcher using Problem Based Learning method. The lesson plans for both control and experimental groups
retained the same content. They were based on trigonometry content of SS two that was taught during the
period covered by the study. The instrument was teachermade test constructed by the researchers as well as
extracts of some items from past SSCE questions were used to collect data on the students level of intellectual
functioning in secondary school trigonometry aspect of mathematics. The TAT instrument for data collection
was multiple-choice test consisting of 20 items and 5-essay items selected from trigonometry topics in
mathematics curriculum. Each item of the instruments which was multiple choice in structure has five options
lettered A-E with a pseudo-chance parameter of 0.2 probability of success for low ability students.
The marking scheme for the TAT and the lesson plans were developed for the study. The development
of the lesson plans is done as described below: Ten lesson plans were prepared to facilitate the carrying out of
the study. It was three lessons per week for 3 weeks; while post-test took week 4 and retention test took week 5
respectively. Each correct multiple choice test item attracts 3-marks while the essay part was scored in
continuum according to the skills tested. A total obtainable mark for the multiple choice test items was 60 while
that of essay items was 40. The test instrument constructed by the researchers was given for face and content
validation to two mathematics educators, two experts in measurement and evaluation and one mathematics
teacher.
Reliability of Instruments: To establish the reliability of the instruments, the researchers used Cronbach Alpha
() and Kuder-Richardson formula 20 (K-R20) methods. The test scores for the instrument were computed using
Cronbach-Alpha to obtain internal consistency measure . The value of the internal consistency measure was
calculated as 0.80 for TAT (essay). This indicates a positive internal consistency of the items of the instruments.
This showed that the reliability values of the instruments are high and have good degree of stability. Kuder
Richardson (K-R20) was used for the multiple choice TAT test items. This is because they are measured
dichotomously. The internal consistency of the multiple choice instrument indices for TAT was {0.70}. Pallant
(2005) stated that the acceptable alpha () value for large population should be 0.7 and above. It showed that
the values obtained are positive and had enough potential to make predictive study worthwhile.
Procedure for Conducting the Study: The researchers used regular school mathematics teachers as Research
Assistants for the study. A training programme was organized for them. They were properly coordinated on the
necessary steps on the of Problem- Based Learning (PBL) approach and the conventional approach for the
treatment and control groups respectively. The necessary instructional materials were made available for the
study. Before the commencement of the lesson, TAT was administered to as a pre-test to both treatment and the
control groups by the teachers. The teachers taught the treatment group trigonometry topics using PBL approach
adhering strictly to the lesson procedure prepared by the researchers. The control group was taught the topics
using normal lesson plans. The researchers supervised the teachers during the teaching process to be sure they
do not deviate from the steps.
Method of Data Collection: A pre-test was conducted on all subjects in the sample. It was used as a comparing
reference point to post-test to establish extent of effect of treatment. Before the post-test was administered,
treatment was given to the experimental group for five weeks. The pre-TAT was administered to the subjects
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Effect Of Problem-Based Learning On Senior Secondary School Students Achievement

before the commencement of the study. The post-TAT which is the same in content but different in organization
from the pre-TAT was administered to the subjects after the last period of the study. The TAT was scored out of
100% using the marking schemes. In all, the researcher administered 365 questionnaires/test instruments, but
after retrieval, it was discovered that 11 questionnaires had discrepancies and were discarded. A total of 354
copies of the questionnaires were used for analysis.

II.

Method of Data Analysis

Group of treatment type

Mean
Std. Deviation
N
Control group
43.12
5.53
244
Pre-TAT
Experimental group
43.58
5.61
110
Difference
0.46
Control group
57.03
7.72
244
Post-TAT
Experimental group
64.13
7.46
110
Difference
7.10

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Effect Of Problem-Based Learning On Senior Secondary School Students Achievement

The question can be answered that there is a noticed difference between mean achievement scores of
students taught using PBL and those taught using Conventional Method with students taught using PBL
achieving higher.

Source
Type III Sum of
df
Mean Square
F-value
Sig.
Squares
Corrected Model
21300.677a
2
10650.338
1215.751
.000
Intercept
176.903
1
176.903
20.194
.000
Pre-TAT
17480.155
1
17480.155
1995.385
.000
Group
3214.924
1
3214.924
366.988
.000
Error
3074.863
351
8.760
Total
1266463.000
354
Corrected Total
24375.540
353
P = .00 < .05

The conclusion is that there is a significant difference between

the mean achievement scores in TAT of students taught trigonometry using PBL and those taught using the
conventional method.

Source
Pre- TAT

Post-TAT

Male
female
Male
Female
Difference
Male
Female
Difference

or

Mean

Std. Deviation

44.11
43.05
1.05
64.40
63.85
0.55

5.18
6.01

55
55

7.65
7.33

55
55

From Table 3, it can be seen in the experimental group that, at pr-TAT the 55 male students had mean
achievement of 44.11 with standard deviation of 5.18 while the 55 female students had 43.05 with standard
deviation of 6.01. The calculated mean difference between the male and female students at pre-TAT is 1.05.
This is an infinitesimal difference. This means that before the commencement of the treatment in the
experimental group, male students have similar knowledge level in trigonometry with the female students. After
the treatment, the mean achievement scores of male students in post-TAT were 64.40 with standard deviation of
7.65 and that of female students was 63.85 with standard deviation of 7.33. The difference is just 0.55. This
means that there is no difference between male and female students in their achievement taught trigonometry
using PBL.
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Effect Of Problem-Based Learning On Senior Secondary School Students Achievement

Dependent Variable: PostTaT

Source
Type III Sum of
Squares
Corrected Model
5153.75a
Intercept
195.43
PreTAT
5145.57
Sex
15.39
Error
918.47
Total
458426.00
Corrected Total
6072.22
P = .18 > .05

df

Mean Square
2
1
1
1
107
110
109

2576.88
195.43
5145.57
15.39
8.58

F-value

ig.

300.20
22.78
599.45
1.79

.00
.00
.00
.18

Table 4, reading across row heading Sex and column heading Sig. (Group: Sig =.18) for the
significant difference between male and female students taught using PBL. The associated probability is 0.18 =
p. Since p is greater than 0.05 the difference noticed between male and female students achievement scores
noticed in Table 3 is statistically not significant. So the hypothesis is not rejected. The conclusion is that there is
no significant difference between the mean achievement scores of male and female students taught trigonometry
using PBL.

Interaction effect of gender and teaching method is read from Table 5 using row heading Group * Sex and column
heading Partial Eta Squared which the value is .005. In percentage, it is0.005 100 = 0.5%. So, interaction effect of gender and method on
students achievement scores is only 0.5%.
TABLE
5
:
INTERACTION
OF
TEACHING
METHOD
AND
GENDER
ON
MEAN
ACHIEVEMENT SCORES OF STUDENTS IN TRIGONOMETRY.
Dependent Variable: Post-TAT
Source
Corrected Model
Intercept
Group
Sex
Pre-TAT
Group * Sex
Error
Total
Corrected Total

Type III Sum of

Squares
a
21318.483
170.474
3182.973
9.216
17487.400
14.687
3057.057
1266463.000
24375.540

df

Mean Square
4
1
1
1
1
1
349
354
353

5329.621
170.474
3182.973
9.216
17487.400
14.687
8.759

F
608.441
19.462
363.375
1.052
1996.398
1.677

Sig.
.000
.000
.000
.306
.000
.196

Partial Eta
Squared
.875
.053
.510
.003
.851
.005

a. R Squared = .875 (Adjusted R Squared = .873)

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Effect Of Problem-Based Learning On Senior Secondary School Students Achievement

The result in Table 3 shows the pre-TAT mean achievement scores of 44.11 and 43.05 for the male and
female students respectively in the PBL group were low compared to the their post-TAT mean scores of 64.40
and 63.85 for males and females. This implies that before treatment, the experimental group male students had
similar knowledge level of trigonometry with the female students. This also shows that after treatment, the PBL
group had brought about improvement in their mean achievement scores. Moreso, their standard deviations of
7.65 and 7.33 for males and females had shown their equal spread around their means. Table 4 shows the
associated probability value of .18 which is greater than .05 level of significance. Therefore, there is no
significance difference between the mean achievement scores of male and female students taught trigonometry
using PBL. This implies that both male and female students in the experimental group performed equally in the
study of trigonometry. This finding is in agreement with Olagunju (2002), and Etukudo and Utin (2006) who
found no significance relationship between male and female students achievement in general mathematics.
However, the finding is in variance with Kurumeh (2006) and Achor,Imoko and Ajai (2010) who found the
existence of significant difference between male and female students, with female students benefiting more
significantly than their male counterparts
From Table 5, F(1,353) = 1.68 and p = .20 > .05 level of significance along the Group*sex row ,
implies there is no statistical interaction effects of PBL and gender on students achievement in trigonometry
(Figure 2). The implication is that achievement of both male and female students in trigonometry concept is not
affected by gender factor. Therefore, the change in the achievement scores of male and female students in PBL
group was the same within the period of this study. This finding is in agreement with Olagunju (2001) who
found no significant difference between the general performance of boys and girls in mathematics achievement
test. Also, this finding is in conformity with Musa and Agwagah (2006) who found that there was no significant
interaction effect between mode of evaluation and gender students achievement in mensureation and geometry.
The reason for this finding may be due to the fact that PBL is gender friendly. However, this finding is at
variance to the findings of Iji (2002) and Abakpa (2011) who found that there was a significant interaction
effect of teaching method and gender on students achievement in geometry aspect of school mathematics in
favour of males.

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Effect Of Problem-Based Learning On Senior Secondary School Students Achievement

III.

Conclusion And Recommendations

Based on the analysis of the data in the study, the following conclusions have been reached: The Use
of Problem-Based Learning9PBL) method enhanced significantly students achievement in SS2 trigonometry
than the Conventional Teaching Method (CTM). Male and female students achieve higher scores in TAT, their
mean gain achievement scores taught using PBL was not statistically significant.
In general, the method (PBL) has positive influence on the subjects of this study as indicated in their mean
performance.
The findings of this study and their educational implications have necessitated the following recommendations:
1 Since PBL appears to be relatively new, it may be integrated into mathematics curriculum for the preservice mathematics teacher education programme. This may help them to learn and use it in their teachinglearning process.
2 Workshops and seminars should be organized for pre-service mathematics teachers on the principle of
problem-based learning.
3 Teacher trainers in Colleges of Education, Faculty of Education, Institute of Education and Ministries of
Education and professional bodies should be encouraged to promote PBL method of teaching as an
innovation in the teaching-learning process.
4 Authors of mathematics education methods should be encouraged to include PBL in their writings.

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Effect Of Problem-Based Learning On Senior Secondary School Students Achievement

Figure 1: Linearity Of Tat.

Appendix A
Homogeniety Of Regression Slope For Tat
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable: Post-TAT
Source
Type III Sum of
df
Mean Square
Squares
a
Corrected Model
21310.865
3
7103.622
Intercept
183.292
1
183.292
Group
107.670
1
107.670
Pre-TAT
14825.584
1
14825.584
Group * Pre-TAT
10.188
1
10.188
Error
3064.675
350
8.756
Total
1266463.000
354
Corrected Total
24375.540
353
a. R Squared = .874 (Adjusted R Squared = .873)

F-value
811.266
20.933
12.296
1693.150
1.163

Sig.
.000
.000
.001
.000
.281

Figure 2: Graph Of Interaction Effect Of Teaching Method And Gender On

Studentsachievement In Trigonometry.
DOI: 10.9790/5728-11151625

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