^^ itma ^crtes

A MARITIMA
N STORY B}R BEGINNERS
EA. SOnNENSCHEIN.D. IJrT.

mts^AVKammmamaxmnryisza^iT^Ai.immmmmHm

ORA

MARITIMA

m.

-./!.

.>-'--i- :^.5^'7

iPresenteJ) to

of tbe

Tllniverettp of ZToronto

\\o^50:ib(>>L

^^ tWWrv

ORA MARITIMA
A LATIN

STORY FOR BEGINNERS

WITH GRAMMAR AND EXERCISES

.^^:v
d^^ A;
ET

S O N N E N S C H E N, D. Litt., Oxon.
I

Professok ov Latin and Gref.k in thb

University ok Birmingham

Natura non

facit

saltum

EDITION

SIXTH

LONDON
SVVAN SONNENSCHEIN &

CO.,

LIMD.

NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

1909

PA
ZD o'0

I9

FILIIS

0C]

METS TRIBUS
D.

D.

PATER ET PRAECEPTOR

The

Book appeared in J/av,

November, 1902; November, 1903 Aiii^usf, 1905;

previous cditions of this

and Jiily,

1906.

1902;

PREFACE
My

adding another to the formidable array of

apology for

elementary Latin manuals

which

satisfies the

importance

What
1.

for the fruitful

desiderate

is

syntactical

interests

and

in existence

study of the language by beginners.

its

vocabulary and subject matter to the

of young pupils, and free from

styhstic difficulties

work which

and too

Httle

opinion,

existing

is

no book

is

have in mind as of most

which make even the

shall hold the true balance

the matter

in

between too much

of systematic grammar.

In

my

manuals are disfigured by a disproportionate

oilifekss Accidence.

The outcome

that the pupil learns a multitude of

Moods), but very

little

such as Ablatives in

a,

forth before he gets a

e,

all
t\

real

of the traditional system

'La.iin

That

Latin.

bowing acquaintance with

these forms.

those

all

easiest of

something of a problem.

I/atin authors

amount

continuous narrative froni beginning to end, capable of

minds and

that there

appealing in respect of

2.

is

requirements which

is

the forms of

o, u,

/orms (Cases, Tenses,

to

say,

he acquires a

Nouns and Verbs

^rd Persons in

af, et,

it,

and so

hold of the meaning or use of any of

But, as Goethe said in a different connexion,

"What

and my experience leads me

to think that a multitude of forms acts as an encumbrance to the
pupil at an early stage by distracting his attention from the more
one cannot use

vital

a heavy burden "

matters of vocabulary, sentence construction, and order of

words.
just

is

as

The

real

well

learned from

meaning of the Ablative,

declensions taken together.

for instance,

the ist Declension as from

And

furiher,

to

run over

can be
all

llie

all

the

declensions without proper understanding of their meanings and

PREFACE

vl.

uses with and without Prepositions

sorts of

all

piipil

doubt

misconception and error

a real dan:;er, as begetting

is

so much so that the muddled

too often never learns the syntax of the Cases at

No

all.

the Declensions and Conjugations must be learned be-

all

fore a Latin author

is

But when a few of them have

attacked.

bcen brought within the pupiFs ken, he finds

Hltle difficulty in

mastering the others in a rapid and more mechanical fashion.

book

the present

of

In

have dealt directly with only three declensions

Nouns and Adjectives and

sum and of
some oftheforms of
Passive which are made up wilh

the Indicative Active oi

the ist Conjugation (incidentally introducing

Pronouns, and those forms of the

the Verb-adjectives, as in

Enghsh)

amount of Accidence

have treated very carefully the most

but in connexion

witli

this

prominent uses of the Cases with and without Prepositions, and

which

the question of the order of words,

simple rules.

my

It

guidance

is

in this

my hope
book

that teachers

will

agree with

have reduced to a few

who

me

trust

time spent on such fundamental matters as these

The

away.
read

and

pupil

who

themselves to

in thinking that the

is

not thrown

has mastered this book ought to be able to

write the easiest kind of Latin with

some degree

of

and without serious mistakes in a word, Latin ought to

have become in some degree a living language to him.
Above all it is my hope that my Httle story may be read with
fluency

pleasure by those for

whom

gives of the early Britons

far as

it

goes

"hoUdays

" will

and the

is

talk

it

is

meant.

The

picture which

it

intended to be historically correct, so

about " anchors

"

and "boats" and

perhaps be acceptable as a substitute

for "iustitia,"

" modestia," " temperantia," and the other abstract ideas which

hover Hke ghosts around the gate of Latin.^

Vocabulary

'"The

strictly classical, in spite

pupil ordinarily approaches Latin

abstraclions."\. SlDGWlCK.

have kept

my

of the temptation to introduce

and Greek through a cloud

o/

PREFACE
topics of purely

sections of the

vocabulary

is

worth saying

modern

book

interest,

Caesarian.

it is

relatively large
is

to

be

said,

a close resemblance to the

from

vii.

such as bicycles

The number

but words are necessary

and a

large proportion of

my

if

anything

words have

EngUsh words derived from them. Apart

the acquisition of a working vocabulary

this,

in the later

of words in the

part of any real mastery of a language,

and

is

an

essential

a task eminently

it is

within the powers of the youthful mind.

In regard to the quasi-inductive study of grammar

have

expressed myself in an article contributed to Mr. Sadler's Special

But

Reports^ extracts from which are given below.

understood that there

wish

nothing in this book to prevent

is

it

its

to be

being

used by teachers who prefer the traditional method of teaching the

Grammar

before the sections of the story and the Exercises in

embodied. All the Grammar required is given in the

" Preparations " (e.g. pp. 65, 66, 67, 69, etc.)
It will be clear
from these tables and from my " Drill Exercises " that I by no

which

it is

means undervalue the importance of systematic

memory

training of the

in the early stages of learning.

I have marked t!ie naturally long
the text, as in the " Preparations " and the alphalietical

In the present edition (lyoS)

vowels

in

vocabulary.

But

have dehberately abstained from burdening

memory

of pupils and teachers with subtleties of pronunciation,

such as are involved in the marking of " liidden quantitits " (except

the

in

such obvious cases as rex, lux, ndndum)

texi from tego, constat but

incultus.

If a

warning

is

condit,

e.g.

rexi from rego,

infert but intulit, Insanus but

needed against encumbering the teach-

ing of Latin with difficult questions of

t])is

kind,

it

will

emphatically expressed in the recommendations of

be found

many

of the

one

lesson,

Lehrplane issued by German educational authorities.

Most of the passages

unless with older pupils.

circumstances.

will

be found too long

They must be spht

for

up, according to

PREFACE

viii.

It is

possible that sorne teachers

may

prefer to use this

book

book in the strict sense of the term, but rather after

say a year's work at some other book and I can well imagine
that it might be used to good purpose in this way, for instance as
not as a

first

a bridge to Caesar, whose invasions of Britain are narrated in out-

my

hne

in

side

by side with an author.

My

Chapters VIII.- XIV., or

best thanks are

due

to

for practice in rapid reading

Lord Avebury

for

permission to

reproduce the photographs of Roman and British coins which

appear in this volume, especially of the coin of Antoninus Pius
with the figure of Britannia upon

it

the prototype of our modern

penny.
E. A. S.

BlRMlNGHAM,
November, igo8.

The

following passages have struck

me

since

my

Preface was

written as throwing hght on the idea of this book.

" The real question is not whether we shall go on teaching Latin,
what we can do to teach it so as to make learners understand that
is not a dead language at allP
Sir F. POLLOCK, in the
Pilot,'

but
it

Jan. I2th, 1901.

" We tnust convince

our pupils of the

'

reality

of the study [Latin]

by introducing them at as early a period as possible to a real book."

P. A. Barnett in " Common Sense in Education and Teaching,"
p.

210.

" Assimilate the sysiem of teaching the classical languages to that

which I have shadowed forth for modern language teachingP

Professor Mahaffy, Address to Modern Language
Association,

Dec,

1901.

CONTENTS
Pagb

Newer Metiiods

the Teaching of Latin

in

TEXT.
I.

OrA MARiriMA

ist Declension, with the

Present Indicative of

sum and of

the

Conjugation
II.

Patruus

meus

III.

Monumenta

IV.

Delectamenta puerorum

V.

Magister

antiqua

noster

2nd Declension

in -us

2nd Declension

in

Britannia

antiqua

um

23

26

28

2nd Declension; words

VOnQ puer 2nd Declension

Hke magister
VI.

ist

30

words
-

-32

Mixed forms

of ist and
2nd Declension, with

Past Imperfect Indicof

ative

the

ist

sum and

(Active Voice)

VII.

Vestigia

Romanorum

The

of

Conjugation
-

33

other Tenses of

the

Indicative

of

sum and of the

ist Conjugation
(Active Voice)

38

CONTENTS
viii.

expeditio prima c. lulii

Caesaris -

.^rd

Declcnsion-

43

Pax violata
X. Certamina varia
XI. Naves Romanae
XII. Gentium Britannicarum
IX.

Societas

45

46
48

49

XIII. Maria Britannica

XIV.

Britannia

51

pacata

Recapitulation of

Declension

XVI.

ROBUR et aes triplex

Adjectives

of

Declension

PREPARATIONS AND GRAMMAR

DRILL EXERCISES ON THE TEXT
Latin

Drill,

^rd
-

55

59

Conversations, etc, with English

sentences for rc-translation

APPENDICES
How to translate
I.
II. How to translate

Gerund
Enghsh Prepositions

the Latin Gerundive and

the principal

LA IN-ENGLISH VOCABULARV
1

3;

138

MS

"

NEWER METHODS

IN

THE

TEACHING OF LATIN

We are

familiar with the

watchwords of two opposed camps on

The old-fashioned view that

the sabject of language-teaching.
the " declining of nouns and verbs," to use Dr. Johnson's phrase,
a necessary prehminary to the reading of any text is nowadays
met with the continental cry of " Fort mit der Grammatik
But we are not really compelled to accept either of these harsh
alternatives, as the more moderate adherents of the new German
is

school are
in

now

fain

to

admit.

Grammar

has

its

proper place

any systematised method of teaching a language

place

is

but that

not at the beginning but rather at the end of each of the

into which a well-graduated course must be divided.

Speaking of the course as a whole, we may say that the learning

steps

of

grammar should proceed

The

text.

though

it

is

old view, which

side by side with the reading of a

is far

from extinct

rarely carried out in all

must learn the

rules of the

The modern view

is

game

its

rigour,

at the present day,

was that the pupil

before he attempts to play

that just as in whist or

it.

hockey one learns

the rules by playing the game, so in the study of a language one

learns the

grammar

Extracted

fmm

an

best

by the reading of a simple

article contributed to

text.

Mr. Sadler^s Special Reporti.

But

NEWER METHODS

12

it

necessary at once to draw a distinction, which marks the

is

between the

difference

new school

earlier

and the more developed form of

The mistake made by

new method.

the

THE TEACHING OF LATIN

IN

was

they plunged

that

the

the

first

pupil

zealots of the

without

pre-

paration into the reading of what were called " easy passages,"

any ordinary book, and easy perhaps as

compared with other passages which might have been selected,

passages taken from

but

with a

bristUng

still

vengeance

but

it

multitude

heterogeneous

of

This was an "inductive method

and constructions.

forms
with a

"

soon became evident that to expect a young

beginner to work his way through such a jungle to the light of

clear grammatical consciousness was to expect too much * and
;

even

adult beginner the process

for the

For what

the object of

is

grammar

is

unless to

slow and laborious.

make

the facts of a

language accessible and inteUigible by presenting them in a

simple arrangement

an

step in as

aid,

Here

as elsewhere science ought surely to

not an obstacle,

to

understanding.

What

the advocates of the new school failed to see was that

" nature " cannot dispense with "art"; in other words that the

which

text

is

to serve as the basis of

an inductive study of the

language must be specially constructed so as to exhibit those

features

on which the teacher desires

to lay stress at a particular

stage of learning.

What

Enghsh practice at the present day?

more competent to speak than I but
I imagine I am not far wrong in saying that the first step in
learning Latin is to spend a month or two in learning declensions
and conjugations by rote not, let us hope, complete with
their irregularities and exceptions, but in outline.
The pupil

On

is

the ordinary

this point others are

distinguished

conversation

representative of the

Neuere

Richtung admitted

in

with the present writer some years ago that the teaching of

French out of his own book was " Ilundesarbeit " (Aorj^-work.)

"

NEWER METHODS

IN TIIE TEACIIING OF LATIN

proceeds to the reading and

then

"

perhaps in such a book as

year or more he

AU

author.

tends

his

"

and

sentences,

say

after

be reading easy selections from a Latin

will

he recapitulates his gramuiar and ex-

while

the

of easy

wrlting

Gradatim

I3

grammatical

This

horizon.

immense improvement on

is,

any case,

in

an

the older plan of learning the whole

Eton Latin Grammar in its Latin dress without

understanding a word of what is meant by its " as in praesenti
and other mysteries. If wisely administered, this method may
old

of the

avoid

also

" Henry's

of

error

the

Latin

First

which

Book,"

taught an intolerable deal of Accidence and Syntax to a half-

pennyworth of

text

though, on the other hand, Henry's First

Book was an attempt

grammar with the reading of
Latin

to

accompany the learning

easy

sentences

beginning, and in so far was better than the

For

sidering.

must maintain, with

all

from

the

method we

of

very

are con-

deference to the opinion

whose experience is wider than my own, that we are as

drawn the full conclusions of the process of
There should be no prereasoning on which we have entered.
of others

yet far frotn having

liminary study of

grammar

apart from the reading of a text.

The

declensions and conjugations, learncd by rote apart from their apphcations,

cannot be properly assimilated or understood, and often

prove a source of error rather than enh'ghtenment in subsequent

They have

study.

to

be learned over and over again

always

in

doses which are too large for digestion, and the pupil has meanwhile been encouraged to form a bad habit of mind.

Half know-

ledge in this case toooften leads to the unedifying spectacle of the

or the University undergraduate who is still so
accidence that he cannot pass his " Smalls " without a

Sixth

Form boy

shaky

in his

special effort,

But

still

more

though
serious

in
is

some

inevitably implanted in the

out understanding.

respects he

may be

good

scholar.

the effect of ihe false conceptions which are

The

mind by

this

method of grammar

with-

pupil learns fneftsd, " by or with a table,"

NEWER METIIODS

I.}

agricold^ "

by or with a farmer

the English in
is

IN TIIE TEACTIING OF LATIN

its

"

both of them impossible Laiin

natural sense; viensae

meaning

strictly

almost impossible in any elementary context.

necessarily supposes that in

those meanings

it

some context

for

"to a table"

Yct the pupil

or other they

must have

often years before he discovers that he has

is

been the victim of a practical joke. Some boys never see the fun
in other words, they never learn the syntax of
to the bitter end
;

the Cases at

all.

method

of this

And where
The

pupil

are the counterbalancing advantages

is

introduced at an early stage to the

reading of selections from Latin authors.

But what

if

the interest

and stimulus of reading consecutive passages could be secured

without the sacrifice of clearness and grasp which

method of preliminary grammar?

seem in that case to be all on one side.

the

would be presented as

feature of the language

is

involved in

The advantages would

Each new grammatical
it is

wanled, in an

and would be firmly grasped by the mind at

convenient points the knowledge acquired would be summed up
in a table (the declension of a noun or the forms of a tense).
The foundations of granimar would thus be securely laid
there would be no traps for ihe understanding, because each new

interesting context,

would be presented in concrete form, that is in a context

which explained it. For example, instead o[t?iensd, " by or with a
table," etc, we should have in niensd, " on a table," cum agrico/d,
ad mensatn, "to a
"with a farmer," a/> agricold, " by a farmer"
feature

table " or

"

sometimes

not metisae dat.

by

{i.e.

near) a table

" agricolae daf,

but

After one declension had been caught in this

way, the others would not need so elaborate a treatment. But still
the old rulc of " festina lente " would warn the teacher not to im-

pose too great a burden on the young or even the adult beginner
ir

i3

no

light

task

to

nieanings, vocabulary,

learn

simultaneously forms

ond the fundamental

and

their

facts of syntax.

It

must be admitted that the melhod which I am advocating is a slow

The method of preone at first ; but it is sure, and binds fast.


NEWER METHODS
liminary

grammar might be

traveller

by

travels

rail

THE TEACHING OF LATIN

IN

The

method.

called the railroad

fast,

15

but he sees httle of the country

The longest way round is often the

is whirled.
way home; and my experience has been that the time
the start without proceeding beyond the very elenients of

through which he
shortest

spent at

grammar

similarities

to

if

English

words,

is

interesting context arouse attention

of their

feeUng

own

that sense of strangeness

using

the while the pupil

more than a

is

and gradually becoming

which

It is surprising

words met with

all

is

He

things.

the

in

an

forming his
habituated

gradually loses

the great barrier to anything hke

how much can be

single declension of

a single conjugation of verbs.f

new

to present obvious

and impress themselves on the

ways of saying ordinary

to ordinary

mastery.*

AU

accord.

language

the

for

acquired

eminently within

a task

and

is

for the learning of

are chosen so as

they

powers of the youthful mind

mind

vocabulary

fair

in the course of reading

especially

wc.rds,

time well spent.

is

wiihout effort

The

said in Latin without

nouns and adjectives and

habit of reading very easy

Latin, thus acquired at an early stage, will prove of the utmost

when

value

the pupil approaches the study of a Latin author.

Such a book as

have

in

mind should therefore do something to

chasm which at present separates the

bridge over the formidable

reading of isolated sentenccs from the reading of an author.

AU

Latin authors

as

they

stand,

are

serve as a basis of study for beginners

may

add,

*One

not

well

far

too

difficult

and they are

also,

to
I

adapted in respect of subject matter and

great advantage of this

method, especially

able to cover the ground at a fair rate of progress,

is

for

that

learners
it

who

are

lends itself to

acquiring the "art of reading Latin" (as distinct from the art of consiruing il),
to use Prof.

W.

G. Hale's phrase

X There are some

Compounds),

i,cxx>

the art of rapid reading.

verbs of the

first

conjugation in Latin (including

NEWER METHODS

l6

IN

THE TEACHING OF LATIN

sentiment to appeal to the mind of the very young.

no doubt be made

interesting to a

teacher with the aid of

maps

boy or

aiid pictiires.

girl

Caesar may

of twelve by a skilful

But, after

the Gallic

all,

War can never be what it was never meant to be, a child's book.
The ideal " Reader," which should be the centre of instruction
during the early stages of a young pupiVs course, should be really
interesting

matter,

simple and straightforward in regard to

modern

in setting,

and

as classical as

may be

its

in

subject

form

book which the pupil may regard with benevolent feehngs, not
with mere "gloomy respect,"* as worth knowing for its own sake.
It

should be well illustratcd with pictures, diagrams, and maps,

provided always that the illustrations are to the point, and such as

needed to explain the text and make it Hve.

Modern in setting," for otherwise the book will not appeal to the
young mind; yet there is much justification for the demand made
by many adherents of the newer school that the subject matter

are really feU to be

"

of any school book deahng with a foreign language should be

and the manners and customs

closely associated with the history

of the people

who spoke

demands

are

not

historical

and

national,

regarded

or speak the language.

irreconcilable

the

its

may be

Europe has

it

is

For EngUsh pupils learning Latin the

reconcihation ought to present Httle difhcuUy

therefore

matter

but the point of view from which

may be modern.

great nation of

Possibly the two

subject

its

but nearly every

points of contact wiih

Rome, and

opportunities of constructing Latin Readers which are

more senses than one. On the modern side they may

and inspired by that love of nature wliich
be
appeals so dircctly to the youthful mind on the ancient side they
may be historical and instructive in the narrower sense of the
national in

patriotic in tone,

term.

And

character

the

illuslrations

should also

have

this

they should include subjects both ancient and

Lord Rosebery

in his Rectorial

Address

at

Glasgow, 1900.

two-fold

modem,

NEWER METHODS
it

THE TEACHING OF LATIN

IN

being always remembered

object

not to

is

make

regard to the former that their

an archaeologist, but simply

girl

an aid to the imagination and enable

to act as

ancient civilisation was

often be

in

boy or

the

17

more

it to reaUse what
good modern fancy sketch may

like.

instructive from this point of view than a cut taken

from a dictionary of antiquities.

The method which

or to the

to

therefore,

master a foreign

some easy book

attacking

is,

or

tongue.

newspaper, with

dictionary,

and he picks up the grammar

method

in

not

is

to

try

on

its

linguistic

in

attempts

usually

advocate

some respects to the so-called "natural method "

method by which an adult, left to his own resources,

analogous

side,

both cases

reconstruct

hetiretic,

begins by

the help of a

The

he goes along.

does

in so far as the learner

language

the

as

He

out

of the grammar,

as

a palaeontologist reconstructs an extinct animal from a study of a

few bones.
presents

all

But

in the

one case the learner works on a

which

text

the variety and complexity of nature; in the other, on

a text which has

been simplified and systematised by

so as to

art,

lead directly to a clear view of certain fundamental grammatical

facts.

Gianted the premises,

difficulty in

better

conceive that there

accepting the conclusion

for there

method of teaching a language than

grammar with the

that

systematic order of the

The crux of the situation

and though it may be long before an
story-book.

is

will

be no great

can hardly be a

which combines the

interest

and

of the

life

to write such a school

ideal

book of the kind

duced, the problem ought not to be impossible of solution,

book;
is

if

pro-

once

the necessity ofa solution from the teachingpoint of viewisreahsed.

On
and
end

the one
if
;

hand

the ideal

book ought

to

have a sustained

interest,

possible to form a continuous narrative from beginning to

otherwise

much

of the effect

On

is

lost

this

adds materially to

hand there are various

The writer has before him
considerations which lighten the task.
an infinite variety of choice in regard to his subject matterj and
the difficulty of writing.

the other

NEWER METIIODS

l8

though

his

IN TIIE TEACIIING OF LATIN

grammatical order must be systematic, he

is

under no

obligation to confine himself absolutely to the narrowest possible

grammatical

field at

each

For example adjectives* may

step.

be,

as they should be on other grounds, treated side by side with the

substantives which they resemble in form, and the easy forms of

possum

ie.g-t

We

building of sentences.

number

certain

of forms which

or of such a character

which

it is

the purpose

For example, forms hke inquam, inquit

to produce.

might be introduced,

the

grammatical

future

anticipate

numerous

as to confuse the grammatical impression

hand

with

Here we have material for the

may even go further and admit a

lessons, provided they are not too

in

by side

side

pot-erani)

pot-esi,

poi-es,

corresponding forms of sum.

if

necessary, long before the learning of the

defective verbs was reached

they would, of course, be accom-

panied by their translations and treated as isolated words without

any grammatical explanation.

Tact

in introducing only

as are not liable to lead to false inferences

the fewer such anticipations there

course,

certain latitude
style.

is

While

must also be conceded

it is

such forms

necessary

and, of

are the better.

in regard to

of importance that the pupil should

idiom and

come

across

nothing which might react disadvantageously on his future composition,

it is

mere pedantry

literary excellence.

The

to insist

writer

on any exalted standard of

who works under

the hmitation

imposed by the conditions of the problem should not attempt any

high style of diction

it

is

sufificient

if

his

Latin

is

up

to

the

standard of such isolated sentences as usually form the mental

pabulum

of the beginner,

though

it

might

well

be somewhat

higher.

si

I would here anticipate a possible objection.

Would not such
book be too easy ? Would it provide a suflficient amount of

mental gymnastic to serve as a means of training the faculties of

*Including Possessive Adjectives and Parliciples (Verb-adjectives).

NEWER METHODS
reason and judgment

which the writer

before himself.

declension and the

within the limits of the

first

for the

mind

training of the

expression

in

may be made

regard to order of words as you please.

made

conjugation

first

habits of accurate thought

for instance, the sentences

they can hardly be

19

That would depend altogether on the aiin

There is plenty of room

set

THE TEACHING OF LATIN

IN

But

would urge that

too easy at the beginniiig.

times forgotten that mental training

is

and

as difficult in

It

is

some-

not synonymous with the

inculcation of a mass of grammatical forms which only burden the

memory, and
self

that the habit of reading with care

any language has

to

do

is

art of

with

all

Difficulties will

deference that

pitfall to

it is

to

enough

in itself.

accumulate

fast

thing that will be encouraged by a

is

upon the

enough, and

race,

snbmit

by dehberately throwing

Latin, at

a habit of thoughilcssness

above, by which learning

first,

to look

a mistake to convert the learning of

path of the learner.

And

"

be approached on terms of easy

any foreign langiiage into an obstacle

difficulties into the

beware of ; but rather to

"gentle persuasion

foreign tongue as a friend

familiarity.

is it-

the teacher of

not to accustom his pupil to regard each

sentence as a nut to crack or a

induce him by the

and fluency

What

a mental discipline of the highest value.

meihod such

made a matter

any
is

rate, is

hard

surely the last

as that sketched

of observation from the

and not of uninteliigent memorizing.

goes without saying that the grammar to be taught in such

book should be Hmited to the necessary and normal. AIl ihat
is in any way superfluous to the beginncr should be rigorouily
It

excluded.

But so soon as a general view of the whole field of

and the bare outUnes of syntax has been attained

regular accidence

by way of the Reader, the time has arrived

for taking the pupil

over the same ground again, as presented in the systematic form

He

of the grammar.

grammar

really

catalogue

raisonne

is

not

now

is

in a position to

a collection

of the

usages

understand what a

of arbitrary rules,

of a

language

but

based upon

NEWER METHODS

20

IN

THE TEACHING OF LATIN

observation and simplified by science.

Successive recapitulations

should take in more and more of what

comprehensive view of the whole

of whatever

new

field is

is

abnormal, until a

obtained.

fairly

The suggestions

texts are read should, of course,

preparing the mind for irregularities and exceptions

be
;

utilised in

but

it

is

no

grammar apart. Each course of

grammar deepens the impression made by those which precede it,
and at the same time extends the pupil's mental horizon, the
longer perilous

successive

number
I

to

study

the

courses being superimposed on one another like a

of concentric circles with ever widening diameters.

have said nothing about the writing of Latin, because

obvious

at the present

writing from the

first,

it is

day that reading should be accompanied by

and, what

is

even more important, that the

sentences to be translated into Latin should be based on ihe

Learning a
and vocabulary of the Reader.
and we must not expect
our beginners to make bricks \\-ithout straw, any more than we
expect pupils at a more advanced age to compose in the style of
Cicero or Livy without giving them plenty of models to
subject

language

matter
is

work upon.

largely an imitative process,

It is

more important

to insist here

on the import-

ance of training the organs of speech and hearing even

learning a

" dead language " like Latin.

in

For a dead language

is still a language, and cannot be properly grasped unless it has

some contact with Uving lip and Hving ear.
Let the pupil
then become accustomed from the first to reading Latin aloud,
and to reading it with intelligence and expression.
It is a
habit which does not come of itself; but to teach it goes
a long way towards making the language live again, and acts
Let anyone try
as a most valuable support to the memory.
learning a httle modern Greek, and he will appreciate the
difference between remembering the accents by ear and remem
bering them by the eye alone.
So, too, in regard to forms
and vocabulary.
What we have to familiarise our pupils with is

"

NEWER METHODS

IN

THE TEACHING OF LATIN

21

not merely the look of the word and the phrase and the sentence

on paper, but

From

still

more, the shape of them to the

ear.

the point of view of the Universily a reform in school

procedure, both on the

would confer great and

literary

and on the grammatical side,

There must be many

lasting benefits. *

University teachers who, like the present writer, feel dissatisfied

with

scrappy and

the

commonly presented by

haphazard knowledge

of

the

classics

But

students reading for Pass degrees.

the foundations must be laid during the long school course, as the

developed flower must be present

over the

initial stages,

in the

germ.

By not

and by a wise guidance of the

consummation of a worthy

classical culture

hurrying

later steps, the

may be reached

in the

end.

Christmas, 1900.

E. A.

Sonnknschein.

* Professor Postgate (Classical Review, February, 1901) demands a

revision of the niodes and materials of classical and especially

" thorough

elementary classical teaching," adding, " Though we of the Universities have

a serious grievancc against the schools in that they send us so many mistaught
on elementary points, and, what is worse, emptied of all desire to learn, we
must Dot forgct our own deficicDcies.

NOTE TO THE SIXTH EDITION.

wishes o/

As

Series.

stated

the text,

in

voivels

reiurtied io

niany teachers,

my

to the

book

the present issue of this

In

views in the Preface (p.

vii).

have also corrected one or two oversights

not always

'

On p.

48,

l.

'

123,

; /.

I have

j,

II.

And

substituted

kind

(p.

book

is

130, 31

p.

'

I herezvith
particu/ar

Haydon,

express

to
to

23,

'

'

tenthfor seventh
'

'

144 bottom).

I had

sonieti?nes not'

multa ex navigiis for

avoid raising a

to

which

to

').

magnus

difficulty of con-

few other niinor iniprovements

me

of this

Biit in all essentials

A.

F.

have

number

in

my

cordial t/ia?iks to

Mr.

t/ie

t/ie

w/io /lave

vocabu/aries

T/iese oversig/its

a// been corrected in

'

wi(/i

t/ie

t/ie

accent

o?i

in

E. A. Trayes, Mr. R.
t/ie

present

fiot

word

'

Alaritinia

the syi/abie

S.

very

issue.

ca/l the attention oj ieac/iers to the mistake, into

marititne

Maritii?ia

F.

E. Sanders.

pupils easi/y fal/, of pronouncing

'

t/iose teac/iers

misprinis or omissions in

Professor Postgaie,

Aliss

May I
Frenc/i

i,

l.

unchanged.

pointed out

many

there are a

iig,

4 and S nf%

nufnerus Jiavigiorum' in order

struction.

marking long

which I adopted in mv Parallel Grammar

method of carrying out the principle I have

called attention in previous issues {p.

for

the

have, in de/crence to

principle of

t/ie

ti-^

'

which

/ike t/ie

i?istead 0/

ORA MARITIMA
VFiL

COMMENTARII DE VITA MEA AD

DUBRAS ANNO MDCCCXCIX

DkA MaKITIMA
I.

INTIiR DlMlRAS

and

Intlicative oi siiin

Quam

1.

ora

habitat

ianuam

ct

Rl)l

Afljeclivcs, togeih

and of ihe

bella est dra

niaritima

cst

\illa.

First

est

AS.

iiiaritinia

In

area.

wilh

Picsent

llie

Conjugation.]

Non

\illa

ego cum amitfi mcfi nunc

villae

L' l'I

Ora maritima.

[First Declcnsion of -Nouns

ab

II

In area est

procul

amita

hal)ito.

mca
Ante

castanca, ubi

ORA MARITIMA

24

luscinia inteiduni canlat.

Sub umbra castaneae ancilla

oram maritimam amo

Amo

interdum cenam parat.

villam bellam.
2.

Feriae

nunc

maritima habito.

Inter

sunt.

beatas

ferias

ferias

in

villa

In arena

orae

Nam incolae
maritimae sunt ancorae et catenae.
5rae maritimae sunt nautae.
Magna est audacia
nautarum
nautae

me

procellas

non formldant.

amant.

Cum

Nautas amo, ut

nautls interdum in scaphls

navigo.

=\

(T

k
rf

< /^

Anxora et Catena Scaimia.

3.

Ex

fenestris

caeruleas amo.

villae

undas spectas.

Quam magnae

sunt,

quam

Undas

perlucidae

ORA MAKITIMA

2$

Post cenam lunain et stellas ex fenestra mea specto.

Prope villam est silva, ubi cum amita mea saepe
O copiam
ambulo. Quantopere nos silva delectat
Non
copiam
bacarum
plantarum et herbarum
O
habitant.
solum nautae sed etiam agricolae circum
Casae agricolarum parvae sunt. Xautae casas albas
habitant.
Amita mea casas agricolarum et nautarum
!

saepe

vlsitat.

4.

Magna

Victoria est reglna mea.

est gloria

Victoriae Reginae, non solum in insulls Britannicls

sed etiam in India, in Canada, in AustraHa, in Africa,

coloniae Britannicae sunt.

ubi

muitarum terrarum.
In

gloria

amo
non

reglnae

est domina
domina undarum.

Reglna

Britannia est

meae triumpho.

Te, Britannia,

amo. Sed Britannia

Africa Merldiana sum.

v5s, insulae Britannicae,

est patria niea.

Ex

Lydia quoque, consobrlna mea, apud amitam

Lydia columbas curat
habitat.
cura
columbarum Lydiae magnam laetitiam dat.
Tu,
Lydia, cum apud magistram tuam es, linguae Francogallicae et linguae Anglicae operam das
sed ego
5.

meam nunc

linguls antiquls

Romae et

Graeciae operam do.

Saepe

cum Lydia ad silvam vel ad oram maritimam ambulo.

Interdum cum nauta in scapha navigamus. Ouantopere nos undae caeruleae delectant

Lydia casas

cum amita mea interdum vlsitat. Vos,

flHae agricolarum, Lydiam amatis, ut Lydia vos amat.
Ubi inopia est, ibi amita mea inopiam levat.

agricolarum

ORA MARITIMA

26

IL Patruus meus.
[Second Declension

Nouns and Adjectives

in us].

meus quondam praefectus erat in

Nunc mllitia vacat, et agello suo
Agellus patrul mel non magnus est.
operam dat.
Circum villam est hortus. Murus hortl non altus est.
Rlvus est prope hortum, unde aquam portamus, cum
In horto magnus est numerus
hortum irrigamus.
rosarum et violarum. Rosae et violae tibi, mi patrue,
6.

Patruus

Africa Merldiana.

magnam
in

Tu, Lydia, cum patruo meo

laetitiam dant.

hortd saepe ambulas.

In angulo hortl sunt uhnl.

7.

In uhiils corvl

Corvos hbenter specto, cum circum nldos

Magnus est numerus corvorum in
horto patrul mel muhl mergi super oceanum voHtant.
Vos, mergl, Hbenter spect5, cum super oceanum
nldificant.

su5s

voHtant.

praedam captatis. Oceanus mergls cibum

Patruum meumhortus et agehus suus deleciant
in ageHS sunt equl et vaccae et porcl et gaUl gahlnaeLydia gah^s gaHlnasciue curat. Non procul
que.
ab agell5 est vlcus, ubi rusticl habitant. N5nnulll ex

voiitatis et

dat.

rusticls

agellum

cum

equls

et

vaccls

et

porcls

curant,

Ex

mel scopul5s alb5s 5rae

Scopull sunt altl.
a 5ra
Francogallica n5n procul abest. -Noctu ex scoi^ulls
8.

hort5

patrul

maritimae spectamus.

phar5s 5rae Lrancogallicae spectamus, velut stellas

claras in ocean5.

Quam

bellus es, 5ceane,

cum

luna

ORA MARITIMA

27

undas tuas illustrat

Quantopere me delectat vos,
undae caeruleae, spectare, cum tranquillae estis et
Quantopere me
arcnam orae maritimae lavatis
delectatis cum turbulentae estis et sub scopulis
!

spumatis

!h^-

et

murmuratis

.v-...'/.M:r^"^:^
VlLLA MaRITIMA.

Ulmi kt Corvi.

Murus.

Ianua.

Rivus,

Castanea.

Mergi.

ORA MARITIMA

28
III.

Monumenta

antiqua.

[Nouns and Adjectives

9.

Dubras

Agellus
et

mel

patrul

Rutupias

oppida antlqua sunt.

situs.

in tun'].

in

Cantio

Dubrae

est,

et

inter

Rutupiae

Multa sunt monumenta antlqua

multa vestlgia R5man5rum. Reliquiae

villarum, oppid5rum, amphitheatr5rum R5man5rum
in Britannia,

hodie exstant.
sunt.

Multae viae R5manae

In Canti5 est via

R5mana

inter

in

Britannia

Rutupias et

Londinium.

JSolum Britannicum multos

aureSs, arg-ente5s, aene5s et Britann5rum et

orum

occultat.

Rusticls

numm5s
R5man-

numml saepe sunt causa

NUMMUS ROMANUS CUM FlGURA BrITANNIAE.

nummds romanus.
(C.Idl.Caesar.)

(Augustus.)

lucrl,

ORA MARITIMA

29

NuMNfos Eritannicus.

NuMMUS

cum

Britaxnicus.

arant vel fundamenta aedificidrum antTqu5rum

exxavant.

venumdant.

Nam nummos
Patru5

antlquos magno preti5

me5 magnus numerus est numm-

5rum R5man5rum.
10.

Inter

ferias

commentari5s

me5s

de vlta

mca scriptit5. Dubras saepe vlsitamus nam oppidum

non procul abest. Super oppidum est castellum mag;

num

in castell5 est

altl et latl sunt.

specula antlqua.

Quondam

erat pharus

Murl speculae

R5man5rum.

Prope speculam est aedificium consecratum.

lam
secund5 saccul5 post Christum natum basilica Christiana erai.
11.
stat.

Castellum

in

pr5munturi5 5rae maritimae

c]lvl graminel et latl.
Ex

Post castellum sunt

castell5 fretum Gallicurn spectas.

Ante ocul5s sunt

ORA MARITIMA

30

multorum navigiorum

vela alba

navigia sunt Brit-

annica, Francogallica, Germanica, Belgica.

Nonnulla

ex navigils BritannicTs "castella" nominata sunt.

Littera C in signo est. " Castella " in Africam Merldi-

anam

navigant, ubi patria rnea

est.

ma3^isy

.8jSgi{*irafl

t:

CA^rELI.UM AD DUBRAS SITUM.

IV. Delectamenta puerorum.

[Nouns and Adjectives
12.

pucrT.

In

numero amlcorum

like piie?-\

meorum

sunt

duo

Marcus, puer quattuordccim annorum, mihi

ORA MARITIMA
praccipuus amicus

31

Propc Dubras nunc habitant,

Nobls puerls feriae
nunc sunt
nam condiscipull sumus.
Inter ferias
liberl sumus scholls.
Amfcl mel me saepe vlsitant, et
ego amlcos meos vlsito. Magna est inter nos amlcitia.
Una ambulamus, una in undls spiimiferls natamus,
est.

sed ex Caledonia oriundl sunt.

;

cum non

nimis asperae sunt.

Ouantopere nos pueros

Ut iuvat castella

ludl pilarum in arena delectant

contra undas spumiferas acdificare

Nobls puerls feriae plenae sunt gaudiorum

Nonnumquam in scapha
a mane usque ad vesperum.
Perrus est adulescentulus
cum Petro navigamus.
Petrl scapha non s5lum remls sed
vlginti annorum.
Plerumque remigamus, sed
etiam vells apta est.
ndnnumquam vcla damus, cum ventus non nimis
Petrus scapham gubernat et vells minisasper est.
Nos puerl scapham bellam laudamus et amamus.
trat.
13.

14.

Non

procul

Dubrls

scopulus

est

altus,

unde 5ceanum et navigia et 5ram maritimam spectas.

Locus in fabula commemoratus est, ubi Leir, regulus
Britann5rum antiqu5rum, fortunam suam miseram

suam

culpat, fllias suas animl

fortunam asperam
O fllias
impias
O constantiam Cordcliae
Scopulus ex
Nam in fabula est locus ubi
poeta n5minatus est.
vir gener5sus, amlcus fldus regull, de scopul5 se

depl5rat, stultitiam
ingrati

acciisat.

praecipitare parat
servat.

scd

fllius

suus virum ex perlculo

Fllium fldum laud5et am5.

saepe vlsitamus.

N5s

puerl locum

ORA MARITIMA

32

=^

(^

SCOPULUS AltUS

At)

DUBRAS

SITUS,

EX POETA NOMIXATUS.

V. Magister noster.
[Nouns and Adjectives

like inagister\

est, sed lud5rum

Nobls puerls carus est. Inter ferias patruum
interdum vlsitat. Dextra magistrl nostrl valida
puerl pigrl nec dextram nec magistrum amant.

15.

Magister noster

vir

doctus

peritus.

meum
est, et

"

Non amo te, Sabidl, nec possum dlcere quare.

Hoc tantum possum dlccrc non amo te."
:

Magistrum non amant quia libros Graecos et

Latlnos non amant.
Nam discipull scholae nostrae
linguls antlquls operam dant, atque scientils mathe-

ORA MARITIMA

33

Magistro nostro magna copia est librorum

Schola nostra antlqua et clara est
non

maticls.

pulchrorum.

solum

librls

sed etiam ludls operam damus.

nostra non in Cantio

est.

Schola

In vlco nostro est ludus

litterarius, crC-bcr puerls et puellis, llberls

agricolarum,

Sed ego cum i\Iarc6 et Alexandro, amlcls mels, ad

\'cntam Bclgarum discipulus sum.
VI. Britannia antiqua.
[Mixed forms of Nouns an

Adjectives of the isf and 2nd Declensions,

logether with the Past loipcrfect Indicaiive of suin anJ of the

ist

Conjugation.]

Magister

IG.

noster

librorum

historicorum

dc patria nostra antlqua libenter narrat.

Proximo anno, dum apud nos erat,de vlta Britannorum
antlquorum saepe narrabat. Patruus meus et amita
studiosus est

mea

libenter auscultabant

aderam.

Slc narrabat

" Fere tota Britannia

Inter

erat.

ego quoque

nonnumquam

quondam

5ram maritimam

et

silvls

densls crebra

fluvium

Tamesam,

ubi nunc agrl frugiferl sunt, silva erat Anderida, locus

vastus et incultus.

Silvae plenae erant ferarum

.porum, ursdrum, cervorum, aprorum.

...ateria erat in silvls Britannicls

Multa

n5n erat n5ta, sl Gaius luHus vera

Et plnus Sc5tica dcerat."

antlquls

"

affirmat.

Solum, ubi llberum erat silvls, frugiferum

Metallls quoque multls abundabat
plumbo aibo

17.
erat.

et varia

sed fagus Britannls

Br1TAN.nI A.NTKJUJ

"

ORA MARITIMA
et

35

auro argentoque,

ferro, atque, ut Tacitvis affirmat,

Margarltas

parvae

et

erant,

dabat

ostreas

oceanus

magnae

ostreae

sed

niarg-arltae

et

praeclarae,

Caelum tum quoque crebrls pluvils et nebulls atrls

foedum erat sed prulnae asperae aberant, NatQra
oceanl pigra erat, sl tcstimonium Tacitl verum est
nautae Romanl, inc^uit, in aqua pigra vix poterant
remigare. Sed verunme est testimonium ?
An natura
nautfirum Romandrum non satis impigra erat
;

'

'

,''

18.

" Incolae

bellicSsI

antlqul
Hastls,

erant.

insulae
sagittls,

nostrae
essedls

ferl

et

inter

se

pugnabant. Proelia Britannos antlquos delectabant,

Multl et dlversl erant populi Britannorum,
Multl

ex populls erant Celtae.

manls, capilli

flavi,

Celtls antlquls, slcut Ger-

SlcTacitus de Caledoniis

et robusta erant.

Incolae Cambriae meridianae

Romanls

membra magna

ocull caerulei,

'

coloratl

'

narrat,

Sed

erant,

statura parva, oculi et capilli nigri erant,

Universi Britanni, ut Gaius lulius affirmat,

membra

vitro colorabant, sicut nautae nostrl hodiernl.

menta ex

corils

ferarum constabant,

Vestl-

In casis parvls

circum silvas suas habitabant."

Ilic

19.
"

abant

"sed,

si

amita

inquit,

Et

mea
ille

"

"

Nonne

Oppida

in

oppidls

habit-

aedificabant," inquit

Gaius IQHus vcra affirmat, oppida Britann-

orum antiquorum loca firmata erant, non loca uhi

habitabant.
Sed Britannia merldiana crebra erat
incohs et

acdificiis.

Belh GaHicI.

Slc narrat Cacsar in libro quinto

Mukl una

hal:)itribant, ut

non planc barbarl erant,"

inquit

puto." " Itaque

amita mea,

\Fa

Or.A ISIARITBIA

56

ille

agn culturae operam dabant,

" Incolae Cantil

Nam Venetl ex Gallia. in

atque etiam mercaturae.
navigabant.
Britann!
causa
mercaturae
Britanniam
frumentum, armenta, aurum, argentum, ferrum, coria,
catul5s venaticos, servos et captlvos expoitabant

frena, vitrea,

gemmas,

cetera

mediocriter hijmanl erant,nec

URNAE ET

importabant.

multum

Itaque

dlversl a Gallls.'

CATKNAIi: Britannicae.

Druiuai: liKHA.NMci.

oi;a jmauiti.ma

38
" Multl

mortuos cremabant, slcut Graecl et

Cantio sepulchra cum urnls
pulchre ornatls.
Exstant etiam numml Britannicl,
Esseda quoque fabricabant
aurel, argentel, aenel.
non plane inhumanl erant, sl rotas ferratas essedorum et nummos aureos aeneosque fabricare poterant.
Britannls antlquls magnus numerus gallorum galllnarumque erat animl, non escae, causa curabant, ut
Gaius luHus afifirmat.
Scd incolae mediterraneorum
Mortuos humabant.
et Caledonil ferl et barbari erant.
Agrl culturae operam non dabant n5n frumento sed
20.

Romanl

exstant in

Dc5rum

ferlna victitabant.

fana in lucls sacrls et

Sacra ciirabant Druidae.

atrls erant.

silvls

Sacra erant

saeva: vir5s, feminas, llber5s pr5 victimls sacrificabant.

Inter se saepe pugnabant

captlv5s miser5s

dabant, vel cruciabant et trucldabant

venum-

n5nnumquam

simulacra magna, plena victimls humanls, cremabant.

Popul5rum

inter se discordiae victoriam

R5man5rum

parabant."

VII. Vestigia
[Faliirc Indicalive

21.

"locum
stabat."

and Imperalive of sjim and

Nuper,

erant, patru5

Romanorum.

me5

Et

dum Marcus
"

et Alexander mecum
me dclectabit" inquam
oppidum R5manum quondam

Ouantoperc

ubi

vlsitare

of Ihe isl Conjugation].

Alexander

"

Monstra n5bls," inquit

amabo te, rulnas castelll Rutuplni." Tum patruus

meus " Longa est via," inquit " scd aliquando mon"

strab5.

proclium

Cras,
erat

.sl

v5bls gratum

erit,

Britannorum cum

ad locum ubi

R5manls ambul-

""
;

ORA

"Ego

"

ambulabo

39

ndblscum, Marcc

Ambulabitisnc

ribimus.

andcr

^rARITI.MA

Alcx-

et

inquit Marcus " tecum libentcr

et Alexander " Mihi quoquc pergratum

"
;

"

ver5

n5bls sepulchra Britann5rum et R^manorum

monstrabis." Sed patruus meus " Festlna lentc

crit, sl

inquit
virT

" nullae

sunt

ibi

sepulchrorum,

rcliquiae

paratl critis

"

"

Ouinta

et

Sed quota hora

doctl de loc5 procHl disputant.

liora " inquiunt.

22. Postrldie caekmi scrcnum

culum amita mea " Quota h5ra"

erat.

inquit

Intcr ienta" in viam

"
?
Et
Quinta h5ra Marcus et Alcxandcr
Dubrls adventabunt
intra duas h5ras ad locum
prochl ambulare poterimus post unam h5ram redambulabimus itaque h5ra decima vel undecima doml
crimus, ut sper5."
Tum ego " N5nne ieiunl erimus,"
"
inquam
nihil
ante vesperum gustabimus ?
sl
" Prandium v5blscum portate" inquit amita mea
" cgo crustula et p5ma curab5."

v5s dabitis

quota h5ra ccnare poteritis

et

"

mcus

patruus

[Perfcct Indicative of si/m ancl of the ist Conjugalion.]

23.

Quinta

hora

appropinquabat,

Ad sonum

me5s cupide exspectabam.

ad fenestram
adcrant.
" Eugc
!

"

Nuni

Cum

intravcrunt,

Opportunc

cum

amlc5s

ad ianuam
exclamavimus
Tum Marcus

Ecce, pucrl

propcravl.

univcrsl

advcntavistis

scr5 advcntavimus

et

tintinnabull

"

inquit

"
!

" liora fere tertia

viam n5s dedimus scd via longa est,

Sed
ct Alcxander celcritcr ambularc n5n potest."
Alcxander " N5n sum fatlgatus " inquit; " scd quota

fuit

in

ORA MARITI.MA

40
liora est

h5ra est

"

"

Tum
inquit

patruus

meus

"

Nondum

" paratlne cstis ad

Et Alexander " Nos vero "

Lydia " Bene ambulate
nos dedimus.
!

et

inquit.

quinta
"

ambulandum ?
Tum amita mea

"

inc-iuiunt,

et

in

viam

C. luLius Caf.sar.

24.

Inter viam patruus

Romanorum cum
ante Chriscum
et,

postquam

Belgicae

meus multa nobis de bello

Prlm5 saeculo

Britannls narravit.

natum Gaius

lulius in

GalHa bcHabat,

Nervi5s ceter5sque popul5^

debellavit,

bcHum

contra

incolas

CialHae
insulac

propinquae paravit. Itaque ann5 quint5 et quinquagesimo c5pias suas in Britanniam transportavit.

OKA
unde

t)e

loco

.sua

applicavit,

Dubras

intcr

^rAKrri.NrA

navigfivit

doctl

viii

dc loc5 quo

et

navigia

disputavcrunt.

diCi

Rutupias est

et

41

ad

locus

Scd

navigia

Dubras non poterat applicare

nunc sunt, et in scoinills
Itaquc ad
Britannorum stabant.

applicanda idoneus.

nam

.scopull ibi altl erant, ut

copiae

alium

armatae
locum naviyavit, ubi

nulli

scopull

fucrunt.

Sed Britannl quociuc per oram maritimam ad

locum properavcrunt, et ad pugnam sc paravcrunt.
Romanls necessc erat navigia sua magna ad ancoras
deligare.

Britannls

aquam equilavcrunt

vada nota
ct

fucrunt

itaque

in

copiam pugnae dederunt.

J\vl '%

BkITANNI RO.MANOS

x'(

~^-^^l\

IN SC01'ULIS E.KSriiCTANT.

ORA MAraTIMA

42
[riuperfect

P.ist

{t.e.

Perfect)

of siiin

Inclicative

and

the

of

Ist

Conjugauon.]

25. Scd
iam ad locum
patruus meus " Spectate puetl

apertus est

spectatis,

Illlc

Gaius

ancoras deHgaverat.

ignavl

lulius

aquam

Dum R5manl
'

Ad

estis.

scaphas pisca-

fortasse, ubi

R5mana

navigia

incitaverant.

t5tam pugnam animo spectare

narrab5.
aquilifer

et

campus

Hlc Britannl copias suas

locaverant, et equos in
potestis

inquit; " hlc

scopull desunt, et locus idoneus est ad

copias explicandas.
torias

adventav^cramus,
"

undls

se

.''

N5nne

Sed reliqua

dare

dubitant,

aquilam v5s congregate,' inquit

Ego

certe ofiiciuni

meum

AOflLlFEIi SE U.NDIS UAT.

ad
col-

nisi

praestab5.'

ORA MARITIMA
Et cum aquila undTs se

43

lani univcrsl RonianT

dcclit.

cum

ad aquilifcrum sc congreg-averant, et
imdls impigrc pugnabant.

in

Confusa

Britannls

et aspera fuit

i5ugna.
Prlmo iaborabant Romanl sed tandcm Britannos propulsaverunt et terram occupavcrunt, Antc
vcsperum Britannl se fugae dederant.
Numquam
;

antea copiae

Audacia

Romanae

aquilifcrl

Britannico stetcrant.

in solo

laudanda

erat."

[Future Perfect Indicative oi stim and of the

ist

Conjugation.J

Sed nos puerl prandium iam postulabamus

hora
nam
iam septima erat.
Ouam bella crustula
ct poma tu, amita, dederas
Ouantopere nos bacae
26.

rubrac
"

Cum

abimus

in

nam non

"

Tum

ante

undecimam hdram adventml Antonl, nos exspcct-

interea amita tua,

satiatl estis V Tum cgo " Nulla

Et Alcxandcr " Ego iam parfitus

Nonne pranchd

mc mora

sum

Tum patruus mcus

domum propcr-

nos recreaverimus," inquit "

averimus
averit.

nigrae delectaverunt

ct

fucrit."

inquit

Marcus

" sed

quando

" Iciunus ful

horas nihil gustaveram.

rccrcavero, paratus cro.
crustulls

operam

cacliinnanuis, ct

VIII.

dcdistl

mox

tu, ^larcc, satiatus cris

inquit " nam pcr quinquc

Scd cum me altcro pomo
Tfi, Alcxandcr, inlcr viam

"

nam

pucr parvus

es."

Nos

in \iam nos damus.

Expeditio prima C.

[^rd Declensii;!

"
.'

lalii

noiins like Caciar, iui/enUor,

Caesaris,
sii',

r.r/iri/://i'>.]

Scd magnus crat calor sohs ct acris, ncqi c

27.
Paulo post ncbulac
poteramus celcritcr ambularc.
solcm obscuraverunt, et imber magnus fuit. I\Iox

OKA MARITIMA

44

5ram maritiniani splcndore suo illustravit, et

Imber cal5rem aeris
temperavcrat et intcr viam n5s puerl patruum mcum
sol

iterum in viam n5s dedimus.

;

multa de C. Iuli5 Caesare, imperatore magn5 R5man" Ciar expedlti5nem suam in

5rum, intcrrogavimus.
Britanniam paravit

.''

"

inquinius

insulam nostram transportiivit

" C. lulius Caesar

"

" cur c5pias suas in

"

Et patruus meus

inquit " pr5consul erat Galliac, et

tres ann5s contra nati5nes bellic^sas Gallorum

Belgarum bellaverat nam ann5 duodesexagesim5
ante Christum natum R5manl Caesarem pr5consulem
creaverant.
R5mani autem Britann5s in numer5
Gall5rum esse existimabant et revera n5nnullae ex

per

et

nati5nibus Britanniae merldianae a Belgls oriundae

Atque Britannl

crant.

Gallls auxilia contra

R5manos

interdum subministraverant; sed Trinobantes auxil-

ium R5man5rum contra Cassivellaunum,

Cassorum, imploraverant."
" Alia

28.

quoque causa

exspectati5 praedae.

nostram ign5tam

et

regulum

belll fucrat avaritia et

Cupidl erant R^manl insulam

rem5tam vlsitandl et cxpl5randl
;

ign5tum pr5 magnific5 cst.

Itaquc ann5 quint5 ct quinquagesim5 antc Christum
natum C. lulius Caesar expedlti5nem suam prlmam
nam,

ut Tacitus affirmat,

contra Britann5s comparavit, ct vict5riam reportavit,

ut narravl

nam

post

unum

proelium Britannl veniam

Sed expcdlti5 n5n magna

neque R5manl ullam pracdam ex Britannia
Anno
reportavcrant, nisi pauc5s servos et captlv5s.
avict5ribus imploraverunt.
fuerat

igitur

proxim5 imi)crator Romanus

secundam

et

ORA MARITIMA
multo maiorein expeditionem

Nam
et

in

45

Britanniam paravit.

sescenta navigia oneraria in Gallia aedificavit,

quinque legiones Romanas una cum mag-na multi-

tudine auxiliorum Gallicorum in oram Bclgicam congregavit."

IX.

Pax

[3rd Declension continued

violata.

nouns hke

puj:, aesias,

mlUs.]

" Britannl paccm non violaverant, scd Ro29.

mani pacis non cupidl erant. Itaque aestate anni
quarti et quinquagesiml ante Christum natum dux
Romanus cum quinque legionibus militum Romanorum et magnd numerd equitum et auxiliorum Gallicorum iterum in Britanniam navigavit.
Tempestas
erat idonea, sed in media navigatione ventus non
itaque militibus necesse erat navigia
iam flabat
Impigre remigaverunt, et postrldie
remls incitare.
navigia ad oram Britannicam prospere applicaverunt.
Labor remigandl magnus erat, virtus mllitum magn;

opere laudanda.

Britannl

Romanos

in scopulls

orae

maritimae exspectabant sed postquam multitudinem

navigiorum et mllitum equitumque spectaverunt, in
;

fugam

Caesar navigia sua inter Dubras

se dederunt.
Rutupias applicavit, ut puto, non procul a loco quo
pri5re anno applicaverat. Inde contra Britannos pro-

et

peravit.

Interea

unam legidnem cum

ibus ad castra in stati5ne reservabat

osum

trecentls equit:

nam

perlcul-

erat navigia ad ancoras deligata defens5ribus

nudare,"

ORA MARITIMA

-46

Castra Romana.

X.

Certamina varia.

[yd Declension conlinucd

" BiitannT

.'0.

nouns

Vike flilmai, tempjis.]

certamen vltaverunt,

et in silvTs

se occLiltavcrunt, ubi locus erat prope flumen, egregie

et

natura et opere firmatus.

annicum

De nomine

erat.

Oppidum iam

Itaque

oppidum

'

fluminis

nihil

'

Brit-

constat.

ante domesticl belll causa praepar-

averant, et crebrls arboribus vallTsque firmavcrant,

Multa
silvls

varia

et

cum

provolabant
iones

certamina

fuerunt

Britannl

equitibus essedTsque suTs contra

;

Romanls perTculosum

Britannorum

intrare.

ex

Romanos

erat intrii munlt-

Scd post

aliquantum

ORA MARITIMA

47

temporis mTlitcs septimac lcgionis aggere et testudine

locum oppugnavcrunt.
Tandem Britannos ex silvls
propulsavcrunt.
Pauca crant vulnera Romanorum
nam Romanl Britannos pondcre armorum et scientia
pug-nandl multum superabant magnitudine et robore
corporis Britannl Romanos superabant. Sed Romanl
quoque homines robust5 corpore erant."
:

ESSEDU.M BUITANMCC.M.
31. " Vict5ria Cacsarl

non multum pr5fuit

nam

Britannls fugatls instarc n5n potcrat, quia naturam locl

ign5rabat.

Praeterea praefectus castr5rum, n5mine

Ouintus Atrius,

magnum incommodum

tcmpestas navigia
pcrlcul5sum crat

in

nam

lltorc

nuntiavcrat

afflictaverat.

Tem

"(us

Cacsarl nccessc erat a flumine

"

ORA MARITIMA

48

ad

maritimum

iTtus

navigils

vadls

in

properarc,

legiones

et

Britannorum revocare.

ab insectatione

erant

afflictata

armls ornanda erant.

Opus

suas

]\Iulta

cetera

ex

novls

mag-ni laboris erat, et

aliquantum temporis postulabat. Sed nautarum atque

militum virtijs magno opere laudanda erat. Non
solum per diurna sed etiam per nocturna tempora
Interea Caesar nova navigia in Gallia

laboraverunt.
aedificat

sine

navigils

n5n poterat copias suas

Galliam reportare; uno tempore necesse erat

et

in

navigia

reparare et contra Britannos bellare."

XL

Naves Romanae,

[3rd Declenslon continued

nouns

"Duo erant generanavium

32.

unum

like naz^/s.]

in classe

Romana;

genus navium longarum, alterum navium

Naves longae ad pugnam aptae erant,
onerariarum.
onerariae ad
onera atque
naves
multitudinem
erat

hominum

equorum transportanda.
Tota classis
navium nam sescentas
naves onerarias per hiemem in Gallia aedificaverat,
et

Caesaris octingentarum erat

Inter ceteras, ducentas numero, nonnullae

Sed navibus longls revera non
navcs longae erant.
opus crat Caesarl nam Britannls antlquls nulla erat

ut narravl.

classis

neque naves onerarias aedificabant."

ego " Britannia

inquam

orum

" sed

poterant,

sl

naves

Britannicum

nullas

navcs aedificabant

inquit

"

in

Tum

nondum domina undarum erat

quomodo frumentum exportare
patruus

Galliiim

meus

portabant,

"

" \'enet-

"

frumentum

.''

et

e.\

(jalliu

ORA MARITIMA
gemmas,
fucrant

in

Nam

Britanniam.

vitrca, cctcra in

natio maritima,

49
VenctT,

Hostes

ora Gallica habitabant.

Romanorum,

ct

magnam

classem

com-

paravcrant."
33.

Tum

Marcus

"

Num

nati5ncs barbarae

"

inquit " navcs lonCTas ornarc poterant "

Et patruus
mcus " Formam nfivium Gallicarum Caesar in tertio
.''

commemorat. Puppes altae erant,

magnitudincm tempestatum accommodatae
VcnetT nilves totas ex rSbore
carTnae planae.
ad ancoras catenTs ferrcTs, non funibus,
fabricabant
libro Bclli GallicT

ad

Pclles pro velTs erant, sTve propter iTnT

deligabant.

inopiam, sTvc quia

in pellibus

plus firmitudinis

quam

Naves longae R5man5rum n5n

erant quam Venet5rum, sed rostrTs ferreTs

in velTs iTneTs erat.

tam
et

altae

interdum turribus armatae erant

a VenetTs reportaverant."

naves

R5manae

itaque vict5riam

Tum

laminTs ferrcTs

Alexander " Num

armatae erant " inquit.
.''

" Ouid opus erat laminTs

Sed Marcus
"
tormenta hodicrna antTquTs dcerant
:

.^

ferrcTs,

sT

ORA

50

IVIARITIMA

XII. Gentium Britannicarum Societas.

[3rd Declension continued

Tum

34.

nouns

Vike ^cns, fars].

patruus meus reliqua de expedltione

"

Caesaris narravit.

Dum

milites nautaeque

Romanl

classem novls armls ornant, Caesar ad rcliquas copias

Interea

properat.

summum

hostes

Cassivellaund mandaverant.

imperium

Cassivellaunus non erat

gentium Britannicarum, sed dux

Anno tamen quarto
et quinquagesimo ante Christum natum magna pars
gentium Britanniae merldianae se sub Cassivellauno
rex

ijniversarum

vel princeps gentis Cas.sorum.

Romanos

contra

Flumen Tamesa

consociaverant.

Cassivellauni a finibus gentium

flnes

separabat

occidente Britannl mediterranel.

bella continua fuerant inter

gentes

nam,

Cassivellaunum

Trinobantes

auxiHum

ab

et

rcHquas

Romanorum
regem

Numerus hostium magnus erat

Caesar afiirmat, inflnlta multitudo hominum

trucldaverat.
ut

Superiore tempore

CassiveHaunum imploraverant, quia

contra

suum

atque

maritimurum

ab oriente erant flnes Trinobantium

erat in parte

mcrldiana Britanniae."

formam et incolas Britanniae in

duodecimo et tertio decimo librl quintl commemorat. Incolac partis interioris Ccltae et barbarl
incolae maritimae partis ex Belgio pracdac
erant
35.

" Caesar

capite

causa immigraverant, slcut pri5re aetate trans flumen

Rhenum

Bclgium migraverant.
in
Kt nonnulla
n5mina gentium maritimarum, unde n5mina urbium
hodicrnarum

dCMivfita sunt,

P>clgica vel

GaUica sunt.

ORA MARITIMA
Belgac autcm

fi

capite quart5

librT

GcimrmTs oriundl

5I
erant, ut Caesar in

secundT dcMnonstrat.

Itaque pars

BritannSrum antTquorum Germanica orTgine

erant.

Formam insulae esse triquetram declarat. Scd

unum latus ad Galliam spcctarc cxistimat, alterum ad
Ilispaniam atque occidentem, tertium ad septentriones.
Itaque

de

lateribus

laterum

angulls

et

errabat.

Hiberniam ab occidcnte parte Britanniae esse

Monam

insulam

iudicat,

Hiberniam

inter

XIII.
"

Maria Britannica.
:

nouns like mare].

Lateris prlml longitfidinem circiter quin-

genta mllia esse iudicat, secundl scptingenta,

Itaque de magnitiadine insulae
octingenta.

multum

errabat.

mllia

octoginta
"

et

esse."

[3rd Declension continiicd

3G.

recte

Britanniam

Errabat igitur

"

Flumen Tamesam a marl

distare

inquimus

iudicat."
"
;

nam

Hlc

inter

nos

tcrtil

non

circiter

puerl

Londinmm

et

Sed patruus meus

mare non sunt octdginta mllia."
"Recte iudicabat" inquit; "nam pars maris ubi Caesaris
castra

erant

circiter

octoginta

mllia

Romana

Tria
maria insulam nostram
Londinio distat.
inter Britanniam et Galliam est mare
circumdant
Britannicum vel fretum Gallicum ab occidente mare
Ilibcrnicum ab oriente mare Germanicum. Nomina
marium temporibus antlquTs n5n usitata erant sed
iam Graecl Britanniam esse insulam iudicabant."
;

XIV. Britannia

pacata.

[Recapilulation of nouns of ihe jrd Declension.]

37.

"

Inter

Tamesam

et

mare Britannicum piTma

ORA ^rARITIMA

52
concursio erat

Romanorum ciim
Romanas

BritannT duas cohortcs

pugnaverunt.
in

fugam

Ex

mult5s

Novum

Nam

BritannTs

suTs

suas revocabant.

in

su5s a pugna revocaverunt.

per

omnes

ordines hostium perturbabant

bant.

im-

R5man5s
R5man5rum trucTd-

gcnus pugnaeR5manbs perturbaverat.

non mos erat iust5 proeli5 pugnare
essedTsque

Cas.si\-ellaiinT.

silvTssuTs pr5volaverunt

dcderunt

Tum

averunt.

c5piT.s

in itinere fortiter

partes
;

sed equitibus
equitabant,

et

tum consulto c5pias

EssedariT interdum pedibus pugna-

Ita m5bilitatem equitum, stabilitatem

peditum

R5map.T

propter

proeliTs

praestabant.

pondus arm5rum n5n

liUllAN.M

Pedites

aptT erant ad luiiusmodT hostem.

CUM RilMAMS

IN

lll.NKKl':

riHl.NAM-.

ORA MARITIM.^

53

Et equitibus Romanls peiiculosum

peditibus

intervallo

scparfire

erat

se

neque

longo

pedibus

pugnare poterant."
38.

Itaque

"

Romani

ordincs suos contra equitcs

prlmo certamine non servaverant.

Britannorum
Sed postrldie Romanl victoriam reportavcrunt;
in

Britannl in collibus prccul a castrls

Caesar

magnum numerum

equites lcgato

suo

propulsaverunt, et in

Magnum numerum

fuerunt.

Copias

fugam dedcrunt.

hostium trucldaverunt.

Tamesam

continuls itineribus ad flumen

Hostes

Romanos impugn-

Sed Romanl supcriores

averunt.

stabant.

univcrsos

et

Trebonio mandaverat.

subito provolaverunt, et ordincs

Britannicas

Romanls

cohortium

Tum dux
et in flnes

Cassivellaunus autem cum

mlHbus
essedariorum
itinera Romanorum
quattuor
servabat, ct paulum de via decllnabat seque in silvls
Interdum ex silvls provolabat et cum
occultabat.
Romanl autcm agros
militibus Romanls pugnabat
Britannorum vastabant."
Cassivellaunl properavit.

39.

vellaunl

Tamcsae ubi
erant unum tantum vadum erat.
"

In partc fluminis

flncs Cassi-

Qu6 cum

Caesar adventavit, copias hostium ad alteram rlpam

fliiminis
acLitis

Rlpa autem sudibus

multas sudes sub aqua
Sed Caesar hostibus instare

collocatas spectavit.

firmata erat

ct Britannl

quoque occultaverant.
non dubitavit. Aqua fluminis profunda erat, et milites
capite solum ex aqua exstabant sed Romanl se aquae
;

ORA MARITIMA

54
fortiter
'

mandaverunt,

Oppidum

'

Britannos

et

in

fugam dederunt.

CassivellaunT non longe aberat, inter silvas

paludesque situm, quo Britannl magnum numerum

hominum, equorum, ovium, boum, congregaverant.

Locum egregie et natura et opere firmatum Caesar

ex duabus partibus oppugnare properavit oppidum
expugnavit et defensores fugavit."
:

BuiTANNI CASrilA

"

40.

Sed

ROMANA

in Cantio, ubi

Ol'1'Lv

quattuor rcgcs Britannls

nondum flnis erat pugnandl. Britannl

Romana ad mare sita fortitcr oppugnant sed

praeerant,
castra
frustra.

Ronianl victorcs.

ibus Britannicls

pacem

Interea multac ex clvitat-

orant.

Trinobantibus Caesar

ORA MARITIMA

novum rcgem

dat, et

pacem

5;

Itaque propter

confirmat.

maxime

tot cladcs, proptcr flncs suos bello vastatos,

autcm propter dcfcctioncm

tot clvitatum,

launus de condicionibus pacis dcllberat.

dat
et

Cassivel-

Cacsar paccm

Cassivellaunum vetat Trinobantcs bello vexare,

Tum

tributum Britannls imperat.

magn5 numero obsidum

reportat.
focls suis

et

copias

captlvorum

Britannl fortiter sed

frustra

pugnaverant."

TR0?AKUM liK.llANMCUM.

suiis

in

pro

cum

Galliam
ails

et

ORA MARITIMA

56

XV. Robur

et

aes triplex.

[Adjectives of the 3rd Declension.]

41.

Tum

Marciis

em Britanndrum

"ogentem fortem
"

!" inquit.

Nam

ct admlrabil-

insigne erat facinus

quod contra Romanos, victdres orbis terrarum, tam

fortiter et nonnumcjuam prospere pugnaverunt.
Non
mlrum est, sl R5manl vict5riam reportavCM-unt." Nos
sententiam Marcl comprobavimus. Sed iam n5na hora

cum Alexander,
Nonne naves procul

erat,
"

patruus meus
tuta navibus.

"

Ita

Sed

digito ad orientem monstrans,

a lltore spectatis

est "
illae

inquit

"
;

nam

} "

inquit.

illic

Et

est stati5

naves, ut put5, naves iongae

sunt ex classe Britannica

nam

pars classis nostrae

Navis Longa Britannica.

"

ORA MAKITIMA

57

nuiic in freto Gallico est.

Tum ego "euge, optime!
inquam " nfivem longam adhuc non spectavl.
Sed
non tam grandcs sunt quam putavi." "Pergrandcs
sunt,".inquit patruus meus " sed procul a lltore sunt
omncs laminls ferrels, nonnullae arictibus vel turribus
armatae sunt."
;

42.

Tum

nautam veteranum de nominibus navi-

uin longarflm interrogavimus.

militaverat, sed

maritimae.

tum

In classe Britannica

mllitia vacabat, et cuslds crat orae

Nomina navium,

ut

Grandis, Rcgdlis, Magnifica, Tonans,

affirmabat,

erant

A rrogans, Fcrox ;

omnibus tcgimen erat laminls ferrels fabricatum. In

Omnes ad
Grandi praefectus classis nfivigabat.
ancoram deligatae erant. Tum Ale.xander " Cur n5n "
Mihi et
inquit " ad naves in scapha navigamus?"
et nauta ad
Marco propositum pergrfitum erat
navigandum paratus erat. Itaque patruus mcus " Ser5
;

domum

" sed sl vos puerl

adventabimus" inquit
navem longam spectandl, ego n5n denegTum nauta " Exspectate" inquit "dum omnia
ab5."
"
par5
et vcla rem5sc]ue in scapham portavit.
Ouam
dulce erat in marl tranquill5 navigare!
Ventus lenis
flabat, et brevl tcmpore ad Rcgdlcni appropinquavimus.
Tum ciassiaril n5bls navem ingentem monstraverunt
;

cupidl cstis

cum

machinls, tormcntls,

rostrls, ccterls.

H5ra iam decima erat cum a Rcgdll wos in

43.
scapham dedimus. Tum ad lltus remigare necesse
nam ventus adversus erat. Kgo et Marcus una
erat
;

cum

patru5

mc5

et

nauta vcteran5 rcmis lab^rfnimus.

ORA MARITIMA

58

Sed nbn ante undecimam horam

lltore

stetimus,

Dum domum properamus, imber fuit, et neqesse erat

intravin tabcrna aliquantum temporis exspectare
:

imus
'

et

nos recreavimus

post tenebrils lux.'

mea

nam

fatlgatl

eramus.

Sed

Cum domum adventavimus, amita

Ubi tam diu fuistis?" inquiunt " nos

Tum nos
sed cena iam parata est."
anxiae fuimus
" ambuliitio longa
"Multa spectavimus " inquimus
Post ccnam Marcus ct
sed pcrgrata et utilis fuit."
Alexander Dubras in vehiculo properaverunt. Ego
per noctem de Britannls antlquls et de classe Britannicahodierna somniavl. Ante oculos erant virl fortes
membrls robustls, flavls capillls, oculls caerulels cum
Romanls terra marlque pugnantes.
et

Lydia

"

DULCE DOMUM.

Deus Salvam Fac Reginam,

Matre.m P^atriae.

PREPARATIONS
NOTE TO
last syllable

iiccented

TIIE

'd short,

But words of

TeACHER ON THE PrONU NCIATION OF WOUDS.

but one of a worJ of more than Iwo syllables

ortly

the atcent

Iwo

ihrown back on

is

lons;;

is

it

to the last syllable

syllables are always accented

on the

first

If the

also

is

but Iwo,

of the Iwo.

Syllables closed by two or more consonants are moslly long, as in viLLa,

luSCima, iNTeRDiiin, paKTeni, uMBRa, feneSTRa ; so too are sylibles
containing a double vowel, as in iiAUtAE.
But many syllables ending in a
single consonant and containing a single vowel are also long, because the vowel
is

itself

these vo\els are marked in the lext and vocabuiaries

Thus beala and aiUiiiia have ihe middle syllable long, and are
marked beata, antyqna and it is because the middle syllable in each

a long vowel

of this book.
Iherefore

of these words has a long vowel in

it

ihat

it

is

accenied [bedta, anttqiia).

Vowcls which do not bear any mark niay bc regarded

aiiiita,

casa, quoijite,

tiica, tita

as short, as in doiiiiiia,

(accented doinina, dinita, cdsa, qnoque,

tnc'a,

tiia).

long

In the Drill Exercises and Appendices (pp. 101-144) the quantities of the
vo-.vels are not marked, except lor some special reason (e.g. in order to

dislinguish the ablative singular of the

singular).

These pages

will provide

xst

declension from ihe nominalive

an opportunity of testing

of the pupil has been trained by the sludy of the text.

how

far

ihe ear

PREPARATIONS

6o

L The Sea

Coast.

[English w<jrds connected with the Latin by origin, but not intended ac
translations of them, are given in square brackets

1.

quam

bella

and Roman type.]

PREPARATIONS

6l

2.
feriae

holidays

incolae

the inhabitants

sunt

are or there
are

nautae

sailors

nunc sunt

feriae

now

it is

magna

t/ie

holidays
in villa

the courage

nautarum

of sailors

procellas formi-

dant

they fear

house by

storms

the sea

6 beatas

oh, the

ferias

(or is

audacia

in the country-

maritima

is

great)

holidays

during

inter ferias

great

est

ihe

happy

nautas anio

I like

ut

as

sailors

holidays 1
in

on the sand

arena

orae marilimae

ofthe sea coast

ancorae

anchors

et

and

catenae

chains

nam

for

Compare
senlences

nautae

sailors

me amant

like

cum

with the sailors

me

me

in scaphis

ifi

navigo

I sail

boais
[skiffs]

[navi-

gate]

the forms of the Plural

nautae

naulis

'

amant, sailors

nautae,' sailors, in the

above

nautas amo,

I like

lihe

iiic ;

sailors ; audacia nautarum, the courage of sailors ; cum nautis,

with sailors. Note that the ending -ae, like the EngUsh -s, has

two

diffcrent

Compare

meanings

nautae

= (i)

sailor^s, (2) sailors.

the different forms of the

same word

(Plural

Num-

ber) in the following sentences

Villae

bellae

Villas bellas

There are pretty country-houses, or Tli

country-houses are pretty.

sunt.

amo.

I love pretty

countryhouses.

lanuae villarum bellarum sunt apertae.

The doors of the pretty

couulry-hoiises are opcn.

In

villis btrllis

habitant.

Thcy dwell in pretty country-houses.

PREPARATIONS

62
3.

ex fenestris

otit

oj ipxfrom)

the

windows

undas spectas

thou seest (you

caeruleas

blue

see) the

quam magnae

waves

sunt hoiv big they

are (i.e. the

PREPARATIONS

63

Notice that the forms in -am (Singular) and

(i) after certain Prepositions

-as (Plural)

occur

ante ianuam, beforc thc door ; post cenam, after suppcr

prope villam, near the hoiise ; inter feiias, durmg the holidays.
any Preposition, to complete the sense with certain
The form in -am or -as is then called the Object of the
Verbs.
Verb, In the following sentences it will be seen that the forms
in -am and -as differ in meaning from those in -a and -ae just
/';//,'
as vie diflfers from / (or
them,'
7ahom,' from
he,'
*they,' 'who') in English

(2) without

'

'

'

'

PREPARATIONS

64
5.

quoque

PREPARATIO.NS
First

65

Declension,

Name of
Ist

Case.

Case.

PREPARATIONS

66

II.
0. SS" In this
will

be given in the

patruus meus

My

Uncle.

and ihe foUowing Preparations the nouns

Nom.

Sing.

except

when a whole phrase

of the ist Decl.

is

quoted.

PREPARATIONS

67

7.

angulus
ulmi
in ulmis

angle^ corncr

mergis

to sea gulis

elms

cibum dat

gives food

in the elms

agellus suus

iiis

corvi

crozvs

equi

iiorses

nidificant

make

corvos specto

I watch

libenter

gladly

vacca

nests

galli

7iests

nonnuiii

prey

captatis

you

oceanus

tJie

in

the rustics

cum

7vith {togetJier
tJie

Jiorses

ocean

the above

cum

e(juls

witJi)

1.

croivs.

corvl
3.

nldificant,

corvls, ivith c7-ozvs.

SINGULAR.

crotvs

corvos specto,

namerus corvorum, a 7iumber o/

G.

tiie

some of{put of)

catch

vos, corvl, you,

crows.

country-

ex

rusticis

sea-guiis

praeda

cocks

rustics

over the ocean

yoii fiy

4.

tiie

/oik,

many sea-gt!i/s

volitatis

io

rusticl

of crows

mergi

Note

minds t/ie
a viiiage

Jiy

tliey

cor vo ru
multi mergi
super oceanum

2.

vicus

gallos ciirat

circum nidos suos round their

cozu

pigs [pork]
gallinae- que cochs and hens

porci

the

crows

volitant

estate

croivs.

5.

maJie nests.

1 watch

crows.

corvls dat, gives

rKKPARATIONS

68
8.

In this and Ihe following 1'reparations the nouns of the 2n(l Decl.
be given in the Nom. Sing. except when a whole phrase is quoled.

/tS"

in -tis wili

sropiihis albus

PKErARATIONS

69

Note the words Dubrae, Dover ; Rutiipiae, Richboroitgh

relics.
These words are Plural in form and have no
Siiigular.
The first two are Singu'ar in mcaning, hke the English
rcliquiae,

'Alhenj' (Lalin 'Alhena^'); the third

is

Plural in meaning.

Second Declension r.?;//'///^^.

NOUNS AND AdJECTIVES
SINGULAR.

IN

-UM.

PREPARATIONS

70
11.

navigium Ger-

a Gernian

manicum

vessel

promunturium

a pro)Hontor}\

sto

headland
I stand

post castellum

behind the

cum

castle

ndnnuUa

ClTvus gramineus

a grassy JiUl
or doivn

fretum Gallicum

the

English

(lit.

^Ganic)

C/tciHfiel

oculus

an

velum album

a white sail

navigium Belgi- a Belgian

(^vessels)

gia)

ex navigiis
sunt nominata
" casiella "
littcra

in

eye

vessel

some

(r;avi-

i.e

t/ie

on

signo

in (with

of the

Acc.)

vessels

are nanied
Cast/e Lineri
/elter

t/ie flag

to

IV. Boys' Amusements.

12.

delectamentum

puerorum

condiscipulus

[delight]

hber scholis*

freefrom

amicitia

friends/iip

dud puerl
Marcus

una
unda spumifera

Mark

puer
quattuor-decim

a boy
four-teen

year

annus
quattuordecim

schoo/fe//ow
/essoHS

of boys
friend
two boys

amicus

annorum

amuse/nent

offourteen
i.e. fourteen
years old

years,

me

toget/ier

a foamy 'wavc
I swim, bat/u

nato
too
nimis
(undae) asperae roug/i (waves]
us boys
nos pueros
game
ludus
pila

ba// [pill]

ut

how

iuvat

it de/ig/its

ckief especia/,

aedificare

contra undas

bui/d
against

Caledonia

particu/ar
Scot/and

(puerl) oriundi

{boys)

io

mihi
praecipuus

to

t/ie

waves

sprung

nobis puerls sunt to us boys t/iere

are ( = \ve boys have
cf. patruo meo est, 9)
;

For the forms

in

spectare, to

-are

see

see.

Note the Ablative without a Prepositin, here nieaning

'from

'

cf.

militia vacat.

PREPARATIONS
13-

plenae gaudiorum full o/joys

/roi morn
a mane

usque ad vesperum rightontill eve

[vespers]

nunnumquam

sometimes

(lit.

PREPARATIONS

72

14- i^ In tliis and the following rreparations the nouns of the 2nJ
Declension Uke fucr will be given in the Nom. Sing., except whcn a whole
phrase is quoled.

locus
fabula

p/ace
p/fiy,

dratna,

c.

vir generosiis

ruier, petty

fortuna misera

amicus fldus
de scopulo

a fait/iful
friend
doivn f?-om the

se praccipitare

to

/ deplore,
ia?nent

stullitia

ciiff

foiiy
I biatne

culpo

animus ingratus
(lit.

impiae

suus

virum servat
perlculum

Vir.

SINGULAR.

his ow?i son

saves the

??ia?i

[preserves]

harshfate
unnaturai
[impious] daughters

fortijna aspera
filiae

filius

/ accuse

hiinseij

Iprepa?-e

paro

Ufigrateful

tnind)

accuso

huri

[precipilate]

ijigratitude

an

a nobieman

[generoiis]

unhappy fate
[miserable fortune]

deploro

poet;
Shakspere^ s cli^
a ma?i of nobie

birth,

king

after

{/?-om) the

vientioned

[commemorated]
Lear

Leir
regulus

named

nominatus

[fable]

conimemoralus

constancy

constantia
ex [loeta

peril, da?tger

PREPARATIONS

Our

V.

15-

our

magister nostei

Schoolmaster.
magistro nosiro

school-

vir

doctus

ludorum

man

skilled hi

(lit.

schola nostra

offine books
our school

(schola) clara

(rt)

of)

games

(a) strong

puen pign

lazy boys

to

in vlco nostro

in our vilhige

ludus hlterarius

an elementary
= where

pupils

are

terae,' cf.

taught
lit'Schohi'
'

1 1).

means a more advanced

kind of school

Sabidius

Sabidl

(see note below)

creber puerls*
et pueUls

croivded {filled)

(creber) hberls

zvith childrcn

with boys and

I can, I am

possum

books

school (litterarius

neither
nor
nec
nec
magistrum amant love the tnaster
.

famous

hbrls

{right hand)

pulchr-

{school)

masters
(dextra) valida

our master

a learned

carus (with Dat.) dcar {to)

right-hand
dextra
magistrl nostrl
our school-

to

Hbrorum
orum

?naster, teacher

peritus

73

,(;ir/s

ahle

say

dicere (^rd Conj.)

{to)

quare

why

of the adjective
hber, free : h'terally free

hoc tantum

this only

ones,

quia
Ubros amant

because

(hbros) Graecos
(Ubros) Latlnos
discipulus
scholae nostrae

(cum) amlcls
Latin {books)
mels
pupil [disciple]
ad Ventam Del
of our school

(Plural

i.e.
children
free-born parents)

of

cum Alexandro withA/exander

they love hooks

Gj-eek {books)

and

atque

{wit/i)

arum

also

my

friends
at (or near)
lP'inc/iester

(Vcnta of ihe Belgae

scientiae raathe-

maticae

mat/iematica/

in

Hampshire)

sciences

The

lines

quoted abovc (from the poet Martial, about a

Roman

called Sabidius) are the original of the following English verses:

I do not like you. Dr. Fell

The

reason

r>ut this
I

*Note

do not

why

one thing

cannot
I

know

tell.

fuU well,

like you, Dr. Fell.

the Ablative without a Preposition, here

meaning

'

with.'

PREPARATIONS

74

Second Heelensioncontiftued.

NOUNS AND Adjectives like

S/NGULAR.

'

magister.'

PREPARATIONS
adjective ihan of the noiin
three forms of the

for

75

each of the above adjectives has

Nominative Caser--^

(omitted in some adjectives

hke

Similarly

'asper')

we may arrange nouns

Nouns which

take

in three classes

Nouns which

take

adjectivesin us{ox

those like 'asper')

numerus

nummus
patruus
vir*

liber*
etc.

*Note

that in these cases thc ending of the

the adjective which goes with it.

noun

is

not the same as that of

To

these three classes of nouns it is convenient to give names,

first class are called 7nascii/ine, those of the second
class are cMed /efn/nine, tliose of the third ckiss are called ncu/er.
And the forms of the adjective taken by ihe diffcrent ckasses of
nouns are called by the same namcs.

nouns of the

In order to know to which class a noun belongs (and thcrcfore

which form of the adjective it takes), observe the Ibllowing rulcs:

Nouns

of the Ist Declension are feminine, except those denoting

thus insi//a, casa, ora,
amita, are feminine ; agrico/a, nauta, pocta, inco/a, are

male persons, which are mascuhne

mascuhne.

Nouns

2nd Declension ending in us or r are masculine

numerus, scopu/us, patruus, /iber, vir.
Some exceptions
be found later.

of the

e.g.

will

PREPARATIONS

76

Table of
SJNGULAR

thf,

Forms of Adjectives.

PREPARATIONS
VI.

77

Ancient Britain.

i6.
S.-^"

thc ist

In

this

anJ the following Preparalions

and 2nd Deciensions

whole phrase

is

hisloricus, a,

qiioted.

um

will

be given

in the

all

nouns and adjectives of

Nom.

Sing., except

when

PREPARATIONS

78
17liber, llbcra, liber-

um

free

With Abl.;cf.
metallum

6,

12

nietal

pluvia*

rain

nebula

cloud

ater, atra,

atrum dark

foedus,

um

a,

hideous

multl, ae, a

many

prulna

abundabat

abounded

ab-erant

were absent

natura

nature

With Abl.

plumbum album

white lead

um

sluggish

testimonium

ferrum

iron

atque

and moreover

Tacitus

piger, pigra, pigr-

tin

i.e.

nauta

testimony

Romanus

Roman

aurum

historian

Zold

argentum

silver

margarita

pearl

ostrea

oyster

dabat

gave, yieldcd

inquit

says he

vix

scarxely,

pot-erant

were able

-ne

marks a qucs-

an

(?r

a,

praeclarus,

um
a,

(in

a ques-

tion)
satis

small

hardly

tion

[Margaret]

parvus,

(Rule

see 15

of Genders)

Tacitus,

frost

sufficientty,

enough

um famous

impiger, impigra,

caehmi

sky, climate

tum quoque

then

impigrum

active

(ht.

not

too, i.e.

just as

sluggish)

now

creber, crebra,

crebrum

frequent

Note the Ablative withouta Preposition, here meaning

pluviis

foedum, hideous with rains.

crotvded with boys.

Coinpare

15,

'with':

creber pueris,

PREPARATIONS
i8.

PREPARATIONS

8o
19.
KS" In this

and

the

foUowing

Preparations the verbs of the

ist

Con-

jugation Present or Past Imperfect Tense will be given in the ist Person Sing.
of ihe Prescnt.

hTc

PREPARATIONS
20
mortui

8i

PREPARATIONS

S2

VII.
21.

I^ From

Declension,

nuper

is

Footprints of thc

Romans.

this point onwards the a of the Ablative

not distinguished by the long mark in the text.

Singular,

PREPARATIONS
red-anibulabimus

nihil

nothing

gustabimus

we

tetith

prandium

liinch

eleventh

vobis-cum

with yoii
carry

tve shall ivalk

back

decimus, a,
undecimus,

um
a, um

doml

at

spero

um

ieiunus, a,

trimus

83

home

portate

/ hope

crustulum

huNgry

pomum

we

shall

be

curabo

shall iasle

cake
apple
will provide

*Note the Ablative without a Prcposition, here meaning

RuLE. Names of Towns take no Prepositions

mcaning from or to with a verb of going.'
'

'

'

'

Future Tense of 'sum' and

ISt

'from.'

to exprcss the

Ist Conjugation.

PREPARATIONS

84
23-

tS" In ihis anJ the following Preparationsnew verbs of the ist Conjugation,
Future or Imperative, will be given in the ist Pers. Sing. of the Present.

/ approach

adventavimus

appropiiKiuo
cupide
exspecto

eagerly

ad sonum

at thi sound

tertius, a,

tintinnabulum
properavl
ecce

bell

fuit

I hastened

nos dedimus*

ad ianuam

at the door
they entered

intraverunt

exclamavimus
euge
opportune
adventavistis

I expect

fere

um

was
we gave

it

exclaimed
bravo !
in the nick of
ii7ne [opportunely]
yoii have
arrived
marks a ques-

celeriter

quickly

non

is

pot-est

ive

whether
late

our-

slves

beJiold

tion, like

sero

have
arrived
almost
third

ice

fatigatus, a,

quota hora

um
est

not abie, can

not
[fatigued]

//>!?(/

wh(it o^clock

is

itl

noiidum
not yet
ad ambulandum for wa/king
nos vero

that

we are !

sumus)
(cf. 21)
bene ambulate lit. ivalk 7cell,
i.e. good bye
(parati

well for the pupil lo realize from the first that there is no Conjugalion
Such
all the verbe form their Perfect Stems in the same way.
forniations as ' dedi' are irregular only so far as the Stem is concerned.
*It

in

is

which

24.
inter

viam

PREPARATIONS
ad navigia
applicanda
idoneus,

for

um

a,

um

fitted, siiitable

se

theviselves

necesse

tiecessary

Dover
armed

Dubras*
armatus,

Romanls

to

(Dat.)

ad ancoras deanother

declension)
fuerunt
per (with Acc.)
properaverunt

atichors,

vadum

hastened

cquitaverunt

to anclior

shai/ow p/ace
they rode
copiam dedeiunt they gave an

fight, batt/e

for

opportunity

battle

*The Accusative of the

Ro-

the

tofasten to

ligare

were
along

sometimes means 'to

for

nians

alius (irregular in

pugna
ad pugnam

{they) prepared

paraverunt

vesseis to be

broiighi to latid

a,

85

naaiie of a

Town

without a Prepositon

Rule, 22.

cf.

';

Perfect Tense of 'sum' and Ist Conjug-ation.

SINGULAR.
Person
2nd Person
ist

fui,

fuuti, thou wast

(you were)

3rd

Person

fuit, he {she,

ist

Person

spectaTi,

2nd Person

it)

Person

NoTES.

I saw

spectavimus, we saw
spectSvistis,

you saw

saw)

spectavit, he (she,

I.

yoH were

fuerunt, they were

spectSvisti, thou sawest

seen,

/lave

fuistis,

was

(yoii

3rd

PLURAL.
fuimus, we were

I was

it)

saw

spectaverunt, they saw

The Perfect may often be translated I

etc.

virl

docti

disputaverunt,

/lave been,

/earned ?ncn /lave

disputed.
2.

The

verbs

'

do,'

give,

verbs of thc ist Conjugation,

'

sici-i,'

iire

the

/ stood

same

and

mnke

but ihe endings

as in other Perfects

(-1,
;

'

sto,'

stand,

the Perfects
-isti,

thus

'

-it,

'

unHke other

dcd-i,'

-imus,

-istis,

gave,

-erunt)

dcd-erunt,' they gave.

PREPARATIONS

86

2S
i^ In

this

anil

the follouing Preparations

new

verbs of the

ist

Perfect Tense, will be given in the ist Person Singular of the Present.

adventaveramus

Conj.,

PREPARATIONS

87

26.
iS" After

this

Preparation

Tense, wili be given in the

postulo

ist

new

verljs of the

ist

Conjugation, Pluperfect

Person Singular of the Present.

PREPARATIONS

88

VIII. First expedition

27- i^Fion

of C. Julius Catsar.

point onwards all new vcrbs of the ist Conjugation

will be given in the ist Person Singular of the Prescnt.

expeditio

this

PREPARATIONS
So are declined words
words ending

in

or,

like

such as

the

'aer,' air,

'sol,'

So too are declined words

excfpt that they havc dropped an

Nominative Singular

thus

we have

PLURAL.
expcditionum
expedition ibus
in expedition-ibus

in

0,

have also a change of vowel

Nouns of
feminine,

especially those ending in

in the

stem

the ^rd Declension in

except

in

'

expedition es
expedition es

expeditio
expeditidn em
expedition is
expedition I
in
expedition e
6
2
3
4
5

(Many words ending

like

'

.SINC.ULAR.
1,

and niany

sun^

'splendor,' s/^Ietidour,

'calor,' heat,

'imperator,' commande?--in-chief.
'expeditio,' expedition,

89

and

gOi

or go are nearly

do,

io,

^/J

see next section, note).

when they denote male

The

persons.

all

other

nouns decHned hke Caesar are mostly masculine, especially those

endins: in

or.

28.

pardon

venia
a victor-ibus
ullus, a,

from

um
Gen.

(irregular in

and Dat.

the victors

any
Sing.)

nisi

except

; cf.

paucl, ae, a

afeiv
next ;

cf.

proximus, a
miilto

um

maior-em much

35

16

greater,

lit. grcater
by much

sescentl, ae, a

onerarius,

a,

um

six

hundred

of burden

legion-es

legions

cum

with a

multi-

liidin-e*

tudi

jnu/ti-


PREPARATIONS

90

IX.

Pcace violated.

29. tS' In the followini^ Preparation each new noun of the ^rd declension
bs given only once (in ihe Nominalive Singular, wiih the stem added in
brackets whenever it differs from the Neminative Singular).
^
will

pax

(pac-), 3
violalus, a, uni

feace

remigandi

violated

virtus (vittut-), 3 piuck [virtue]

violo

I violate

magnopere

of rowi?ig
greatly

aestas (aestat-), 3 summcr

quartus, a, um
fourth

prior (prior-), 3

dux

quantopere

(cf.

how

ffiuch)

/ohfter

leader [duke]

inde

niiles (milit-), 3
eques (equit-), 3

J(?/i'//(?r[mili!ary]

trecenti, ae, a

three hufidred

horse-soldier

castra

caftip

tempestas

weather

statio(station-),3 station

(duc-), 3

(tempestat-), 3

medius,

a,

um

[tempest]
*
jiiid

navigatio (naviga- Toyage [naviga

no longer

flabat

piospere

t,

on guard

in stalione

reservo
periculosus,

a,

/ reserve
um dangerous

defensor (defen- defetider

tion]

tion-), 3

non iam

thence

sor-), 3 I

blexv

nudare

successfiiilj,

to strip (cf.

incitare, to urge

prosperously
labour. toil

on

labor (labor-), 3
spectarc, 8; 12)
* In media navigatione, literally in midvoyage ; but we should generally say
in EngUsh ?' the tniddle of the voyage.
t A neuter phiral noun of the 2nd declension, with singular meaning.
JXote the Ablative wilhout a Prcposition, properly meaning from,' but
here to be translated by of ; so in 12 and 6 we might translate lii>er scholit
free ^T/lessons,' and niililid vacat he is free (T/service.'
'

'

'

'

Third Declension
NouNS LiKE Pax,' Aestas,' etc.
many nouns of the ^rd Declension differ from
^-^/'///^/^f.f^.

'

great

aheady learned by addifig

'

afi s to the Noinifiatii;*

those

Singu/ar ; thus

from the stem 'pac-' we get the Nominative Singular 'pac-s'

(written with the letter x for cs) ; but the other cases are formed
from the stem pac-.' When the stem ends in a / (or d), this lettcr
disappears in the Nominative Singular when the s is added, but
'

not in the oilier cases.

1,

2 p5x
3 pac cni
4 pac-is
etc.

aesta

Thus we dcchne
niile-s

virtil-s

aestatem

militem

virtut-em

aestat-is

milit-is

virtut-is

etc.

etc.

etc.

PREPARATIONS

91

Nouns of ihe ^rd Declension that forni the Nominative

Singular by adding s to the stem are mostly feminine, except
those which denote male persons, hke 'miles,' so/cfur, and a few
others.

30.

PREPARATIONS
have the Accusative the sanie as the
the Singular and in the Plural Number
(as in 2nd Declcnsion), and that their Nominr.tive and Accusative
Plural end in a (also as in the 2nd Declension).

Note

that the Neuters

Nominative, both

SING.

in

PREPARATIONS
Third DeeleTision

93

Co/i/tnued.

Most nouns of two syllables belonging to ihe ^rd Docl. and

ending in is have the same form for the Genitive as for the
Nominalive Singular, and form the Genitive Plural in u/m : thus
'navis,'

s/iip,

'

classis,' /V^/,

niostly feminine, except those

SIKGULAR.

'hostis,' ene77iy.

These nouns are

denoting male persons, hke

'

hostis.'

PREPARATIONS

94

XII. Alliance

34-

of the British tribes.

*
flnis, 3
end
fines, Plur., m. boundaries
[society]

alliance

societas
(societat-), 3

summus,

um

a,

chief

separ5

command

I separate

mando

/ entrust

oriens(orient-), 3 the East\

[orient-al]

rex (reg-), 3

ki^ig

occidens

imperium,

the IVest

gens (gent-), 3
race [gentilc]
Gen. PJ. gentium
princeps (-cip- 3 prince

superior

tamen

conlinuus,

[occident-alj

(occident-), 3

previous, past

(superior-), 3

nevertheless

a,

um

continued,

uninterrupted

part

pars (part), 3
consocio

I ally

inftnltus, a,

um

infinite

*Declined like navis,' 32.

t'aboriente' is WtexMy from the East hence on the East
East.
Similarly, 'ab occidente,' on the VVest.
'

Third Declension Continued.

Words whose stem ends in two consonants form
Plural in iutn (two syllables more than the Nom.

side,

on the

the Genitive
thus

Sing.):

'gens' (stem 'gent-') race, 'pars' ('part-'), /ar/.

Notice that if the stem ends in a /, it is dropped before the s
which is added to form the Nominative Singular, as in 29
thus gens stands for gent-s ; pars for part-s.'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

The Nouns whose stem ends in two consonants are mostly

feminme, hke other Nouns that form the Nominative Singular by
adding s to the stem ( 29).
SIXGULAR.

rKEPARATIONS
35caput (capit), 3, n. chapter
duodecimus, a, uni tivelfth
tertius

decimus

interior

(-ior-),

m igro

aetas

(-tat-),

trans (wiih Acc.'>

Khenus,
migro

urbs (urb-), 3
derlvatus,
*

C.

1.

latus (later), 3

side [later-al]

Hispania, i
septentriones

the A^orth f

erro

I err

age
across

Rhine

Ireland

recte

rightly

[urb-an]
derivcd

iudico

Ijudge

The

five

hundred

mi/es,

thou-

lit.

miHe,' sands {pjpaces)

a thousand)

hundred
hundrcd

septingentr, ae, a

seven

octingentl, ae, a

ei^ht

octogintfl

eighty

Mona,
t

lit.

Anglesey

British seas.
Sing. the sea
mari), 3, Ncut.
di-stare
to be distant
igitur

t/iere/ore, t/ien

maria
seas
circum-do
I surround
Hibernicus,a,um Iris/i
marium
of t/ie seas
usitatus, a, uni

used, usua/,

coinmon

Third Declension

Nouns ending in
They form
Neuter.

ihe seve>i oxen (Charles Wain).

mare (Abl.

about

milia, 3 (Neut.
'

Hibernia,

Spain

I migrate

[longitude]

quingentl, ae, a
Plur. of

JSel^i^ium

length

(-tudin-), 3
circiter

triangular
Idec/are to be*

/ ivtmigrate

XIII.

36.

origin

esse declaro

16 esse existiniabant.

longitudo

um

iiiierior

city

um

a,

27,

Ipoint out

orl-o (orlgin-), 3
Iriquetrus, a,

the

de-monstro

thirieenth
3

Belgiuni, 2
ini

95

r^/'^/'/////^'^.

mare,' sea, of the ^rd Declension are

the Ge.nitive Plural in ium, the Nominative
and Accusative Plucal in ia, and the Ablative Singular (like the
Dative Singular) in t. Thus
e like

SINGULAR.

'

PREPARATIONS

96
37-

PREPARATIONS
40.

97

PKLrARATlONS

98
42.
veteianus,

a,

um

PkEPARATIONS

99

Some adjectives of the ^rd Declension which do not end in

have no separute form for the Nominative Singular of the
Neuter in the Masculine and Feminine tlicy are dechned like
i's

'gens' (34):

thus

SINGULAR.

DRILL EXERCISKS.
[Tbe sections of ihcse drill exercises are numliered to cor'?<pond wiih thc
sections of ihe tcxt on which theygive practice. AU the Wtrds o.curringin them
wil! lie found in the corresponding sections of the " Prcp.trations " (pp. 59 ff.)

The

Latin scntfnces

may

he used for viva voce praclice, and

They

the text of the story.

will also serve as

sentences that foUow them

be varicd at

models

for translating the

in

English

The nur/ibers in brackets in

Latin.

into

may

words that havc bcen uscd

the discretion of ihe teacher by sub.stituting othcr

tht

" Preparations" not to sections ofthe Exercises

thewselves ; and they servethe purpose of an English-Latin Vocabulary.
Thus
in Ex. 4 (/. loj) the reference to %3 after the worJ ^for' nieans that the
Latin word 'juanted will be found in %2 ofthe Preparations {p. 6i),1
Exercises refer to seclions o/lhe

{Nominaiive and Ablative Singular.)

r,

Villa est bella.

Castanea

est bella.

Ancilla in villa habitat.

Ora maritima non procul

Non

Sub castanea interdum

How
Not
Not
Not

prctty

is

far froni

canto.

the chestnut-tree

far

from ihe country-house

far

from the sea-shore

used

is

for

the chestnut-tree a nightingale sings.

In the country house

^

a^ villa est.

procul ab ora maritima habito.

is

now

is

the sea-shore.-

the chestnut-tree.

Uve.

ab bcfore a consonant.

''Order of Words, Rule I. Put the Adjective immediately AFTEH

ita Noun.
The English ordcr is just the opposite ; ihus \\!,ure Eni^lish say?
a pretty house,' Lalin says 'a house prelty'; where En.^; S s.-ys
Ihe sea
'

shore

'

'

applies

or

'

the maritime shore' Latin says

also

to

Possessive

Adjectives,

'their': thus where English says

'

my

'

the shore m.

like

is

prelty

'

or

'

how

my,'

llte

nc.'

'yiur,'

aunt' Lntin s.ys

the rule does not apply lo Adjectives used with

country-hoiise

'

liii

'

'our,'

his,'

aunt mine.'

verh 'to

pretty ihe country-house

'

This rule

is !'

,'

a<;

in

But
'

the

DRILL EXERCISES

I02
1

{Ge?iitive Singnlar.)

C07itinued.

sub umbra castaneae interdum cantat.

Amita mea

Cum

mea sub umbra castaneae interdum

mcae in villa habitat.
villa amitae meae habitat

amita

canto.

Ancilla amitae

Ancilla in

lanua

My

iion procul

aunt's country house

The door
shore.

ab ora maritima

of the

est.

pretty.

is

country-Iiouse

not

is

from the sea-

far

Where is the nightingale?

The nightingale sometimcs

under the shade

sings

of

tlie

chestnut-tree.

The

chestnul

nightingale does not Hve (say not lives) in the

tree.

After

T.

Q. Ubi

Conversation.

est villa ?

A. Villa non procul ab ora maritima esL

Q. Ubi est castanea

A. Casianea

in area est.

^Order of Words, Rui.e

other word v^hich

where English says

'

'

sings well

Put

tlie Adverb BEFORE the Verb Of

The English order is often difiTerent thus
Latin says well sings.'
English may say

2.

it qualifies.

'

'

sings sometimes' or 'sometimes sings,' but Latin always says

oings.'

This rule applies to the Adverb non, which

immediately before the word which

negatives

it

Adverbial phrases formed wlth Prepositions, such as

'

under the shade of the chestnut-tree

ihe shade of the chestnut-tree' say

chestnut-tree sings

',

'

'

thus for

'

and

'

far

'

sometimes

must always come

it

also

applies

from the sea-shorc

to
',

ihe nightingalc sings under

the nightingale under iho shade of thc

DRILL EXERCISES
Q.

Ubi

IO3

ancilla cenani parat ?

A. Ancilla sub umbra castaneae cenam interdum paraL

Q. Ancilla in

A. Ancilla

2.

villa

habitat?^

in villa habitat.

[^Nominalive Plural.)

Scaphae non procul a

villa sunt.

Feriae sunt beatae.

Beatac sunt

Magnae

feriae.

sunt procellae in ora maritima,

Nautae procul ab ora maritima sunt

Nautae in scapha sunt.
Scapha non magna est.

Where are
The boats

the boats
are

on the sand.

Sailors Uve not far from the sand of the sea-shore.

I

sometimes

Chains are

sail in

a boat with a

sailor.

in the boat.

Anchors and chains are on the sea-shore.

2 contimied.

{Geniiive P/nral.)

Scaphae nautarum intcrdum magnae

sunt.

Ancorae scapharum magnarum magnae sunt.

Ancorae scapharum non magnarum non magnae

'

Questions inay be asked

in conversaiional

chanf^inL; ihe tone of the voice,

vis

pugnare?' yau waiit

common
'-ne'

to

in

to

pupil

ancilla in villa?

from the

Latin, as in English, simply by

and withoul any intermgative ixiriicle

This
figlit? (Plautus, Rudens lOll).

Plautus and Terence.

the

sunt.

first,

But
if

it

is

is

e.g.

very

casy to introduce ihe particle

the teacher prefers

e.g.

Habitatne

l^RILL EXERCISES

104

The

boats of the sailors are not far from the door of thc counlry

house.

The anchors of the boats are on the sand.

The anchors and ihe chains of the anchors are on the sand.
The inhabitants of country-houses are not sailors.
The courage of the inhabitants of the sea-shore is great.
{Ablative Plural)

3.

Scaphae

in undis sunt.

Undae sub

scaphis sunt

In scaphis sunt nautae.

Procella est: undae non caeruleae sunt.

non

Nautae

in undis

Nautae

in casis albis habitant.

caeruleis navigant.

Sailors often sail in boats,

I

often sail with the sailors.

Not

far

from the windows

of the cottages are the

waves of the

sea-sliore.

My

aunt

is

There-is^ a

often^ in ihe cottages of the farmers.

wood

continued.

position

not far from the cottages of the farmers.

(^Accusative

Singular and Plural afler a Pre-

Ante villam

est arena.

Ante casas nautarum

est ora

mariiima.

Ora mariiima ])rope villam amitae nieae

Prope casas agricolarum est silva.

est.

Post cenam in scapha non uavigo.

Post ferias procul ab ora maritima habito.

Scc Rule 2 (Order of Words).

''There-is' and 'ihere-are' muit

not far f>om the cottagei

is

a wood.

l)e

translated simply by ihe verb: say

DRILL KXERCISKS
Bcfore the door of the country-house

I05

ihe sand of ihe sca-shore.

is

Ncar the wood are the cottages of ihe farmers.

During the hohdays I sometimes sail in boats.
After ihe hoUdays I do not stay^ in the counlry-house
Before the hoHdays T do not sail in boats.

{Accusative Si/^qu/ar

con/ifiued.

and

of

my aunt.

Pliiral depending on a

Verb.)

Villam ex ora niaritima specto.

Fenestras villae ex ora maritima specto.

In arena scapham et ancoras

et

catenas specto.

In silva plantas et lierbas specto.

Plantas et herbas

amo

bacas amo.

Nautae casas albas amant.

Casae albae nautas delectant.

I love the sand.^

I love the
I

sand of the sea-shore.

love boats and anchors and chains

Waves dehght

sailors.

Plants dehght

my

My

aunt.

aunt loves sailors and farmers.

From

the windows of thc cottages the sailors see

Boats dehght

sailors

Before the hohdays

not stay^

I (/<?

is

be only one word for

it.

(For

slay

'

say live.)

'

do not see boats and the

do

it de^penfls

stay,'

'

and the word

wuvcs.

3.

sea-shore.

stay not'
for

'

not

Similarly in ihe next sentcnce

-Order op Words, Rulr

wbich

llie

sailors love boats.

an English way of saying

will

'

'

'

in Latin there

must come before

do not

sail.'

Put the Accnsative before tho Verb

on

DRILL EXERCISES

105

thc following sentences by inseriing a

Comphte

Oram maritimam
Ora maritima nos

l^^erb,

Scaphas albas

Scaphae interdum caeruleae

bella.
Ora maritima

Compkte the fflilowing sentences by

and a Verb in the second.

inserting a Freposilion in the

first place

scaphae.

arena

oram maritimam nautas

silvam

Agricolae

nautis interdum
agricolis

interdum

Conversation.

After^T^.

Q.

Quid ex

{f)\!C\A.

fenestra spectas

= what^

A. Ex fenestra undas et oram maritimam specto.

Q. Oram maritimam amas ?
A.

Oram mariiimam amo.

Q. Silvam non amas

Undae me

delcctant,

Silva me delectat.
A. Silvam amo.
ambulas ?
interdum
silva
In
Q.

A. In
Q.

silva

Ubi

saepe ambulo.

est silva?

A. Silva non procul a

Q.

Quid

est in silva

A. In silva

est

copia plantarum et herbarum

Q. Bacas non amas

A. Quantopere

villa est.

me

bacae delectant

DRILL EXERCISES
4.

Vocative Singiilar

Inter

ferias te,

ora

ani

IO7

Pliiral.)

maritima, et vos, undae caeruleae, saepe

spccto.

Vos, undae caeruleae, Britannia amat.

Te, regina mea,

amo

patria

te,

mea, amo.

Vos, incolae Africae Meridianae, regina insularum Eriiannic-

arum amat.
I love thee, [0]

Victoria

Queen

Victoria,

queen not only of ihe

is

British

islands,

but also of

Canada, of Australia, of Soulh Africa,

I

love thee, [0] South Africa; for

South Africa

(2)

is

my

native-land.
I

love

yoii,

[0] inhabitants of Britain

for

Souih Africa

is

British colony.

Great

is

the glory of the British colonies.

5. {Daiive Sifigular.)
Silva

Lydiae laetitiam

Columbae Lydiae

dat.

laetitiam dant.

Lingua Francogallica Lydiae laetitiam non

Tu, Lydia, inter

Ego

inter ferias

India gives delight to the

But India

The

is

dat.

operam non
linguae Latinae operam non do.
ferias magistrae tuae

Quecn

of the British

dis.

isles.

not a British colony.

British colonies also give delight to the British

Qucen.

Canada gives dehght to Britain.

For Canada is a great British colony.
'Order ok Words, Rule
(Nole ihat ihe

gift

4.

Pnt the Dative before the Accusative.

stands in the Accusative, and the person to

itiade in the Datlve.

whom

the gift

DRILL EXERCISES

loS
5 continued.

Undae

{Dative Flia-al.)

caeruleae nautis laetitiam dant.

Procellae nautis laetitiani

non

dant.

Plantae et herbae agricolis laetitiam dant.

Agricolae scaphis operam non dant.
Inter ferias Hnguis antiquis

The Queen of Britain

The British colonies

operam non saepe

do.

gives attention to the British colonies.

give

delight to

the inhabitants of the

British isles.

Sailors give attention to boats

My

and anchors and

chains.

aunt gives atteniion to the cottages of the farmers and

sailors.

Lydia gives attention to doves.

A/fer

{Practice in translation of English Frepositions.)

5.

Make Latin
phrases,

and

sentences containing iranslations

of the following

then say which of these English Preposiiions are not

translated by Prepositions in Latin.

in a

in country-houses.

country-house.

out-of a country-house.

not

far

from a country-house.

far

from counlry-houses

to country-houses

to a country-house
{ivith

out-of country-houses.

not

a Verb of going.')

i(ivith

of a country-house.

my aunt.
my aunt

with

to

to
'

my aunts.
my aunts

wilh

{with a Verb of giving.')

a Verb of going.')

of country-houses.

[with a Verb of^ givin^.')

under a boat.

under boats.

before supper.

during the hohdays.

aftcr supper.

DRILL EXERCISES
After

5.

Translate

and

io9

learn the foUowing iables containirig

fornis of Pronouns hitherto found.

DRILL EXERCISES

IIO
Q.

Ubi

A.

Apud amitam meam

es inter ferias ?

sum.

inter ferias

Q. Quid te inter ferias delectat

A. Arena, ora maritima, scaphae me

Q. In scaphis interdum navigas

inter ferias delectant

^. In scaphis saepe navigo.

Q. Procellas non formidas

A.

Cum

Q.

Tu

nauta navigo.

et I^ydia in silva

interdum ambulalis?

A. In

silva

interdum ambulamus.

After

5.

[Present Indicative of

am

[oj

Canada

is

Canada,

art a Brilish colony.

an ancient {aniiqud) colony of Biitain.

are inhabitants of the British

You,

suin.')

an inhabitant of Britain.

Thou,

We

'

[0] British colonies, are far

isles.

from the

Briti.-^h isles.

There-are British colonies in Australia.

{Present Indicative of the ist Conjugation.)

After 5.
I

now

my

in

live

aunt's country house not far from ihe sea

shore.

You, Lydia, now

live

Your schoohnistress

with

my

lives far

During the hoUdays we often

attention to the languages of

You,

[0] blue waves,

aunt.

from the sea-shore.

sail in

boats

Rome and

now dehght

aiid

wc do not

give

Greece.

us.

Dnring the holidays the languages of

Rome and

Grcece do not

delight us.

iAgreement of the Verb witii__the Subject. The Verb must be

same Person and Number as ita u'oject (th.it is, llie person or

cf the

thing that

'

does

'

or

'

is ').

DRILL EXERCISES
{2ni Dedension

6.

Hortus

I I I

Singular Number.\

in -us,

belliis est.

Tu, horte, non niagnus

riortum bellum inter

Violae horti

es.

saepe

ferias

visito.

caeruleae sunt.

belli

Putruus meus horto bello

aquam

dat.

In horto bello sunt rosae.

My^

my

uncle lives in a country-house near thc sea-shore.

uncle.

and

the roses

my

There

uncle.

my

is

love

walk round the wall of the garden with

a stream not

an abundance of water.

is

sometimes water
often walk in the garden

uncle's garden.

violets of the garden.

Sometimes

with Lydia.

stream

often visit

from the garden.

far

The garden

In the

gives delight to

niy uncle.

{Second Decknsion in

7.

Mergi

in ora

-us,

Vos, mergi, in ora maritima

Mergos

in ora

Corvi

cum

There-is

nidificatis.

maritima non capto.

Cibus mergorum in oceano

Mergis inter

ferias

operam

est.

do.

mergis non nidificant, non vohtant.

Many^ crows

great

number

p.

loi).

ehns

Nouns

in

my

uncle's

garden

Sea-guUs do not make-nests in

early exerciscs (

Adjectives meaning 'many',

jtand be/ore iheir

Order,

of

live in the elms.

^ Note that the adjectives in these

same endings as their Nouns.

*The Latin

Plural Num/>er.)

maritima nidificant.

'some',

iu)
'all',

(not afler them, like must Adjectives

have ahvays the

fcw

'

',

gencrally

see Kule

of

DRILL EXERCISES

12

elms.
I

like

am on

watch (say g/adiy watcJi) thc

to

food to the horses of

my

My

cocks and hens.

Lydia gives food

uncle's farm.

The crows

pigs.

when

sea-gulls,

sometimes give

to the

farm and his

uiicle gives attention to his

and cows and

horses

During the holidays

thc sea-shore.

dehght to niy

give

uncle.

After

Conversation.

7.

Q. Agellus patrui

tui tibi et

A. Agellus patrui mei nos

Quid

Q.

Lydiae laetitiam dat

delectat.

in agello est ?

A. In agello sunt equi

vaccae

et

porci et galli gallinae-

et

que.

Q. Quis equos et vaccas et porcos curat ?

A. Ego equis interdum cibum do sed rustici vaccas
;

et porcos

curant.

Q. Quis gallis gallinisque cibum dat

A. Lydia

Ubi habitant

A.

Rustici in vico habitant,

dat.

rustici ?

non procul ab

agello

{2nd Deciension continueJ.)

The

blue waves foam and

watch

like

to

ocean.

The

cibum saepe

Q.

8.

gallis gallinisque

like

lighthouses

distant.
deli,L;hts

(say

to

walk

to

to

see

the

stars

white

the

cnrry sailors on the ocean

tvatcii)

high

the
clifis

French coast (say

of the

The moon and

me

murmur round my

giadiy

sailors

often

blue

of

uncle's gardcn.

waves of the
the

s/iore)

light-up

the

sea-shore.

are

not far

ocean.

It

and the waves.

Boats
carry boats on the sand.
cliffs

DRTLL EXERCISES
Afler 8.

13

Conversation.

Q. Quid tu et Lydia

Non solum

A.

in

horto patrui

tui spectatis?

rosas et violas sed etiam corvos speclamus.

Q. Quid ex horto spectaiis?

A. Mergos interdum ex horto spcctamus.

Q. Ubi sunt nidi mcrgorum

A. Nidi mergorum

in scopulis orae

maritimae sunt

sed non

nuUi ex mergis in insuHs prope oram matitimam nidificant.

Q. Ubi praedam suam captant?

A. Praedam suam

in

oceano captant.

Q. Mergi interdum super agellum volitant?

A. Super agellum volitant;

nam

ibi

quoque cibum suum

cnptant.

Q. Quid ex scopulis orae maritimae spcctatis ?

A. Ex scopulis pharos orae Francogallicae spectamus.

9.

{2nd Decknsion in

Oppidum antiquum

in

-iim.)

Cantio esL

Te, oppidum antiquum, amo.

Oppiduni antiquum

inter ferias

intcrdum

visito.

Fundamenla oppidi antiqui magna scd non

Oppido antiquo inter ferias operam do.
In oppido antiquo niimmi Romani suiit.
Oppida

anti^iua

me

alta sunt.

delectant.

Vos, oppida antiqua, amo.

Oppida antiqua libenter visito.

Aedificia oppidorum antiquorum interduni Roniana

snnt.

Oppidis antiquis libenter oi^eram do.

In opijidis anliciuis

nummi

Britannici intcrdum sunt.

Kent is in South Britain. The coast (say

is Kent?
Kent is not far from the French coast.
My uncle's farm
Dover and Richborough are not far from my unclc's
Kent.

Where
ihore) of
is

in

DRILL EXERCISES

114

London

distant from
soil.

Roman

There-are traces of a

farm.

borough.

also

Kent.

In Britain

is

many

There-are

\ve often

amphitheatre near Rich-

London

an ancient town.
ancient

is

not far

towns on British

see the foundations of Ronian buildings.

Conversation,

After 9.

Q. Ubi habitant patruus tuus et amita tua?

A. In Cantio habitant,
A. [Here niay

Dubras

inter

Q. Quid in Cantio spectas

et

Rutupias.

introduced all the Noinis

be

hitherto

learned,

Singular or Plural Number.)

{2nd Declension

10.
I
is

in

-um

often see the ancient castle,

on the

ancient

cliffs,

continued.)

when I
The

near the sea-shore.

but there are

relics

visit

Dover.

The

castle

walls of the castle are not

of ancient buildings in the castle.

At-the-present-day there-is a church near the relics of the ancient

The church

buildings.

also

is

ancient

for

it

was a consecrated

building in the second century after the birih of Christ (say a/ter

Christ born.)

1 1.

{2nd Declension in -um continued.)

we see many vessels. ThereEnghsh Channel.

Many vessels sail
round Britain.
I see the flags of British and French vessels.
But where are the German and Belgian vessels? I do not now
But
oee German and Belgian vessels in the En;^lish Channel.
many German and Belgian vessels sail to Britain.^

From the windows

are many vessels in

Imitate

itt

of the castle

the

.Africam Meridianam,

or sailing to a Coiintry

is

spoken

ofi

So, too, in future exercises

when going

DRILL EXERCISES
A/ier

Conversation.

% II.

Q. Dubras et Rutupias interdum

A. Dubras saepe visito.
Q. Quid

ibi

115

visitas

spectas?

A. Castellum antiquum

ibi specto.

Q. Quid in castello spectas

A. In castello speculam antiquam specto.

Q. Quid ex castello spectas ?
A. Ex castello fretum Gallicum et clivos gramlnec-^
Q. Quid

A. In

freto Gallico navigia specto.

Q. Navigia libenter spectas

A.

NonnuUa ex

navigiis in patriam

{2nd Dechnsion in

12.

spccto.

in freto Gallico spectas?

mcam

-er.)

Puer Marcus condiscipulus meus

est.

Tu, puer Marce, mihi praecipuus amicus

Puerum Marcum saepe

navigan^.

es.

visito.

Pueri Marci patria est Caledonia.

Puero Marco

feriae

magnam

laetitiam dant.

Cum

puero Marco saepe nato.

Duo

pueri prope

Dubras habitant.

Vos, pueri, condiscipuli mei

estis.

Pueros, condiscipulos nieos, pilae delectant.

Patria

puerorum procul a Cantio

est.

Pueris ludi in arena laetitiam dant.

Cum

pueris intenlum in scapha navigo.

Two

boys are

my

friends.

the native-land of the boys.

They live
The boys

often visit the boys during the hohdays.

the boys in the blue waves.

the great waves

How much

in

Kent, but Scotl.Tnd

are

my

schoolfellows.

Sometimes
it

is

swim with

delights us boys to see

DKILL EXERCISES

Il6

[jnd Declension

13.

Diiring

The

ancient languages of Greece and Ronie do not dclight a boy

free

is

many aniusements of a boy when

Games of ball give great delight to a
hoHdays but also when he is not ^ free

There-are

during the holidays.

he

-er continued.)

i;i

holidays a boy does not pay attention to lessons.

tlie

from lessons.

boy, not only during the

from lessons.
Peter

is

a sailor.

Hke Peter.

Peter's boat

is

a source (9)^

not only of amusement but also of gain to Peter.

A/ter %^^:

Cotiversation.

Q. Quot

amici sunt?

Duo

A.

tibi

{QviOt

= ho7V

fnany.)

milii sunt amici.

Ubi habitant amici tui ?

A. Prope Dubras nunc habitant amici
Q.

Q. Pueros interdum

A. Pueros saepe visito.

Q. Quid vos pueros inter
A. Ludi pilarum,
in scaphis navigare

mei.

visitas ?

ferias delectat ?

castella in arena aedificarc, in undis natarc,

nos delectant.

Q. Undas spumiferas non formidatis?

A. Undas non formidamus.
Q. Vos pueri interdum remigatis?

A. Interdum remigamus, cum undae non nimis asperae

Q.

sunt.

Quis rcmigat cum undae asperae sunt?

A. Cuni undae nimis asperae sunt, Petrus remigat vel

velis

rninistrat.

^The Adjective used with the Verb ' to be must be in the same Case and
thus here 'free' niust be Nominalive
as the Subjccl of which it is s.iid
'

Number

Singular, because
''See

'

hc

'

is

Nominative Singular.

Order of Words, Rule

Where

number

is

llere 'not' negatives 'free' and must

2.

therefore stand immcdiately before

it.

quolcd like

this in brackets,

it

mcans

required can be found in a certain secMon of the Preparations.

that the

word

DRILL EXERCISES
{2nd Decktision continued:

14.

The man has^ two

unhappy.

is

The nobleman prepares to

The chff is near Dover. But
with the nobleman,

Jn

see

.'

and saves the

of the

life

the first sentence

{and here put in

Repeat ihe

2.

Dative
JiJake

cliff

unhappy man.

Cases,

table

'

How much

0/ Pronouns

giveti

{2nd Declension in
vir

it

delights

after 5,

Singular and Plural (mihi,

Magister noster

Kent during

ifi

the

me

to

the things that you like best to see).

up sentences conlaining

% 15.

cliff.

say 'During the holidays I see

in the second sentence say

'

the failhful son walks to the

14.

holidaxs.
.

down-from

himself

hurl

Write t7vo sentences about the things seen

1.

The nobleman's
The son Edgar*

sons.

But the son Edniund* does not love the nobleman.

is faithful.

After

'vir'.)

a nobleman^ nientioned in a play^.

'riiere is
life

II7

tibi,

and add

nobis,

the

vobis).

ihese Datives.

er continued.)

doctus

Tu, magister, mihi carus

est.

es,

Magistrum nostrum amo.

Libri magistri nostri pulchri sunt.

Libri magistro nostro

Cum

magnam

laetitiam dant.

magistro nostro saep? ambulamus.

Magistri nostri

viri

docti sunl.

Vos, magistri, pueris pigris non cari

estis.

Ma_j;istros multi pueri formidant.

Note thal the Adjective

in this cae

has not the same cnding a= the Noun;

so, t,io, often in the foilowing exeicises.

a play iiuniiorted; see Order of \Vord>, Ruic

'

Say

itt

'

Say

to the

Tliese English

mun

there-are

2.

see Pre/>aiatii>iis, 9, end (palruo

names may be

latinized as

meo

Edgarut, Edinundus.

est).

DRILL EXERCISES

Il8

Libri magistrorum nostrorum docti sunt.

Magistris nostris copia librorum

Cum

est.

magistris nostris ludis saepe

many books about

lo)

are filled^ with

Roman and Greek

Mark and Alexander

in a

We

Britain.

The

books of our schoohnaster.

see^ the

Our

our schoolmaster during the holidays.

I often see

masler has^

operam damus.

coins.

school-

boys like to

schoolmaster's books
I

am

a schoolfelluw of

famous and ancient schook

Not only

the boys but also the masters of our school pay atteniion to games.

i6.

{Agreement of Adjectives.)

nummus Romanus
vir

villa

doctus

Romana

oppidum Romanura

fagus Britamiica

hber Latinus
nauta

Romanus

RuLE.

Make the

as well as in

Adjective agree with

Number and

its

Noun

Gender^

in

Case.

This rule appHes not only to examples hke those above, in

which the Adjective

to

the Verb

nummus

be

to

est

'

and

is

Romanus.

Say

to

in

called a Predicate Adjective

villa est

our schoohnaster there-are

where ihe verb

in all future scntences

^

llere

'

Use

and

creber,

which the Adjective

Romana.

'

in all future sentences

is

have

whcre

'

'

est

Romanum.

see Preparations 9, end.

to

also

uscd with

oppidum

fagus est Britannica.

vir est doctus.

Noun, but

called an Attribute of the

is

examples Hke the foUowing,

Similarly

occurs in this book.

like to

'

occurs say 'gladly

and rcmember the riile for the Case and Number of Adjectives
to be given on g 13 (' he is free').

used wilh the vcrb

'

'

Note that the ending

For Rules of Gender see Prcparations 15 (p. 75).
of ihe Adjective is not always the same as that of the Noun (sis it was in the
cxercises on i-il).
*

DRILL EXERCISES

A
is

119

Our teacher
is sometimes not dcar to hoys.
My aunt is not learncd. 15ut
Boys are not learncd.

learned teacher

learned.

we boys
learned

And my

love our teacher.

man

about the ancient

tells

aunt likes to hsten when a

There-were^ great

P>ritons.

But thcre-were not many beeches in

So Gaius JuUus afifirms. There were niany

forests in ancient Britain.

the British forests.

wolves and bears in the great forests of ancient Britain.

17.

{Agfyement.o/ AJjectives co?itinued.)

Roman sailors lazy? Gaius Juhus does not blame

Roman sailors. He praises'^ the courage of his sailors.
Roman farmers were active, as a Roman poet affirms. There were
niany Roman sailors (say tfiany sailors Roman') on the vessels of
Gaius^ Julius.
Roman vessels were-able to sail to Britain and
Were

the

14) tlie

round the British

mostly

18.

The

coast.

The

as they are now.*

rains of Britain

were hideous then/

small pearls of the British ocean were

13) dark or blue.

{Past Jm-perfect Indicative 0/^ sum' and the ist Conjuga-

tion.)

Proximo anno
Proximo anno
Proxiino anno
Proximo anno
Proximo anno
Proximo anno

in

Cantio eram.

in

Cantio

eras.

in

Cantio

erat.

in

Cantio eramus.

in

Cantio

in

Cantio erant.

eratis.

* The only forms of ihe ['ai^t

Iiii|jerrect needcil fur this and the foUowing
exercise ar those which luwe actually occurred in ihe lext of the slory.

"

Use the verb laudu,

"

(jaius forms

Remember

'

piaise

'

{Preparatiotis 13).

Gen. Gai, Dat. Gai5.

that

'

then

'

and

'

now

'

are Adverbs.

DklLL EXERCISES

120
Multa

aedificia antiqua

Multa

aedilicia antiqua speciabas.

spectabam.

Multa

aedificia antiqua spectabat.

Multa

aedificia antiqua spectabamus.

Multa

aedificia antiqua spectabatis.

Multa

aedificia aniiqua spectabant.

Tlie large vessels of British sailors are mostly

the

little

Last year, while

yellow.

13) black

but

boats are sometimes white, sometimes blue, sometimes

(

They were

British sailors.

16) I

was

many

in Kent, I used-to-see

Some^ of the

sun-burnt.

all

sailors

(say colour) their Umbs.

The clothes of British
and French sailors are blue. British sailors mosily have sturdy
hmbs and a great stature. Our sailors sail round the coasts of all

used-to-taitoo

Roman

lands, as the

Mediterranean.^
19.

{^Adjedives

Werc

all

sailors used-to-sail

round the coasts of the

British sailor does not fear storms.

and Past Imperfect

Indicative continued^

the inhabitants of ancient Britain Celts?

think not.^

Some of the ancient inhabitants of our island were not barbarous.

The inhabitants of Kent were mo>.tly farmers, as they are now.*
Many of the inhabitants of Kent were Belgians ( 15). Were not
the Bclgians a German tribe ( 18) ?
Does not Gaius Juhus so
affirm in his book about the Gallic war ? The German tribes were
moderately civiUzed, but the ancient Cclts of Britain were not
civilized.

'The word

for

Plural, because

'

the example in
*

ing

Say

Latin
*

1 1

'

means

'

ihe .Mediterraneaa ocean.'

'

is

do not

Remember

in Latin

way

very conimon

is

sailors

some

'

now

'

I
'

'

iailors of

.Mediierranean

Mtditifraneus

of saying

think,'

that

'

l)ie

sailors'

see

of the siory.

Mid-land,' and

'

'some' tnust stand in the Noininalive Case and be Masculine

some of the

'

ihink not,'

do not hope,' etc

is

an Adverb.

'

is

an

Ijective,

mean-

(a,ui/i).
'

hope

not,"

and so

forlh in

DRILL EXERCISES

121

20. [So/ne uses of the Ablative without a Preposition

sunnnary of these uses at the eiid of frefarations 20.)

sce

'

{A.) In ihe second century before ihe birth of Christ^ Britain

was

The boys and

free.

their sons
S])ears

{B.)

They

The

15) of the uncivilized

savage

used-to-catch

woods with

in

the

7)

wild-beasts

with

Unibs

with

19) for the sake of food.

Britons

civiHzed

used-to-adorn^

golden chains and with precious-stones

vcssels

Britons

18) Britons togetlier with

and wild-boars

stags

used-to-kill

and arrows.

hunting dogs

girls

The

were free from lessons.

their

By

( 19).

nieans of the

The

they used-to-export corn to Gaul.

of the Veneti

Druids were the teachers of the childrcn of the civilized Britons.

The Romans used not

They

to fight with chariots.

wilh barbarous tribes for the sake of victory and gain

used often to kiU their ca[)tives

the captives at a great price

used-to-fight
( 9).

They

but sometimes they used to seU

( 9).

^NoTEON THE AuLATiVE wiTHOUT

A Prkposition.

The foUowing

English Picposilions are to be Iranslatecl by the Ablative without a Preposition

in certain cases.
*

Froni,'

when it comes after 'free' (liber, 12) and

when it comes befure a Noun denoling

'In' or 'At,'

ceniury,' secundo saeculo (10), 'at

'

'how?':

am

free

'

{vaco, 6).

timj, as 'in ihe second

what o'clock?' quold

Koun oenoling price or value, as 'at a

With,' when it mcans by means of,' or

bcfore a
'

'I

Also

hora'i (%2.\).

great price,' tita^no pretio (9).

fornis

a phrase answering ihe

and arrows,' hastis et

pugnabant (18),
they used to fight with great courage,' inagna
audacii pugnabant
hideous with ra.\x\%,' fluviis foedum (17); fiUed with
crowded with children,' liberis creber ( 15).
victims,' victitnis plena (20) ;

question

as 'they used to fight with spears

sagiltis

'

'

'

'

By nicans of is generaliy to be translated by thc Ablative alonc.

[A fuller account of how to translate Englibh Prepo^itions is given
'

'

cnd of
"^

this

Here and

in future exeiciscs

where Ihe phrase

occurs, say before Christ born.

'

at

the

book.]

Use the verb orno,

adorn,

ornamcnt.

'

before the biuh of Chrisi'

DRILL EXERCISES

122

[Sonie fo>-/iis of tlie Future Indicative.Y

2 1.

How
Where

I shall like
will

walk to the place where the battle was

to

The

the place be?

The road

between Do\Jer and Richborough.

will

be very-pleasing to us

Alexander,

will

walk with

see the

to

me and

will

place.

be long, but

it

You, Mark and

with niy uncle to the place.

{Future Indicative atid Imperative of

2 2.

place will be on the coast of Kent,

and

suin'

jst

Conjtigation.)

Locum

cras spectabo,

si

caehu^ serenum

Tu, Marce, locum spectabis,

Alexander locum spectabit,

si

crit.

caehmi sereiuun

erit.

caelum serenum erit.

Universi locum spectabimus, si caelum serenum erit.
Vos, amita mea et Lydia, locum non spectabitis.

Amita mea
Specta,

Lydia locum non spectabunt.

et

Marce

Spectate, pueri

If the sky is^ clear,

Roman

vessels were.

oclock

shall

us

when

it

si

we

is^

we

arrive?

evening.

cakes and apples

shall-be-able to see the place

My uncle

We

will give

shall carry
*

us

for this

our lunch wiih

great dehght.

Alexander

tombs," says Alcxander.

^The only forms needed

where the

show us* the place. At what

You, Mark and Alexander, will dine with
will

is

The

us.

"Show me *

a httle boy.

"

the

Not loo

exercke are those whioh have aciually

occurred in 21 of the slory.

-See note 2 on p. Ii8.

^S&y s/ia/i ie. The Future Tense often means sliall' as well as will'
Sonictimcs
in ihc 2nd and 3rd Persons, especially in suburdinale clauses.
in the ist Person.
it means
will
Whnl Preposilion miglit Le used before the Pronoun in EngUsh ? Think
This Preposilion after a vcrb of showing is translated in
of the meaning.
'

'

'

'

the

samc way

'

as after a verb of

'

givins;.'

'

DRILL EXERCISES
fast

my

(say hurry' slo7ii/y)" says

123

" Give attention, boys,"

uncle.

says niy aunl, "'we shall dine at the eleventh hour.

(

13) yo*^)

you

if

"

arrive after the eleventh hour, as I hope."

my

hope

praise

I shall

You

arrive^ before the eleventh hour.

not

will

says

not,""^

uncle.

[Future Indicative and Tmperative contifiued.)

23.

\Ve shall start (say give ourselves

We
walk

too

2)

"I

"Alexander

will

my

aunt

too

fiist

be hungry before
!

shall not

The

my

says

sum

'

spectavi

You

when we walked

not

will

says

is

Lydia;

Cairy an
be hungry," says

hour.

uncle.

"Good-bye"

ist Conjugation.)

and Flural

quo Gaius luHus navigia sua

sky was clear

we

(7//^r/<f/>')."

and

Fractice in all persons of the Singular

Locum

"

aunt, " for Alexander

"arrive in-good-time (say

'

if

be when we

it

ariive* at thc tenth

the tenih

"I

"

"Give me the cakes,"

;

we

if

be tired

will

will

(say hurry slowly)"

{Ferfect Indicative of

24.

my

hope," says

Alexander

with you,

Alexander.
says

"Not

boy."

apple

o'clock

be tired " says Alexander.

shall not

wu!k too quickly, as

litlle

What

quickly.

Will you be tired, Alexander,

aiii\c?*

hour?

the road) at the fifth hour.

to

For Alexander

walk quickly.

shall not

the sentence:

applicavit.

to the place

where Gaius

JuUus fought with the Britons. In the year 55 B.C.* he built

vessels in Gaul and sailed from the GalHc coast to the coast of
He brought his vessels to land between Dover and RichKent.

Say skall arrive.

See note 3 on

Use the Future Tense, as

in

Say in the fifty-fifth year

before

senlences

when

p.

120,

the phrase

'

B.C

Christ born or nfter Christ bot n.

Ex. 22,

or

p.

122.

Chrisl born
'

and

siniilarly in all future

A.D.' (Anno Domini) occurs, say

before

DKILL EXERCISES

]J4

men have gcnerally

borough, as leamed

The

[mostly, 13) affirmed.

My

Britons were prepared (21), aiid ihey hasteiied to the place.

uncle has often seen the place, but

{Pliiperfect Indicative 0/

25.

we boys have never been

stim

'

'

Practice in all persons of the Singular

Ad locum

When

Gaius Julius anchored

We

"

and ist Conjugation).

and Plural the sentence

adventaveram quo Gaius luhus navigia sua appUcavit.

coast, the Britons

cUffs.

there.

near the British

vessels

his

had already gathered themselves together on ihe

Britons wiU never be slaves (19)" they say

They had hastened along

the sea-shore

iloman

selves for battle (24).

forces

But GaUic vessels had often sailed

our island.

21).

to Britain for the

Gaius JuUus had never before been in Britain.

sake of commerce.

But he had waged-war

24) against the inhabitants of the neigh-

The Gauls

bouring coast.

and had prepared themhad never before sailed to

19)

had told Gaius JuUus^ many-

things about Britain.

26.

and ist
and Plural

{Future Present Indicative of sum

'

Practice in all persons (f the Singular

Cum
"

aUerum pomum gustavero,

When^ shaU we-have

arrived

in

viam

home*?

'

me

Conjugation.)
the sentence

dabo.

" says

Alexander.

"

My

aunt wiU not praise (13) us" say I (21) " if we arrive* late
"We shaU have arrived before the eleventh hour," says
(23)."
^

Where

the phrase

'

anchor

to

oecurs, say

'

'

to fasten to anchors,' as in the

story.

'^What Preposition might be put in before

Compare Ex.
*

What

Use ihe word

is

the word for

spoke of arriving

'

Gaius Juhus'

in

English

22, note 4 (p. 122).

'

'

when

ihat properly
lo a place

'

'

in a

means

(not

Use the Futurp Prrfert Ten-se

'

question
'

homewards'

at a place.')

(shall have

).

for the

Romans always

DRILL EXERCISES

125

my

uncle, "unless (25) ihere-is^ rain (17).

we

shall not arrive late, as I hope."

walk^
shall

quickly,"

we

(j>roximo

my

anno)" says

borough,^ and

I will

" there

Mark,

says

Richborough

visit

? "

say

uncle "

will

When

"

be deiay."

will

" If you visit

I.

show vou the

If the sky is* clear,

"IJnless you, Alexander,

me

next year

walk with you to Rich-

ruins of the castle belonging-

to-Richborough (21)."

After

{On

26.

Adjectives in -atus, a, uin).

A. Translate and compare the following exampks of Adkctives in

-atus, -a, -um, ivJiich have occurred in ihe story.
Aedificium consecratum (10).

Nonnulla navigia Castella r\ominata sunt

Locus

in fabula

commemoratus

est (

i)'

14^

Urnae pulchre ornatae (20).

Quota hora parati eritis? (21).
Non fatigatus sum (23).
Copiae armatae

Quando
All

( 24).

satiatus eris ?

these Adjectives

26).

are formed

from

Verbs are generally called

examples above).

form certain

'

tenses

way

of tJu

Passive

of saying

'

to

'from' with the name of a

Town

Voice,'

is

ihe

Verb

to be' tJiey

).

'

The

tJie

as in EnglisJi.

(shalt have

Dover given

also ihe rule given in Prepnralions 22.

were uscd.

and they may be used, like

Nouns or with tJie Verb to be'

IVhen they are used tvith

Use the Future Perfect Tcnse

Imitate the

tke Eng/ish

formedfrom

Participles,'

other Adjectives, either to qualify

(see

like

Adjectives

Verbs,

Adjectivcs in -ed or -n formed from Verbs.

in 24 of the story,

and see

case used to express 'lo' and

same as

if

ihe Preposilions

wt and ah

DRILL EXEKCISES

126
B. Translate
I

am

not

Are you

The
I

um

i?ito

Latin.

satisfied.

fatigued,
is

Alexander

beautifully adorned.

have seen an urn beautifully adorned.

The
The

We

Britons were

armed with spears and

Brilnns were prepared for

(cf.

arrows.

24) battle.

wer prepared for lunch.

The building was already consecrated in the second century,

The Romap vessels were already fastened to anchors ( 24)
The Britons were gathered-together on the sea shore ( 25)

After 26.

{On

Adjectives in -andus^ a, um,

and Nouns

iu

-a7idum)}
Translate in the ivay indicated in the Preparations (25, 24, 23)
the folloiving sentences containing Adjectives in -andus, a,

Audacia aquihferi

erat

um

laudanda [Jaud-able or praise-worthy,

25).

Audacia laudanda

aquiliferi

Romanos

servavit.

Magister noster est amandus {ami-able or lov-able or worthy-to-helored).

Amita mea est amanda.

Amita mea amanda in Cantio

habitat.

Scopuli Cantii sunt spectandi {jvorthy-tobe-secn or simply

to-be-

seen).

Scopulos spectandos Cantii saepe

Navigia

ad

scopulos

visitavi.

non sunt appliranda

{to-be-brought-to-

land).

Tlie iises of the Adjoctivcs in -andus, a, uni, and Noiins in -anduin wilJ

be more fuUy explaincd hcie.ifter

(al the

end of ihe Exercises).

DRILL EXERCISES
Locus non idoneus

est

12/

ad navigia applicanda {for

vcssels io-be-

broi4ght-to-land, 34).^

Locus idoneus

ad copias explicandas

erat

{for forces

to-be-

deployed, 25).

Translate ihe following sentences containing Noiins in -andiem:

sum ad ambulandum {for walking, 23).

sumus ad remigandum {cf. remigo, I row).
Cupidi {desirous) sumus remigandi (Gen. Case of 'remigandum.')
Cupidi eramus visitandi locum ubi proelium erat.
Cupidus sum ambulandi ad locum.
Ad locum ambulandi cupidus sum.
Paratus
Parati

Masculines and Feminines thnt form

{Sfd Declension.
27.
Nominative Singular without adding -s).
{A). C. Julius Caesar

Romnns

in the first

was a famous

{c/arus, 15) general of the

Great was the glory (4) of C.

century B.C.

The Gauls

Julius Caesar.

t/ie

feared

( 2

say used-io-fear) Caesar.

For within (22) three years he had defeated (24) the Helvetii^
in South Gaul and the Veneli on the Gallic coast and the tribes
of Belgic Gaul.
Julius Caesar.

The

Tliere-were niany Caesars before and after C.

The Romans

used-to-name^ the Caesars

forces of the Caesars were great.

My

Generals.'

uncle has told

me

many-things about the Caesars.

'Compare
ready,'

'

am

in

English such sentences as

dinner to be cleared away,'

^

'

It is

time for Ihc dinner to

eagcr for the dinner to be got ready,'

'

Ring the

bell

1)0

got

(or the

etc.

Helvetii, the plural of Helvetius,

is

The

a noun of the 2nd Declension.

llelvelii lived in Helvetia (Swilzerland).

'Use
'namcd'

itouii>io 'I

(11).

name,' from which comes the Adjective nominaius,

a,

um

DRILL EXERCISES

1^6

The cause

Wh)- did Caesar wage-war against Britain?

(B).

of the expedilion against Britain

war with the Veneti some of the

tribes

South Britain during niany

war between the

(9)

During the

(16).

of Britain had suppHed

For the Veneti had been friends of

auxih'aries to^ the Veneli.

tribes of

known

is

tribes of

Soulh

were friends of the Romans.

There had

years.

And

Britain.

Accordingly

also

tiie

been

the Trinobantes

19) Caesar prepared

to supply aid to the Trinobantes against the Cassi.

(Same Nouns

28.

Caesar's

co/ttinued.)

expedition was not

first

great

but in the

second

expedition of the next year a great multitude of vessels and five

How-many^ mcn were-there

Roman legion ? How-many men were-there in five Roman
legions ?
The number was different (19) in different centuries.

legions sailed with Caesar to Britain.

in a

Among*

many Galhc

Caesar's forces were also

For

auxiharies.

the Belgae and other Galhc tribes had supphed forces to Caesar.

Many

Caesars were warUke.

of the Caesars

of Britain.

a great

but C. Juhus Caesar was

a great gcneral.

Dedension.

{jfcl

century A. D. one (22)

first

the second conqueror {viitor)

do not Jove the Caesars

man and

29.

the

In the

named Claudius was

Masculines

Noviinative Singiilar by adding

and Feminines

A. The; e had been peace between the

after

the

first

expedition of Caesar.

It

Romans and

itatio (instead

fonn

the Britons

was not necessary

Caesar (24) to wage-war a seco-id-time against the

'Translate 'tribe' hy

tliat

s.)

free

of />o/utus) in ihis and

for

tdbes of

all

following

exercises.

^The verb
to

'

be translated
*'
*

to supply

How-many'

Say

///

'

is

a verb of 'givinij.'

How,

ihen,

?
is (^m^/

the nuiuber

"(indeclinable

o/.

see Latin Driil

13).

is

to

the

Veixmi

DRILL EXERCISES

I29

But he was desirous of glory and booty.

Britain.

54 B.C. he transporled five legions of

in the year

and a great multitude of Gallic horse-soldiers

Roman

soldiers of the

Accordingly

Roman

soldicrs

The

to our island.

Caesar did not

legions were foot-soldiers.^

the lcmpests^ of the English channel; he did not fear tlie

arrows and cbariots of the British tiibcs.
From (ex) the pluck

feai

of his soldiers and sailors he expected

(jrd Declension.

30.

Neuiers in

26) victory.

-nien, -us

or -ur.y

Aniong Caesar's legions was the tenth (22) legion. The name
The nameof the tenth legion
of the tenth legion was Alauda.'*
was famous, and dear to the soldiers. What^ was the name of the
*

^The word
eques.

for

[J>ed-it-

'Use

'

foot-soldier

tempestas,

'These Neuters,

is

'

means properly

pedes (%\.em pedit-), declined like miles and

'foot-goer,' as equ-it-

which also means

'

horse-goer.']

Masculines and Feminines of 27 anJ 2S, form

like the

The

s.

(wilh an r before the ending of ihe Gcn. Sing.)

it

weather' {Preparations 29).

the Nominative Singular wiihout adding an

but part of

means

is

bctween two vowels, however, the

s of

words

like tei/ipus

not an addition to the stem

s

changcs to

r.

The Rule of Gender in the ^rd Decl. is therefore

1. Nouns denoting PERSONS are Masculine if they denote
PERSONS, Feminine if they denote FEMALE PERSONS.
rule is the same for all declensions).
:

(This

2.

Nouns not denoting persons and forming the Nominative Singular

8.

Not^ns not denoting persons and forming the Nominative Singular

by adding an

are mostly Feminino.

without adding an

are mostly

Feminine
Neuter

if

if

the

the

Nom.

Nom.

Nom.

*A Noun

of the ist Declension,

Use quid

Romans

[stt Drill

Ex.

regularly used the

3, p.

DO

Sing. ends in 10,

Sing. ends in

Masculine in other cases

MALE

(for

MEN,

or

GO

US, UR, or E;

wben

in^tance

the

Sing. ends in OR).

meaning
106).

'

the Lark.'

In asking

Pronoun quid (not the

'

what

is

the

name?' the

adjectival form of

it).

DRILL EXERCISES

130
where there was

river

a great contest of the Britons against the

many rivers in South Britain. Caesar does

A Roman had three^ names.
not raention^ the name of the river.
The first names of Caesar were Gaius and Juhus. The chief (12)
name of a Roman was the second name.

Romans?

There-are

{Same Nouns

1.

coniinued.)

There were many contests of the Britons with the Romans.

But
In some of the contests the Britons carried off the victory.
they were not able to stand ( 11) against the weight and strength
{A.)

of the

Roman

strong,

and the Roraans were mcn of small

The bodies

legions.

legions were skilled (15) in* war.

of tne Britons were big and

But Caesar's

i;odies.^

Accordirigly they mostly (13)

carried off the victory without

many wounds.

{B.) Before the time of C.

Juhus Caesfir

Roman

vessels

had

never (25) sailed to our island, unless (25) for the sake of
commerce (19). After the time of C. JuHus Caesar another (24)
Caesar, by

name

Britain.

In the times' of Nero^ Agricola defeated

Claudius, got-logether

Britons and Caledonians.

the chief

'

um

'

^The Neuter

24) ihe

first

but not

^What Case does

rnparations 15

from which comes the Adjective comviemor-

( 14).

of ircs ( 27)

as in the last line of

*No

C. Julius Caesar was the

I mention,'

'mentioned'

is

'For 'men' use homo ; and

'

28) an expedition against

12) conqueror of the Britons.

Use commemoro,

atns, a,

30 of the

/r/a.
for

'of small bodies' say

'

wilh small bodies,'

story.

the Adjective meaning 'skilled'

take in Latin?

See

when;

69.

(p. 73).

Preposition in Latin; for 'in the times' denotes time

A^ero (stem Neron-)

cf. p.

was one of the early Caesars or Emperors of Rome,

belonging to the Julian family.

DRILL EXERCISES
{3^^ Declension.

32*

navis

Feminines

I3I

and Masadines

in

likt

-is,

').

{A^

For there-were not only ships

Caesar's fleet was large.

burden but also ships of-war

with Caesar

on the second expedilion

of the ships was eight-hundred.

vessels.'

'

Vessel

'

16)

number

Six-hundred of (use ex) the ships

is

'

of-

ships sailed

The Romans sometimes used-to-name-

were ships of-burden.

of-burden

How-many^
The whole (

in the fleet.

declension (use declinatio), but

'

ships

a noun (say na^ne) of the second

ship

'

is

noun of

the third

23)

declension.

When

{B.)

enemy^ saw Caesar's great

the

But the

( 2).

they feared

fleet,

was small.

size of Caesar's ships

In the ships

burden were the soldiers and the horses-and the arms.

Caesar

with ships of-war against the British

sail

But Caesar perhaps

Britons had built no ships.

know

He

this.'*

(31)

had prepared

He

winter of the year 55 B.C.

{Same Nouns

33.

In a

men

Roman

ruled^ the waves.

ship of-burden was not so large as a

(p. 128),

3 (p.

were-able to

and Latin

sail in

Caesar's fleet

Drill, 13.

127).

Use the Piural (enemies).

*No

sail.

See Ex. 28, Note 3

*Use hoc ;
time

in^ the

sumrner (29) of the

continued.)

How-many men

*See Ex. 27 A, Note

*

25) did-not-

ship of-burdcn not more'^ than two-hundred (32)

were-able to

ship of^var.

Rome

of-

did

The

enemy?^

second expedition

sailed in^ the

In ancient times

next (28) year.

his

Why

see Preparations 15 (p. 73^.

Preposition in Latin

-u<hen, like

Say was

'

in

for *in the winter'

'

and 'in the summer' denote

{Prep. 10),

'

last

year

'

( 16), etc.

rnistress 0/.

'The Singular Number

Latin here

the second century

but the Verb

'

of the

word meaning

were-able

'

'

morc

must be Plural, as

{P>ep.

'

33)isgood

in the English.

DRILL EXERCISES

132

On

( i8)

Roinan ship of-war there-were somelimes high

the soldiers used to drive-off

An

turrets, as

From the high

enemy with spears

on ships of-the-present-day (i8).

ancient ship of-war had

was not armed with iron

25) the

sails

plates.

and

An

oars.

An

turrets

(18).

ancient ship of-war

ancient ship of-war was not

so large as a ship of-war of-the-present-day.

{jfd Dechnsion.

34.

end

ifi

Feminines and

Afasciilines

whose siems

iwo consonanis.)

was king of a small part of South Britain

(A.) Cassivellaunus

What^ was the name of the race? In ancient times^ there-were

many races and many kings in Britain. Many^ of the races were
barbarous.
But the races of the Southern (use meridianus, a, um)
were not barbarous.

parts

Before the times of Caesar Cassi-

vellaunus

had fought against the-other

Britain.

The name

of

the

king

races

19)

the

of

of

South

Trinobantes

was

Imanuentius.
(B.)
to us.

The boundaries of many British races are not known ( 16)

The names of the British kings are mostly (13) not

mentioned (14)
of the

Roman

in the

book of Caesar.

empire*

Britain was not a part

after the victory of Caesar.

After the

time of Claudius, the fourth (29) Caesar, ^ Britain was under the
command^ of the Caesars. The name of the family {u^e ^ens) of

The
C. JuHus Caesar was the Julian family.
the Caesars " Princes " and " Generals."

Romans

used-to-

name

^See Ex. 30, note

5 (p. 129).

^See Ex. 31, note

5 (p. 130).

'What Gender?

Maiiy of the races' means

For
*

'

'

'

many

rac^s of the races.'

of ' use ex.

Use impcnmn.

'In

what case must

(ajicr the tixi

'

the

fourth

ef the fourth Caesar).

Caesar' be

Tliink of the

meaning

DRILL EXERCISES
Nouns

{Sa/ne

35-

iO/iiinued.)

Soulhem

{A.) Sonie^ of ihe

Belgians

or maritime races of Britain were

But the Eelgae were of German

( 15).

The

us in the 'Gallic War.'

tells

133

chapter

is

German origin
The inhabitants

Therefore there-were people^ of

book.

in the first

and second century B,C.

in Britain

German

But they migrated across the German ocean into Britain

origin.

and the

in the fourth

fifth

Many modern

{B.)

century after the birth of Christ.

named from (use ex) the Belgian

The names of the cities are Belgian. But

cities are

races of Kent.

the Belgians of Britain used not to build

(

7)

modem

of

Britain (say of Britain of-the-preseni-day) are mostly of

( 1 1)

Caesar

origin, as

the fourth of the second

of Caesar

city of

South

Caesar

tells

different

Winchester

true.

The

Britain.

the testimony

cities, if

5) is the

name

of an ancient

inhabitants of cities are not barbarous.

us about Brilish

from

'

The

towns.'

British

towns

'

'

were

19) cities.

[jrd Dec/ension.

36.

The

is

Neuters in

-e,

like 'mare.')

from Gaul.

British sea separates (34) Britain

part of

GaUic channel.'

Some

of the

Gauls used-to-sail across the British sea to Brilain

for the

sake of

the British sea

named

is

London

commerce.

is

not

the

'

many

The

miles distant from the sea.

Biitons did not fight against Caesar on the sea, because they had

never (25) built ships.

On many seas and

^What Gender?
For
"

'

of

'

in

'

British sailors

many lands

Some

of the races'

sail

many

across

means

'

some

seas.

flag (

1 1).

races of the races.'

use ex.

Say men, and use Aomo {Prep.

includes

(4)

now

you see the British

women

word tlial can be used for people

means o peopie in ihe sense of
populi means nations or tribes.'
'

'

'

'

30).

vir does not include

'

'

Ilomo means

The

women.

in the sense of

'

'

a nation

'

or

'

Plural

'

'

human being
oihomo

persons
tribe,'

'

'

and

is

Ihe only

for

populus

and the Plural

DRILL EXERCISES

134

{Recapitulation of Nouns of jrd Dedension.)

37.

The

British soldiers used-to-fight

had not only

from

mobility of the

Roman

soldiers

Caesar

{out-of) chariots.

But the

foot-soldiers but also horse-soldiers (29).

was not

great.

Accordingly the

enemy often used-to-thro\v-into-confusion the ranks of the Romans.

In modern times ^ horse-soldiers sometimes carry (6) the arms
Thus they are able to leap- down-from
(30) of foot-soldiers.
(14) their horses and to fight on-foot.

The Boers

of South

Africa have horse-soldiers of-this-kind.

{Recapitulation of Nouns

38.

ofjrd JDeclension

continued.)

The boundaries (34) of the Cassi were across (35) the rivcr
The Brilish leader (29) used not to fight against the
Romans in proper (37) battles. He used to dash suddenly outThen he used to
of the woods and attack the Roman legions.
The British leader
recall (31) his horse-soldiers and his chariots.
had many thousands ( 36) of charioteers. Accordingly he some-

Thames.

There-were ten cohorts in a

times used-to-carry-ofif the victory.

Roman
cohort.
Issiy five

39.

legion,

and about (36) five-hundred

Accordingly there-were about

five

(36)

{Recapitulation of Nouns of

jrd Decletision

The town was

with walls.

It

continued.)

city.

It

it

was not

far

as in 25 of the story.

'

Thames be ?
*

Where

Think of

30)

from London.

= Dutch).

In what Case must

was not strengthened

But

5 (p. 130).

Say give themselves,

5aA7r7

not a

was not London.

'See Ex. 31, Note

men

Caesar does not name the

was the 'town' of Cassivellaunus?

"

in a

thousands of men) in a legion.

Caesar hastened to the banks of the river Thames.

town.

men

(26) thousand

the meaning.

DRILL EXERCISES
Perhaps^
Caesar

it

tells

was

Albans,

St.

135

men have

as sonie learned

'

about the town of Cassivellaunus in the

aflirmed.

fifth

book of

the Gallic War.

{Recapitulation of Nouns 0/ jrd Declension coniinited.)

40.

Caesar's carap was^ in Kent.

Africa

named*

Camp.

Caesar's

There-is also a place in Souih

The

tribes of

for {pn-behalf-of) their native-land (4),

Kent fought bravely

but the Trinobantes were

Romans and enemies of the Cassi. Accordingly the

unhappy Britons fought in-vain.
At-length (25) many states
friends of the

begged peace from

The

Caesar.

()

conditions of peace wcre

After the peace Caesar sold^ a great

hard (say rough, 13).

Thus many British men and

multitude of British captives (19).
(20) and children were slaves (19) of the Romans in the

women
first

century before the birth of Christ.

{Nouns of jrd Declension

41.

Thus

continued.)

(16) Caesar carried-off the victory

(1 5)

and imposed a

The Romans

upon^ the inhabitants of South Britain.

the victory because

tribute

carried-off

they were skilled (15) in war. The tenth

Caesar loved the tcnth legion.

legion was with Caesar in Britain.

In the

'

'
'

For

first

'

expedition, while the

perhaps

'

Romans

hesitated (25) to fight,

see Preparations 25.

Veruldinium.

Remember

that the

Verb must agree with

its

Subject [castra).

Remember that the Adjective must agree with

Noun to which the Adjective 'named' belongs?
*

'

Venum-do,

offer for sale,'

'

l sell,'

and forms

The Adjectives
'

compound

is

its

Pcrfect

hke

its

Noun.

Which

of do, 'I give,* meaning

do.

of the 3rd Declension are deferred

Imitate the construction given in 40 of the story.

till

42.

is

liter.illy

the

'

DRILL exercises

136

the eagle-bearer of the tenth legion leaped ^ into the waves and
Accordingly
carried (6) thc Roman eagle (. 25) to the land (4).

Romans

the

defeated (24) the Britons on-account-of (33) the

The Roman

pluck of the ea^le-bearer.

(9)

and served as-

{Adjectives of the

42.

(A.)

The

eagles were made-of-silver

flags.

jrd

Declension.)

ancient Biitons were brave men.

They

fought with'

admirable pluck.

Britons were big

and

strong.

as the Britons

but

The bodies of the ancient

The Romans were not so {%33) big

by means of the science of war they were able to carry-oflf

Cacsar was a distinguished general.
the victory from the Britons.
He had defeated the brave tribes of Belgic Gaul in a short time.
Victory was sweet to Caesar.
(B.) Not all* the British states (40) had fought against Caesar.
There had never (25) been an aUiance (34) of all the tribes of
It' is wonderful ihat (41) the Britons
Britain against an enemy.

were-able to fight so (41) successfully against the conquerors of

The name of Caesar was disso-many (40) seas and lands.

whole
the
through
tinguished
(16) world (41). The soldiers
(26)
of the tenth legion were veterans.

It

* is

sweet to fight and,

if it is

necessary (24), to die* for (40) one's^ native-land.

See Ex. 37, note 2

(p.

''Say 7vere instead-of ;

cf.

134).

n of the story (" the skins served as sails.")

*See Ex. 20, note i (p. 121, on the Ablative without a Preposition).
all/ unlike other Adjectives, generally coine before
''Adjectives meaning
'

Iheir
'

Nouns

No

in

Latin

cf.

nole

2, p.

iii,

and Rule

of Oider,

p.

lox.

separate word for 'it'; but the Adjective after *is' must be in the

Neuter Gender, as

Say

'

Omit

'

in

41 of the

story.

to expire,' exspirare.

the

word

'

one's

'

in translating.

DRILL EXERCISES

137

{Adjeclives 0/ jrd Declension conti/iued.)

43.

The

Gaul also were warlike.^

of Belgic

tribes

number

slaughtered (20) a huge

against the

The British auxiUaries had been useful to'

Accordingly Caesar waged-war against the " arrogant

Romans.

the Veneti.

And

Britons."

Caesar had

of the brave Nervii, fighting^

he carriedoff a huge number of British slaves and

captives.

"The

time

short," says

is

hasten homewards.

It*

see a Briiish ship of-war

and

my

to

We

fought with the Britons."

of

my

uncle; "it

necessary (24) to

is

has been pleasaiit to you, as

hope, to

walk to the place where Caesar

all^

approved-of (41) the opinion

uncle.

GOD SAVE THE KINa

'

Use ferox, which

lated

'

the Furious

'

as the

in

name

of a ship in the Channel squadron

42 of the story.

All the

can be used as Adjectives, but niust then not be spelled with capital
^" Fighting' is

an Adjective describing the Nervii.

then, be?

'

Useful to'

is

like

*See Ex. 42, note

'

Say

'

all

'

dear to

'

{Preparations

5 (p. 136).

wc-approvcd.'

is

trans-

names of ships given there

15),

letters.

In what Case must

it,

APPENDICES.
I.

On

-NDUS,

Adjectives in

A,

UM

and Nouns

-NDUM.

iN

The

Adjectives in -ndus,

a,

only in the following respects

um

differ

from other Adjectives

They are all formed from the stems of Verbs. In EngUsh,

we have many Adjectives formed from Verbs, and some of

(i)

too,

them are

um ;

a,

similar in
for

meaning

instance

to the Latin Adjectives in -ndns,

'laud-able'

'lov-able' (in the sense 'worthy to

sense
(2)

'fit

to

be

(frora

be

'I

laud,'

Lat.

laudd),

loved,') *eat-able' (in the

eaten.')

They cannot always be

translated by Adjectives in Enghsh,

because English gcneraliy has no Adjective with exactly the same

meaning
'

so they have often to be translated by a phrase Uke

to-be-loved,' 'tobe-read,'

venient to translate

The foUowing
fully

them

to-be-eaten.'

Sometimes

it

is

con-

in other ways.

sentences, taken from the story, should be care-

examined.

Audacia aquiliferi erat laudanda, 'the courage of the eagle-bearer

These Appendices are not intended to be used by tlie pupil except as a

fuller explanation of some of the constructions wliich have been

summary and
met wilh

in

the text.

But they are written with a view

beginners, and are thrown

into a form

capable of appealing to the minds even of young pupils,

gradually and on seasonable occasions.

to

the neeJs of

which the writer has found

if

to

be

brought before them

'

APPENDICES

139

was laud-able or praise-woithy (25).

Here the Adjeciive
laudanda (feminine of laudandus, to agree with audacia) is
'

formed from the Verb laudo,

meaning

we may

'-worthy,' but

other Adjectives,

'

and

I praise,'

also translate

has the same

it

by

'

worthy-to-be

This Adjective,

to-be-praised.'

may be used

it

formed with '-able'or

as the English Adjective

praised,' or simply

and

'

wilhout the Verb

'

like

to be,'

any Case thus we get

NoM. audacia laudania, laudable courage'

in

'

Acc.

audftciam laudandavi,

Gen.

audaciae laudandae,

Hence such

'

laudable courage

of laudable courage,' etc

may be made

a phrase

shown

Preposition, as

'

to

depend on a

the next sentence.

in

Locus erat idoneus adnavigia applicattda, 'there was a place suitable

to-be-brought-to-land

for vessels

navigia applicanda,

on ad

in the

common

sentences as

(i)

They

are

'

'

for.'

Ring the

bell for the

'

dinner to be

ad cenam parandam.)

-ndum

in

following respects

Here the phrase

depends
Compare in Enghsh such
(24).

'

vessels to-be-brought-to-land

sense of

gut ready.' (Latin

The Nouns

'

differ

from other Nouns only in the

all

formed from the stems of Verbs,

just as in

Enghsh we may form a Noun out of any Verb by adding '-ing.'

row-ing,'
walk ing,'
Thus where in English we speak of
'

'

'

visit-ing,'

Romans used

etc, the

andum, visitandum,
(2)

They

are

structions as the

the

Nouns remigandum,

atnbul-

etc.

hke Verbs

in so far as they take the

Verbs from which they are formed.

same condo

So, too,

Enghsh Nouns formed from Verbs; thus we speak of 'rowing

the

quickly,'

with

'

walking slowly

Adjectives),

and

'

(with Adverbs, though sometimes also

'visiting a friend,'

(with Objects depending

on the Nouns

in

'

'

exploring a country'
-ing

').

APPENDICES

140

Labor revngandi magnus erat,

Here 7-emigandi
(29).

the labour of rowing was great'

'

the Genitive Case of the

'\%

remigandum formed from

rejnigo,

Noun

I row.'

estis adambulandu/n 1 'are you ready for walking ? (23).

Here ambulandum is the Accusative Case of the Noun
formcd from atnbulo, I walk,' and depends on c7</meaning

Paratine

'

'

'for.'

Cupidus erat visitandi

et

explorandi insula?n nostram,

'

he was

and exploring our island ( 28). Here

the Genitives of the Nouns visitandum and exploranduni
desirous of visiting

'

take an Object in the Accusative.

The

following sentences, taken from the story, contain furlher

examples of the above constructions (Adjectives and Nouns).

erat magnopere

militum

Virtus

Adjective

may

is

laudanda

(29).

Here

the

quaUfied by an Adverb (as other Adjectives

be).

Navigia novis armis ornanda erant (31).

Locus idoneus

est

ad copias

explicandas (25).

Naves onerariae aptae erant ad onera transportanda

Rofnani Britannos

scientia

[No example occurs

pugnandi superabant

in the story of the

denoting 'must' or 'ought.'

which

is

also be translated

English ('for deploying forces.')

formed from the Verb

use of the Latin
possible

is

Noun

(30).
in

-ndum with

est

a special use and sense,

best deferred for subsequent study.]

Such sentences may

speech in

This

(32).

'

Noun

by beginners.

deploy.'
in

But

by an

entirely different form of

Here 'deploying'

this translation leads to

is

Noun

confusion willi the

-ndum, and should therefore be avoided so

far as

APPENDICES
II.

141

HOW TO TRANSLATE ENGLISH

PREPOSITIONS

INTO LATIN.
Where EngHsh has a Prcposition Latin generally has one also.
Most of these Latin Prepositions take the Accusative Case, but
sonie of them (especially ab or ^, ciint, de, ex, in whcn it means
*in' or 'on,' pro, suh when it means 'under,' and sine^ take the
Ablative it should be noted that no Latin Prepositions take the
:

But

Dative or the Genitive.

it

has been scen that 'of

expressed by the Genitive alone, and

to

'

'

generally

is

very often by the Dative

'at,' 'in,'
with,' 'by,' and by means of
sometimes expressed by the Ablative alone. The foUowing
rules, based upon examples wliich have occurred in this book,

alone; also that 'from,'

'

'

are

will give

some guidance

when the above Prepositions are to

and when by a Case without

as to

in Latin

be translated by Prepositions

any Preposition; but the rules are only an outline, to be fiUcd up by

future reading, and they deal only with the most important usages.

OF

is

generally translated by the Genitive, as in

country-house,' ianua villae (1),

the

audacia jtautarum

orum

(9),

(2),

'

Romans,'

traces of the

'a task of great labour,'

'

the door of

*the courage of sailors,'

^/>,y

Roman-

vesiigia

viagni laboris

= 'very

abundance of plants,' copia planiarum (3), 'a

great number of coins,' magnus numerus nuinmorum (9).^
But (i.) in such phrases as 'some of,' many of,' the 'of may be
translated by ex with the Ablative; thus 'some of the
laborious,' 31), 'an

'

'

may be translated nonnulla ex

many of the tribes,' jnulti ex populis ( 8).
of
(ii.) when the phrase
describes a
vessels

'

'

'

person or thing spoken

of, it is

Ablative without a Preposition

is

'

It

1),

that the

'

of

'

in

many

quality of the

sometimes translated by the

thus

homines robusto corpore (30)

may be noted

possession.

navigiis

cf.

'men of robust body'

43, note

on

p. 99.

of these examples does not denote

APPENDICES

142

TO is

generally translated by

ad wilh the Accusative (or soniewhen it comes after a verb

times by in with the Accusalive, ii)

of
*

'

going

carry

or

'

But

(5).

or any verb that denotes motion, such as

'

send

'

'

thus

'

walk to the wood

'

is

ad

'

bring

silvatn

or

'

ambiik

sometimes translated by the Accusative w'..hout a

it is

Preposition, sometimes by the Dative

viz.

By the Accusative without a Preposition when it comes before

name of a Town thus he brought his vessels to Dover is
is
navigia Diibras applicavit (24), 'I walked to London
the

'

'

'

Londiniiitn amhulavi.

By ^he Dative
(i)

when

in the following cases

comes

it

suppUed

a verb of 'giving'; thus

after

delight to Lydia,'

Lydiae laetitiam dat

is

auxiliaries

the Gauls

to

'

(5),

gives

'it

'they had

Gallis auxilia sub-

is

ministraverant (27).
(ii)

when
is

\%

(iii)

to

it

comes

sonieone

patruo meo

when

after the verb

'

'someone has

nummi sufit

comes

it

'

to be' in the phrase 'there

'

thus

'

my

uncle has coins'

( 9).

after Adjectives

which can take

English, like 'dear,' 'pleasant,' 'useful'; thus 'he

to us

FROM

is

'

'to' in
is

dear

twbis carus est (15).

is

generally translated by ab or ex with the Ablative

but by the Ablative alone

(i)

when

it

comes

sense of

'

free

after certain
;
'

thus

'

militia vacat ( 6), 'free

(ii)

he

Verbs and Adjectives with the

free from miiitary service is
'

is

from lessons

'

is

liber scholis (

2).

when it comes before the name of a Town and after a

Verb of going or any Verb that denotes motion tlius
Dubris adventabunt
is
they will arrive from Dover
*

'

(22).

'

'

':

APPENDICES

IN or AT^

T43

generally traiislated by in with the Ablative

\s

but

by the Ablative alone

when

(i)

comes before a Noun denoting

it

'month,' 'year,'

century

is

'

when

WITH

'

Romams

other senses
(i)

or

'

day,'

the next year

is

'

is

quota horal (21).

price or value

'

^tiagno pretio ( 9).

is

'

in

cum with the Ablative when it means

company with (as in I walk with my
'

3, or

pugnantes, 43)
viz

'

'

Romans,'

fighting with the

but by the Ablative alone in

means 'bymeans of;' thus 'they used to

and arrows is hastis et sagittis
pugnabant (18): here 'spears and arrows' are the
instruments with which they fought.
Similarly when
with
comes after Adjectives meaning fi.lled
thus
fiUed with victims' is plenus victimis (20)^, crowded

when

'with'

with

fight

spears

'

'

'

'

'

'

with children'
(ii)

'

translated by

is

cum amita mea ambulo,

aunt,'

in

'

cames before a Noun denoting

it

together with

cufn

o),

what o'clock?'

(28), 'at

thus 'at a great price

'

time, such as

ihus 'in the second

century,' 'hour';

seaindo saeculo

proximo anno
(ii)

'

is

creber pueris et puelHs (15).

when the phrase with

answers the question
how ?
thus they used to fight with great courage is
magna audacia pugnabant. Here with great courage
describes the manner in which they fought.
'

'

'

'

'

'

'

When

'

at

'

comes before the name of a Town, it is translated by the

but no example of this Case occurs in this

Locative without a Preposition

book.

The

Locative, however,

is

the same in form as the Ablative, except in

the Ist and 2nd Declension, Singular

^

Sometimes Ma 'together'

Gallic auxiliaries,
*

But

so in

una cum

just as in English

Latin

gaudiorum

pUnus may

(f 13).

is

Number.

added, as in

'

together with a multilude 0/

multiludiite aiixiliorum Galliiorum ( 28).

we may

say not only

take the Genitive

'

filled ivith

thus

'

full

'

but also

of joys

'

'

full of,^

is

plenus

APPENDICES

144

when
why

(iii)

'

the phrase 'with

?

thus

'

answers the question

'

cUmate was hideous with

the

'

Here

caebim plnviis foediiin erat (17).

means

'

because of

when the phrase

(iv)

'

'with

'

is

rains'

rains.'

with

describes a quality of the

person or thing spoken of

';

thus 'a

homo fobusto corpore

eyes is puer oculis caeruieis.
body'

rains

is

man

with a robust

'aboy with blue

(30),

'

B Y MEANS OF
tlie

is

sometimcs translated hy per ('through') with

Accusative, but generally by the Ablative without a Preposition:

thus

'

they used to fasten their ships by means of iron chains

naves catenis fej-reis deligahant

^F

'

marches'

by means of uninterrupted

Tamesain properavit

( 33),

he hastened
continuis

\%

= for

thc sake) of

commcrce

III. GENERAL

RuLE

'

is

I.

Anything that

is

2.

an Adverb
in Latin
j<ra///(3

'all,'

Anything
is

'

animi

terra marique (43).

Xo'm (excepting a PreNoun in Latin thus 'villa

Exxept

'some,'

'

Numeral Adjectives and

many,' 'few.'*

that goes with a

Verb or an Adjective or
Adverb

saepe specto,' ';w specto,'

Adjectives (meaning

English

by reason

9), cf.

RULES OF ORDER.

';wmagnus';
'

wliich?' or

'

'

scapham

specto,'

'iliis' or

'

llvat

')

and Intcrrogative

what?') also precede their Nouns

but the Demonslialivcs do not occur in this book.

logative occurs in quota hoia

'

'<?saepe.'

Demonslralive Adjcclives (moaning

as in

generally put before that Verb, Adjective or

thus

navigo

'

goes with a

amitae meae.'

villa

Adjectives meaning

RuLE

ad

itineribus

thus

mercaturae causa

position)is generally put after that

'

is

sometimes translated by ab or a with the Ablative, but

is

causa (20); 'by land and by sea'

bella,^

'

Thames

( 38).

generally by the Ablative without a Preposition

(

to the

in Latin,

An

Inter-

ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY.
The words printed in Llack type are essentiai words which need tobe learned
by heartj as occuring most often in the text and for the sake of their importance.

Words of the third declension have the stem inserted in brackets, except
where it is the same as the Nom. Sing. (e.g. arbor). To words like tiavis the
Gen. Piur. is given. Genders are given where irregular accordingto ihe rules
on p. 75 and p. 129 (m. =masculine, f.=feminine, n. = neuter).
The figures i, 2, 3 denote the declension or conjugation.

ab

5 (with Abl.), from; ab

occidente parte (35), off the

or

West side, on the West

ab-sum, ab-esse, a-fuT, latti distanty

I atti

absent
abundo, l, I ahoitnd [Ah\.=in)
accommodatus, a, um, suited [ac-

comodated]

I accuse
acutus, a, um, sharp [acute]
ad (with Acc), to sometimes yir
or at or near (see 15, 23, 24)
adhuc, hilherto
acciiso, I,

admirabilis, 3, adj., adinirable

ad-8um, ad-esse, ad-fui, / am

present
adulescentulus, 2, youn^
adventS, i, I arrive
adversus, a, um, adverse

man

aedificium, 2, huildiiig [edifice)

aedificS, i, I build
acr

(afir-), 3,

m., air

aeneus, a, um, made of copfer

aes (aer-), 3, n., copper or hrass
aestas (aestat-), 3, summer
aetas (-tat-), 3, a^^e
affirmO, i, I affirm, state

/ T^rifr/t

atnictu,

I,

agellus,

2,farm,

ager, ngr-um,
agger, 3,

-I,

[afflict]

estate
-6, 2, field

mouiid
farnier

agricola,

\,

albus, a,

um, white

Alexander, Alexandr-um,
Alexatider
aliqu.indo,

soitie

-T,

-o,

2,

day

aliquantum, a consideraHe aitiount

alius, alia, aliud, other (Gen. and
Dat. Sing. irregular)
alter, altcra,
alterum, another, a
secotid (Gen. and Dat. Sing.
irregular)

um, high,

altuB, a,

amabo

lofty [alti-tude]

please

te,

ambuliiiio (-ion-), 3, vjalk

ambulo, I, I -valk
amlcitia, l, friendship

amicUB, 2,friend
amita, I, aunt
am8, I, I love, Hke
amphitheairum, 2, amphitheatre
an, or (in a queslion)
ancilla,

ancora,

maid-servant

I,

i,

Anderida

anchor

silva, the

Andredsweald

Anglicus, a, um, Etif^lish

angulus, 2, ani^le, coriur
animuB, 2, tiiind: aninuts ingratus,
iiigratitude

annns, 2, year [annual]

ante (with Acc. ), hefore
antea (Adverb), hefore
antiquua, a, um, ancient
AniOnius, 2, AiUony
anxius, a, um, anxious
aper, apr-um, -I, -6, 2, wild boaf

ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY

146

I bring

appropinqnO,
aptns,

anna,

nm, open

apertus, a,
applicO, I,

i,

to

armatus,

I approach

a, um,yf//'<ri/[apt]

apud (with Acc.

French chez
aqna, water,
aquila,

),

in the house

arrogans (arrogant-),

of,

asper, aspera, asperum, rough

[aquarium]

ater, atra, atrum, dark

atqne, and also, aye and
audacia, l, coura^e, audacity
aureus, a, um, golden

aquilifer, 2, eagle-bearer
ara, i, altar

arbor, 3, f., tree

area, i, open space [area]
arena, i, sand

ausculto,

um, made of silver

argentum, ^^^Vz^^r^French 'argent']
aries (ariet-), 3, m., ram
i,

I,

I listen

autem, however
auxilium,

argenteus, a,

arithmetica,

adj., arr(h

3,

gant

eagle

i,

neut. plur., 2, arms, fittingi

a, um, armed
armentum, 2, herd
arS, I, I plough

land [apply]

2, help,

aid

auxilia (plur.), auxiliaries

avaritia, i, avarice

arithmetic

B.
baca,

berry

I,

barbarus,

a,

basilica, l, hasilica,

beatus,
Belgae,

a,

bell5,

um, barharous

Belgians, a tribe in
the North of Gaul and also in
South Britain (Hampshire)
Belgicus, a, um, Belgian

Belgium,

pl.,

2,

/ wage war
war

2,

bellus, a, um, beautiful, jUy, pretty

[French bel, belle]
bene, well ; bene ambula, 23
bos (bov-), 3, m. or f., ox

church

um, happy

i,

bellum,

bre%ns, 3, adj., brief, short

Britannia, i, Brilaiii
Britannicus, a, um, British
Britannus, 2, Briton

Belgium
um, warlike

bellicosus, a,

c.
C. =Gaius (Gaium, Gai, Gaio)
cachinno, i, I laugh
caelum, 2, sky, climate
caeruleus, a, um, blue
Caesar, 3, Caesar
Caledonia, i, Scotland
Caledonius, 2, Caledoniar.
calor (calor-), 3, heat

Cambria,

campus,
Canlium,
cantO,

I,

i,

2,

Wales
plain

2, Kent
I sing

capillus, 2,

hair

captivus, 2, captive
capt5, l, I catch

caput (capit),
carina,

l,

c3ruB, a,
casa,

I,

3, n.,

head, chapter

keel

um, dear

cottage

Cassi, 2, a tribe in Hertfordshire

Cassivellaunus, 2, King of ihe Cassi
in Hertfordshire

castanea, i, chestnut-tree
castellum, 2,fort [castle]
catra, neut. pl., 2, camp
catena, i, chain
catulus, 2, dog
cauaa, i, cause, reason
reason, for the sake
celeriter, quickly

causa, hy

ALPHABETICAL VQCABULARY
Celta,

Celt

I,

confusus, a,

congregO,

cena, i, supper, late dinner

cenO, I, I sup, dine
certamen (-min-), 3, contest

any raie
cervus, 2, stag
ceteri, ae, a, the others, tke rest
cetera (n.) = Erig. 'etcetera'
Christus, 2, Christ
Christianus, a, um, Christian
cibus, 2,food

Adverb), arottnd
circum-do, -dare, -dedi,

continuus, a, um, continucd, uninterrupted

contra (wilh Acc), against
copia, I, abundance
copiam do, I give opportunity
copiae {^\\xx.), forces
corium, 2, skin
corpuB (corpor-), 3, body [corpor-al]
corvus, 2, croiv
creber, crebra, crebrum, crowded
(Abl. =with), frequent
cremo, l, I burn [cremation]

or

I surround

clvitaa (-tat-), 3, state [city]

clades, 3, disaster

um,

cl&rus, a,

bright ox famous
men of the Jleet

classiarii, 2, scaiiien,

classis (Gen. Pl. claBsium), T),fleet

clivus, 2, hill, do~cn

cohors (cohort-), 3, cohort

PI. collium), 3, m., hill
coUoco, I, I place [locate]

coUi8(Gen.
colonia,

creo, I, I create
crucio, I, I torture [ex-cruciating]

colony

I,

coioratus,

a,

um, sun-hurnt

[coloured]
coloro,

I,

coluniba,

crustulum, 2, cake
culpo, I, I blame

I colour
i,

dove, pigeon

commemoro,

i,

cullura,

/ mention

pl.,

notes, covimen-

cultivation, cul

Abl.),

together with

'vith

cum, whcn

taries

comparS,

tillage,

I,

ture
cum (with

("com-

memorate]
commentarii, 2

togethef

con-sto, -stare, -stiti, / consist [con,

together, sto, / stand] : constat
(3rd person)
/V knoivn
consulto, on purpose [by consultation]

about

circiter,

um, confused
i,
/ gather

[congregation]
consecratus, a, um, consecrated
consSbrina, I, cousin ( 5)
consocio, I, I ally
constantia, I, constancy, firmness

certe, at

circum (Preposition with Acc.

147

i,

I get

together,

prepare

cupide, eagerly

CGUiprobo, I, I approve
concursio (-ion), 3, engagcment

cupidus,

[ex-cursion]
condicio (-ion-), 3, condition
condiscipulus, 2, schoclfellow
confirmo, i, I estahlish [confirm]

cuia, I, care
CurO, I / care for, attcnd
vide ( 22)

cur,

a,

um,

desirous, eager

why
,

to,

pro-

cuslos (cuslud-), 3, guard,guardian

D.
de (with Abl.), about, down from
dC-bellr), i, I defcat
decimus, a, um, tcnth
dt-clarri, i, I deciare
declino, / turn aside [decline]

defeclio (-ion-), 3, defection

defcnsor (defensor-),

dclcctanuntum,
delectS,
delibero,

i,
i,

3, dcfcnder
2, delight

J delight
I dciiberaie

ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY

148

deligO,

I fasten

I,

dO, dare, dedi,

give,

set,

put

(in

ad ancoram deligO, I anchor

demonstro, i, I point out
deneg5, i, I say no [deny]
densns, a, um, dense, thick
deploro, I, I deplore, lament

fugam, tofiight)
doctuB, a, um, leamed [doctor]
domesticus, a, um, internal [dom-

derlvatus, a, um, derived

de-8um, de-esse, de-ful,

domus

estic]

domina,

/ am

dexter, dextra, dextrnm, right

right

i,

mistress [dame]

home

domum, homeivards (home)

Druidae, l, pl., Druids
dubitS, I, I hesitate, douht

wanting
deas, 2, god
dextra,

i,

(irregular, /), house,

domi, at home

hand

Dubrae,

I,

Dever

pl.,

dico, dlcere, dixl, 3, I say

digitus, 2,yf;/.o'(?r [digit]

ducentl, ae, a, t-wo hundred

dulcis, 3, adj., sweet, pleasant

discipulus,

dum, while
duo, dnae, duo, two
duodecimus, a, um, twelfth
duodesexagesimus, a, um, s8th
dux (duc-), 3, leader, general

2, pupil [disciple]
discordia, i, quarrel, discord
disputo, l, I dispute
di-sto, I, I am distant
difi, long, for a long time

diumus,

um, ofthe day

um, diverse, different

a,

diversus, a,

(a,

from)

E.
ex (with Abl.), out offrom
excavo, I, I excavate

ecce, hehold

ego,

exclamo, i, I exclaim
existimo, i, /c(?wi/(/fr [estimate]
expeditio (-i5n-), 3, expedition
explico, I, 1 diploy, arrange

egregie, excellently
3, horse-soldier
equito, i, I ride
equus, 2, horse
erro, i, / err

eques (equit-),

esca, lyfood, eating

exploro,
exporto,

esse, to be

expugnO,

and

et

ex-8t5,

et, both

/ explore
I export, carry out

I,

I storm, take by stor^"

exspectatiS (ion-), 3, expectation
exspecte, I, I extcct, await

essedarius, 2, charioteer
essedum, 2, chariot
et,

and

I,

-stare, -stiti,

main,

etiam, also, even

euge, bravo {e in Plautus)

am

extant

exist,

39 = stand

re-

out)

F.
fabric5, I,

fabula,

I manufacture [fabricate]
drama [fable]

play,

I,

facinus (facinor-), 3, deed, achieve-

ment
fagus, 2,

f.,

fanum,

2,

um, //m/ [fatigued]

femina,

woman

i,

ine']
beeck

shrine

fallgatus, a,

[hence 'femin-

ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY
fenestra,
fera,

i,

window

fere, almost,

feriae,

focus, 2, hearth
um, hideotis

-wild beast

pl.,

foedus, a,

fomia, i,form, shape

formidO, l, I fear
fortasse, perhaps

about
holidays

ferlna, \,flesh

ofwildanimals, game

ferox (feroc-), 3, adj., warlike

ferratus, a, um, filtedwith iron
ferreus, a, um, made o/iron
ferus, a, urn, savage

fortis, 3, adj., brave, strong

fortiter, bravcly

fortuna,

i, fortune, fate
Francogallicus, a, um, French

I hurry

feetinCS, i,

frenum,
fretum,

fidus, a, \XVA, faithful

fii^ura, i, figttre
filia, I, d.ttii^hter

firmo,

ful
frtimentum,

tlO,

I,

arm of the

sea

2,

com

vain

frustra, in

fuga, \,flight
fugo, I, I puttoflight, rout
fugatus, a, um, routed
fundamentum, 2, foundation
funis (Gen. Plur. funium),

tudin-), ^, fir/itness

J strengthen [make firmj

um, yellow
I blow (said of the wind)
I,

fl.xvus, a,

Humen

channel,

2,

[fruit-bearing]

(Gen. finium), loundaries

(

2, bridle

frugifer, fiugifera, frugiferuni, fruil-

filius, 2 (Voc. fili), son

finis, 3, eiiJ ; Plur. fines, m.,

firmiludo

149

(-min-), 3, river

3,

m.,

rope

fluvius, 2, river

G.
Gallia,

i,

Gaul
a, um,

genuB (gener-),
Germanicus,

fretum
Galiicum, the English channel

Gallicus,
gallina,

i,

Gallus,

2,

Gallic

gl5ria,

\,

3, ^/mj'

2,

[gener-al]

um, German

German
glory, fame

Germanus,

hen
m Gaul, an inhabitant of

a,

(adj.)

(noun)

gaudium, 2,joy, delight

gemma, i, gem, preciotts stoite
generosus, a, um, nobly born

Graecia, i, Greece
GraecuB, a, um, Greck
gramineus, a, um, grassy
grandis, 3, adj., (5?> [grand]
gratuB, a, um, pleasing
guberno, i / steer, guide [govern]

gens (gent-),

gusto,

Gaul
gallus, 2, cock

3,

race [gentile]

I,

taste

H,
with
habito, 1, / dwell
inhabit
hasta, I, spear
herba, \,grass, herb
',

liil)crnia,

I,

Acc, /

Ireland

um, Irish
hic, here, at this point
llilicrnicus, a,

hiema (hiem), 3, winter

Hispania, 1, Spain
historicus, a, um, historical
hodie, today, at the present day,

nowadays

hodiernus, a, um, of the present day

homd (homin), 3, vian

hOra, I, hour
hortus, 2, garden
hostia (Gen. Plur. hosiium),
eneiny
huiusmodi, ofthis kind
humanus, a, um, human,
humo, I, / bury

3,

('vilized

ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY

150

iam, alreaJy, noio, even

ianua, i, door, gate
ibi, there
idoneus, a, Vkra,fitted, suitable
ieiunus, a, um, hungry
ientaculum,

2, breakfast
igitur, therefore, then
ignavus, a, um, co^vardly
ignoro, \, I do not kno~u [ignore]
ignotus, a, um, unknou/n
ille, illa, illud,

yon, that one

yonder
illustro, I, I light up [illustrate]
imber (imbr-), 3, shower ofrain
immigro, I, I immigrate
imperStor (imperator), 3, general
illic,

inde, thenct

impiger,

impigrum,

impigra,

impigre, actively, bravely

impius, a, um, unnattiral [impious]

um,

ingratus, a,
grateful

inhumanus,
inopia,

a,

say
inquit, says
inquimus, we say ;
inquiunt, they say
insectatio (-ion-), 3, pursuit
infligniB, 3, adj., distinguished
in stO, -stSre, -stitl (with Dat.), 1
I,

he, he says

pursue
insula, i, island

inter (with Acc), between or during

among

interdum, sauietimes
interea, meanwhile
interior (interiOr-), 3, interior, inner
i, I ask, enquire

interrogo,

intervalhim, 2, interval
intra (wiih Acc.

),

I enter
I, I water

within

iudicS,

incommodum,

iustus, a, \xm,just,

incullus, a,

2, disaster

um, uncultivated

labor (labOr-),
labOro,

laetitia,
lamir.a,

\,
I,

Latiuus,
latus, a,

3, labotir, toil

/ labour, am

in difficulties

delight, pleasure

plate

a,

um, Latin

um, wide, broad

latus (later-), 3, side [later-al]

a, um, laudable
I praise
irregular, I wask

laudandus,
laudO,
lavO,

I,
I,

1'erf.

lgStU8, 2, lieutenant-general
legiO (iOn-), 3, legion

un-

um, uncivilized

impl6r5, i, I i?nplore
importo, i / import, carry in
impugno, i, I attack
in (with Abl.), in or on
(with Acc. ), itito or onto
incito, I, I urge, urge on, incite
incola, i, inhabitant
,

huge

unpleasing,

'want, poverty

i,

inquam, say

or

active (not sluggish)

infinite
3, adj.,

ingens (ingent-),

[emperor]
inipcrium, 2, command\txa^\x\
impero (with Dat.), I itnpose (upon)

um,

infinitus, a,

intro, I,
irrigo,

[irrigate],

thus
itaque, accordingly, therefore

ita,

iter (itiner-), 3, n., march

iterum, a second time
I,

Ijudge
proper

iuvat (3rd pers. sing. )

lenis, 3, adj

.,

it

delights

gentle [lenient]

lente, slowly

levo,

I,

lighten, relieve ( 5)

libenter, gladly, wilHngly

liber, libr-um, -i, -0, 2, book
liber, llbera, llberum,/r;,f (sometimes with Abl. =from)
liberi, 2 pl., children (properly an
adjective meaning " frce ones,"
i.e.,
children
of
freeborn
parents)
lineus, a,

um, madt offiax

ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY
I, tongue, language
llnum, 2,Jlax
littera, i, leller (of the alphabet)
Htterarius, a, um, connected with

longitudo (-tudin), 3, lenglh [longitude]

longuB, a, um, loug
hicrum, 2, gain, profit
lucus, 2, grove
ludus, 2, game or elementary school

lingua,

letters (lilterae), literary

litus (litor-), 3, coast

locus,

2, place (ph loca, .

passage of a book (pl. loci,

Londinium,

2,

or

),

15

Ifina, I,

lupus,

///.)

LonJon

moon

2, VJOlf

luscinia, i, nightingale

lui (luc),

longe, far

3, light

M.
machina, i, machine
magister, 2, schoolmaster, teacher

metallum,

2,

metal

meus

magistra, I, school-mistress, teacher

magnificus, a, um, magnificent

(Voc. nii), mea,

migro, l, I migrate
mihi, to me

magnitudo

milea

(-tudin-), 3, size,

magni-

milia,

titde

magnopere

= magno opere), greatly

magnus, a, um, great, large

maior (mSiSr-), 3, leirger, greater
mando, l, I commit, entrust
mane (indeclinable), viorning, properly in the morning
mare (dechned 36), 3, sea
pearl [.Margaret]
maritimus, a, um, ofthe sea, maritime
materia, i, //w^^r [material]
mathematicus, a, um, mathematical
margarita,

maxime,
me, me

mecum, with me
mediocriter, moderately, tolerahly
mediterraneus, a, um, midland, in-

land:

mediterranea,

pl.,

n.,

the midlands

medius,

a,

meinLruni,
mercalura,

um, mid, middle

2,
i,

(mllit-), 3, soldier
3, miles, lit. thousands

limb [member]
commerce [merchan-

dise]

inergus. 2, sca-^uh
meridianus, a, uni, southcrn [from
merldies, mid-day]

{oj

paces)

military service

militia, l,

mllito,

l,

I scrve

ministro, I, /fl//^i/ [minister]

mlrus, a, um, wonderful

miser, misera, miserum, unhappy,

miserable

mobihtas

Mona,

(-tat-), 3,

mohility

of Anglesey
monstrans (monsUant-),
pointing
monstrO, i, I shoiu, point
I, Isle

monumentum,

chiefly

meum, my

2,

3,

adj.,

monument

mora, i, detay
mortuus, a, um, dead
mos (mor-), 3, custom
mox, /;; due course {sooti)
mullitCRiO (-tudin-), 3, multitude
multus, a, um, much: multi, ac,

many ; multum
very

(adv.),

much, very

a,

much,

multo, by
much (multo maior, inuch
greater, lit. greater by much)
nirinilio, 3,

murmurO,
mflrus, 2,

buhcark
I muimur
wall
I,

ALPHABETICAL VOCABVLARY

52

N.
noctu, by night, in the nighttime
ni)Cturnus, a, um, of the night

nam, for
narro, i, I tell, narrate
natiO (-iOn-), 3, tribe [nation]
nato,

I,

I swim,

nOmen (min-), 3, name [nominal]

nominatus, a, um, named

batlte

nOmino,

natura, i, nature
natus, a, um, bom
ante Christum natum =B. C.
post Christum natum = A. D,
nauta, i, sailor
navigatiO (-ion-), 3, voyage
nSvigium, 2, vessel, ship
navigO, i, /53// [navigate]
nSvis (Gen. Plur. nSvium), 3, ship;
navis longa, ship

nOn,

nebula,

i,

nuUi,

sometimes

(lit.

not

never)

nonus, a, um, ninth

nos, ive or us, ourselves
noster, nostra, nostrum, our
notus, a,

;w//tf]

nSnnumquam,

ofwar

call

nonnulll, ae, a, some [non, not,

cloiid

I name,

nondum, not yet

nOn iam, no longer, not any longer
nOnne = non -f ne), not ?

-ne marks a qnestion

nec (or neque) 7ior, and 7iot

nec
nec, neither

i,

7iot

novus,

7ior

um,

kiioivn

um, new

a,

necesse, necessary {jyzX.=for')

Nervii, a tribe in Belgium
nidifico, i, I btiild a nest
nidus, 2, nest

nox

niger, nigra, nigrum, Wa^^[nigger]

nnmeruB,

nihil, nothing
nimis, too
nisi, unlesSy if... not, except
nobis, to us

nummuB, 2, coin
numquam, never
nunc, now
nuntio, i, I announce

(noct-), 3, night

nudo, I, I strip, deprivt (Abl. =of)

nulluB, a, um, not any
num, whether, marking a question
2,

number

nuper, recently, lately, not long ago

nobiscum, witA us

o.
obscurO, I, I obscure
obses (obsid-), 3, hostage
occidens (occident-), 3, the West
occulto, I, I hide
occupo, I, I seize [occupy]
oceanus, 2, ocean
octingenti, ae, a, eight

hundred

ocloginta, eighty
2, eye
officium, 2, dtity
omnia, Neut. Plur. of omnes, all
things, everything
omnino, altogether
omnis, 3, adj., every\ Plur. omnes,

oculuB,

m. and
oner&rius, a,

f.,

omnia,

n., all

um, of burden

onus (oner-),
opera,

I,

oppidum,

3, hurden [ex-oner-ate]
attention, study
2,

town

opportune, in the nick of time

oppugnO,

I,

attack

optime, excellently, hurrah

opus (oper-), 3, work [oper-ation]

opus (wiih Abl.), med
quid opus, what
Ora,

I,

orbis,

shore
3, m.,

terrarum

ordO

(-din-), 3,

med

circle

[orb]

orbis

world
m., raw^ [ordin-ary]
the

oriens(orient-), 3, ///<f ."aj/[oricntal]

orlgO (origin-), 3, origin

oriundus, a, um, sprung

ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY
umandus,

a, um.yf/ to be equipped
omatus, a, um, ortiamented
ornQ, I, I equip, ad-orn

pacatus, a, um, subdued, pacified

palus (palud-), 3, rnarsh
paratus, a, Mm, prepared, ready
parO, I, I prepare, prepare the way

for ( 20)
pars (part), 3, part
parvus, a, um, small, little
patria, i country, fatherland
patruus, 2, uncle
pauci. ae, ti,few, afew
pauluin, a little
pax (pc-), 3, peact
pecunia, i, money
,

pedes (pedit-),

^, foot-solJier

(Gen. Plur. pellium), 3, skin,

hidi
per (with Acc), through, or during
pergrandis, 3, adj., very big
pergratus, a, um, very pleasing
periculosus, a, um, perilous, dangerous
pellis

periculum, 2, peril, danger

peritus, a, um, ski//ed (Gen. =in)
perlucidus,
a,
um, transparent
[pellucid]
perturbo, l, / perturb, disturb,
throw into confusion
pSs (ped-), 3, m.,foot; pcdibus, on

foot
pharus, 2, f., light-house
piger, pigra, pigrum, /azy, s/uggish
pila, I, ba//\^\\\'\

0r8,

I ask,

I,

53

entreat

ostrea, i, oyster

ovis (Gen. Plur. ovium), 3, skeep

pSmum,

app/e

2,

pondus (pondcr-), 3, weight

populuB, 2, tribe [a people]
porcus, 2, pig [pork]
portO,

poBSum

/ carry

pot-sum), p)osse(

esse), potuT,

I am

pot

ab/e

post (with Acc), after, behind

postquam,

when)
after (
poatridie, on the next day
poatulO, I, I demand
praecipito, i, //:/-/ [prccipitate]
praecipuus, a, um, especia/, particu/ar
praeclSruB, a, xxm, famous
praeda, 1, prey, booty
praefectus, 2, officer [prefect]
praefectus classis, admira/
praeparo, l, I prepare
prae-sto, -stare, -stiti, / perform,
exhibit
prae-sum, -esse, -fui (wiih Dat.),
/ am in command of
praetcrea, besides

prandium,

2,

/umh

pretium, 2, price
primo, at first

primus,

um, yfr.f/

a,

princeps (princip-),

3,

prince

prior (prior-), ^, former [prior]

prO (with Abl.), instead of, for
procella, l, sterm

pinus, 2 (partly 4), f., pine

piscatorius, a, \xm, fshing
plane, utter/y, quite

proconsul, 3, proconsu/, governor

procul, far

planta, i p/ant
planus, a, \xm,flat [plane]

a, um, deep [profound]

promunturium, 2, promontory
prope (with Acc), ruar

plSnus, a, um, with Gen. ///,

wilh Abl. fi//ed
plerumque, most/y, genera//y
plumbum, 2, /ead
plus (plur-), more [hence ' Plural ']
pluvia, I, rain
po6ta, I, poet

proelium,

2, beUt/e

profundus,

properO, i,
propinquus,

I hasten
a,

um, neighbouring

propior, propius, nearer

propositum, 2, propcsa/
propter (wilh Acc), on atcourti ef
propulso,

I,

I drive back

ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY

154

pugnans (pugnant-),
pugno, I, Ifight

prospere, success/ully

prO sum,

-esse,

/ am

-ful (with

helpfnl, do

Dat.))

adj.,/^A//^

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum,yftf,

good

provoIO, I, I dash/orth
proximus, a, um, nearest, next,

beautiful, handsome
pulchre, beautifully

last

puppis (Gen. Plur. puppium),

stern, poop
puto, I, I fancy, think, suppose

pruina, i,frost
puella, I girl
puer, 2, boy
,

pugna,

3,

3,

lyfight, battlt

qnam, how, as, than

quando, when
quantopere, how much
quare = qua re, by whal thing\
(

qmnque, five
quintus, a, \xm,fifth
quo, whilher,

a,

um,

which

quOmodS, how
quondam, once on a

quartus, a, \xm, fourth

quattuor, fdur
quattuordecim, fourteen
quia, because
quingenti, ae, s.,five hun red

quinquagesimus,

to

quod, that

7vhy

time, formerly
quoque, too, also, even
tum quoque, then too, even then
quota hora est ? what o'clock is it ?
quota hora, at what o\lck ?

fijtieth

R.
rex (reg-), 3, king
Rhenus, 2, the Rhine
ripa, I, bank
rivus, 2, stream [river]

recreo, l, Irefresh (nie, myselj)

recte, rightly

redambulo,

I walk

back
royal
queen
ruler, petty kittg
i,

regalis, 3, adj.,

reglna,

i,

regulus, 2,
reliquiae, I, pl., relics
reliquus, a, um, the rest,

robur (robor-), 3, oak, slrength

rSbuatus, a, um, robusl, sturdy

R5ma, I, Rome
ESmSnuB, a, um, Roman

the re-

maining

rosa,

remigo, i, I row
remotus, a, um, remote
remuB, 2, oar
reparo, l, I refit, repair
reportO, i / carry eff (or back)

rose, rose-tree

I,

rostrum,
rota, I,

ram

2, beak,

wheel

ruber, rubra, rubrum, red

ruinae,

i, pl.,

ruins

um, rustic
Rulupiae, l, pl., Richhrough
Rutuplnus, a, um, belonging

rusticus, a,

reservO, I, I reserve
revera, really
revoco, i, I recall

Richborough

sBacer, sacra, sacrum, sacred

sacra, pl. n., sacred rites

atrificC,

I,

I satrifict

saeculum, 2, century
BAepe, often

aevuB,

a,

um,

savage, cru*l

to

ALPHABETICAL VOCABUt^ARY
iaffilfa,

salutO,

I salute,
um,

satiatus, a,

I,

schola, I,
scientia,

BOlum, on/y
somnio,

enough

I dream

i,

sonus, 2, sound
spectO, I, I see, watch, gate ai
specula, i, watch-tower
BperO, I, I hope
splendor (splendOr-), 3, sp/endour
spumifer, spumifera, spumiferum,

boat [skifT]
school ; pl. lessons
i, science,

Bcopulus,

greet

satisfied

satia, sufficiently,

scapha,

sOl, 3, the sun

solum, 2, soi/

arrow

I,

I,

^l^

knowledge

rock
ScOiicus, a, uni, Scottish
scri[)lito, I, I write, scribhle
se, hiiiiself, themselves : inter
2, cliff,

[spuma,

foainy

se,

ainong thcinselves, with one antlhc

secundus, a, um, second

foam,

-fer,

bearing'^

spiimo,

I foam

I,

seJ, bitt
senteniia, i, opinion
sCparo, I, I separate
scptentriOnCs, the North

slabilitas (-lat-) 3, slabilily

Btatio (-ion-) 3, station, roaJstead

septimus, a, um,

8to, stSre, Btetl,

slalura,
stella,

sez'enth

scptingentl, ae, a, seven hundred

Bepulchrum, 2, toinb, septdchre
serenus, a, um, clear [serene]

Bub (wilh Abl.), under, down in ;

(with Acc), dowH into, down
to, up to
subito, sudden/y

subministro,

sic, so, thus, as foUows

silva,

superior (superiOr-), 3, previous,

past ; superior, victorious
Bupero, I, I surpass, overcome
BUUB, a, um, his (or //;.; own), their
(or their own) ; sui, his (or

simulficrum, 2, image
8ine (with Abl.), without
situs, a, um, situated
sive

sive,

whether

I supp/y

summus, a, um, chief

Buper (with Acc), over, above

so as,just aj)
si^n,fiag
wood,forest
(lit.

2,

I,

i,

sudis (Gen. Plur. sudium), 3, stake

sum, eBse, ful, I am

if

Bicut, as

i,fo//y

stultitia,

servO, I, I save, preserve, watch

servuB, 2, siave
sescenti, ae, a, six hundred

signum,

I stand

i,

studiosus, a, \xm, fond, studious

serO, late

sl,

hcight, stature
star

I,
I,

or

socictas (-tat-), 3 alliance [society]

own men

their)

T.
taberna, l, inn [tavern]
quam, so
tam, so tam
tamen, nevertheless, hoivcver
hames
Tamesa, I, m., I
tandem, at /ength
tantum, so much, or on/y
tecum, with
te, tliee, you ;
with you
tegimen (-min-), 3, covering
tempero, i, I coo/, temper
:

tempestas
.

as

(-tat-), 3,

tempus (tempor-),

tempest, weather
3,

time [tempor-

ary]

tenebrae, I, Plur.,
terra, i, /and

darkmss

um, third
decimus, thirteenth
testimonium, 2, testimony, evidenct
tertius, a,

thee,

tertius

testudO

(tudin-),

she/ter

3,

tortoise-she//,

ALPHABETICAL VOCABULAR Y

56

triplex (triplic-), 3, adj., triple

triquetrus, a, um, triangular

tintinnabuluin, 2, bell

thundering
hiirling machine

tonans (tonanl-),

tormentum,

2,

3, adj.,

tot (indeclinable adj.), so

triumpho,
tropacum,

many

um

trucido,

(Gen. and Dat. Sing.

whole
tranquillus, a, um, cabn, tranquil
trans (wiih Acc), across
transportS, i, I Iransport
tOtuB, a,

plur.,

tribe

exult

trophy

I slaughter, murder

I,

you
tum, then (=ai that
upon)
tumulus, 2,

titne or there-

mound

turbulentus, a, um, rottgh, turhulent

turris (Gen. Plur. turrium), 3, turret
tutuB, a, um, safe
tuuB, a, um, thy, your

trecentl, ae, a, three hunJred

tr68 (m., f.), tria (n.), three
tributum, 2, trihute
3,

I triutnph,

2,

tu, thou,

irregular),

Trinobantes,
Essex

l,

in

u.
anuB,

ubi, where
ulluB, a, um, any (Gen. and Dat.
Sing. irregular)
uhnus, 2, f., ehn-tree
umbra, i, shade, shadow
una, together; unacum, togetherwith

urba (urb-),
urna,

undecimus,

a,

um, eleventh

um,

(Gen. and Dat. Sing.

l,

3, city

[urban]

urn

ursus, 2, bear
usitatus, a, um, used, usual,
usque ad, right on till
ut, how or as

unda, i, wave
unde, whence
flniversuB,
a,
[universal]

um

a,

irregular), one

iitili, 3, adj.,

common

useful

together

all

V.
vacca, I, cov)
vaco, I, I amjree [vacant]

venia, l, pardon
Venta Belgaium,

vadum,

ventus,

shallow plcue, shoal,ford

um, strong

2,

validus, a,

vallum,

2,

varius, a,

rampart
um, varied

v6ruB,

hunling
pl.,

a tribe on the

Coast of Gaul

venum-do,

Wcst

a,

(lit.

IVinchester

i,

wind
-dare,

\yk\\\xm,

vaBto, I, I lay waste [de-vast-ate]

vastus, a, um, wild, waste [vast]
vehiculum, 2, carriage [vehicle]
vel, or
velum, 2, sail ; vela dare, to set sail
velut, as, even as [vel, even
ut, aj]
venaticus, a, um, connected with
Vcneti, 2,

2,

for

um,
true

-dedi,

sale

do,

/ sell
I offer^^

true; vera, the truth

things) ;
ver5, in

truth, indeed
vesper, 2, evening or evening star
[vespers]
vester, vestra, vestrum, your (of
sevcral persons)
vesligium, 2, vestige, trate

veslimentum, 2,garment [vestmentj

vetcranus, a, um, veteran, old
vcto,

I,

Iforbid

ALPHABETICAL VOCABULARY
vexC,
via,

I,
,

L annoy,
way

vex
d$

road; in
myself to
intcr viam, on the

viclito, I,

man

vir, 2,

from the
viam me do, L give
the road, L start

rad,

via,

way

live

57

virtus (virtQt-),

3,

pliuk, couragt

[virtue]
visitd,

vita,
vitS,

/ visit

I,

life

I,

L avoid

victor (victOr-),

vitrea, 2, pl. n., glass vesseh

Ticteria,

vitrum, 2, woad
vii, scarcely, hardly
vobiscuni, witfi you
vobis, to yoit

3, victor
victory
vicus, 2, village
vigintl (indeclinable), twenty

viila,

I,

I,

country-house, villa

viola, I, Triolet

violo, I,

violai4

volito, I, L fly
\b%, ypit fplural)

vulims (vulner),

3,

able]

W.

Jlly &* Stnt, Printers.

38 B^idge

Strttt.

Aitrdttn

wound [vulner-

ORA MARITIMA SERIES

EDITED BY

Professor

E. A.

SONNENSCHEIN,

D.Litt.

Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Ltd.,

The Macmilt.an Co., New York.

Published by Messrs.

Each

of ihe Readers in

this

London, and

series consists of a continuous

story written in the language to be studied,

and so constructed as

form the basis of a systematic study of Grammar. They thus

combine the interest and vitality of a real story with a thorough
training in the fundamentals of the language concerned.
The seiies at present contains the following volumes
to

ORA MARITIMA:

Latin

ginners, with

Grammar and

NENSCHEIN,

(Thirtieth Thousand, croffn

to

Exercises.

Story
By
%t'0,

for

Professor
price

2/.,

BeSON
subject

discount.)

The scene

of the story

and includes a sketch of

is

laid

the

on the South Coast of England,

Britons and of Ca;sar's

ancient

invasions of Britain.

OPINIONS
" The book

execiUed."
P. A.
of Teachers.

"

is

just

Al, clearly right

Barnett, M.A.,

H.IVI.

in conception and admirably

Chief Inspeclor for the Training

We

have adopted both Ora Maritima and Pro Patria in our Latin
Manchester Grammar School, and have never had reason to
regret Iheir adoption.
Both books have interest and continuily, and both
lend themselvcs excellenlly to oral practice." J. L. Paton, M.A., High
Master of the Manchester Grammar School.
classes

at

" The most altractive introduction to Latin that has come under my
notice, and I have seen most of them in the secondary schools which I
inspect." JOHN Keru, LL.D., late H.M. Chief Inspector of Schoois and

Training Colleges in Scotland.

"

It makes a new departure in the teaching of Latin thit ought to be

productive of great good.
I am in entire sympathy with its meihod."
A. E. ScouGAL, H.M. Senior Chief Inspector of Schools 'n Scotland.

" I have used Ora Maritima in actual teaching, and have found it both
interestingand instructive to the pupil."
ProfessorJ. P. PojTGATE, Litt.D.

" Ora

RousE,

Maridma

Litt.

proves an idcal book for a first reader." VV. H. D.

D., Head Master of the Perse School, Cambridge.

" Exactly what

is needed to strike a mean Vjctween the wholly conversamethod, which means no grammar, and the solely grammatical
mcthod, which means no specch or life." Sybil F. Partriugk, Principal
of St. Mary's Hall, Liverpool.

tional

a charming book.
We know no better epithet by which to
an introduction to the Latin tongue.
It is giving a
strong recommendation to say, as we gladly do, that our author has given
us the ideal book which he formerly described."
Sccondary Educaticn

" This

is

descrilie such

" VVe can conceive no more delightful book for the induction of youth
The Monthly Register.
" An interesling experiment, ably carried ow\.."Journal of Education.
" It aims al teaching a little thoroughly, and it succeeds." School

into the paths of Latin."

World.

"

An cxlremely simplc and interesting book." Literary World.

" The drill exercises are specinlly to be commended. In the presence
of the impending campaign against classical education, it behoves its deSaturday Review.
fenders to furbish up their weapons."
" Ora Maritima does for Latin what the modern oral methods do for
French and German, i.e., it makes the beginner realise that the language
13 really a vehicle of expression, whereby common-sense nolions can be
From personal experience I can testify how a few weeks are
conveyed.
and it is worlh adding that in a
sufficient to gain this all-important idea
school which I have recently inspected a small hoy of eleven employed his
Maritima
to the end, and then canie
working
ihrough
Ora
leisure time in
There was no need to lell that
to his master for the sequel Pro Patria.
boy that Latin is someihing more ihan a phalanx of declinable nouns and
verbs."
Alfred Hughes, M.A., Professor of Educationin the University
of Hirmingham.
;

PRO PATRIA
to

Ora

of the

a Latin Story, being a sequel

Grammar and E.\ercises to the end
Regular Accidence.
By Professor Sonnenschein.
:

Afaritiia, with

{Tenth Thousand, croiun %to, pricg

2s. 6d.,

subject to discount.)

The story includes a sketch of the history of Britain under the

Romans and Saxons, down to the introduction of Christianity.
The latter part of the story recounts the history of the Boer War
down to June, 1900.

OPINIONS
"The

books are admirable, and under the guidance of a skilful teacher

their use in class is followed by excellent results.
Professor Michael
E. Sadler, LL.D., Manchester.

"

have had both books prescribed

for use in

our earliest standards.

They were acknowledgcd by ihe Committee which passed them to be

unequalled for the inieresting way in which they presented the subject.
I

think no praise is too high for them."

W. G. Wedderspoon, M.A.,
Inspector of European Schools and Training Colleges, Burma.

H.M.

" I have started my own small boys in Latin with Oia Marititna and
Pio Patria, and am delighted with both books they irdicate a method
which is attractive to th;^ child without being superficial." Sir Arthur
:

IIORT, M.A.

Ilarrow School.

" In a long experience I have found Pro Patria quite the best book
I have ever come across for arousing and sustaining the interest

which

of small boys in their elementary stage of Latin Translation."

Crick, M.A.,

Piiii.ir

St.

The

Rev.

Ronan's, Worthing.

THE GREEK WAR OF iNDEPENDENCE.

1827)

is

The Story

Notes and Exercises.

8tio,

War

of the

told in classical

Greek

By

C.

of

Indcpcndence

('1821-

for the use of beginners, with

Chamber, M.A.

{jCrown

price y., suhject to disrount^

OPINIONS
" Felicitous in design and able in excculion.
There is, in our opinion,
books classical in language and m ilern
a future for books of this type
As a specimen of Mr. Chambers' sUill in reprodiicing
in subject-matter.
the grave Thucydidean slyle, the account of Byron's arrival in Greece and
of his too early death is e\ce\\en\.."JouriialofEdiicaiion.

and

" Most ably planned and most successfully executed. It gives

Greek." Educational Times.

reality

intcrest to the early study of

" A mo>t vahiable schoolbook. Tlie narrative

bright and interest\Ve strongly
and well illustraled wilh maps and phoiographs.
recommend the book to all schoolmastcrs." '1 he Oxford Magazine.
" The tcxt makes a capiial reader." Guardian.
\->

ing,

JUST PUBLISHED
a German Story for
AM RHEIN
Grammar and
:

E.xercises

with

position,

Ph.D.

and Translation.
{Crow?t

?)V0,

price

By
2s.,

Beginners,

Conversation, Free ComProfessor K.ARL WlCHMANN,

in

subject to discount.)

of the story is laid in a country parsonage on the

Rhine in the latter part of the book tlie story of Siegfried and
the Niljclungen is recounted.

The scene
;

/.\"

rREF.l IL'lTln.y

A FRENCH STORY FOR BEGINNERS,

similar lincs to thc ahovc.

on

^ PARALLEL
GRAMMAR 5ERIE5.
EDITED Br

Ppofessop

E.

SONNENSCHEIN,

A.

D.Uitt.

OXon.

RECENT OPINIONS FRO.H

The Head-master of King Edward's School, Birmingham

The Head-mistress of the Wimbledon High School

for Girls

" The Latin Accidence of the Parallel Grammir Series is in use throughout the King EdArard's School, Birminghara, and the Greek Accideoce oa the
I am dislinct.ly of opinion that one and the same Accidence
Classical Side.
should be prescnbed in every schaol learning the language, and that the
Grammar
Parallel
Accidences are the right ones to prescribe.
Grammatical curiosities are relegatea to their proper place, and the normal inflexione of the language are presentcd in a clear and orderly manner without
Bacrificing practical convenience to the suppoaed reeiuirements of scieutific
philology. When the Greek and the Latin Accidence of this series are used
Parallel
system is
Bide by side, the f urther esonomy eflected by the
R. Cary Gilson, M A., Head-master of the Schools of King
realised."
Edward VL in Birminghara ; late Assistant Maater at Harrow, and Fellow of
Triuity CoUege, Cambridge. (Feb. 26th, 1904.)
'

'

"The

English,

Latin, Greek, French, and German

each from the time of ita publication. These
Grammars are acknowledged to be in the front rauk as regards scholarship,
and they have also thc merits of clearness and compactness. The Parallel
method is important as leadiug to a real grasp of principles and economising
the learner'8 time. The result of using the Parallel Grammirs exclusively
has in the case of this School been altogether satisfactory, and, where pupiU
Editu Hastings,
of linguistio talent were concerned. adrairablysuccessfuL"
Head-mistresa of the Wimbledon High School for Girls. (Feb. 23rd, 1904.)
Parallel

have been used

Grammari

in this School,

SELECr OPINIONS ON THB SERIES AS A WHOLE.

We

have for 8ome years been using the Parallel Grammars and ReaJera
and Writers intended to be studied along with thera. We were led to introduce these text-books from a sense of the souidness of tbe educational printo value them
experience has now tau.^ht
ciples on which they were based
also for the care and consistency with which these principles are carricd out.
We are convinccd that it is an incalculable gain to the c.iuse of systematic
'

instruction in our school that we are usiug books which enable us to preserve
uniformity in the grammar teachiug of the languages, as well as to connect
coherently translation and composition with this gramraar tcaching." The

Rev. A. JamsonSmith, U.A., Head-masterof K.E.S.,CampHill, Birmingham.


" After recommending the Parallel Gramviar Seriet in many quartere, I cannot remember any one who was disappointed, or to whom the working out of
the same system through various languages did not come as something of a
I am sure that no teacher
revelation, for which tbey were intensely grateful.
who had once tried the effect of their arrangement of Conditional Sentencet
as against the traditional arrangement could be blind to the superiority of the
former." W. H. Seckeb, M.A., Oxon., Aysgarth School, Yorkshire.

year ago I expressed my unqualified approval of the Parallel Orammar

Series
since then my admiration for it has only increased, in proportion as I
have more fully understood the principles on which it is based and their appliMr. Sonnenschein has deserved well of his country in taking tlie
cation.
initiative in this work, which he has succeeded in carrying to a happy is^ue.
Shall we ever have a similar series for our own country ? That day, the
teaching of languages will have taken an immense step forward." Dr. J.
Kkelhof, Professor at the Athdn^e Koyal, Tongrefl, Belgium, in Revue de
Vtnstruction publique (Translated).
"

" One of the most pressing needs of the day, in view of the muUiplication
of school Bubjects and the increased strain which it puts upon the pupil, is
concentration and simplification in the methods of teaching. What we have
lost in extension we niust gain in intention, as the logicians would say.
And
among the attempts which are being made to meet this demand, a high place
movement
this
sorre
must be accorded to the
started in
country
years ago for
Grammars are many, but
unification in the field of grammar teaching.
grammar is one that is to say, though the varielies of usage in different
languages are infinitely numerous, it is possible to treat them from a common
point of view to classify them on the basis of a common scheme of analysis
and terminology. The gain to the teacher ought to be enormous. Instead of
re classifying the facts of syntax for each separate language according to the
sweet will of the framers of individual grammars, a single classification serves
for all the languages to be learned ; and this scheme, by repetition in connection with each new language studied, becomes part aad parcel of the mental
outfit of the pupil
a solid rock on which he stands firm in face of the bewildering complexities of human speech. The old method involved a continual
re-adjustment of the register and its evila were many, as Matthew Arnold
recognised.
In our own time a serious attempt has been made to remedy its
defects in Professor Sonnenschein' Parallel Grammar Series.^' Literature,
Feb. lOth, 1900.
;

" We have had frequent occasion to express our opinion of the varioua
volumes in this very useful series, and of the general features which characterise them all
their spirit and system are now so well known to all teachers
;

it is hardly necessary to repeat those observations.

The principle of
familiarising a pupil with passages for translation before he has mastered
many details of grammar, of bringing him to a knowledge of rulca through
the language from which experience collects them, rather than equipping him
with a mass of words and forms long before he meeta them in the literature
this principle is gradually growing to be more and more widely acknowledged
as a sound one.
Few can doubt the very great advantage of having some
general principles established, which can be illustrated in different languages,
either by way of similarity or contraat.
It is on this system of proceeding
from the known to the unknown that the Parallel Grammar Series is baaed."

that

Educational Review,

GREEK.

I^
Qreek Qrammar.

By

E. A. Sonnenscheix, D.Litt., Oxon.,

Uaiversity of Hirmingham. 4-<. 6il. or (separately), Accidencc (inchuling
Supplenwjit on irregularities in Declension andComparison), 29.
Supplement
aloQe, G(i.; Syntax, 23. Gd.
Prof,

First Qreek

By

and Latin Syntax.

Parallel of Greek

M.A., Asaistant ilaster at Clifton College.

Reader and Wrlter.

Oiator in the Uuiversity of Ciimbridge.

C. II. St.

L. Russell,

33. 6d.

By

J.

E. Sandvs, Litt.D., Public

2s. Cd.

LATIN.
Latla Qrammar.
sity of

Ey Prof. E. A. Sonnekschein, D.Litt., O.xon., UniverBirmiagham. 3s. or (separately), Accidence, Is. 6d. Syntax, Is. Gd.
;

Reader and Wrlter. By C. M. Di.x, M.A., Oxon. 23.

Second Latin Reader and Wrlter. By C. M. Dix, M.A. la. 6d.
Third Latin Reader aad Wrlter. ByC. M. Di.x, M.A. 2i.
Fourth Latin Reader and Writer {" Llvy Lessons ").
By J.

Flrst Latln

NICOL, M.A.,Caatab.,

C.

Fellow of Trinity Hall, Head-master of Portsmoiith Grammar School, and the Rev. J. HUNTER Smith, M.A., Oxon., late
Aasistant Master in King Edward'8 School, Birmingham. 23.
late

ENGLISH.
Eagllsh Grammar. By J. II.vll, M.A., Head-ma.ster of the Hulme
Grammar School, ManchcBter Miss A. J. CoopEB, F.C.P. and the Editob
OF THE Seiues. 28. or (separately), Accidence, Is. Analysis and Syntax,
;

l8.

Advaaced Eaglish Syatax.

By.

of the Oxford English Dictionary.

C. T.
28. 6d.

Engllsh Examples aad Exerclses.

Part

by Miss A.

II.,

J.

COOPER, F.C.P.

Onions, M.A., Lond

Second Edition.

Part

I.,

L. Hamsay.
Exercites, Is. 6d.

Vol.

I.,

of theStaff

by Miss M. A. Woods.

Is.

Is.

Steps to Eagllsb Parslag and Aaalysls.

and Miss C.

Elementary,

By
Is.

Miss E. M. Rams.-vy
Vol. IL, Further

Od.

FRENCH.
Freach Grammar.
Harrow

By L. M. Moriakty, M.A., Oxon.,

late Professor of French in King'8

(separately), Accidence, Is. 6d.
Syntax, Is. 6d.
;

Assistant Master at
College, London.
33., or

Preparatory French Course. By Miss A. M. Zweifel.

edition, revised and largely re-written, 1903.

6d.

New

Reader and Writer. By R. J. Moeich, late Assistant

W. S. Lyon, M.A., Oxon. 2s.
tSs' Fop Revised Edition of this Work, see below.
Flrst French Reader and Writcr. By l^iortssor R. J. MORICU,

Flrst French

Maater at Clifton, and

New

Is.

University of Graz.

2s.

Second French Reader and Wrlter.

UQivursity College, Cardiff.

Third French Reader and Writer.

Modern Language Department

the

<jf

By

ProfeBsor P. E. E. BAnBlEB,

2s.

By L. Baebe, B.A Head-master

Glasgow Academy. 2s.
,

ia the

Advanced French Composition.

By

TI.

E. Berthon,

M.A

Hon.

Oxon., Taylorian Teacher of French in the Uuiversity of Ojcfurd, and C. T.

Onioxs, M.A., Lond. 23. Gd.

GERMAN.
Oerman Grammar.
pool.

By Prof. Kuso Meyer, Ph.D., Univcrsity of Liveror (separately), Accidence, Is. 6d.
Syntax, Is. Gd.
;

German Readcr and

First
l8.

3s.

Writer.

By

the

Editoe of the Sebies.

6d.

Second Gcrman Reader and Writer.

M. A., LL.U.,
Colony.

Third

of

Priuciial

St.

By

(he Rev.

W.

S.

Oerman Reader and

Writer.

Ph.D., University of Birmingham.

Cape

By

Prof.

GEonoE Fiedler,

2s.

Fourth German Writer.

Language Master
In

Macgowax,

Andrevv's CoUege, Grahaujstown,

2s.

Preparation.

iu

By R. Gordo.v Ilouxn, M.A., Oxon.,

Bromsgrove Scuool. 2-*.

Advanced

Meyer, Ph.D., Uuiversity

German Compositioa.

By

Moden

Prof.

Kcno

of Liverpool.

SPANISH. WELSH, DANONORWEGIAN.

By the late H. Bdtleb Clarke, M.A., Oxon., Fellow
of St. John's CoUege, Oxford, late Taylorian Teacher of Spanish. 4s. 6d.

Spanish Grammar.

First Spanish Readei

Welsh Grammar.
Aberystwyth.

os.

and Writer.

By H. Butler

Clarke, M.A.

2s.

By

Prof. E. Anwyl, M.A., Oxon., University CoUege,

or (separately), Accidence, 2s. 6d.
Syntax, 2s. 6d.
:

Gramraatical Outline.
By J. Y.
Bargent, M.A., Oxon., late Fellow and Tutor of Migdalen CoUege, Oxford.

Dano-Norwegian Reader.

With

3s. 6d.

IS" Single Copies of any Yolume will be sent post free to any
its publishcd price.
KEYS to the Latin and
German Readers and Writers may be had by teachers n direct applioa-

y
'

teacher on receipt of half

tion to the publishers.

LoNDOS:
Ni-.w

SWAN SONNENSCHEIN i
York: THE MACMILLAN

CO., Ltd.

00.

PA
2095

Sonnenschein, fidward Adolf

Ora maritiraa 6th ed.

365

1909

PLEASE

CARDS OR

DO NOT REMOVE

SLIPS

UNIVERSITY

FROM

THIS

OF TORONTO

POCKET

LIBRARY