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Review Article
Introduction
43
44
Diet
Stress
Obesity
Sleep Deprivation
EDS
Sleep Disordered Breathing
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
Fatty
Liver
Insulin Resistance
Hyperinsulinemia
Apnoeicactivity
Diabetes
Cyclical Hypoxia
Increased Sympathetic
Activity
Stress
Catecholamines
Cortisol
Metabolic Errors
Insulin Resistance
Particulars
Type 2 Diabetes
Obstructive sleep
Mellitus
apnea
Increasing prevalence Yes
Yes
with advancing age
Family History
Yes
Yes
Obesity
Often
Often
Lean subjects
Affected
Affected
Sleep Disturbances
Often insomnia,
Snoring + EDS, Sleep
Excessive daytime
architecture disrupted.
May have associated
sleepiness, early
awakenings, may have DM (OSA risk factor
associated OSA
for DM)
Post Prandial
Yes
Yes
drowsiness
Nocturia
Yes (Glycosuria)
Yes (Atrial natriuretic
peptide release )
Metabolic syndrome Part of metabolic
?A manifestation of
syndrome
metabolic syndrome.
If associated with
Syndrome X then it is
labelled Syndrome Z.36
Polysomnography
Necessary to rule out Essential
OSA
Management of OSA Rewarding for
Rewarding and may
metabolic control
prevent development
of DM in IGT subjects
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46
Conclusions
Evidence points to a possible role of sleep disorders as risk
factors for metabolic abnormalities. There is a close relation
between sleep, circadian rhythm, obesity, insulin resistance,
hypertension and cardiovascular disorders which needs to
be dissected and managed. There is evidence to show sleep
disorders such as OSA, insomnia, short or long-term sleep
duration and restless legs syndrome are potential risk factors for
insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus
and metabolic syndrome.
In a given patient of type 2 diabetes though the question
remains whether these associations are causal, it would be
worthwhile to rule out the presence of sleep disorders viz SDB,
clinically and polysomnographically. The treatment of SDB
particularly OSA by CPAP will help the patient in varying
degrees by reducing insulin resistance and preserving beta
cell function. It is well known that beta cell protection is of
utmost importance. Also the correction of hypoxemia in sleep
will have beneficial effects in various system dysfunctions like
cardiovascular, neurological and the eye. It must appreciated
that OSA is no longer a respiratory tract disease but a systemic
one. It is wise to open the pharynx in sleep and close the gates
which lead to systemic diseases.
Acknowledgements
I am thankful to Dr. Zarir F. Udwadia Dr. (Mrs.) Padma
Menon, Dr. A. Ramchandran, Dr. V. Mohan, Dr. Siddharth N
Shah, Dr. Vijay Vishwanathan, Dr. H. B. Chandalia, Dr. M. E.
Yeolekar, Dr. S. S. Badrinath, Dr. Vatsal Parikh, Dr. S.V. Upasani
and Dr. Shashank Joshi. I appreciate the help rendered by my
wife Dr. Revati R. Iyer, R. Venkatraman, Minakshi R, Late Shri
S. Prakash, Shri K. Iyer, S.Vishwanathan Iyer, Mrs. Vijaylaxmi V
Iyer, Mr. R. Vijaykumar, K. Sriram and Shri Ajit Telang, Spiritual
Scientist, Mumbai. I am also thankful to Dr. L.H. Hiranandani
Hospital, Powai, Mumbai and Asian Institute of Medical
Sciences, Dombivli (Dist. Thane).
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