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1.

Compositional Theories of Art Composition: An orderlyarrangement of


elements using the principles of design.
2. Rule of Thirds Imagine a grid that splits the frame into thirds both vertically
and horizontally. Place the subject along those gridlines. The intersections of
the lines are especially compelling places to position your subject.The Biglen
Brothers Racing (1873) Thomas Eakins
3. Rule of Thirds Imagine a grid that splits the frame into thirds both vertically
and horizontally. Place the subject along those gridlines. The intersections of
the lines are especially compelling places to position your subject.The Biglen
Brothers Racing (1873) Thomas Eakins
4. The GoldenRectangleBased on theGolden Ratio,aka the DivineProportion,
amathematicallydevelopedformula,observed oftenin nature andapplied
toarchitecture andin art.
5. The Mona Lisa (1503-1519) Leonardo da Vinci
6. The Rule of Odds Having an odd number of things in a composition means
your eye and brain cant pair them up or group them easily. Theres somehow
always one thing left over, which keeps your eyes moving across the
composition.Portrait of Charles I, King of England (1635-1636) Anthony van
Dyck
7. Leading Lines Lines that guide a viewers eyes around, or through, the
artwork are called leading lines.Provenchers Mill at Moret (1883) Alfred Sisley
8. Strong Diagonal A strong diagonal is a form of a leading line. It can transform
a boring composition into a dynamic one.Portrait of Dr. Gachet (1890) Vincent
van Gogh
9. Lines of Sight Lines of sight are created when the subject is looking at
something within the painting. It causes the viewer to follow the line of sight
to the object being observed.Christinas World (1948) Andrew Wyeth
10.Point of View Art does not always need to be depicted at eye level. Moving
the point of view above, or below, the subject can create a more interesting,
dynamic piece of art.Tree Trunks (1821) John Constable
11.Framing One way to make your subject stand out is by creating a natural
frame within the composition. The frame helps draw the viewers eye to the
main subject. Framing can also be used to create a sense of depth, or to
provide a context for the artwork.Noli Me Tangere (1440-1441) Fra Angelico
12.Simplify Try to eliminate unnecessary items from your composition they will
only distract the viewer.Colour Beginning (1819) Joseph Mallord William
Turner
13.Fill the Frame It is not always necessary for the entire subject to be included
in the composition. Sometimes it is more effective, and interesting, to crop
the edges of your main subject.Pineapple Bud (1939) Georgia OKeeffe
14.Active Space It is important when you are depicting action, that you leave
space between the side of the frame and the subject. If you do not do this,
the artwork will feel unbalanced.The Walk to Work (1851) Jean-Francois Millet
In the first two sections of this primer, we covered the basic elements of design, and
the basic principles of design. In this section, well cover the basic principles of
composition.
There are a variety of different composition theories you should familiarize yourself
with. Since this is just a primer, theres a brief overview of the most common and

important theories. Youll want to study each in more depth before putting them to
use, so weve included some additional resources for each.
Single Visual
The single visual method of composition is where a single, generally striking, visual
image is used as the basis of the design. This is sometimes seen on single-page
websites, or more commonly in print design.
The single visual pattern is the easiest composition to successfully achieve. Pick a
strong image and let it do the bulk of the work for you. The key here is to make sure
that other elements of your design (in most cases, the typography is the other
major element of the design) support and reinforce the main visual, and dont try to
compete with it.
Sites like those created on About.me are a great example of the single-visual
composition pattern.
The Divine Proportion
The Divine Proportion (also known as the Golden Ratio, Golden Spiral, Fibonacci
Spiral, Golden Rectangle, or Phi) is approximately 1:1.618. Its a ratio that is found
throughout the natural world in the proportion of various things to one another.
Placing elements along the lines created by the Divine Proportion

The Rule of Thirds


The Rule of Thirds is sometimes confused with the Divine Proportion, but they are
not the same. The ratio present in the Rule of Thirds is 1:1.667. In effect, though, it
can serve as a sort of lazy mans Divine Proportion. Most commonly, the Rule of
Thirds is seen in photography (many cameras have built-in composition grids that
follow this rule) and fine art, though its also regularly seen in graphic and web
design.
Focal Point
A focal point gives viewers of a design something to look at. It adds a sense of
direction to the design, and can act as a grounding point for visitors. Every design
should have a focal point of some kind. This could be an image, a bit of typography,
a button, or something else entirely.
Think carefully about what your focal point will be. It should directly relate to the
purpose of your design. If your sites goal is to sell something, then you may want
to make sure your call to action is the designs focal point. If the goal of the site is
something else, think about what makes sense as the focal point in relation to that
goal.
Grid Theory
Grid design is probably one of the most familiar design patterns for many graphic
and web designers. Grids add structure and order to designs, and can be a useful
method for achieving good proportion among elements in your work.
There are a huge number of grid frameworks out there (including both fixed and
fluid grids). Some sites designed within a grid framework are obviously grid-based,

while others are more subtle. In either case, though, a pre-defined grid can add a
sense of pre-meditation to your designs that makes them cleaner and more refined.
Gestalt Principles
Gestalt is a German word meaning whole. In relation to design, its a study of the
behavioral and psychological processes of people, and their visual perceptions of
things. In other words, its a set of scientific principles for how the visual design of
something has a direct psychological impact on the viewer.
Gestalt can be broken down into five distinct principles: closure, similarity,
proximity, continuance, and alignment. Understanding and using these principles
can help you more effectively control the emtional and intellectual reactions people
have to your design.
Closure
Closure is the idea that your brain will fill in missing pieces in an image. For
example, with a dotted line forming a circle, your brain recognizes its a circle, even
with big chunks of the line missing. Simple shapes and images are the most easily
recognized, but more complex images can also benefit from closure if theyre
familiar (faces are one such example).
Effective use of closure leaves the viewer feeling more involved with the design, as
they become an active participant, rather than just an observer.
Similarity
When too much visual information is presented, the brain naturally tries to group
that information to make sense of it. Similarity is the idea that these groupings are
often done based on what something looks like, regardless of any similarity beyond
superficial appearance.
There are a few visual cues that help indicate similarity between items: size, shape,
and color are the three most common.
Proximity
The proximity of itemshow close they are to one anotheris an important
psychological indicator of relationships. Items in close proximity are going to be
perceived as related more closely than items that are further apart.
Proximity can either reinforce or counteract similarity among items.
Continuance
Continuance is the principle that once you start looking in a direction, youll
continue to look in that direction until something significant catches your eye. There
are a few different ways to achieve continuance. First, if a person in an image in
your design is looking in a particular direction, visitors to your site will be drawn to
look in the same direction.
Paths in an image can also direct the eye in a particular direction. Things like roads,
lines of trees, or other similar paths all direct the eye. Perspective does a similar
thing, directing your eye toward a focal point.
Continuance can be used to direct a visitors attention to a specific element on your
website.
Alignment
Alignment is such an obvious composition principle that its often overlooked. But
there are different types of alignment, and each can be used for different effects.
Edge alignment is when shapes or elements are aligned based on their edges. Edge
alignment is most commonly seen among simple geometric shapes like rectangles
or triangles.

Center alignment is when elements are lined up based on their centerlines. This
type of alignment works better with irregular shapes, though it can be used with
simple geometric shapes, too.
Overlapping or inserted elements are another method of alignment, and are often
seen in design (think of photo layouts where the images overlap one another for the
most obvious example).
Z Layout
The Z Layout is based on common eye movement patterns. Eye-tracking studies
have shown that people generally look at a website or other design in a roughly Zshaped pattern (starting at the upper left, moving across the screen, scanning to
the bottom left, and then reading across to the right again). Since this is a natural
pattern, it makes sense to align important elements of your design along these
lines.
A similar pattern is the F-shaped layout. Its a similar concept, that people read the
top line first, and then work their way down the page, scanning less of the content to
the right as they go.

Quick Guide to Color Psychology and


the Meaning Of Colors
Red. Red is the most dominant and dynamic color. Psychology suggests that red is
activating, stimulating, passionate, exciting, powerful, and expanding.
Orange. Orange is very stimulating, active, cheerful and sociable. It is less arousing
than red and more pleasantly stimulating.
Yellow. Yellow is very happy, warm, stimulating, and expansive. It draws people out
and makes people more talkative. Yellow encourages optimism and hope and helps
to focus attention and stimulate intellect.
Generally, red, yellow and orange are very stimulating and active colors,
while green and blue are very calming and relaxing.
Green. Green is very calming, balancing, healing, relaxing, and tranquil. It
represents growth, vitality, abundance, and nature. Green stimulates possibility and
is very inspiring.
Blue. Blue is calming, healing, soothing, and relaxing. Blue characterizes
dependability, trustworthiness, and security. It increases creativity, contemplation,
and spirituality.
Purple. Purple represents nobility, abundance, and dignity. It is very soothing and
calming and is often related to intuition and spirituality.
Black. Black connotes sophistication, power, elegance, and modernity. It is also
introspected and mysterious.

White. White represents clarity, innocence, cleanliness, spirituality, purity, hope,


expansiveness and openness. It can also be sterile and detached.
Grey. Grey is neutral, calm, quiet, and lacks energy. According to color psychology
grey can also be boring, conservative and draining to the physical body.
Brown. Brown is stable, grounding, reliable, motherly, and comfortable, and
inexpensive.
Pink. Pink is sedating and calming. It also symbolizes love and romance.
Pastels. Pastels evoke openness and relaxation. Pastels are considered relieving
and soothing and are even sometimes equated with sanity.
Silver. Silver is often associated with vision, clarity, insight, mental power, and
intellection learning. Silver can reduce anxiety and create peace. It is often
correlated to water, metal, and technology.
Gold. Gold is equated with sophistication, luxury, quality, wealth, and splendor.

The Psychology of Color- A New Guide in Your Next Project!


Color is one of the most powerful tools to use when trying to establishing a product or a
space. We also know that color can have many psychological effects on us. Different colors
represent different things, and sometimes can represent different things in different
countries.
The Effect of Colours

Green Health, tranquillity, money, nature.


Purple Royalty, wealth, success, wisdom.
Pink Calming, love, romance.
White Purity, innocence, empty, spacious.
Black Evil, death, mourning, slimming.
Brown Reliability, boredom, practicality, earth.
Orange Excitement, enthusiasm, warmth, caution.
What Colour Should You Paint Your Home?

For architects selecting a color can be very difficult. Having the right color in a room could
possibly heighten your senses and sooth your stress by a whole lot. Of course, colors are
interpreted from our individual perspectives, and shades play a large part in this.

White Gives the effect of purity, space and cleanliness. Great for bathrooms to represent
cleanliness. Also great for small rooms to give a more open feeling.
Blue Seen as a productive color. Great for offices and workspace.
Green Ideal for the bedroom. Gives off the effect of tranquility and health.
Pink Obviously seen as a very feminine color in the western part of the world. Ideal for
girls rooms and other feminine things.
Purple Great for the living room. Very calm and relaxing color.
Yellow Ideal color for the kitchen. People say its great for metabolism. Gives the effect of
energy too.
Red Great for encouraging your appetite. Its why you see brands such as KFC,
McDonalds and others use it in their logos and restaurants.
Color: Meaning, Symbolism and Psychology
Color conveys meanings in two primary ways - natural associations and
psychological symbolism. No, its not mind control. The truth of the matter is that
people are comfortable when colors remind them of similar things. For example, a
soft shade of blue triggers associations with the sky and a psychological sense of
calm.
Successful design requires an awareness of how and why colors communicate
meaning. The source of these meanings can be quite conspicuous, such as those
found in nature red is the color of blazing fire and blood, blue the color of cooling
waters and the sky. Other meanings may be more complex and not universal.
Meaning of the Color Blue
Blue is the overwhelming "favorite color." Blue is seen as trustworthy,
dependable and committed. The color of sky and the ocean, blue is perceived
as a constant in our lives.
As the collective color of the spirit, it invokes rest and can cause the body to
produce chemicals that are calming; however not all blues are serene and sedate.
Electric or brilliant blues become dynamic and dramatic, an engaging color that
expresses exhilaration.
Some shades or the overuse of blue may come across as cold or uncaring. Blue is
the least "gender specific" color, having equal appeal to both men and women.
How the color blue affects us physically and mentally
* Calming and sedate
* Cooling
* Aids intuition
Meaning of the Color Green

Green occupies more space in the spectrum visible to the human eye and is
second only to blue as a favorite color. Green is the pervasive color in the
natural world that is an ideal backdrop in interior design because we are so used to
seeing it everywhere.
The natural greens, from forest to lime, are seen as tranquil and refreshing, with a
natural balance of cool and warm (blue and yellow) undertones. Green is considered
the color of peace and ecology. However, there is an "institutional" side to green,
associated with illness or Government-issued that conjure up negative emotions as
do the "slimy" or bilious greens.
How the color green affects us physically and mentally
* Soothing
* Relaxing mentally as well as physically
* Helps alleviate depression, nervousness and anxiety
* Offers a sense of renewal, self-control and harmony
Meaning of the Color Yellow
Yellow shines with optimism, enlightenment, and happiness. Shades of golden
yellow carry the promise of a positive future. Yellow will advance from
surrounding colors and instill optimism and energy, as well as spark creative
thoughts.
How the color yellow affects us mentally and physically
* Mentally stimulating
* Stimulates the nervous system
* Activates memory
* Encourages communication
Meaning of the Color Orange
Orange, a close relative of red, sparks more controversy than any other hue.
There is usually strong positive or negative association to orange and true
orange generally elicits a stronger "love it" or "hate it" response than other colors.
Fun and flamboyant orange radiates warmth and energy. Interestingly, some of the
tones of orange such as terra cotta, peach or rust have very broad appeal.
How the color orange affects us mentally and physically
* Stimulates activity
* Stimulates appetite
* Encourages socialization
Meaning of the Color Red
Red has more personal associations than any other color. Recognized as a
stimulant red is inherently exciting and the amount of red is directly related to

the level of energy perceived. Red draws attention and a keen use of red as an
accent can immediately focus attention on a particular element.
How the color red affects us mentally and physically
* Increases enthusiasm
* Stimulates energy
* Encourages action and confidence
* A sense of protection from fears and anxiety
Meaning of the Color Purple
Purple embodies the balance of red simulation and blue calm. This dichotomy
can cause unrest or uneasiness unless the undertone is clearly defined at which
point the purple takes on the characteristics of its undertone. A sense of mystic and
royal qualities, purple is a color often well liked by very creative or eccentric types
and is the favorite color of adolescent girls.
How the color purple affects us mentally and physically
* Uplifting
* Calming to mind and nerves
* Offers a sense of spirituality
* Encourages creativity

Meaning of the Color Brown


Brown says stability, reliability, and approachability. It is the color of our earth
and is associated with all things natural or organic.
How the color brown affects us physically and mentally
* Feeling of wholesomeness
* Stability
* Connection with the earth
* Offers a sense orderliness
Meaning of the Color White
White projects purity, cleanliness, and neutrality. Doctors don white coats,
brides traditionally were white gowns and a white picket fence surrounds a safe
and happy home.
How the color white affects us mentally and physically
* aids mental clarity

* encourages us to clear clutter or obstacles


* evokes purification of thoughts or actions
* enables fresh beginnings
Meaning of the Color Gray
Gray is timeless, practical, and solid. A longstanding favorite suit color, gray
can mix well with any color. Although well like and often worn, people rarely
name gray as a favorite color possibly because Gray also is associated with loss or
depression.
How the color gray affects us physically and mentally
* unsettling
* expectant
Meaning of the Color Black
Black is authoritative and powerful; because black can evoke strong emotions
too much can be overwhelming. A classic color for clothing possibly because it
makes the wearer appear thinner and more sophisticated.
How the color black affects us physically and mentally
* feeling inconspicuous
* a restful emptiness
* mysterious evoking a sense of potential and possibility.

Lovely apple green and white interior makes you wanna have an apple a day! Picture source forgotten I
hope you don't mind.

Warm colors are stimulating and applied to areas where people are received with warmth. Cool
colors are soothing and relaxing and therefore commonly chosen in areas where occupants need
peace and quiet.
Yellow color is warm and cheerful. It enjoys action. It has the ability to project and tend to be forward
looking. It is hopeful and enthusiastic. Will you paint the play area of your kids with this?
Red manifests vital forces and the urge to achieve results and the will to live. It is exciting, competitive,
enticing, enlivening and speeds up the pulse.
Blue indicates of depth feeling. It has a tranquil temperament. It is quiet and generally associated with
peace, contentment and serenity. It has a calming effect.

Green expresses the quest of the person who seeks better condition for all. It indicates firmness,
consistency of viewpoint, constant self awareness and persistence in the sense of opposition or difficulty.
Brown is a sensuous shade and embodies the importance of our home and the company of once own
kind.
Gold is a symbol of affluence. Enough said.
Gray and formal in light tones. It is quite deppressing.
Pink is a girls best friend. It is delicate, subtle, feminine, soft and flattering. A man who wears pink is
confident of his gender.

Color Systems Behavior


3 Primaries blue, red and yellow
3 secondary colors a combination of any of the primaries
6 tertiary colors a combination of a secondary color with any additional quantity of the primaries
Quaternaries a combination of a tertiary with either primary or secondary.

The major elements or concern of an Interior designer are the spaces of the walls, floors, ceilings and
windows. The furniture, lighting and accessories are chosen are in accordance to its material, style and
finesse. Style trends can be period styles, contemporary, eclectic, and natural.

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